SOCIO-ECONOMIC FORMATION and population development., society and its main component - population, which are at a certain point. stages of history development, historically determined. type of society and the corresponding type of nation. At the basis of every F. o.-e. lies a certain way of societies. production, and its essence is formed by production. relationship. This econ. the basis determines the development of the population included in the structure of a given economic system. The works of K. Marx, F. Engels, and V. I. Lenin, revealing the doctrine of political economics, provide the key to understanding the unity and diversity of historical history. development of the population, are one of the most important methodological. foundations of population theory.
In accordance with the Marxist-Leninist teaching, which distinguishes five economic economic systems: primitive communal, slaveholding, feudal, capitalist, communist, development of the people. also passes through these stages of history. progress, determining changes not only in its quantities, but also in qualities. characteristics.
Primitive communal f. o.-e., characteristic of all peoples without exception, marked the emergence of humanity, the formation of a nation. The Earth and its regions, the beginning of its development (see Anthropogenesis). The first social organism was the clan (tribal formation). Material production was the most primitive, people were engaged in gathering, hunting, fishing, there were natural things. division of labor. Collective property ensured that each member of society received a share of the produced product necessary for its existence.
Gradually, a group marriage developed, in which men belonging to a given clan could enter into sexual relations with any of the women of another, neighboring clan. However, the man and woman did not have any rights or responsibilities. Social norms regulating the reproductive behavior of the group and the seasonality of births were varied. sexual taboos, the strongest of which was the exogamous ban (see Exogamy).
According to paleodemographic data, cf. Life expectancy during the Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods was 20 years. Women typically died before reaching the end of their reproductive years. The high birth rate on average only slightly exceeded the death rate. People died. arr. from hunger, cold, disease, natural disasters, etc. Growth rate of numbers. peoples. Lands equaled 10-20% per millennium (see Demographic history).
Improvement produces. power flowed extremely slowly. During the Neolithic era, agriculture and cattle breeding appeared (8-7 thousand BC). The economy gradually began to transform from an appropriating economy into a producing one, and a definition appeared. surplus over the necessary product is a surplus product, which had a strong impact on the economy. development of society had great social and demographic. consequences. Under these conditions, a paired family begins to take shape. It replaced group marriage and was therefore characterized by such vestiges of it as the existence of “additional” wives and husbands along with the “main” ones.
During the Neolithic era, the nature of age-related mortality changed: child mortality remained high, but in adults the peak of mortality moved to older ages. The modal age at death crossed the 30-year mark, while the overall mortality rate remained high. The length of time women remain in their reproductive years has increased; Wed the number of children born to one woman has increased, but has not yet reached physiol. limit.
The longest primitive communal formation in the history of mankind ultimately ensured growth. forces of society, development of societies. division of labor ended with the emergence of individual farming, private property, which led to the disintegration of the clan, the separation of the wealthy elite, who turned first prisoners of war into slaves, then impoverished fellow tribesmen.
Private property is associated with the emergence of class society and the state; As a result of the decomposition of the primitive communal system, the first class antagonistic system in history took shape. slaveholding formation. The oldest slave owners states were formed at the turn of the 4th-3rd millennium BC. e. (Mesopotamia, Egypt). Classic forms of slave ownership the system reached in Dr. Greece (5-4 centuries BC) and others. Rome (2nd century BC - 2nd century AD).
Transition to slave ownership. formations in many countries caused fundamental changes in the development of the people. Although it does mean. part of us. were free small lands. owners, artisans, representatives of other social groups, slave owners. relations were dominant and affected all socio-economics. relations, determined all the processes of development of the people.
Slaves were considered only as tools of labor and had completely no rights. Most often they could not have a family. Their reproduction occurred, as a rule, at the expense of the slave market.
The development of family and marriage relations, which took place almost entirely only among the free population, was characterized by its end. transition from a couple family to a monogamous one. At different peoples, this transition, which began during the period of decomposition of the primitive communal system, proceeded unequally. Monogamy was established only in a mature class society, when a family was formed in which the man reigned supreme, and the woman found herself in a subordinate and powerless position.
Definition changes also occurred in the processes of fertility and mortality. Among the causes of mortality, illness and losses in wars took first place. A certain increase in the life expectancy of the population has affected birth rates. Wed. the number of children born to one woman is estimated at 5 people.
In the states with the most developed, ancient form of slavery, the phenomenon of small children arises for the first time in history. Thus, in the Roman Empire in the last period of its existence it was noted that a drop in the birth rate among wealthy citizens, which prompted the authorities to resort to measures to regulate our reproduction. (See ´Law of Julius and Papias Poppaea´).
In some states, certain definitions arose. contradictions between the growth of numbers. us. and produces weak development. strength They were resolved by force. emigration, as a result of which Greek, Phoenician and Roman colonies arose in the Mediterranean.
With the emergence of slave ownership. state in fiscal and military. purposes, the first censuses of us began to be carried out: regular qualifications were carried out from the 5th century. BC e. 2 in. n. e. in Dr. Rome and its provinces.
In the 4th-3rd centuries. BC e. within the framework of general philosophies. theories, the first views on the population were formed, which concerned primarily. problems of the relationship between the amount of resources and numbers. us. (see Plato, Aristotle).
The slave owner who replaced him. society feudalism as a special formation in its classic. form developed in Western countries. Europe and dates here to the period of approximately 5-17 centuries. In other countries of Europe and Asia, feudalism was characterized by a number of features. While in Europe, under the influence of the growth of production and certain other reasons, slavery disappeared, giving way to feudal serfdom. dependencies, in plural in Asian countries it continued to exist, but did not play an important role. Feudalism in Africa. relations began to take shape relatively late (and only in the Mediterranean countries); in America before the arrival of Europeans there was a feudal stage. Not a single Indian people achieved development.
Feudalism as class antagonistic. formation meant the division of society into two main ones. class - feudal landowners and peasants dependent on them, who made up the overwhelming majority of us. Being the owners of the land and having the right to it means. part of the labor of their serfs, as well as their sale to another owner, the feudal lords were interested in the numerical growth of the peasants. The patriarchal family that dominated under feudalism consisted of a number of consanguineous relatives. lines of individual families and represented as households. cell and main link in physical renewing us. feud. society. In reproductive terms, this type of family turned out to be the most productive of all forms of family organization that ever existed.
However, the high birth rate characteristic of the patriarchal family was “extinguished” by high mortality, especially among the enslaved. and labor strata of the feud. cities. This mortality rate was due to low development of production. strength, difficult living conditions, epidemics and wars. As it develops it produces. forces and especially agricultural production, the mortality rate slowly decreased, which, while maintaining a high birth rate, led to an increase in natural resources. growth of us.
In the West Europe has a relatively steady increase in us. began around the turn of the 1st and 2nd millennia, but it was greatly slowed down by frequent epidemics (see “Black Death”) and almost continuous feuds. civil strife and wars. With the development of feudalism and especially in the conditions of its crisis, dep. issues of national development. increasingly attracted the attention of thinkers of that era (see Thomas Aquinas, T. More, T. Campanella).
As a result of the decomposition of feudalism in the West. Europe (16-17 centuries) began the formation of the last class antagonistic. F. o.-e. is capitalist, based on private ownership of the means of production and exploitation of wage labor by capital.
Class antagonistic. the structure of capitalism permeates all societies occurring within it. processes, including the development of the people. Capital, improving production, also improves Ch. produces. strength - working us. However, the diversity of abilities and specific types of labor of workers serves only as a necessary condition, as well as a means of increasing value, is subordinate to capital and is limited by it within the limits that meet its social goals. The capitalists were able to obtain a large mass of surplus value at the stage of simple cooperation by increasing their number at the same time. employed workers both through the reproduction of the working population and the involvement of bankrupt small producers in production. At the stage of manufacture, with the deepening of the division of labor, in order to increase the mass of surplus value, along with an increase in the number of workers, qualities become increasingly important. characteristics of workers, their ability to increase labor productivity in the conditions of its deepening division. At the factory, especially at the automation stage. production, to the fore along with practicality. skills is the presence of a certain theoretical knowledge, and acquiring it requires appropriate increase in the level of education of workers. In modern conditions capitalism, which widely practices the introduction of scientific and technological achievements. progress to extract the greatest profit, increasing the level of knowledge of a large number of workers becomes the most important factor in the functioning and ensuring the competitiveness of the capital that exploits them.
A necessary result and condition of capitalism. the product is relative overpopulation. The contradiction in the development of the people, as a contradiction between the objective and subjective elements of the labor process, under capitalism appears as the attitude of the worker. (the carrier of the commodity, labor) to the means of employment in the form of constant capital. The law relates. transferred is the main economic the law of the people. under capitalism.
Production the relations of capitalism determine societies. conditions in which demographics occur. processes. In “Capital” K. Marx reveals the law of the inverse relationship between birth rate, death rate and absolute value. the size of workers' families and their income. This law was derived by analyzing the position of decl. groups of workers, which form relates. transferred in a stagnant form. These groups are characterized by the lowest incomes and the largest share in natural resources. population growth, because for them, in conditions of the use of child labor, children are more economically profitable than for other layers of workers.
Specific production the relations of capitalism also determine the process of mortality of the worker. Capital, by its very nature, is indifferent to the health and life expectancy of workers, it “...is a waste of people, living labor, a waste of not only body and blood, but also the nerves of the brain” (Marx K., Capital, vol. 3, Marx K. and Engels F., Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 25, part 1, p. 101). The progress of medicine has made it possible to reduce the mortality rate of workers, but its impact has a limit, beyond which the Crimea mainly A factor in reducing mortality is changes in our working and living conditions. Capital makes conflicting demands on the succession of generations of workers. On the one hand, he needs young, healthy people, and on the other, workers who have completed a general education. and prof. preparation, i.e., of older ages; Skilled and qualified workers are required, i.e., as a rule, older workers and at the same time representatives of new professions, i.e., younger people. To meet the needs of production, capital requires a rapid change of generations of employees. All R. 19th century this requirement acted as an economic law.
During the period of imperialism and the spread of state-monopoly. capitalism, the opposition to this rapid change on the part of the proletarian movement is significantly increasing, fighting against the growth of exploitation, intensification of labor, unemployment, for improving working conditions, increasing wages, shortening the working day, for organizing a professional system. preparation, improvement of medical maintenance, etc. At the same time, scientific and technical. progress and growth in the importance of prof. knowledge and production. experience force capital to show certainty. interest in creatures. increasing the duration of hiring the same workers. However, under all conditions, the limits of this duration are determined by the ability of the worker to bring in as much surplus value as possible.
Based on migrants. mobility of us. Under capitalism, the movement of labor follows the movement of capital. Attraction and pushing of workers into the department. phases of the cycle, industries, as well as departments. terr. determined by the needs of the production of surplus value. At the stage of imperialism, this movement becomes international. character.
Society production under capitalism is realized historically. the development trend of the working class. Technical progress presupposes a change in labor, improvement of the abilities, skills, and knowledge of workers, so that they are always ready to perform existing and newly emerging functions. Such demands on labor force objectively go beyond the limits allowed by capital, and can be fully realized only when workers treat the means of production as their own, and not when they are subordinated to them. The development of the working class under capitalism encounters external influences. the limits set by the process of self-increasing value. The class struggle of the proletariat is aimed at eliminating the obstacles to the free all-round development of the working people that are insurmountable under capitalism, at revolution. replacement of capitalism with socialism.
The method of production, which determines the class structure of society, is historical. type of worker render beings. impact on the family. Already under the conditions of free competition capitalism, the family turns from being productive to being preeminent. into the consumer unit of society, which undermined the economy. the need for large patriarchal families. Only the cross. families retained production. functions, to the fore in capitalism. There are two types of families in society: bourgeois and proletarian. The basis for identifying these types is the specificity of the participation of their members in societies. production - in economics. form of wage labor or capital, as a result of which intra-family relations also differ.
The first stage of the development of capitalism is associated with our rapid growth. Definition improvement of socio-economic conditions led to a reduction in mortality and a change in the structure of its causes. The decline in fertility, which began in the families of the bourgeoisie, is gradually spreading to the families of the proletariat, which were initially characterized by a high level. During the period of imperialism, the growth rate of us. in economically developed capitalist countries. countries are declining and remain low (see World population).
The development of capitalism has led to a sharp increase in societies. interest in the people. (see History of demographic science). However, the whole historical capitalist experience F.o.-e. convincingly showed that the solution to the problems of the population and its true development are impossible along the path of capitalism.
Such a solution is provided only by the communist F. o.-e., which marks the beginning of the true history of mankind, when the free harmonious development of all people is achieved, the ideal of societies is practically realized. devices.
Scientific communist theory F.o.-e. created by Marx and Engels, it is enriched and developed in relation to the changing historical. conditions of Lenin, the CPSU and other communists. and workers' parties, is fully confirmed by the practice of the USSR and other socialist countries. Commonwealth.
Communist F.o.-e. has two phases of development: the first is socialism, the second is full communism. In this regard, the term “communism” is often used to designate only the second phase. The unity of both phases is ensured by societies. ownership of the means of production, subordination of the entire society. production of achieving complete well-being and comprehensive development of people, the absence of any forms of social inequality. Both phases are also characterized by a single social type of development of the people.
In the system inherent in communist. F.o.-e. objective laws apply economics. the law of full employment (sometimes called the fundamental economic law of the population, communist mode of production), ensures its planned rationality in accordance with society. needs, abilities and inclinations of people. So, in Art. 40 of the USSR Constitution states: ´Citizens of the USSR have the right to work, that is, to receive guaranteed work with payment in accordance with its quantity and quality and not lower than the minimum amount established by the state, including the right to choose a profession, occupation and work in accordance with with vocation, abilities, professional training, education and taking into account social needs´.
Real full and rational employment in economic conditions. and general social equality has a decisive influence on the development processes of the people. Members of society have equal access to education and health care. assistance provided at the expense of societies. consumption funds, which is the most important factor in sustainable quality. improvement of the people. The free creation and development of a family is ensured with active, comprehensive assistance from society. society sources of well-being serve the ever more complete disclosure of creators. abilities of each person. In economics and general social programs, paramount importance is attached to the constant improvement of the education of the younger generation, with special attention to their labor education. A systematic course is being implemented towards the most rational settlement of people and the creation of a complex of favorable and basically equal living conditions in all populations and localities.
The unity of both phases of communism. F.o.-e. is of decisive importance, since they are distinguished within the same formation with the same objective patterns of development for it. At the same time, there are differences between the two phases of communism, including significant ones, which allow us to distinguish the first phase from the second. Lenin wrote about the first of them that “since the means of production become common property, the word “communism” is applicable here, if we do not forget that this is not complete communism” (Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 33 , p. 98). Such “incompleteness” is associated with the degree of development of production. forces and production. relations in the conditions of the first phase. Yes, society. ownership of the means of production exists under socialism in two forms (national and collective farm-cooperative); the society of working people, united in its character and goals, consists of two friendly classes - the working class and the peasantry, as well as the intelligentsia. The equal right of all members of society to the product created by their united labor is realized through distribution according to labor depending on its quantity and quality. The principle of socialism is “from each according to his ability, to each according to his work.” Therefore, the definition is preserved. (gradually and consistently decreasing) inequality in consumption with inequality in labor. Labor for each individual under socialism has not yet become the first need of life, but is a necessary means for obtaining the benefits of life.
Features of socialism as the first phase of communism. F.o.-e. are also found in the development of the people. Us. under socialism (as under full communism) these are the working people; in this, main sense, it is socially homogeneous (see Social homogeneity). Exploitation of man by man and unemployment have been abolished forever; everyone has and exercises an equal right to work, free education and medical care. service, recreation, provision in old age, etc. Everyone is equal in the possibilities of forming a family and obtaining society in this. support in using the services of child care institutions, choosing a place of residence at will. The society financially and morally helps people moving to live in those communities. points for the implementation of economic plans. and social development require an influx of labor resources from outside. At the same time, since under socialism it produces. the forces of society have not yet reached the level required for the establishment of complete communism, the financial situation is desc. families and individuals are not yet the same. Family carries it means. part of the costs of reproducing the labor force, hence the possibility of inequality in both these costs and their results. The participation of the family in the material support of the reproduction of the labor force, taking into account the steadily increasing requirements for the quality of workers, affects the number of children chosen by the family.
In the documents of the CPSU, a fundamentally important conclusion was made that the Sov. society is now at the beginning of a historically long period. period - the stage of developed socialism. This stage, without going beyond the first phase of the communist, F. o.-e., is characterized by the fact that “... socialism develops on its own basis, the creative forces of the new system, the advantages of the socialist way of life, the working people of all enjoy more widely the fruits of the great revolutionary achievements´ [Constitution (Basic Law) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Preamble]. With the construction of developed socialism, a transition to preeminence takes place. intensive type of society. reproduction, which comprehensively affects the reproduction of us, especially its social characteristics. Already in the course of building socialism, the antithesis between city and countryside, between intellectuals, is gradually being eliminated. and physical through labor, universal literacy is achieved. In conditions of developed socialism, creatures are gradually overcome. differences between city and countryside, between mentalities. and physical labor ensures that we are highly educated. In the USSR - mandatory cf. education of youth, reform of general education is being carried out. and prof. schools, designed to raise education to a qualitatively new level, radically improve labor education and professional education. orientation of schoolchildren based on combining learning with production. labor, training of qualified workers in professional-technical schools, to supplement universal education with universal prof. education. If, according to the census of us. 1959, per 1000 people us. countries accounted for 361 people. from Wed. and higher (complete and incomplete) education, including higher education - 23 people, then in 1981, respectively. 661 and 74, and among the employed - 833 and 106. More than 1/3 of all doctors and 1/4 of all scientists work in the USSR. workers of the world. A new stage in the development of the economy and social life was embodied, in particular, in the meaning. expanding family assistance measures, increasing government assistance to families with children and newlyweds. The benefits and benefits for these families are expanding, their living conditions are improving, and the state system is being improved. child benefits. The measures being taken (providing partially paid leave to working mothers until the child reaches the age of 1 year, benefits to mothers at the birth of their first, second and third child, etc.) improve the financial situation of 4.5 million families with children. Mature socialism ensures the acceleration of qualities. improvement of the people. At the same time, a certain stabilization of quantities. natural indicators reproducing us.
In developed socialist society is also gradually ensuring a more harmonious settlement of people. In the USSR, household management is carried out at a high pace. development of previously sparsely populated areas. territories, especially in the east. districts of the country. At the same time, along with industry, construction, transport, communications, all sectors serving us are developing proportionally: a network of institutions of education, health care, trade, consumer services, culture, etc. The scope of work to provide villages is significantly expanding. settlements of modern times household amenities.
During the transition from the first phase of communist. F.o.-e. By the second, major changes occur. At the highest phase of communism. society, Marx wrote, “...labor will cease to be only a means for life, but will itself become the first need of life;...along with the all-round development of individuals, productive forces will grow and all sources of social wealth will flow in full flow” (Marx K. and Engels F., Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 19, p. 20). Full communism is a classless society. build with a single common people. ownership of the means of production, highly organized organizations. society of the free and conscious. workers, in whom the principle “from each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs” is implemented.
In the course of improving mature socialism, the features of the second, highest phase of communistism gradually begin to form. F.o.-e. Its logistics are being created. base. Progress produces. the forces of society are aimed at achieving a level that ensures an abundance of benefits; this creates the necessary basis for the formation of societies. relations inherent in complete communism. Along with the development of the method of production, the traits of a new man—a communist man—develop. society. Due to the unity of both phases of communist. F.o.-e. becoming defined the features of its highest phase turn out to be possible even before its achievement. The documents of the 26th Congress of the CPSU indicate: “...it is possible...to assume that the formation of a classless structure of society will mainly and fundamentally occur within the historical framework of mature socialism” (Materials of the 26th Congress of the CPSU, p. 53).
At the highest phase of communism. F.o.-e. New conditions for the development of the people will also emerge. They will not depend on the material capabilities of the department. families, dept. person. The full opportunity for all members of society to directly rely on its enormous material resources will allow us to achieve a radical change in quality. development of the population, comprehensive disclosure of creativity. the potential of each individual, the most effective combination of his interests with the interests of society. Fundamentally changing societies. conditions must be provided by creatures. impact on our reproduction as well. All conditions will open for us to achieve our optimum. in all parameters of its development. It is communist. society is able to effectively control numbers. his us. taking into account all societies. resources and needs. Engels foresaw this when he wrote that communist. society, along with the production of things, if it turns out to be necessary, will regulate the production of people (see [Letter] to Karl Kautsky, February 1, 1881, Marx K. and Engels F., Works, 2nd ed., vol. 35, p. 124). At the highest phase of communism. F.o.-e. conditions will be created to fully ensure optimal settlement of people across the territory.
Development of a set of specific problems for the people. in the conditions of the highest phase of communism. F.o.-e. is one of the important tasks of the science of peoples. The relevance of this task intensifies as mature socialism strengthens and the changes in the development of the people caused by it are revealed. The solution to this problem is based on the fundamental provisions on the development of the people, put forward and substantiated in the works of the classics of Marxism-Leninism, in the documents of the CPSU and fraternal parties, and on the successes of the entire Marxist-Leninist society. Sciences.
Marx K. and Engels F., Manifesto of the Communist Party, Works, 2nd ed., vol. 4; Marx K., Capital, vol. 1, ch. 5, 8, 11-13, 21-24; vol. 3, ch. 13 - 15, ibid., vol. 23, 25, part 1; his, Economic manuscripts of 1857-59, ibid., vol. 46, part 2; his, Critique of the Gotha Program, ibid., vol. 19; Engels F., Anti-Dühring, dept. III; Socialism, ibid., vol. 20; his, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State, ibid., vol. 21; Lenin V.I., State and Revolution, ch. 5, Full collection cit., 5th ed., vol. 33; him, Immediate tasks of Soviet power, ibid., vol. 36; his, The Great Initiative, ibid., vol. 39; him, From the destruction of the age-old way of life to the creation of a new one, in the same place, vol. 40; Materials of the XXVI Congress of the CPSU, M. 1981; Marxist-Leninist theory of population, 2nd ed., M. 1974; System of knowledge about population, M. 1976; Management of population development in the USSR, M. 1977; Fundamentals of population development management, M. 1982; Theory of socio-economic formation, M. 1983.
Yu. A. Bzhilyansky, I. V. Dzarasova, N. V. Zvereva.
Great definition
Incomplete definition ↓
a historical type of society based on a certain method of production, a stage of progressive development of humanity from the primitive communal system through the slave system, feudalism and capitalism - to the communist formation, this is not a society in general, not an abstract society, but a concrete one, functioning according to certain laws as a single social organism.
Great definition
Incomplete definition ↓
/D/Okonomische Gesellschaftsformation; /E/ Socioeconomic formation; /F/ Formation economy et sociale; /Esp./ Formacion economico social.
A category that reflects the relationship between basic and superstructural social relations, the primacy of the former in relation to the latter. In epistemological terms, such a division allows us to reflect the specifics of cause and effect relationships in social life. In the most general form, a socio-economic formation can be defined as a society at a certain stage of historical development.
Great definition
Incomplete definition ↓
Socio-economic formation
by - a society at a certain stage of historical development. Typically, primitive communal, slaveholding, feudal, capitalist and communist formations were distinguished. Although individual elements and examples of production (social) relations inherent in a particular formation can probably be found at any historical time.
From the point of view of the diatropic approach to the process of cognition, the formational description of society seems quite acceptable. Another thing is that it is probably possible to distinguish some intermediate or other forms, for example: socialism, ancient bureaucratic formations of China (eastern type), nomadic, etc.
Associative block.
But it is quite possible to identify a stage of development of man and society when the basis for obtaining material resources is the robbery of other people and nations.
Great definition
Incomplete definition ↓
Socio-economic formation
a holistic concrete historical stage of development of society. O.e.f. - the basic concept of the social philosophy of Marxism, according to which the history of human society is a sequence of naturally replacing each other O.E.F.: primitive, slaveholding, feudal, bourgeois-capitalist and communist. This provision forms the basis of the law of formational development of society. Structure of O.e.f. constitute the economic basis, i.e. a method of social production and a socio-ideological superstructure, including political and legal ideas, relationships and institutions, over which the forms of social consciousness rise: morality, art, religion, science, philosophy. Thus O.e.f. represents a society at a specific historical stage of its development, functioning as an integral social system on the basis of its inherent mode of production.
Great definition
Incomplete definition ↓
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC FORMATION
a historical type of society, based on a certain method of production and acting as a stage in the progressive development of humanity from the primitive communal system through the slave system, feudalism and capitalism to the communist formation. The concept of “e0.-e. f.” first developed by Marxism and constitutes the cornerstone of the materialist understanding of history. It allows, firstly, to distinguish one period of history from another and, instead of discussing “society in general,” to study historical events within the framework of certain formations; secondly, to reveal the common and essential features of different countries that are at the same stage of development of production (for example, in capitalist England, France, Germany, the USA, etc.), and therefore, use the general scientific criterion of repeatability in the study, the application of which to social science is denied by subjectivists; thirdly, in contrast to eclectic theories that consider society as a mechanical set of social phenomena (family, state, church, etc.), and the historical process as a result of the influence of various factors (natural conditions or enlightenment, the development of trade or birth genius, etc.), the concept of “O.-e. f.” allows us to consider the human society in each period of its development as a single “social organism”, which includes all social phenomena in their organic unity and interaction based on the method of production. Finally, fourthly, it allows us to reduce the aspirations and actions of individual people to the actions of large masses, classes, the interests of which are determined by their place in the system of social relations of a given formation. The concept of “O.-e. f.” does not provide specific knowledge about the history of a particular country, a particular region or humanity as a whole, but it formulates the basic. theoretical and methodological principles that require a consistent scientific analysis of historical facts. The use of this concept is incompatible with the imposition of any a priori schemes and subjective constructions on historical knowledge. Each O.-e. f. has its own special laws of origin and development. At the same time, in each formation there are general laws that link them into a single process of world history. This especially applies to the communist formation, the stage of formation and development of which is socialism. Currently, in the course of revolutionary perestroika, a new idea of socialism and, accordingly, of communist O.-e. is being formed. f. Ch. the goal is to overcome utopian views, to soberly take into account the reality and duration of the processes of formation and development of socialism and the communist formation as a whole.
Great definition
Incomplete definition ↓
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FORMATION
the central concept of the Marxist theory of society or historical materialism: “... a society at a certain stage of historical development, a society with a unique, distinctive character.” Through the concept of O.E.F. ideas about society as a specific system were recorded and at the same time the main periods of its historical development were identified. It was believed that any social phenomenon can be correctly understood only in connection with a certain O.E.F., an element or product of which it is. The term “formation” itself was borrowed by Marx from geology. Completed theory of O.E.F. not formulated by Marx, however, if we summarize his various statements, we can conclude that Marx distinguished three eras or formations of world history according to the criterion of dominant production relations (forms of property): 1) primary formation (archaic pre-class societies); 2) secondary, or “economic” social formation, based on private property and commodity exchange and including Asian, ancient, feudal and capitalist modes of production; 3) communist formation. Marx paid main attention to the “economic” formation, and within its framework, to the bourgeois system. At the same time, social relations were reduced to economic ones (“base”), and world history was viewed as a movement through social revolutions to a predetermined phase - communism. The term O.E.F. introduced by Plekhanov and Lenin. Lenin, generally following the logic of Marx’s concept, significantly simplified and narrowed it, identifying O.E.F. with the mode of production and reducing it to a system of production relations. Canonization of the O.E.F. concept in the form of the so-called “five-member structure” was implemented by Stalin in the “Short Course on the History of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)”. Representatives of historical materialism believed that the concept of O.E.F. allows us to notice repetition in history and thereby give it a strictly scientific analysis. The change of formations forms the main line of progress; formations die due to internal antagonisms, but with the advent of communism, the law of change of formations ceases to operate. As a result of the transformation of Marx's hypothesis into an infallible dogma, formational reductionism was established in Soviet social science, i.e. reduction of the entire diversity of the human world only to formational characteristics, which was expressed in the absolutization of the role of the common in history, the analysis of all social connections along the basis - superstructure line, ignoring the human beginning of history and the free choice of people. In its established form, the concept of O.E.F. together with the idea of linear progress that gave birth to it, already belongs to the history of social thought. However, overcoming formational dogma does not mean abandoning the formulation and solution of questions of social typology. Types of society and its nature, depending on the tasks being solved, can be distinguished according to various criteria, including socio-economic ones. It is important to remember the high degree of abstraction of such theoretical constructs, their schematic nature, the inadmissibility of their ontologization, direct identification with reality, and also their use for constructing social forecasts and developing specific political tactics. If this is not taken into account, then the result, as experience shows, is social deformation and disaster.
Great definition
Incomplete definition ↓
Socio-economic formation
the category of historical materialism, expressing a materialistic understanding of history, representing society as an organic integrity corresponding to a certain stage of development of world history. Category F. o.-e. presents the result of a study of society from the position of materialist dialectics, which allowed Marx and Engels to overcome the abstract ahistorical approach to understanding social life, discover general and specific laws of social development, and establish continuity between different stages of history. Development of F. o.-e. and the transition from one F. o.-e. to the other, in Marxist philosophy it is considered as a natural historical process, as the logic of history. F.o.-e. - this is a social-production organic integrity with its own method of material production, with its own special production relations, its own forms of social organization of labor, stable forms of community of people and relationships between them, specific forms of management, organization of family relations, certain forms of social consciousness. The system-forming principle of F. o.-e. is the method of production. A change in the method of production determines a change in the f. o.-e. Marx identified five F. o.-e. as stages of the progressive development of human society: primitive communal, slaveholding, feudal, bourgeois and communist. At the initial stage of history, labor is unproductive, so all members of society are equal in their poverty (primitive communism). Based on the improvement of the tools of labor and the social division of labor, its productivity increases and a surplus product appears, and with it the struggle for its appropriation. Thus, a class struggle arises for the right of ownership of the instruments of production, during which the state emerges as an instrument of class domination, as well as a certain ideology as a spiritual justification and consolidation of the privileged position of certain social groups in society. F.o.-e. - an ideal model of historical development, in history there have not been and do not exist “pure” F. o.-e., at any stage of history in society there are both dominant social relations characteristic of the dominant mode of production, as well as remnants of the past mode of production and emerging new production relations. In a particular society, various formational elements, various economic structures, and various elements of government structure coexist. In this regard, Marx’s position on the Asian mode of production is characteristic, about which a common point of view has not yet been developed even among Marxist researchers. The difference in the forms of combination of new and old, progressive and reactionary, revolutionary and conservative, connections with other countries, and historical features make the social life of each country unique, despite its belonging to the F. o.e. common to a number of countries. In addition, every F. o.-e. has its own stages of development, stages, tempo and rhythm. However, despite the unique historical situation in each country, any society has a certain socio-economic structure (scheme). The economic basis of the F. o.-e. are economic, production, material relations between people that arise in the production process. They form the economic basis of the F. o.-e. (the economic “skeleton” of society), which determines the ideological, political and legal superstructure and associated forms of social consciousness. Economic relations are, first of all, relations of property and regarding property, enshrined in political and legal norms, the observance of which is guaranteed by state institutions. However, the relationship between the basis and the superstructure is not strictly defined; based on the same basis, there are various options for the superstructure. A dialectical contradiction also develops between the base and the superstructure, reflecting the contradiction in the mode of production. Like the contradiction in the mode of production, the contradiction between the base and the superstructure is resolved in the course of the socio-political revolution. The concept "F. o.-e." Marx connected all the empirical diversity of historical events into a single system, identified historical types of society and methods of communication between them. The concept of "F. o.-e." - this is precisely the abstraction through which it is possible to see a general pattern behind the variety of historical events, explain the current situation and build a scientific forecast of the development of events, although no specific society coincides with its scheme, model. Thus, Marx revealed the trend of historical development, and did not “set” the history of each specific country. Despite certain shortcomings of the formational concept, which have become the subject of numerous discussions, historical materialism has significant explanatory and predictive potential, providing the opportunity to understand and consistently explain the unity and diversity of human history. In addition to the theory of F. o.-e. Marx also has a different approach to the periodization of history. He identifies three historical stages: a society based on the personal dependence of people (pre-capitalist society), a society based on material dependence (capitalist), and a society in which dependence is realized, determined by the individual development of a person. In bourgeois sociology, there is a classification of history close to this scheme: traditional society, industrial and post-industrial. The classification criterion is the technological method of production. The presence of different approaches to the study of history makes it possible to present society as a multidimensional phenomenon and to make maximum use of the cognitive capabilities of each method in historical practice. These concepts represent options for interpreting history as a universal linear progressive process. They are opposed by the concept of nonlinear development of society, the concept of local cultural and historical types.
Great definition
Incomplete definition ↓
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FORMATION
category historical materialism, which serves to designate a defined society. stage of history development. Dialectical-materialistic the method allowed Marx and Engels to overcome the abstract, ahistorical. approach to the analysis of societies. life, highlight the department. stages in the development of society, determine their characteristic features, discover specific features. laws underlying their development. “How Darwin,” wrote Lenin, “put an end to the view of species of animals and plants as unconnected, random, “created by God” and unchangeable, and for the first time put biology on a completely scientific basis, establishing the variability of species and continuity between them, - and so Marx put an end to the view of society as a mechanical aggregate of individuals, allowing for any changes at the will of the authorities (or, anyway, at the will of society and government), arising and changing by chance, and for the first time put sociology on a scientific basis, establishing the concept socio-economic formation, as a set of data of production relations, establishing that the development of such formations is a natural-historical process" (Works, vol. 1, pp. 124–25). In Capital, Marx showed “... the capitalist social formation as living - with its everyday aspects, with the actual social manifestation of the class antagonism inherent in production relations, with the bourgeois political superstructure protecting the dominance of the capitalist class, with the bourgeois ideas of freedom, equality, etc. etc., with bourgeois family relations" (ibid., p. 124). F.o.-e. is a developing social production. an organism that has special laws of origin, functioning, development and transformation into another, more complex social production. organism. Each such organism has a special method of production, its own type of production. relations, the special nature of societies. organization of labor (and in antagonistic formations, special classes and forms of exploitation), historically determined, stable forms of community of people and relationships between them, specific. forms of societies. management, special forms of family organization and family relations, special societies. ideas. The decisive feature of economic economics, which ultimately determines all others, is the method of production. The change in methods of production determines the change in the F. o.-e. Marx and Lenin identified five F. o.-e., representing the behavior. stages in human development societies: primitive communal, slaveholding, feudal, capitalist and communist, the first phase of which is socialism. In Marx's works there is a mention of the Asian mode of production as a special economic system. structure. There is still debate among sociologists and historians about what Marx meant by the Asian mode of production. Some consider it a special political-economy that precedes slavery or feudalism; others believe that Marx wanted to emphasize the peculiarity of feud with this concept. production method in the East. Still others believe that the Asian method of production should be considered the final stage of the primitive communal system. Although debate on this issue continues, the discussions have not provided sufficient scientific data to support the thesis that the Asian mode of production represents a special formation. History does not know “pure” formations. For example, there is no “pure” capitalism, in which there would be no elements and remnants of past eras - feudalism and even pre-feudalism. relations - elements and material prerequisites of the new communist. F.o.-e. To this should be added the specificity of the development of the same formation among different peoples (for example, the tribal system of the Slavs and ancient Germans differs sharply from the tribal system of the Saxons or Scandinavians at the beginning of the Middle Ages, the peoples of Ancient India or the peoples of the Middle East, Indian tribes in America or African peoples, etc.). Various forms of combination of old and new in each historical. era, various connections of a given country with other countries and various forms and degrees of external influence on its development, and finally, the features of historical. developments conditioned by the entire set of natural, ethnic, social, everyday, cultural and other factors, and the common fate and traditions of the people determined by them, which distinguish them from other peoples, testify to how diverse the characteristics and historical are. the fate of different peoples passing through the same F. o.-e. Each F. o.-e. has its own stages, stages of development. Over the millennia of its existence, primitive society has evolved from human. hordes to the tribal system and villages. communities. Capitalist society - from manufacture to machine production, from the era of free competition to the era of monopoly. capitalism, which has grown into state-monopoly. capitalism. Communist the formation has two main principles. phases – socialism and communism. Each such stage of development is associated with the appearance of certain important features and even specific ones. patterns, which, without canceling the general sociological. laws of F. o.-e. in general, they introduce something qualitatively new into its development, strengthen the effect of some laws and weaken the effect of others, and introduce certain changes into the social structure of society, societies. the organization of labor, the way of life of people, modify the superstructure of society, etc. Such stages in the development of F. o.-e. are usually called periods or epochs. Scientific periodization of history processes must proceed, therefore, not only from the alternation of the F. o.-e., but also from the epochs or periods within these formations. Economical relations that form economic The structure of society, the basis of political economics, ultimately determines the behavior and actions of people, the masses, relations and conflicts between classes, social movements and revolutions. Sociologist and economist who study societies. relationships, as a rule, can be limited to the characteristics of the basic. features of formations, their classification, the basis of the cut is based on the following. change of F. o.-e., change of eras within these formations. For a historian this is not enough. Studying the history of the department. peoples as part of world history. process, the historian is obliged to take into account the development of social movements, periods of revolution. rise and periods of reaction. Within the framework of general sociological periodization of world history and history department. of peoples, the historian is obliged to give a more “fractional” periodization, based on the cut, in addition to the course of socio-economic. development, stages of the class struggle in the country are laid down, will liberate. movements of the working masses. From the concept of an era as a stage in the development of F. o.-e. it is necessary to distinguish the concept of world-historical. era. World historical the process at any given moment represents a more complex picture than the development process in the department. country. The world development process includes different peoples at different stages of development. The character of world-historical eras are determined by those economic. relationships and social forces that determine the direction and, to an ever increasing extent, the character of history. process in this historical period. In the 17th–18th centuries. capitalistic relations did not yet dominate the world, but they and the classes generated by them were already determining the direction of world history. development, had a decisive impact on the entire process of world development. Therefore, from this time the world historical dates back. the era of capitalism as a stage in world history. ?ct. socialist revolution and formation of world socialist. systems marked the beginning of a sharp change in world history; they guide world history. development, give modern. era, the nature of the transition from capitalism to communism. The transition from one F. o.-e. to the other the revolution is carried out. way. In cases where F. o.-e. are of the same type (for example, slavery, feudalism, capitalism are based on the exploitation of workers by the owners of the means of production), a process of gradual maturation of a new society in the bowels of the old one can be observed (for example. , capitalism in the depths of feudalism), but the completion of the transition from the old society to the new appears as a revolution. jump. With a fundamental change in economic and all other relations, the social revolution is distinguished by its particular depth (see Socialist Revolution) and lays the foundation for an entire transition period, during which the revolution is carried out. transformation of society and the foundations of socialism are created. The content and duration of this transition period are determined by the level of economy and cultural development of the country, the severity of class conflicts, international. situation, etc. In world history, transitional eras are the same natural phenomenon as the established historical economics, and in their totality they cover segments of history. Each new F. o.-e., denying the previous one, preserves and develops all its achievements in the field of material and spiritual culture. Transition from one formation to another, capable of creating higher production levels. power, a more advanced system of economic, political. and ideological. relations, constitutes the content of historical. progress. Existence is defined. F. o.-e., successively replacing each other in the history of mankind, does not at all mean that every nation must go through them in its development. Certain links of historical chains of development - slavery, feudalism, capitalism, and sometimes all of them together, the department can. peoples will not receive full development. Moreover, the people can bypass them, moving, for example, directly from the tribal system to socialism, relying on the support and assistance of socialists. countries Methodological the significance of the theory of F. o.-e. lies primarily in the fact that it allows us to distinguish material societies. relations as determining from the system of all other relations, to establish the repeatability of societies. phenomena, to find out the laws underlying this recurrence. This makes it possible to approach the development of society as a natural-historical one. process. At the same time, it allows us to reveal the structure of society and the functions of its constituent elements, to identify the system and interaction of all societies. relationships. Secondly, the theory of F. o.-e. allows us to resolve the issue of the relationship between general sociological. laws of development and specific laws dep. F.o.-e. (see Social regularity). Thirdly, the theory of F. o.-e. provides a scientific basis for the theory of class struggle, allows us to identify which methods of production give rise to classes and which ones, what are the conditions for the emergence and destruction of classes. Fourthly, F. o.-e. allows us to establish not only the unity of societies. relations among peoples at the same stage of development, but also to identify specific ones. national and historical features of the development of a formation among a particular people, distinguishing the history of this people from the history of other peoples. Lit.: see under art. Historical materialism, History, Capitalism, Communism, Primitive communal formation, Slave-owning formation, Feudalism. D. Chesnokov. Moscow.
The theory of socio-economic formations is the cornerstone of the materialist understanding of history. As secondary basic relations in this theory, material relations are used, and within them, first of all, economic and production ones. All the diversity of societies, despite the obvious differences between them, belong to the same stage of historical development if they have the same type of production relations as their economic basis. As a result, all the diversity and multitude of social systems in history were reduced to several basic types, these types were called “socio-economic formations.” Marx in “Capital” analyzed the laws of formation and development of the capitalist formation, showed its historically coming nature, the inevitability of a new formation - communist. The term “formation” was taken from geology; in geology, “formation” means the stratification of geological deposits of a certain period. In Marx, the terms “formation”, “socio-economic formation”, “economic formation”, “social formation” are used in an identical sense. Lenin characterized the formation as a single, integral social organism. A formation is not an aggregate of individuals, not a mechanical collection of disparate social phenomena, it is an integral social system, each component of which should not be considered in isolation, but in connection with other social phenomena, with the entire society as a whole.
At the foundation of each formation lie certain productive forces (i.e. objects of labor, means of production and labor), their nature and level. As for the basis of the formation, these are relations of production; these are the relationships that develop between people in the process of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods. In a class society, economic relations between classes become the essence and core of production relations. The entire building of the formation grows on this basis.
The following elements of the formation as an integral living organism can be distinguished:
The relations of production determine the superstructure that rises above them. The superstructure is the totality of political, legal, moral, artistic, philosophical, religious views of society and the corresponding relations and institutions. In relation to the superstructure, production relations act as an economic basis; the main law of formational development is the law of interaction between the base and the superstructure. This law determines the role of the entire system of economic relations, the main influence of ownership of the means of production in relation to political and legal ideas, institutions, social relations (ideological, moral, religious, spiritual). There is a total interdependence between the base and the superstructure: the base is always primary, the superstructure is secondary, but in turn it affects the base, it develops relatively independently. According to Marx, the influence of the base on the superstructure is not fatal, not mechanistic, and not unambiguous under different conditions. The superstructure encourages the base to develop it.
The composition of the formation includes ethnic forms of community of people (clan, tribe, nationality, nation). These forms are determined by the method of production, the nature of production relations and the stage of development of the productive forces.
And finally, this is the type and form of family.
They are also predetermined at every stage by both sides of the mode of production.
An important question is the question of patterns, general trends in the development of a specific historical society. Formation theorists believe:
- 1. That formations develop independently.
- 2. There is continuity in their development, continuity based on the technical and technological basis and property relations.
- 3. The pattern is the completeness of the development of the formation. Marx believed that not one formation dies before all the productive forces for which it provides enough scope are destroyed.
- 4. The movement and development of formations is carried out stepwise from a less perfect state to a more perfect one.
- 5. Countries of a high formation level play a leading role in development; they influence less developed ones.
Usually the following types of socio-economic formations are distinguished: primitive communal, slaveholding, feudal, capitalist and communist (includes two phases - socialism and communism).
To characterize and compare different types of socio-economic formations, we will analyze them from the point of view of types of production relations. Dovgel E.S. distinguishes two fundamentally different types:
- 1) those in which people are forced to work by force or economically, while the results of labor are alienated from them;
- 2) those in which people work of their own free will, interestedly and reasonably participate in the distribution of the results of labor.
The distribution of the social product under slaveholding, feudal and capitalist relations is carried out according to the first type, under socialist and communist relations - according to the second type. (In primitive communal social relations, distribution is carried out unsystematically and it is difficult to single out any type). At the same time, Dovgel E.S. believes that both “capitalists” and “communists” have to admit: capitalism in economically developed countries today is just traditional words and “tablets in the brains”, as a tribute to an irrevocably past History, in essence, social-production relations of high levels of development (socialist and communist) are already very common in countries with the highest level of efficiency in production and people’s lives (USA, Finland, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Ireland, Germany, Canada, France, Japan, etc.). In the case of the USSR, the definition of a country as socialist was applied unreasonably. Dovgel E.S. Theory of socio-economic formations and convergence of ideologies in economics. “Organization and Management”, international scientific and practical journal, 2002, No. 3, p. 145. The author of this work agrees with this position.
Among the main disadvantages of the formational approach are the underestimation of the ability of capitalist society to change independently, the underestimation of the “developability” of the capitalist system, this is Marx’s underestimation of the uniqueness of capitalism in a number of socio-economic formations. Marx creates a theory of formations, considering them as stages of social development, and in the preface “To the Critique of Political Economy” he writes “The prehistory of human society ends with the bourgeois economic formation.” Marx established an objective interdependence between the level of development and the state of society, the change in the types of its economic argumentation, he showed world history as a dialectical change of social structures, he sort of streamlined the course of world history. This was a discovery in the history of human civilization. The transition from one formation to another took place through revolution; the disadvantage of the Marxist scheme is the idea of the same type of historical destinies of capitalism and pre-capitalist formations. Both Marx and Engels, fully aware and repeatedly revealing the deepest qualitative differences between capitalism and feudalism, with amazing consistency, emphasize the uniformity, uniformity of the capitalist and feudal formations, their subordination to the same general historical law. They pointed to contradictions of the same type between productive forces and production relations, here and there they recorded the inability to cope with them, here and there they recorded death as a form of society’s transition to another, higher stage of development. Marx’s change of formations resembles the change of human generations; more than one generation is not given the opportunity to live two life spans, so formations come, flourish, and die. This dialectic does not concern communism; it belongs to a different historical era. Marx and Engels did not allow the idea that capitalism could discover fundamentally new ways of resolving its contradictions, could choose a completely new form of historical movement.
None of the named main theoretical points underlying the theory of formations is now indisputable. The theory of socio-economic formations is not only based on the theoretical conclusions of the mid-19th century, but because of this cannot explain many of the contradictions that have arisen: the existence, along with zones of progressive (ascending) development, of zones of backwardness, stagnation and dead ends; the transformation of the state in one form or another into an important factor in social relations of production; modification and modification of classes; the emergence of a new hierarchy of values with the priority of universal values over class values.
In conclusion of the analysis of the theory of socio-economic formations, it should be noted: Marx did not claim that his theory would be made global, to which the entire development of society on the entire planet is subject. The “globalization” of his views occurred later, thanks to the interpreters of Marxism.
The shortcomings identified in the formational approach are taken into account to some extent by the civilizational approach. It was developed in the works of N. Ya. Danilevsky, O. Spengler, and later A. Toynbee. They put forward the idea of a civilizational structure of social life. According to their ideas, the basis of social life is made up of “cultural-historical types” (Danilevsky) or “civilizations” (Spengler, Toynbee), more or less isolated from each other, going through a number of successive stages in their development: origin, flourishing, aging, decline.
All these concepts are characterized by such features as: rejection of the Eurocentric, unilinear scheme of social progress; conclusion about the existence of many cultures and civilizations, which are characterized by locality and different quality; a statement about the equal importance of all cultures in the historical process. The civilizational approach helps to see history without discarding certain options as not meeting the criteria of any one culture. But the civilizational approach to understanding the historical process is not without some shortcomings. In particular, it does not take into account the connection between different civilizations and does not explain the phenomenon of repetition.
Socio-economic formation- according to the Marxist concept of the historical process, society is at a certain stage of historical development, characterized by the level of development of the productive forces and the historical type of economic relations of production. Each socio-economic formation is based on a certain method of production (basis), and production relations form its essence. The system of production relations that forms the economic basis of the formation corresponds to a political, legal and ideological superstructure. The structure of the formation includes not only economic, but also social relations, as well as forms of life, family, and lifestyle. The reason for the transition from one stage of social development to another is the discrepancy between the increased productive forces and the remaining type of production relations. According to Marxist teaching, humanity in the course of its development must go through the following stages: primitive communal system, slave system, feudalism, capitalism, communism.
The primitive communal system in Marxism is considered as the first non-antagonistic socio-economic formation through which all peoples without exception passed. As a result of the decomposition of the primitive communal system, a transition to class, antagonistic socio-economic formations took place. Early class formations include the slave system and feudalism, while many peoples moved from the primitive communal system directly to feudalism, bypassing the stage of slavery. Pointing to this phenomenon, Marxists substantiated for some countries the possibility of a transition from feudalism to socialism, bypassing the stage of capitalism. Karl Marx himself, among the early class formations, singled out a special Asian mode of production and a corresponding formation. The question of the Asian mode of production remained controversial in philosophical and historical literature, without receiving a clear solution. Capitalism was considered by Marx as the last antagonistic form of the social process of production; it was to be replaced by a non-antagonistic communist formation.
The change in socio-economic formations is explained by the contradictions between new productive forces and outdated production relations, which are transformed from forms of development into fetters of productive forces. The transition from one formation to another takes place in the form of a social revolution, which resolves the contradictions between productive forces and production relations, as well as between the base and the superstructure. Marxism pointed to the presence of transitional forms from one formation to another. Transitional states of society are usually characterized by the presence of various socio-economic structures that do not cover the economy and everyday life as a whole. These structures can represent both the remnants of the old and the embryos of a new socio-economic formation. The diversity of historical development is associated with the uneven pace of historical development: some peoples rapidly progressed in their development, others lagged behind. The interaction between them was of a different nature: it accelerated or, conversely, slowed down the course of historical development of individual peoples.
The collapse of the world system of socialism at the end of the 20th century and disappointment in communist ideas led to a critical attitude of researchers towards the Marxist formational scheme. Nevertheless, the idea of identifying stages in the world historical process is recognized as sound. In historical science and in teaching history, the concepts of primitive communal system, slave system, feudalism and capitalism are actively used. Along with this, the theory of stages of economic growth developed by W. Rostow and O. Toffler has found wide application: agrarian society (traditional society) - industrial society (consumer society) - post-industrial society (information society).
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A social formation, according to Marx, is a social system consisting of interconnected elements and in a state of unstable equilibrium. The structure of this system is as follows. Marx also sometimes uses the terms economic formation and economic social formation. The mode of production has two sides: the productive forces of society and the relations of production.
A social formation replacing capitalism, based on large-scale scientifically organized social production, organized distribution and consisting of two phases: 1) lower (socialism), in which the means of production are already public property, classes have already been destroyed, but the state still remains, and each member of society receives depending on the quantity and quality of his labor; 2) the highest (full communism), in which the state dies away and the principle is implemented: from each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs. The transition from capitalism to communism is possible only through a proletarian revolution and a long era of dictatorship of the proletariat.
A social formation, according to Marx, is a social system consisting of interconnected elements and in a state of unstable equilibrium. The structure of this system is as follows. The mode of production has two sides: the productive forces of society and the relations of production.
A social formation is a specific historical form of society that has developed on the basis of a given method of production.
The concept of social formation is used to designate qualitatively different types of society. However, in reality, along with them, there are elements of old methods of production and emerging new ones in the form of socio-economic structures, which is especially characteristic of transition periods from one formation to another. In modern conditions, the study of economic structures and the characteristics of their interaction is becoming an increasingly urgent problem.
Every social formation is characterized by its K.
Changing the social formation in Russia requires a revision of the methodological and regulatory apparatus for ensuring the reliability of large energy systems. The transition to market relations in the fuel and energy sectors that are natural monopolies (electric power and gas industries) is associated with new formulations of reliability problems. At the same time, it is advisable to preserve everything valuable in the methodology for studying the reliability of energy systems that was created in the previous period.
Every social formation has its own class structure of society. At the same time, finance takes into account the distribution of national income, organizing their redistribution in favor of the state.
Any social formation is characterized by a discrepancy between the production and consumption (use) of the product of labor in time and space. As the social division of labor develops, this discrepancy increases. But of fundamental importance is the fact that the product is only ready for consumption when it is delivered to the place of consumption with those consumer properties that meet the conditions of its use.
For any social formation, it is natural to create a certain amount of reserves of material resources to ensure a continuous process of production and circulation. The creation of inventories of material assets at enterprises is objective in nature and is a consequence of the social division of labor, when an enterprise, in the process of production activities, receives the means of production it needs from other enterprises geographically located at a considerable distance from consumers.
