One of the most complex issues economic policy is inflation management. The methods of managing it are ambiguous and contradictory in their consequences. The range of parameters for implementing such a policy can be quite narrow. On the one hand, it is necessary to restrain the inflationary spiral, and on the other hand, it is necessary to support production incentives and create conditions for saturating the market with goods.
The main forms of stabilization of monetary circulation, depending on the state of inflation processes, are monetary reforms and anti-inflationary policies.
Monetary reforms were carried out in conditions of metallic money circulation. From the second half of the twentieth century. stabilization of monetary circulation as one of the most important ways to restore the economy is carried out using the following methods: nullification, restoration (revaluation), devaluation and denomination.
Nullification means the announcement of the cancellation of a heavily depreciated unit and the introduction of a new currency.
Denomination– the method of “crossing out zeros”, i.e. consolidation of the price scale.
Anti-inflationary policy is a set of measures for state regulation of the economy aimed at combating inflation. In response to the interaction of factors of demand inflation and production cost inflation, two main lines of anti-inflationary policy took shape - deflationary policy (or demand regulation) and income policy (or cost regulation). In addition, a new direction has emerged - competitive stimulation of production.
Deflationary policy – these are methods of limiting money demand through monetary and tax mechanisms by:
- reducing government spending,
- promotion interest rate for a loan,
- strengthening the tax pressure,
- restrictions on the money supply, etc.
The peculiarity of deflationary policy is that it causes a slowdown in economic growth and even crisis phenomena.
Income policy involves parallel controls over prices and wages by freezing them completely or setting limits to their growth. For social reasons, this type of anti-inflationary policy is rarely used.
Competitive stimulation of production includes measures both to directly stimulate entrepreneurship by significantly reducing taxes on corporations, and to indirectly stimulate household savings by reducing income taxes.
Model of anti-inflationary policy in its Russian version consists of two large blocks.
The first block includes economic factors:
- creation of an effective investment program;
- formation of a stable macroeconomic structure of the market in order to equalize production imbalances;
- attracting additional capital to the production sector.
The second block forms the financial focus:
- covering the budget deficit by placing government securities and waiving central bank loans;
- establishing the regulatory significance of the functions of taxes (and not just fiscal) in the sphere of production;
- a sharp decrease in the issue of money (in excess of the needs of trade turnover) as the most important monetary inflation factor (although since 1994 the government has not issued money to cover the budget deficit);
- active income policy, which involves coordinating and linking the growth rate of wages, incomes and prices under the supervision and mediation of the state (using the experience of the West in concluding agreements between the government, trade unions and enterprises on these issues).
Achievement financial stability, reducing the federal budget deficit and ensuring its financing is possible through a number of non-inflationary sources:
- increasing the collection of tax payments to the budget (including through a significant reduction in ineffective tax and other benefits);
- reducing the list of federal target programs, which will allow concentrating budget funds on the most effective and socially significant projects;
- financing regions from regional budget expenditures that have an appropriate revenue base.
Fulfillment of these conditions of the anti-inflation strategy contributes to the achievement of such basic social and economic goals as:
- protecting the social interests of the people, primarily their low-income strata;
- preservation of the economic, scientific and technical potential of the country;
- creating incentives for production and primarily investment activities;
- formation of a market competitive environment.
The main task economic reforms consists in a complex structural restructuring of the Russian economy and, above all, in the activation of investment policy.
Hello Srgy!
Psht et chttl Vshy rssylk, ktru n nhdt all plzny... D t t prktk-t nt. I n smm for z dvn zntrsvn vzmzhnstyu svta skrtchtn. For me this is always a dream. I was on this tm rzgvry with brtm. n skzl slsch: sl honor chn fast,t n spvsh all nfrmcyu plntsnn brbtt. Skrst chtnya prktchsk straight prprtsnln skrst thinking. to be honest - to be honest - to be honest. Tue brtn, k szhlnyu, n actvt. Spsby sskstng vyshn skrst chtnya - this fktsya.
And here is the original
Hello Sergey!
This is written by a reader of your newsletter, which he finds very useful... But there is no practice. In fact, I have been interested in the possibility of mastering speed reading for a long time. But for some reason it always seemed like a dream to me. I had conversations on this topic with my brother. He said the following: if you read very quickly, you don’t have time to fully process all the information. The speed of reading is almost directly proportional to the speed of thinking. Increase your thinking speed and your reading speed will also increase. But the opposite, unfortunately, does not apply. Methods to artificially increase reading speed are fiction.
Even after the text has been shortened by 50% by eliminating some letters, it is still readable.
Not every word (every letter) carries an information load. Some words can be perceived as hieroglyphs.
To increase your reading speed, just start reading through the word. You might argue that at school you were taught to read carefully and think about every word. Perhaps this reading rule is still relevant and has not become obsolete, like the recommendations that when reading you must run your finger along the lines or read the text aloud (from reading textbooks of the last century).
Task No. 4. Increase in the number of transactions:
What calls to action might there be? Example: “Call now”, “Find out details on our website”, “Find out more by calling...”.
P.S. If you just read this article and have not implemented any of the above methods for increasing your business, then you have wasted your time.
If you are going to implement 2-3 of your favorite ways to increase sales in your organization, then good results await you.
If you decide to use each of the methods described here, then the problem of inventory will cease to exist for you. And you will forget that this question was once so relevant to you.
P.P.S. What is a profitable plant? This is an enterprise that understands the place its products occupy in the market and markets them competently! Working with sales is the same as lead generation. Sales funnel analysis, online marketing. All the same!
There are developments in software implementation of the method. If anyone is interested in creating an advisor, please write.Here is a description of the method.
Money management is based on a Martingale modification - Labouchere,
also known as the “strike-out method”. This method is not as extreme as a regular martingale.
What is the principle of transaction management?At the dawn of casinos, for playing on equal terms (for example, red - black), a method of doubling the bet when losing was invented. I won’t go into detail, but this method, while mathematically certainly allows you to win, has negative traits. The stakes are rising in geometric progression and sooner or later, you will either win or face a lack in your pocket the required amount for the next doubling of the bet, or with a limitation maximum bet on the gaming table.
Let me remind you that the mathematical probability of winning when playing classic roulette is 49%. 1% is ZERO, this is the advantage of the casino.
The deletion method is as follows. We divide our deposit into 100 parts.
1% of the deposit is one contract.We start the game with 1 contract. We take paper and pen and write down the bets in a column one below the other.
-1
We add 1 more contract to the lost one. The next bid is 2 contracts. For example, we won. Write it down in a column
-1
+2
In total, we won 1 contract. We cross out everything and start again. The next bid is 1 contract.Let's look at a more interesting series.
For example, we lost the first bet. Write it down on paper
-1
We add 1 more contract to the lost one. The next bid is 2 contracts. For example, we lost. Write it down in a column
-1
-2
Now to the first bet in the column (-1), add last bid(-2). Total 3 contracts. Let's say we lost. We write it down in a column.
-1
-2
-3
Now to the first bet in the column (-1), add the last bet (-3). Total 4 contracts. Let's say we lose again. Write it down in a column
-1
-2
-3
-4
Now to the first bet in the column (-1), add the last bet (-4). Total 5 contracts. Let's say we lose again. Write it down in a column
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
Five losses in a row. It happens... The next bid is 6 Contracts.
For example, we won. We write it down in a column.
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
+6
The 6 contracts that we won compensated for the loss of -1 and – 5 contracts! Now, cross out -1, -5 and +6.
Left:
-2
-3
-4
Now to the first bet in the column (-2), add the last bet (-4). Total 6 contracts. The next bid is 6 Contracts. Let's say we win again. Write it down in a column
-2
-3
-4
+6
The 6 contracts that we won compensated for the loss of -2 and – 4 contracts! Now, cross out -2, -4 and +6.
-3 contracts left. Since there is nothing else in the column, we add 1.
The next bid is 4 contracts. If we win, then we cross out everything, remain in the black by 1 contract and start the series again.We had such a series
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
+6
+6
+4Three profitable trades compensated for 5 losing ones.
I advise you to practice on paper several times until the principle becomes automatic.So, pay attention! In order for the system to function and win, it is necessary to have a number of profitable transactions above 33% -40% percent!!!
If anyone is in doubt, write your own long series. You can practice at any online casino that has a test game for virtual money. Divide your deposit into 100 parts. Bet only on red or only on black. Keep in mind, similar method games may be considered dishonest by the casino, and the casino computer, after some time, will begin to give you series of the opposite color of 10-20-30 in a row, of course, there will be no talk of any 33-40 percent ratio and you will lose.But the principle remains UNCHANGED, 33% of winnings compensate for 66% of losses.
Thus, using such money management in practical Forex trading, we need a trading system that has a 50% probability of winning, and the ratio possible profit to a possible loss greater than or equal to 1,
those. Profit factor >=1.
There are two ways to correct erroneous entries: proofreading and red reversal. The method of proofreading is to cross out the incorrect entry and write the correct one above it. The correction is certified by the signature of the person responsible for maintaining records. This method is used if the error is discovered shortly after it was committed and its correction will not change the results. If the error was reflected in the final data, then correcting it by proofreading would cause a lot of deletions and corrections. To avoid this, the red reversal method is used, which consists of repeating an incorrect entry in red ink. Then the correct entry is made using regular colored ink. Red color means that the entry is incorrect and must be subtracted when making calculations.
About how articles are transferred from the Journal to the Main Ledger, why from one article in the Journal two are formed in the Main Ledger, also about the method of crossing out articles in the Journal, and finally, about two numbers in the Main Ledger, which are noted in the margins of the Journal, and why this is done.
ALSO ABOUT THE METHOD OF STROKING OUT
Errors made are corrected in the registers by crossing them out in red ink, provided that the errors are identified before the results are entered. The correct amount is indicated above the line crossed out in black ink. In the event that an error is discovered in the order journal after the totals have been entered in it, but before they are entered into the General Ledger, the correction is made in the free lines or columns provided after the totals. Adjustment of turnover is documented with a specially prepared accounting certificate. Its data is entered into the General Ledger separately. After recording the totals of order journals in the General Ledger, corrections are not allowed in them.
Information about the actual availability of property is recorded in inventory records and acts in at least 2 copies. It is not allowed to leave blank lines in inventories, and on the last pages blank lines are crossed out. Blots and erasures are not allowed, and corrections of errors are made in all copies of inventories by crossing out incorrect entries and placing correct ones above the crossed out ones. Corrections must be agreed upon and signed by all members of the inventory commission and financially responsible persons. On each page of the inventory, the number of serial numbers of material assets and the total total of the quantity in material indicators recorded on this page, regardless of the units of measurement in which these values are shown: pieces, kilograms, meters, etc. On the last page of the inventory, a note is made about checking prices, taxation and calculating the results signed by members of the inventory commission. The inventory is signed by all members of the inventory commission and, and the financially responsible persons at the end of the inventory give a receipt confirming the inspection of the property by the commission in their presence and the absence of any claims against the commission members.
Marks, erasures, etc. are not allowed in documents. Errors in documents should be corrected by crossing out the incorrect text or amount and writing the correct text or amount above the crossed out ones.
In the sections Information about work, Information about awards, Information about incentives of the work book (insert), crossing out previously made inaccurate or incorrect entries is not allowed.
In the Information about incentives section, crossing out previously made inaccurate or incorrect entries is not allowed. If it is necessary to change the entry, the corresponding serial number of the date the entry was made is indicated, the Entry for No. is invalid and the correct entry is made.
Amendments to the text, strikethroughs
Crossing out the endorsement breaks their continuous row, and
Crossing out is regarded as a one-sided transaction aimed at
Correction of errors must be made in all copies of inventories by crossing out incorrect entries and placing correct entries above the crossed out ones. Corrections must be agreed upon and signed by all members of the inventory commission and financially responsible persons.
Depending on the existing specifics of transportation for various types of cargo and individual destinations, a number of forms or proformas of standard charters (charter parties) are used, usually developed by associations of shipowners and charterers, individual large firms or concerns, associations of charterers-senders or recipients of cargo. In some cases, standard charter forms are used, but with additions and modifications specific to the individual shipper or recipient of the cargo. Even before submitting the vessel for loading, and in any case before accepting the cargo on board, it is very important to study the charter and not only determine the standard proforma with its specific features, but also to analyze the specific terms of this contract of carriage. Special attention One should pay attention to the additions, insertions, strikethroughs, and additions made to the standard charter form, since these deviations from the usual printed text often contain very significant conditions.
Enlargement of the price scale (crossing out zeros).
Secret voting at meetings of the faculty council and the academic council of the university involves filling out a ballot, which indicates the last name, first name, patronymic of the applicant, position, and department. The decision is made by crossing out or leaving the name of the applicant. All applicants for a specific position are included in one ballot. The decision of the academic council of a university or faculty council can be appealed to the rector of the university only in case of violation of the existing situation. The rector has the right to schedule a re-examination of the issue at a meeting of the academic council of the university or faculty council.
Entries in inventories must be made accurately, without blots, erasures or corrections. Bug fixes. must be done by crossing out erroneous entries so that what has been crossed out can be read, and making the correct entries. Corrections to the names of goods and products, their quantities, and prices must be agreed upon and confirmed by the signatures of all members of the commission.
Correction of an error must be indicated by the inscription Believe Corrected indicating the date and certified by the signature of the person who made the correction (accountant). The word proofreading from the Latin orre tio means correction and is used in cases where the error is of a private nature, i.e. made in one document or register and discovered before the entries and calculation of turnover in the accounts for a given month are completed.
Representatives of more powerful programs in the class of preparing text documents provide the ability to highlight with color and various effects (strikethrough, hidden text). Automatic kerning and spacing operation for character pairs can be provided. Kerning refers to adjusting the spacing between certain pairs of characters with large font sizes, when the space between letters increases due to the way the character is written. Discharge is the operation of increasing the interletter space to improve the appearance of a line of text and align the right boundaries of lines.