Examples of love in literature

1. Romeo and Juliet
2. Gi De Mopassan
3. A. Tolstoy Walking through torment...Dasha and Ivan, Roshchin and Katya
4. Love is high, pure, wonderful feeling, which people have sung since ancient times. Love, as they say, never gets old.

   Another example is the heroes of Bulgakov’s work The Master and Margarita. Their love is as sacrificial, it would seem, as the love of Romeo and Juliet. True, here Margarita sacrifices herself for the sake of love. The master was frightened by this strong feeling and ended up in a madhouse. There he hopes that Margarita will forget him. Of course, the hero was also influenced by the failure that befell his novel. The master runs from the world and, above all, from himself.

   But Margarita saves their love, saves them from the Master’s madness. Her feeling for the hero overcomes all obstacles that stand in the way of happiness.

   Many poets have written about love.

   I really like, for example, the so-called Panaevsky cycle of poems by Nekrasov, which he dedicated to Avdotya Yakovlevna Panaeva, the woman he passionately loved. Suffice it to recall such poems from this cycle as Heavy cross fell to her lot... I don’t like your irony... to say how strong the poet’s feeling was for this beautiful woman.

   And here are the lines from a wonderful poem about love by Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev:

   Oh, how murderously we love,

   As in the violent blindness of passions

   We are most likely to destroy,

   What is dear to our hearts!

   How long ago, proud of my victory,

   You said: she is mine...

   A year has not passed - ask and find out,

   What was left of her?

   And, of course, we cannot help but mention here love lyrics Pushkin.

   I remember wonderful moment:

   You appeared before me,

   Like a fleeting vision

   Like a genius of pure beauty.

   In the languor of hopeless sadness,

   In the worries of the noisy bustle,

   And I dreamed of cute features...

   Pushkin presented these poems to Anna Petrovna Kern on July 19, 1825, on the day of her departure from Trigorskoye, where she was visiting her aunt P. A. Osipova and constantly met with the poet.

   I want to finish my essay again with lines from another poem by the great Pushkin:

   I loved you: love is still possible

5. 
   
   
   
   
   
   The Master and Margarita - Bulgakov
   
   
   

   
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   12 ANSWERS
   Lyusyachka Sage (14951) 8 years ago
   
   2 Likes Complain
   Kisulya Lenulya Pro (874) 8 years ago
   Gi De Mopassan
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   Olga G. Sage (14450) 8 years ago
   A. Tolstoy Walking through torment... Dasha and Ivan, Roshchin and Katya
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   Misa Profi (838) 8 years ago
   
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   CYPRESS Pro (816) 8 years ago
   Romeo and Juliet
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   Oksana Shtyrkova Expert (426) 8 years ago
   
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   Rasmus92 nosename Guru (3052) 8 years ago
   find me where it is not =)
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   Lucy Thinker (7535) 8 years ago
   
   
   
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   hrisagy Thinker (7563) 8 years ago
   I will name the heroines whom this love did not bypass, so to speak: Tanya from Eugene Onegin, Karenina from Tolstoy, Juliet from Shakespeare, Asya Turgenevskaya, Liza from Poor Liza Karamzin...
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   Marina Reshke Student (115) 1 month ago
   Love is a high, pure, beautiful feeling that people have sung since ancient times. Love, as they say, never gets old.

   If we erect a certain literary pedestal of love, then, undoubtedly, the love of Romeo and Juliet will be in first place. This is perhaps the most beautiful, most romantic, most tragic story that Shakespeare told the reader. Two lovers defy fate, despite the enmity between their families, despite everything. Romeo is ready to give up even his name for the sake of love, and Juliet agrees to die in order to remain faithful to Romeo and their high feeling. They die in the name of love, they die together because they cannot live without each other:

   There is no sadder story in the world,

   What is the story of Romeo and Juliet...

   However, love can be of different types: passionate, tender, calculating, cruel, unrequited...

   Let's remember the heroes of Turgenev's novel Fathers and Sons, Bazarov and Odintsova. Two collided equally strong personalities. But, oddly enough, Bazarov turned out to be capable of truly loving. Love for him became a strong shock, which he did not expect, and in general, before meeting Odintsova, love did not play any role in the life of this hero. All human suffering and emotional experiences were unacceptable to his world. It is difficult for Bazarov to admit his feelings primarily to himself.

   And what about Odintsova?.. As long as her interests were not affected, as long as there was a desire to learn something new, she was interested in Bazarov. But as soon as the topics for general conversation were exhausted, interest disappeared. Odintsova lives in her own world, in which everything goes according to plan, and nothing can disturb the peace in this world, not even love. For her, Bazarov is something like a draft that flew into the window and immediately flew back out. This kind of love is doomed.

   Another example is the heroes of Bulgakov’s work The Master and Margarita. Their love is as sacrificial, it would seem, as the love of Romeo and Juliet. True, here

6. In the classic? Mutual? Yes please!

   Natasha and Pierre, Marya and Nikolai - "War and Peace" by Tolstoy
   Sonya and Rodion - "Crime and Punishment" by Dostoevsky
   Grushenka and Dmitry, Lisa and Alsha - "The Brothers Karamazov"
   Katya and Arkady - "Fathers and Sons" by Turgenev
   Olga and Stolz - "Oblomov" by Goncharova
   Shulamith and Solomon - "Shulamith" by Kuprin
   The Master and Margarita - Bulgakov
   Angelique and Geoffrey De Peyrac - "Angelique" authors - Anna and Serge Golon
   Dea and Gwynplaine - "The Man Who Laughs" by Hugo
   Marius and Cosette - "Les Miserables" by Hugo

   If there is no mutual need, write to me.

7. For me, Evgeny Onegin and Anna Karenina are enough....
8. Count of Monte Cristo and Mercedes, Romeo and Juliet, Orpheus and Eurydice
9. Evgeny Onegin and Tatiana - unrequited love;
   Pechorin and Vera, Mary, Bela - love in one direction, love out of boredom;
   Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth ("Pride and Prejudice") - mutual love and respect.
10. Gadfly. E. Voynich.
11. find me where it is not =)
12. Romeo and Juliet. The most touching, passionate and unhappy love!

One of the most important themes of many 19th century novels is the theme of love. As a rule, it is the core of the entire work, around which all events take place. Love causes various conflicts to arise and the development of the storyline. It is feelings that rule events, life, the world; because of them, a person performs this or that action, and it doesn’t matter whether it’s love for himself or another person. It happens that a hero commits a crime or commits some immoral act, motivating his actions with passionate love and jealousy, but, as a rule, such feelings are false and destructive.
Between different heroes - different love, we cannot say that it is one and the same, but we can determine its main directions, which will be common.
Doomed love, tragic. This is love of “extremes”. It captures either strong people or fallen ones. For example, Bazarov. He never thought about true love, but when he met Anna Sergeevna Odintsova, he realized what it was. Having fallen in love with her, he saw the world from a different perspective: everything that seemed insignificant turns out to be important and significant; life becomes something mysterious; nature attracts and is a part of man himself, lives inside him. From the very beginning it is clear that the love of Bazarov and Odintsova is doomed. These two passionate and strong natures cannot love each other and cannot create a family. Anna Sergeevna Odintsova understands this and partly because of this she refuses Bazarov, although she loves him no less than he loves her. Odintsova proves this by coming to his village when Bazarov is dying. If she doesn't love him, why do it? And if so, it means that the news of his illness stirred the soul, and Anna Sergeevna is not indifferent to Bazarov. This love ends in nothing: Bazarov dies, and Anna
Sergeevna Odintsova remains to live as she lived before. Perhaps it fatal love, because partly she ruins Bazarov. Another example tragic love- this is the love of Sonya and Nikolai (“War and Peace”). Sonya was madly in love with Nikolai, but he constantly hesitated: sometimes he thought he loved her, sometimes he didn’t. This love was incomplete and could not be different, since Sonya is a fallen woman, she is one of those people who are not capable of starting a family and are doomed to live “on the edge of someone else’s nest” (and this is what happened). In fact, Nikolai never loved Sonya, he only wanted to love her, it was a deception. When real feelings awakened in him, he immediately understood it. Only after seeing Marya did Nikolai fall in love. He felt like he had never felt before with Sonya or anyone else. That's where true love was. Of course, Nikolai had some feelings for Sonya, but these were only pity and memories of earlier days. He knew that Sonya loved him and truly loved him and, understanding her, he could not strike such a strong blow - to reject their friendship. Nikolai did everything to soften her misfortune, but nevertheless Sonya was unhappy. This love (Nikolai and Sonya) caused unbearable pain to Sonya, ending differently than she expected; and opened Nikolai’s eyes, making him understand what false and what real feelings are, and helped him understand himself.
The most tragic is the love of Katerina and Boris (“The Thunderstorm”). She was doomed from the start. Katerina is a young girl, kind, naive, but with an unusual strong character. Before she had time to know true love, she was married to the rude, boring Tikhon. Katerina sought to understand the world, she was interested in absolutely everything, so it is not surprising that she was immediately drawn to Boris. He was young and handsome. This was a man from another world, with other interests, new ideas. Boris and Katerina immediately noticed each other, as both stood out from the gray homogeneous mass of people in the city of Kalinov. The inhabitants of the city were boring, monotonous, they lived by old values, the laws of “Domostroy”, false faith and debauchery. Katerina was so eager to know true love and, having only touched it, she died; this love ended before it even began.

The theme of feelings is eternal in art, music, and literature. In all eras and times, many different things have been dedicated to this feeling. creative works, which have become inimitable masterpieces. This topic remains very relevant today. Particularly relevant in literary works- theme of love. After all, love is the purest and most beautiful feeling, which has been sung by writers since ancient times.

The lyrical side of the works is the first thing that attracts the attention of most readers. It is the theme of love that inspires, inspires and evokes a number of emotions, which are sometimes very contradictory. All great poets and writers, regardless of writing style, theme, or time of life, dedicated many of their works to the ladies of their hearts. They contributed their emotions and experiences, their observations and past experiences. Lyrical works are always full of tenderness and beauty, bright epithets and fantastic metaphors. The heroes of the works perform feats for the sake of their loved ones, take risks, fight, and dream. And sometimes, watching such characters, you become imbued with the same experiences and feelings of literary heroes.

1. The theme of love in the works of foreign writers.

In the Middle Ages, the chivalric romance was popular in foreign literature. The chivalric novel, as one of the main genres of medieval literature, originates in the feudal environment during the era of the emergence and development of chivalry, for the first time in France in the mid-12th century. Works of this genre are filled with elements heroic epic, the boundless courage, nobility and courage of the main characters. Often, knights went to great lengths not for the sake of their family or vassal duty, but in the name of their own glory and the glorification of the lady of their heart. Fantastic adventure motifs and an abundance of exotic descriptions make the knightly romance partly similar to a fairy tale, the literature of the East and the pre-Christian mythology of Northern and Central Europe. The emergence and development of the chivalric romance was greatly influenced by the work of ancient writers, in particular Ovid, as well as the reinterpreted tales of the ancient Celts and Germans.

Let's look at the features of this genre using the example of the work of the French medievalist philologist and writer Joseph Bedier “The Romance of Tristan and Isolde.” Let us note that in this work there are many elements alien to traditional chivalric romances. For example, the mutual feelings of Tristan and Isolde are devoid of courtliness. In the chivalric novels of that era, the knight went to great lengths for the sake of love for the Beautiful Lady, who for him was the living physical embodiment of the Madonna. Therefore, the knight and that same Lady had to love each other platonically, and her husband (usually the king) was aware of this love. Tristan and Isolde, his beloved, are sinners in the light of Christian morality, not only medieval ones. They only care about one thing: keeping their relationships secret from others and prolonging their criminal passion by any means. This is the role of Tristan’s heroic leap, his constant “pretense,” Isolde’s ambiguous oath at “God’s court,” her cruelty towards Brangien, whom Isolde wants to destroy because she knows too much, etc. Tristan and Isolde are defeated strong desire to be together, they deny both earthly and divine laws, moreover, they condemn not only their own honor, but also the honor of King Mark to desecration. But Tristan's uncle is one of noblest heroes, who humanly forgives what he must punish as a king. He loves his wife and nephew, he knows about their deception, but this does not reveal his weakness at all, but the greatness of his image. One of the most poetic scenes of the novel is the episode in the forest of Morois, where King Mark found Tristan and Isolde sleeping, and, seeing a naked sword between them, readily forgives them (in the Celtic sagas, a naked sword separated the bodies of the heroes before they became lovers , in the novel this is a deception).

To some extent, it is possible to justify the heroes, to prove that they are not at all to blame for their suddenly flared passion, they fell in love not because, say, he was attracted by Isolde’s “blond hair,” but by her Tristan’s “valor,” but because the heroes drank a love potion by mistake, intended for a completely different occasion. Thus, love passion is portrayed in the novel as the result of the action of a dark force that penetrates the bright world of the social world order and threatens to destroy it to the ground. This clash of two irreconcilable principles already contains the possibility of a tragic conflict, making “The Romance of Tristan and Isolde” a fundamentally pre-courtly work in the sense that courtly love can be as dramatic as desired, but it is always joy. The love of Tristan and Isolde, on the contrary, brings them nothing but suffering.

“They languished apart, but suffered even more” when they were together. “Isolde became a queen and lives in grief,” writes the French scholar Bedier, who in the nineteenth century retold the novel in prose, “Isolde has passionate, tender love and Tristan is with her whenever he wants, day and night.” Even while wandering in the forest of Morois, where the lovers were happier than in the luxurious castle of Tintagel, their happiness was poisoned by heavy thoughts.

Many other writers have been able to capture their thoughts about love in their works. For example, William Shakespeare gave the world a number of his works that inspire heroism and risk in the name of love. His “Sonnets” are filled with tenderness, luxurious epithets and metaphors. The common thread artistic methods Shakespeare's poetry is rightly called harmony. The impression of harmony comes from all of Shakespeare's poetic works.

Expressive means Shakespearean poetry is incredibly diverse. They inherited a lot from the entire European and English poetic tradition, but introduced a lot of absolutely new things. Shakespeare also shows his originality in the variety of new images he introduced into poetry, and in the novelty of his interpretation of traditional plots. He used poetic symbols common to Renaissance poetry in his works. Already by that time there was a significant number of familiar poetic techniques. Shakespeare compares youth with spring or sunrise, beauty with the beauty of flowers, withering of a person with autumn, old age with winter. The description of the beauty of women deserves special attention. “Marble whiteness”, “lily tenderness”, etc. These words contain boundless admiration for female beauty, they are filled with endless love and passion.

Undoubtedly, the play “Romeo and Juliet” can be called the best embodiment of love in a work. Love triumphs in the play. The meeting of Romeo and Juliet transforms them both. They live for each other: “Romeo: My heaven is where Juliet is.” It is not languid sadness, but living passion that inspires Romeo: “All day long some spirit carries me high above the earth in joyful dreams.” Love transformed them inner world, affected their relationships with people. The feelings of Romeo and Juliet are severely tested. Despite the hatred between their families, they choose boundless love, merging in a single impulse, but individuality is preserved in each of them. The tragic death only adds to the special mood of the play. This work is an example of great feeling, despite the early age of the main characters.

2. The theme of love in the works of Russian poets and writers.

This topic is reflected in the literature of Russian writers and poets of all times.For more than 100 years, people have been turning to the poetry of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, finding in it a reflection of their feelings, emotions and experiences. The name of this great poet is associated with tirades of poems about love and friendship, with the concept of honor and Motherland, images of Onegin and Tatyana, Masha and Grinev appear. Eventhe most rigorous reader will be able to discover something close to him in his works, because they are very multifaceted. Pushkin was a man who passionately responded to all living things, a great poet, creator of the Russian word, a man of high and noble qualities. In the variety of lyrical themes that permeate Pushkin’s poems, the theme of love is given such a significant place that the poet could be called a glorifier of this great noble feeling. In all of world literature you cannot find a more striking example of a special passion for this particular aspect of human relations. Obviously, the origins of this feeling lie in the very nature of the poet, responsive, able to reveal in each person the best properties of his soul. In 1818At one of the dinner parties, the poet met 19-year-old Anna Petrovna Kern. Pushkin admired her radiant beauty and youth. Years later, Pushkin again met with Kern, as charming as before. Pushkin gave her a recently published chapter of Eugene Onegin, and between the pages he inserted poems written specially for her, in honor of her beauty and youth. Poems dedicated to Anna Petrovna “I remember a wonderful moment” - a famous hymn to a high and bright feeling. This is one of the peaks of Pushkin's lyrics. The poems captivate not only with the purity and passion of the feelings embodied in them, but also with their harmony. Love for a poet is a source of life and joy; the poem “I loved you” is a masterpiece of Russian poetry. More than twenty romances have been written based on his poems. And let time pass, the name of Pushkin will always live in our memory and awaken the best feelings in us.

With the name of Lermontov a new era of Russian literature opens. Lermontov's ideals are limitless; he desires not a simple improvement in life, but the acquisition of complete bliss, a change in the imperfections of human nature, an absolute resolution of all the contradictions of life. Immortal life- the poet does not agree to anything less. However, love in Lermontov's works bears a tragic imprint. This was influenced by his only, unrequited love for his friend from his youth, Varenka Lopukhina. He considers love impossible and surrounds himself with a martyr's aura, placing himself outside the world and life. Lermontov is sad about lost happiness “My soul must live in earthly captivity, Not for long. Maybe I won’t see your gaze again, your sweet gaze, so tender for others.”

Lermontov emphasizes his distance from everything worldly: “No matter what is earthly, but I will not become a slave.” Lermontov understands love as something eternal, the poet does not find solace in routine, fleeting passions, and if he sometimes gets carried away and steps aside, then his lines are not the fruit of a sick fantasy, but just a momentary weakness. “At the feet of others I have not forgotten the gaze of your eyes. Loving others, I only suffered from the Love of former days.”

Human, earthly love seems to be an obstacle for the poet on his path to higher ideals. In the poem “I will not humiliate myself before you,” he writes that inspiration for him is more valuable than unnecessary quick passions that can throw human soul into the abyss. Love in Lermontov's lyrics is fatal. He writes, “Inspiration saved me from petty vanities, but there is no salvation from my soul in happiness itself.” In Lermontov's poems, love is a high, poetic, bright feeling, but always unrequited or lost. In the poem “Valerik” the love part, which later became a romance, conveys the bitter feeling of losing contact with the beloved. “Is it crazy to wait for love in absentia? In our age, all feelings are only temporary, but I remember you,” writes the poet. The theme of betrayal of a beloved who is unworthy of a great feeling or who has not stood the test of time becomes traditional in Lermontov’s literary works related to his personal experience.

The discord between dream and reality penetrates this wonderful feeling; love does not bring joy to Lermontov, he receives only suffering and sadness: “I’m sad because I love you.” The poet is troubled by thoughts about the meaning of life. He is sad about the transience of life and wants to do as much as possible in the short time allotted to him on earth. In his poetic reflections, life is hateful to him, but death is also terrible.

Considering the theme of love in the works of Russian writers, one cannot help but appreciate Bunin’s contribution to the poetry of this topic. The theme of love occupies perhaps the main place in Bunin’s work. In this topic, the writer has the opportunity to correlate what is happening in a person’s soul with the phenomena of external life, with the requirements of a society that is based on the relationship of purchase and sale and in which wild and dark instincts sometimes reign. Bunin was one of the first in Russian literature to devote his works not only to the spiritual, but also to the physical side of love, touching with extraordinary tact the most intimate, hidden aspects of human relationships. Bunin was the first to dare to say that physical passion does not necessarily follow a spiritual impulse, that in life it happens the other way around (as happened with the heroes of the story " Sunstroke"). And no matter what plot moves the writer chooses, love in his works is always a great joy and a great disappointment, a deep and insoluble mystery, it is both spring and autumn in a person’s life.

IN different periods In his work, Bunin speaks about love with varying degrees of frankness. In his early works the heroes are open, young and natural. In such works as “In August”, “In Autumn”, “Dawn All Night”, all events are extremely simple, brief and significant. The characters' feelings are ambivalent, colored in halftones. And although Bunin talks about people who are alien to us in appearance, way of life, relationships, we immediately recognize and realize in a new way our own feelings of happiness, expectations of deep spiritual changes. The rapprochement of Bunin's heroes rarely achieves harmony; as soon as it appears, it most often disappears. But the thirst for love burns in their souls. The sad parting with my beloved is completed by dreamy dreams (“In August”): “Through tears I looked into the distance, and somewhere I dreamed of sultry southern cities, a blue steppe evening and the image of some woman who merged with the girl I loved... ". The date is memorable because it testifies to a touch of genuine feeling: “Whether she was better than others whom I loved, I don’t know, but that night she was incomparable” (“In Autumn”). And in the story “Dawn All Night,” Bunin talks about the premonition of love, about the tenderness that a young girl is ready to give to her future lover. At the same time, it is common for youth not only to get carried away, but also to quickly become disappointed. Bunin's works show us this, for many, painful gap between dreams and reality. “After a night in the garden, full of nightingale whistles and spring trepidation, young Tata suddenly, through her sleep, hears her fiancé shooting jackdaws, and realizes that she does not at all love this rude and ordinary-down-to-earth man.”

Majority early stories Bunin tells about the desire for beauty and purity - this remains the main spiritual impulse of his characters. In the 20s, Bunin wrote about love, as if through the prism of past memories, peering into a bygone Russia and those people who no longer exist. This is exactly how we perceive the story “Mitya’s Love” (1924). In this story, the writer consistently shows the spiritual formation of the hero, leading him from love to collapse. In the story, feelings and life are closely intertwined. Mitya’s love for Katya, his hopes, jealousy, vague forebodings seem to be shrouded in special sadness. Katya, dreaming of an artistic career, got caught up in the false life of the capital and cheated on Mitya. His torment, from which his connection with another woman, the beautiful but down-to-earth Alenka, could not save him, led Mitya to suicide. Mitya’s insecurity, openness, unpreparedness to confront harsh reality, and inability to suffer make us feel more acutely the inevitability and unacceptability of what happened.

A number of Bunin's stories about love describe love triangle: husband wife beloved (“Ida”, “Caucasus”, “The Fairest of the Sun”). An atmosphere of the inviolability of the established order reigns in these stories. Marriage turns out to be an insurmountable obstacle to achieving happiness. And often what is given to one is mercilessly taken away from another. In the story “Caucasus,” a woman leaves with her lover, knowing for sure that from the moment the train departs, hours of despair begin for her husband, that he will not be able to stand it and will rush after her. He is really looking for her, and not finding her, he guesses about the betrayal and shoots himself. Already here the motive of love appears as a “sunstroke”, which has become a special, ringing note of the cycle " Dark alleys".

Memories of youth and the Motherland bring the cycle of stories “Dark Alleys” closer to the prose of the 20-30s. These stories are narrated in the past tense. The author seems to be trying to penetrate into the depths of the subconscious world of his characters. In most of the stories, the author describes bodily pleasures, beautiful and poetic, born of true passion. Even if the first sensual impulse seems frivolous, as in the story “Sunstroke,” it still leads to tenderness and self-forgetfulness, and then to true love. This is exactly what happens to the heroes of stories." Business Cards", "Dark Alleys", "Late Hour", "Tanya", "Rus", "In a Familiar Street". The writer writes about ordinary lonely people and their lives. That is why the past, filled with early, strong feelings, seems truly golden at times, merges with the sounds, smells, colors of nature, as if nature itself leads to spiritual and physical rapprochement. loving friend people's friend. And nature itself leads them to inevitable separation, and sometimes to death.

The skill of describing everyday details, as well as a sensual description of love is inherent in all the stories in the cycle, but the story written in 1944 " Clean Monday"is not just a story about great secret love and mysterious female soul, but some kind of cryptogram. Too much in the psychological line of the story and in its landscape and everyday details seems like an encrypted revelation. The accuracy and abundance of details are not just signs of the times, not just nostalgia for Moscow lost forever, but the opposition of East and West in the soul and appearance of the heroine, leaving love and life for a monastery.

3. The theme of love in literary works of the 20th century.

The theme of love continues to be relevant in the 20th century, in the era of global catastrophes, political crisis, when humanity is trying to reshape its attitude towards universal human values. Writers of the 20th century often portray love as the last remaining moral category of a then destroyed world. In the novels of the writers of the “lost generation” (including Remarque and Hemingway), these feelings are the necessary incentive for the sake of which the hero tries to survive and live on. The “Lost Generation” is a generation of people who survived the First World War and were left spiritually devastated.

These people abandon any ideological dogma and search for the meaning of life in simple human relationships. The feeling of a comrade’s shoulder, which almost merged with the instinct of self-preservation, guides the mentally lonely heroes of Remarque’s novel “On western front no change." It also determines the relationships that arise between the heroes of the novel “Three Comrades”.

Hemingway’s hero in the novel “A Farewell to Arms” renounced military service, renounced what is usually called a person’s moral obligation, renounced for the sake of a relationship with his beloved, and his position seems very convincing to the reader. A person of the 20th century is constantly faced with the possibility of the end of the world, with the expectation of his own death or the death of a loved one. Catherine, the heroine of the novel A Farewell to Arms, dies, just like Pat in Remarque's novel Three Comrades. The hero loses his sense of necessity, his sense of the meaning of life. At the end of both works, the hero looks at the dead body, which has already ceased to be the body of the woman he loves. The novel is filled with the author's subconscious thoughts about the mystery of the origin of love, about its spiritual basis. One of the main features of literature of the 20th century is its inextricable connection with the phenomena public life. The author's reflections on the existence of such concepts as love and friendship appear against the background of socio-political problems of that time and, in essence, are inseparable from thoughts about the fate of humanity in the 20th century.

In the works of Françoise Sagan, the theme of friendship and love usually remains within the framework of a person’s private life. The writer often depicts the life of Parisian bohemians; Most of her heroes belong to it. F. Sagan wrote her first novel in 1953, and it was then perceived as a complete moral failure. IN art world Sagan there is no place for strong and truly strong human attraction: this feeling must die as soon as it is born. It is replaced by something else - a feeling of disappointment and sadness.

Conclusion

Love is a high, pure, beautiful feeling that people have sung since ancient times, in all languages ​​of the world. They have written about love before, they are writing now and will continue to write in the future.No matter how different love is, this feeling is still wonderful. That’s why they write so much about love, write poems, and sing about love in songs. The creators of wonderful works can be listed endlessly, since each of us, be it a writer or an ordinary person, has experienced this feeling at least once in our lives. Without love there will be no life on earth. And while reading works, we come across something sublime that helps us consider the world from the spiritual side. After all, with every hero we experience his love together.

Sometimes it seems that everything has been said about love in world literature. But love has thousands of shades, and each of its manifestations has its own holiness, its own sadness, its own fracture and its own fragrance.

List of sources used

1. Anikst A. A. Shakespeare's works. M.: Allegory, 2009 350 p.
2. Bunin, I. A. Collected works in 4 volumes. T.4/ I. A. Bunin. M.: Pravda, 1988. 558 p.
3. Volkov, A.V. Prose of Ivan Bunin / A.V. Volkov. M.: Moskov. worker, 2008. 548 p.
4. Civil Z. T. “From Shakespeare to Shaw”; English writers XVI-XX centuries Moscow, Education, 2011
5. Nikulin L.V. Kuprin // Nikulin L.V. Chekhov. Bunin. Kuprin: Literary portraits. M.: 1999 P. 265 325.
6. Petrovsky M. Dictionary of literary terms. In 2 volumes. M.: Allegory, 2010
7. Smirnov A. A. “Shakespeare”. Leningrad, Art, 2006
8. Teff N. A. Nostalgia: Stories; Memories. L.: Fiction, 2011. P. 267 446.
9. Shugaev V.M. Experiences of a reading person / V.M. Shugaev. M.: Sovremennik, 2010. 319 p.

Municipal educational institution secondary school No. 33

ABSTRACT

"The philosophy of love in the works

literature XIX–XX centuries"

11 "F" class

student: Balakireva M.A.

teacher: Zakharyeva N.I.

KALININGRAD – 2002

I. Introduction - p.2

II. Main part: - p.4

1. Love lyrics by M.Yu. Lermontov. - p.4

2. “Test of love” using the example of the work of I.A. - p.7

Goncharov "Oblomov".

3. The story of first love in the story by I.S. Turgenev “Asya” - p.9

4. “All love is great happiness...” (Concept - p. 10

love in the cycle of stories by I.A. Bunin "Dark Alleys")

5. Love lyrics by S.A. Yesenina. - p.13

6. Philosophy of love in the novel by M. Bulgakov - p.15

" Master and Margarita"

III. Conclusion. - p.18

List of used literature

I. INTRODUCTION.

The theme of love in literature has always been relevant. After all, love is the purest and most beautiful feeling that has been sung since ancient times. Love has always equally excited the imagination of mankind, be it youthful or more mature love. Love never gets old. People do not always realize the true power of love, for if they were aware of it, they would erect the greatest temples and altars to it and make the greatest sacrifices, and yet nothing of the kind is done, although Love deserves it. And therefore, poets and writers have always tried to show its true place in human life, relationships between people, finding their own, inherent techniques, and, as a rule, expressing in their works personal views on this phenomenon of human existence. After all, Eros is the most philanthropic god, he helps people and heals ailments, both physical and moral, healing from which would be the greatest happiness for the human race.

There is an idea that early Russian literature does not know such beautiful images of love as the literature of Western Europe. We have nothing like the love of the troubadours, the love of Tristan and Isolde, Dante and Beatrice, Romeo and Juliet... In my opinion, this is wrong, remember at least “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” - the first monument of Russian literature, where, along with the theme of patriotism and the defense of the Motherland, the theme of Yaroslavna’s love is clearly visible. The reasons for the later “explosion” of the love theme in Russian literature must be sought not in the shortcomings of Russian literature, but in our history, mentality, in the special path of development of Russia that befell it as a state half European, half Asian, located on the border of two worlds - Asia and Europe.

Perhaps in Russia there really were no such rich traditions in the development of the love story as there were in Western Europe. Meanwhile, Russian literature of the 19th century provided deep insight into the phenomenon of love. In the works of such writers as Lermontov and Goncharov, Turgenev and Bunin, Yesenin and Bulgakov and many others, the features of Russian Eros, the Russian attitude to the eternal and sublime theme - love were formed. Love is the complete elimination of egoism, “rearranging the center of our life,” “transferring our interest from ourselves to another.” This is the enormous moral power of love, abolishing selfishness, and

reviving personality in a new, moral quality. In love, the image of God is reborn, that ideal beginning, which is associated with the image of eternal Femininity. The embodiment of this principle in individual life creates those glimpses of immeasurable bliss, that “breath of unearthly joy” that is familiar to every person who has ever experienced love. In love, a person finds himself, his personality. A single, true individuality is reborn in her.

With volcanic energy, the theme of love bursts into Russian literature of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Poets and writers, philosophers, journalists, and critics write about love.

More has been written about love in Russia in a few decades than in several centuries. Moreover, this literature is distinguished by intensive research and originality of thinking.

It is impossible within the framework of an essay to cover the entire treasury of Russian love literature, just as it is impossible to give preference to Pushkin or Lermontov, Tolstoy or Turgenev, therefore the choice of writers and poets in my essay, using the example of whose work I want to try to reveal the chosen topic, is rather personal in nature. Each of the word artists I chose saw the problem of love in their own way, and the diversity of their views allows us to reveal the chosen topic as objectively as possible.

II. MAIN PART

1. Love lyrics by M.Yu. Lermontov.

I can't define love

But this is the strongest passion! - be in love

Necessity for me; and I loved

With all the tension of mental strength.

These lines from the poem “1831-June 11th Day” are like an epigraph to the lyrics of “strong passions” and deep suffering. And, although Lermontov entered Russian poetry as the direct heir of Pushkin, this eternal theme, the theme of love, sounded completely different for him. “Pushkin is the daylight, Lermontov the night luminary of our poetry,” wrote Merezhkovsky. If for Pushkin love is a source of happiness, then for Lermontov it is inseparable from sadness. In Mikhail Yuryevich, the motives of loneliness, the opposition of the rebel hero to the “insensitive crowd” also permeate his poems about love; in his artistic world, a high feeling is always tragic.

Only occasionally in verse young poet the dream of love merged with the dream of happiness:

You would reconcile me

With people and violent passions, -

he wrote, addressing N.F.I. – Natalya Fedorovna Ivanova, with whom he was passionately and hopelessly in love. But this is only one, not repeated moment. The entire cycle of poems dedicated to Ivanova is a story of unrequited and offended feelings:

I'm not worthy maybe

Your love; I'm not to judge,

But you rewarded me with deceit

My hopes and dreams

And I'll say that you

She acted unfairly.

Before us are like the pages of a diary, which captures all the shades of the experience: from flashing crazy hope to bitter disappointment:

And a crazy verse, a farewell verse

I threw it in your album for you,

Like a single, sad trace,

Which I will leave here.

The lyrical hero is destined to remain lonely and misunderstood, but this only strengthens in him the consciousness of his chosenness, destined for another, higher freedom and another happiness - the happiness of creating. The poem that completes the cycle is one of Lermontov’s most beautiful – it is not only parting with a woman, it is also liberation from humiliating and enslaving passion:

You forgot: I am freedom

I won’t give it up for delusion...

And the whole world hated

To love you more...

This typically romantic technique determines the style of not only one poem, built on contrasts and oppositions, but also the poet’s entire lyricism as a whole. And next to the image of the “changed angel”, another female image, sublime and ideal, appears under his pen:

I saw your smile

She delighted my heart...

These poems are dedicated to Varvara Lopukhina, the poet’s love for whom did not fade until the end of his days. The captivating appearance of this gentle, spiritualized woman appears before us in the paintings and poetry of Mikhail Yuryevich:

All her movements

Smiles, speeches and features

So full of life and inspiration.

So full of wonderful simplicity.

And in the poems dedicated to Varvara Alexandrovna, the same motive of separation, the fatal impossibility of happiness sounds:

We are accidentally brought together by fate,

We found ourselves in each other,

And soul became friends with soul,

At least they won’t finish the journey together!

Why is the fate of those who love so tragic? It is known that Lopukhina responded to Lermontov’s feelings; there were no insurmountable barriers between them. The answer probably lies in the fact that Lermontov’s “novel in verse” was not a mirror image of his life. The poet wrote about the tragic impossibility of happiness in this cruel world, “among the icy, merciless light.” Before us again there arises a romantic contrast between a high ideal and a low reality in which it cannot be realized. That is why Lermontov is so attracted to situations that contain something fatal. This may be a feeling that rebels against the power of “secular chains”:

I'm sad because I love you

And I know: your blooming youth

The insidious persecution will not spare rumors.

This may be a disastrous passion, depicted in such poems as “Gifts of the Terek”, “The Sea Princess”.

Thinking about these verses, it is impossible not to remember the famous “Sail”:

Alas! he is not looking for happiness...

This line is echoed by others:

What is the life of a poet without suffering?

And what is the ocean without a storm?

Lermontov's hero seems to be running away from serenity, from peace, behind which for him is the sleep of the soul, the extinction of the poetic gift itself.

No in poetic world Lermontov cannot find happy love in the usual sense. Mental kinship arises here outside of “anything earthly,” even outside the usual laws of time and space.

Let us remember the striking poem “Dream”. It cannot even be classified as love poetry, but it is precisely what helps us understand what love is for Lermontov’s hero. For him, this is a touch to eternity, and not a path to earthly happiness. Such is love in that world that is called the poetry of Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov.

Analyzing the work of M.Yu. Lermontov, we can conclude that his love is eternal dissatisfaction, a desire for something sublime, unearthly. Having encountered love in life, and mutual love, the poet is not satisfied with it, trying to elevate the flared feeling into the world of higher spiritual suffering and experiences. He wants to receive from love what is obviously unattainable, and as a result this brings him eternal suffering, sweet flour. These sublime feelings give the poet strength and inspire him to new creative heights.

2. "Test of Love" as an example

works by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov"

The theme of love occupies an important place in the novel “Oblomov”. Love, according to Goncharov, is one of the “main forces” of progress; the world is driven by love.

Main story line in the novel - the relationship between Oblomov and Olga Ilyinskaya. Here Goncharov follows a path that had by that time become traditional in Russian literature: testing a person’s value through his intimate feelings, his passions. The writer does not deviate from the then most popular solution to such a situation. Goncharov shows how, through the moral weakness of a person who turned out to be unable to answer strong feeling love, his social failure is revealed.

The spiritual world of Olga Ilyinskaya is characterized by harmony of mind, heart, and will. The inability for Oblomov to understand and accept

This high moral standard of life turns into an inexorable sentence to him as an individual. There is a coincidence in the text of the novel that turns out to be downright symbolic. On the same page where the name of Olga Ilyinskaya is pronounced for the first time, the word “Oblomovism” appears for the first time. However, it is not immediately possible to see a special meaning in this coincidence. The novel so poetizes Ilya Ilyich’s suddenly flared up feeling of love, fortunately, mutual, that hope may arise: Oblomov will successfully, in the words of Chernyshevsky, “Hamlet’s upbringing” and be reborn as a person to the fullest. The hero's inner life began to move. Love discovered the properties of spontaneity in Oblomov’s nature, which in turn resulted in a strong emotional impulse, passion, which threw him towards a beautiful girl, and the two people “did not lie to themselves or to each other: they gave out what their hearts said, and his voice passed through the imagination.”

Along with the feeling of love for Olga, Oblomov awakens an active interest in spiritual life, in art, in the mental demands of the time. The hero is transformed so much that Olga, becoming more and more captivated by Ilya Ilyich, begins to believe in his final spiritual rebirth, and then in the possibility of their happy life together.

Goncharov writes that his beloved heroine “followed the simple natural path of life... did not shy away from the natural manifestation of thought, feeling, will... No affectation, no coquetry, no tinsel, no intent!” This young and pure girl is full of noble thoughts in relation to Oblomov: “She will show him a goal, make him love again everything that he stopped loving... He will live, act, bless life and her. Bringing a person back to life - how much glory to the doctor when he saves a hopeless patient. How about saving a morally perishing mind and soul?” And how much of her spiritual strength and feelings Olga gave to achieve this high moral goal. But even love turned out to be powerless here.

Ilya Ilyich is far from matching Olga’s naturalness, free from many everyday considerations, extraneous and essentially hostile to the feeling of love. It soon turned out that Oblomov’s feeling of love for Olga was a short-term flash. Oblomov’s illusions on this score quickly dissipate. The need to make decisions, marriage - all this frightens our hero so much that he rushes to convince Olga: “... you are mistaken,

in front of you is not the one you were waiting for, about whom you dreamed.” The gap between Olga and Oblomov is natural: their natures are too dissimilar. Olga's last conversation with Oblomov reveals the huge difference between them. “I found out,” says Olga, “only recently that I loved in you what I wanted to have in you, what Stolz showed me, what we invented with him. I loved the future Oblomov. You are meek and honest, Ilya; you’re gentle... you’re ready to coo under the roof all your life... but I’m not like that: that’s not enough for me.”

The happiness turned out to be short-lived. More valuable than romantic dates was the thirst for a serene, sleepy state for Oblomov. “A man sleeps serenely” - this is how Ilya Ilyich sees the ideal of existence.”

The quiet fading of emotions, interests, aspirations and life itself is all that remains for Oblomov after a bright outburst of feelings. Even love could not bring him out of his state of hibernation, change his life. But still, this feeling could, even if a short time, awaken Oblomov’s consciousness, made him “come to life” and feel an interest in life, but, alas, only for a short time! According to Goncharov, love is a beautiful, bright feeling, but love alone was not enough to change the life of a person like Oblomov.

3. The story of first love in the story

I.S. Turgenev "Asya"

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev’s story “Asya” is a work about love, which, according to the writer, is “stronger than death and the fear of death” and which “holds and moves life.” Asya's upbringing is rooted in Russian traditions. She dreams of going “somewhere, to prayer, to a difficult feat.” The image of Asya is very poetic. It is the romantic dissatisfaction of Asya’s image, the stamp of mystery that lies on her character and behavior, that gives her attractiveness and charm.

After reading this story, Nekrasov wrote to Turgenev: “... she is so lovely. She exudes spiritual youth, all of her is pure gold of life. Without a stretch, this beautiful setting matched the poetic plot, and what came out was something unprecedented in its beauty and purity.”

“Asya” could be called a story about first love. This love ended sadly for Asya.

Turgenev was fascinated by the topic of how important it is not to pass by your happiness. The author shows how beautiful love arose in a seventeen-year-old girl, proud, sincere and passionate. Shows how everything ended in an instant.

Asya doubts that she can be loved, whether she is worthy of such a beautiful young man. She strives to suppress the feeling that has arisen in herself. She worries that she loves her dear brother less than a man whom she has only seen a few times. But Mr. N.N. introduced himself to the girl as an extraordinary person in the romantic setting in which they met. This is not a man of active action, but a contemplator. Of course, he is not a hero, but he managed to touch Asya’s heart. With pleasure, this cheerful, carefree man begins to guess that Asya loves him. “I didn’t think about tomorrow; I felt good." “Her love both delighted and embarrassed me... The inevitability of a quick, almost instantaneous decision tormented me...” And he comes to the conclusion: “To marry a seventeen-year-old girl, with her disposition, how is that possible!” Believing that the future is endless, he is not going to decide his fate now. He pushes away Asya, who, in his opinion, has overtaken the natural course of events, which most likely would not have led to a happy ending. Only many years later did the hero understand the significance of his meeting with Asya in his life.

Turgenev explains the reason for the failed happiness by the lack of will of the nobleman, who at the decisive moment gives in to love. Postponing a decision to an indefinite future is a sign of mental weakness. A person should feel a sense of responsibility for himself and those around him every minute of his life.

4. “All love is great happiness...”

(The concept of love in a cycle of stories

I.A. Bunin "Dark Alleys")

I.A. Bunin has a very unique view of love relationships that distinguishes him from many other writers of that time.

In Russian classical literature of that time, the theme of love always occupied important place, and preference was given to spiritual, “platonic” love

before sensuality, carnal, physical passion, which was often debunked. The purity of Turgenev's women became a household word. Russian literature is predominantly the literature of “first love”.

The image of love in Bunin’s work is a special synthesis of spirit and flesh. According to Bunin, the spirit cannot be comprehended without knowing the flesh. I. Bunin defended in his works a pure attitude towards the carnal and physical. He did not have the concept of female sin, as in “Anna Karenina”, “War and Peace”, “The Kreutzer Sonata” by L.N. Tolstoy, there was no wary, hostile attitude towards the feminine, characteristic of N.V. Gogol, but there was no vulgarization of love. His love is an earthly joy, a mysterious attraction of one sex to another.

“Dark Alleys,” a book of stories about love, can be called an encyclopedia of love dramas. “She talks about the tragic and about many tender and beautiful things - I think that this is the best and most original thing that I have written in my life...” - Bunin admitted to Teleshov in 1947.

When describing risque details related to the body, when the author must be impartial so as not to go overboard

the fragile line separating art from pornography, Bunin, on the contrary, worries too much - to the point of a spasm in the throat, to the point of passionate trembling: “... my eyes just darkened at the sight of her pinkish body with a tan on her shiny shoulders... her eyes turned black and they widened even more, their lips parted feverishly” (“Galya Ganskaya.” For Bunin, everything connected with gender is pure and significant, everything is shrouded in mystery and even holiness.

As a rule, the happiness of love in “Dark Alleys” is followed by separation or death. The heroes revel in intimacy, but

it leads to separation, death, murder. Happiness cannot last forever. Natalie "died on Lake Geneva in premature birth." Galya Ganskaya was poisoned. In the story “Dark Alleys,” the master Nikolai Alekseevich abandons the peasant girl Nadezhda - for him this story is vulgar and ordinary, but she loved him “all century.” In the story "Rusya", the lovers are separated by the hysterical mother of Rusya.

Bunin allows his heroes only to taste the forbidden fruit, to enjoy it - and then deprives them of happiness, hopes, joys, even life. The hero of the story “Natalie” loved two people at once, but did not find family happiness with either one. In the story “Henry” there is abundance female images for every taste. But the hero remains lonely and free from the “women of men.”

Bunin’s love does not go into the family channel, it is not resolved happy marriage. Bunin deprives his heroes of eternal happiness, deprives them because they get used to it, and habit leads to loss of love. Love out of habit cannot be better than lightning-fast but sincere love. The hero of the story “Dark Alleys” cannot tie himself into family ties with the peasant woman Nadezhda, but having married another woman from his circle, he does not find family happiness. The wife cheated, the son was a spendthrift and a scoundrel, the family itself turned out to be “the most ordinary vulgar story.” However, despite its short duration, love still remains eternal: it is eternal in the hero’s memory precisely because it is fleeting in life.

A distinctive feature of love in Bunin’s depiction is the combination of seemingly incompatible things. It is no coincidence that Bunin once wrote in his diary: “And again, again such an unspeakable - sweet sadness from that eternal deception of another spring, hopes and love for the whole world that you want with tears

gratitude to kiss the ground. Lord, Lord, why are you torturing us like this?”

The strange connection between love and death is constantly emphasized by Bunin, and therefore it is no coincidence that the title of the collection “Dark Alleys” here does not mean “shady” at all - these are dark, tragic, tangled labyrinths of love.

All true love is great happiness, even if it ends in separation, death, or tragedy. This conclusion, albeit late, is reached by many of Bunin’s heroes who have lost, overlooked, or destroyed their love. In this late repentance, late spiritual resurrection, enlightenment of heroes and

hides that all-purifying melody that speaks about the imperfection of people who have not yet learned to live, recognize and value real feelings, and about the imperfection of life itself, social conditions, environment, circumstances that often interfere with truly human relationships, and most importantly - about those high emotions that leave an unfading trace of spiritual beauty, generosity, devotion and purity.

5. Love lyrics by S. Yesenin

The love lyrics of S. Yesenin are painted in pure and gentle tones. The feeling of love is perceived by the poet as a rebirth, as the awakening of all that is most beautiful in a person. Yesenin shows himself to be a brilliant master of disclosure, using Pushkin’s term “ physical movement passions." Through the smallest details he draws a complex range of feelings. Only two lines:

All the same - your eyes are like the sea,

Blue swaying fire

Just touch your hand subtly

And your hair is the color of autumn

And in each of them there is a unique feeling. The completeness and true poetry of experiences, the great beauty of love.

The cycle “Love of a Hooligan” is compositionally structured as a novel about a hero in love - from the origin of a feeling to its end, from “the first time I sang about love” to “didn’t I stop loving you yesterday?”

If in the book “Poems of a Brawler” love is “infection”, “plague”, with a cynical word, with a defiant “Our life is a sheet and a bed, our life is a kiss and a pool”, then in “The Love of a Hooligan” the image of love is bright, and That’s why the lyrical hero declares: “For the first time I refuse to make a scandal”; “I stopped liking drinking and dancing and losing my life without looking back”; “That I say goodbye to hooliganism.” This love is so pure that the beloved is associated with the icon face: “Your iconic and austere face hangs in chapels in Ryazan.”

“The Love of a Hooligan” is the most subtle psychological lyricism, in which the poet’s autumnal moods are consonant with peace of mind, which is becoming more and more insistent main theme his

late poetry. Love is a rare theme in Yesenin's early works. Now, in his later lyrics, the concept of gracious love, unburdensome, giving joy and quiet sadness, is emerging. Yesenin’s love gives pleasure, and this is also reflected in Pushkin’s tradition. Both in “The Love of a Hooligan” and in subsequent poems on this topic there is practically no love pessimism, love drama, love reflection, characteristic of the image of love in the lyrics

M. Lermontov, A. Akhmatova, A. Blok, V. Mayakovsky

The next cycle of poems about love is “Persian

motives”, in which S. Yesenin reveals the art of love. Here Yesenin mentions Saadi, who created the image of a Turkish woman who eclipsed everyone and everything with her beauty, and the image of his breathtaking, hypertrophied love: he is smitten by her eyes, he is “bleeding from his heart,” he is “exhausted from jealousy,” and the sherbet without his beloved has become more bitter poison, he retires into the thicket of the gardens, possessed by the “madness of love,” and his peri is the “breath early spring“, this is “musk and amber,” her gaze is more intoxicating than crimson wine, and “the light with which the whole world is illuminated dims before her.”

Yesenin is not focused on love suffering, on

loving self-destruction, he writes poems about the ability to love, about guessing desires, about the paraphernalia of love: from gifts to his beloved (“I will give a shawl from Khorossan / And I will give a Shiraz carpet”), from affectionate speeches (“How to tell me for the beautiful Lala / To- Persian tender “I love”?”; how can I say the tender word “kiss” for the beautiful Lala?”; “How can I tell her that she is “mine”?” However, the Persian harmony of love in the poet’s artistic imagination is only temporary.

In 1925, Yesenin’s love lyrics revealed a Don Juan theme. “Don’t look at me reproachfully...”, “What a night! I can’t”, “You don’t love me, you don’t feel sorry for me...”, “Maybe it’s too late, maybe it’s too early...”, “Who am I? What am I? Just a dreamer...” - all these poems are dedicated to “inexpensive love”, “hot-tempered connection”, “sensual trembling” mistaken for love, frivolous women who are loved “by the way”. This love is without suffering, it is pleasure, it does not require sacrifices from the poet. This is a pacifying love, it corresponds to the poet’s mood for peace of mind. Yesenin’s lyrical hero, keeping the memory of true love “in the distant, dear,” now notices in himself this love lightness and the desire for eternal love happiness: “I began to resemble Don Juan, like a real flighty poet”; "And from that

I have many knees, so that happiness smiles forever, without putting up with the bitterness of betrayal.”

The “take it all” philosophy helps to the lyrical hero resolve the classic love triangle. In the verses “Don’t twist your smile, tug at your hands...”, “What a night!” I can’t...”, “Don’t look at me reproachfully...” reveals the theme of a woman’s unrequited love for him. She cannot give him either love or the “caressing lie” that the other one with the “dove eyes” gave. But,

choosing the path of consent, striving for wholeness and peace, he yields to someone else’s feeling: “But still caress and hug, in the crafty passion of a kiss, let your heart forever dream of May, and the one that I love forever.”

Yesenin's lyrical hero is not inclined towards reflection, duality, or self-flagellation. He is focused on harmony, on integrity. The hero himself suppresses any reason for suffering - in this case, because of the “bitterness of betrayal.”

Yesenin’s attitude towards love was not constant; it changed with the poet’s age. At first it is joy, delight, he sees only pleasure in love. Then love becomes more passionate, bringing both burning joy and burning suffering. Later in Yesenin’s work there is a philosophical understanding of life through love.

6. Philosophy of love in the novel by M.A. Bulgakov

" Master and Margarita"

A special place in Russian literature is occupied by M. Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita”, which can be called the book of his life; the fantastic-philosophical, historical-allegorical novel “The Master and Margarita” provides great opportunities for understanding the views and searches of the author.

One of the main lines of the novel is connected with the “eternal

with the love" of the Master and Margarita, "thousands of people walked along Tverskaya, but I guarantee you that she saw me alone and looked not only anxiously, but even as if painfully. And I was struck not so much by the beauty as by the extraordinary, unprecedented loneliness in the eyes!” This is how the Master remembered his beloved.

Some incomprehensible light must have been burning in their eyes, otherwise there is no way to explain the love that “jumped out” in front of them, “like a killer jumps out of the ground in an alley,” and struck them both at once.

One might have expected that, since such love had flared up, it would have been passionate, stormy, burning both hearts to the ground, but she turned out to have a peaceful, domestic character. Margarita came to the Master’s basement apartment, “put on an apron... lit the kerosene stove and cooked breakfast... when the May thunderstorms came and water rolled noisily past the dim windows in the gateway... the lovers lit the stove and baked potatoes in it... In the basement Laughter was heard, the trees in the garden shed broken branches and white brushes after the rain. When the thunderstorms ended and the sultry summer came, the long-awaited and beloved roses appeared in the vase...”

This is how the story of this love is told carefully, chastely, peacefully. Neither the joyless dark days, when the Master's novel was crushed by critics and the lovers' lives stopped, nor the Master's serious illness, nor his sudden disappearance for many months, extinguished it. Margarita could not part with him for a minute, even when he was not there and had to think that he would not be there at all. She could only mentally belittle him so that he would let her go free, “let her breathe the air, and leave her memory.”

The love of the Master and Margarita will be eternal only because one of them will fight for the feelings of both. Margarita will sacrifice herself for love. The master will get tired and afraid of this

a powerful feeling that will ultimately lead him to a madhouse. There he hopes that Margarita will forget him. Of course, the failure of the novel he wrote also influenced him, but to give up love?! Is there anything that can make you give up love? Alas, yes, and this is cowardice. The master runs from the whole world and from himself.

But Margarita saves their love. Nothing stops her. For the sake of love, she is ready to go through many trials. Need to become a witch? Why not, if it helps you find your lover.

You read the pages dedicated to Margarita, and you are tempted to call them Bulgakov’s poem in honor of his own beloved, Elena Sergeevna, with whom he was ready to make, as he wrote about on the copy of the collection “Diaboliad” given to her, and actually made “his last flight.” This is probably partly what it is – a poem. In all Margarita’s adventures - both during the flight and visiting Woland - she is accompanied by the author’s loving gaze, in which there is tender affection and pride in her - for her truly royal dignity,

generosity, tact, and gratitude for the Master, whom she, by the power of her love, saved from madness and returned from oblivion.

Of course, her role is not limited to this. Both love and the whole story of the Master and Margarita are the main line of the novel. All events and phenomena that fill actions converge to it - everyday life, politics, culture, and philosophy. Everything is reflected in the bright waters of this stream of love.

Bulgakov did not invent a happy ending to the novel. And only for the Master and Margarita the author saved in his own way happy ending: Eternal peace awaits them.

Bulgakov sees in love the power for which a person can overcome any obstacles and difficulties, as well as achieve eternal peace and happiness.

CONCLUSION

To summarize, I would like to say that Russian literature of the 19th and 20th centuries constantly turned to the theme of love, trying to understand its philosophical and moral meaning. In this tradition, eros was understood broadly and multi-valuedly, first of all, as a path to creativity, to the search for spirituality, to moral improvement and moral responsiveness. The concept of eros presupposes the unity of philosophy and the concept of love, and therefore it is so closely connected with the world of literary images.

Using the example of works literature of the 19th century– XX centuries discussed in the essay, I tried to reveal the topic of the philosophy of love, using the views of different poets and writers on it.

So, in the lyrics of M.Yu. Lermontov's heroes experience a sublime feeling of love, which transports them to the world of unearthly passions. Such love brings out the best in people, makes them nobler and purer, elevates and inspires them to create beauty.

And the result of such a test is a state of sadness and tragedy. The author shows that even such a beautiful, sublime feeling of love could not fully awaken the consciousness of a “morally” perishing person.

In the story “Asya” I.S. Turgenev develops the theme of the tragic meaning of love. The author shows how important it is not to ignore your happiness. Turgenev explains the reason for the failed happiness of the heroes by the lack of will of the nobleman, who at the decisive moment gives in to love, and this speaks of the spiritual weakness of the hero.

Love in the works of I.A. Bunin manifests itself in the heroes as a deep, morally pure and beautiful feeling. The author shows that true love is great happiness, even if it ends in separation, death or tragedy.

In the novel “The Master and Margarita” M. Bulgakov shows that a loving person is capable of sacrifice, of death for the sake of the peace and happiness of a loved one. And yet he remains happy.

Different times have come, but the problems remain the same: “what is the meaning of life,” “what is good and what is evil,” “what is love and what is its meaning.” I think that the theme of love will always be heard. I agree with the opinion of the writers and poets I have chosen that love can be different, happy and unhappy. But this feeling is deep, infinitely tender. Love makes a person nobler, purer, better, softer and more merciful. She brings out the best in everyone and makes life more beautiful.

Where there is no love, there is no soul.

I would like to finish my work with the words

Z.N. Gippius: “Love is one, true love carries immortality, an eternal beginning; love is life itself; You can get carried away, change, fall in love again, but true love is always one!”

LIST OF REFERENCES USED

1. A.A. Ivin “Philosophy of Love”, “Politizdat”, M. 1990

2. N.M. Velkova “Russian Eros, or the Philosophy of Love in Russia”, “Enlightenment”, M. 1991.

Good day, dear readers. This article will review from the literature and Unified State Exam essay. At the beginning of the article, a number of arguments will be proposed that you can use to complete the task, and below you will find an essay-reasoning on the above topic.

Arguments from literature

1. A. S. Pushkin “I remember a wonderful moment.” The poet shares his experiences of the moment when he saw the object of his adoration, comparing the girl with a fleeting vision and admiring her beauty. He experiences the full gamut of those feelings that are characteristic of love, hearing the voice of his beloved everywhere and seeing her in dreams. Despite the fact that his experiences cooled down during the time that Alexander Sergeevich did not meet his “genius of pure beauty,” awakening has come - his beloved has appeared again. For the poet’s heart, life, love and tears were resurrected, inspiration and faith returned.
2. M. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”. The feeling that Margarita feels for her beloved person, the Master, is very strong and sincere. It is stronger than all doubts and fears. When the Master disappears without a trace, the heroine decides to make a deal with the devil: she agrees to become the queen at his ball, endures torment and pain, pursuing only one goal - to find her beloved. Margarita believes that the Master is alive and stops at nothing to save him. The heroine’s efforts are rewarded - she achieves reunification and eternal peace with her lover
3. Jack London "Martin Eden". The story of a poor working-class sailor tells of his intense and passionate love for Ruth Morse: a girl with whom Martin shares a great intellectual and social gulf. Having met the girl, the hero’s feelings took possession of him at first sight, and he was determined to do everything to be with her. Martin began to delve deeper into science, read every day, and began to engage in writing, which helped him raise his educational level to incredible heights. But neither Ruth nor the hero’s sisters believed in the writer’s possible success, and the editors refused to publish the work. After a noisy scandal surrounding Martin due to the fault of one reporter, Ruth breaks off her engagement to the hero. Eden withdraws into himself, and from now on the thought of writing only repels him. However, soon luck literally befalls him; all of Martin’s previously written works are published, which brings him fame and wealth. Ruth comes to the hero with an apology and a desire to get married, saying that she made a mistake. However, the hero cannot forgive the girl for such an attitude. Ruth's love was influenced by public opinion when Martin's feelings were sincere and pure.
4. M. Gorky “Old Woman Izergil”. The story tells the story of Danko, whose endless love for people saved the people from imminent death. When the tribe in which the hero lived was expelled from their native lands by enemies, the people found themselves in an impenetrable forest, doomed to death. Danko dared to lead them through the forest, towards freedom. But the path was very difficult, people died, were exhausted, lost hope and self-control. They accused Danko, wanting to kill him. Because of Great love To the people, the hero tore out a heart burning with a bright light from his chest and led everyone through the darkness. Illuminating the road, the hero led everyone into the light, after which he fell dead. No one recognized such a brave act as a feat, no one even noticed the death of the hero. Blinded by joy, people were incapable of gratitude and recognition to that person whose love for people was endless and sacrificial.
5. K. Simonov “Wait for me.” What can cause long expectations and loyalty to someone from whom there is no news? Only true love. The lovers are separated by war, but this does not prevent Her from waiting for Him, no matter what. When there is no news and confidence, when even friends cannot stand it, season after season passes and despair sets in. The love of the beloved helps the hero to go through the fire of war, defeat death and return to the one who saved him with his expectation.
6. A. S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”. Tatyana Larina, being a dreamy and quiet girl, falls in love with the rich nobleman Evgeny Onegin. She confesses her feelings to him, but the young man rejects the girl’s confessions. He does not take Tatyana’s tender attitude seriously, and she, in turn, painfully endures the refusal. Years later, Onegin meets Tatiana at a ball. She is married to a rich prince, but her heart still belongs to Eugene. The hero has a reciprocal feeling, but Larina refuses his offer to leave her husband: honor for the girl turned out to be more important. This decision was not easy for her, because her love for Onegin is still very strong.
7. I. S. Turgenev “When I’m gone...”. The poet's love for the girl is so deep that, thinking about his death, he writes a message to her: he talks about his tender feelings and calls her “his only friend.” Ivan Sergeevich asks the girl not to come to his grave, because he does not want to complicate the calm course of her life, to somehow interfere with her. When love for a person is sincere, the phenomenon of selfishness does not arise even in thoughts, we try to do everything for the object of our adoration. The poet recalls those moments when he read books with his beloved, how they experienced strong emotions and were close. He asks her to open these pages and remember him, to extend her hand to him, closing her eyes. After all, when love is infinite, it is able to overcome any difficulties, and even the difference between this world and the next cannot prevent it from reuniting the beloved, at least for a moment.
8. H. K. Andersen "The Little Mermaid". A children's fairy tale tells us the story of a little mermaid's love for a man. Strong, sacrificial love. The Little Mermaid saves the Prince during a storm, falls in love with him and can no longer think about anything else. She is ready to do anything to reunite with her loved one. The Little Mermaid decides to make a deal with the evil witch, she gives her voice and agrees to constant pain, and in return she gains a pair of legs and the opportunity to be close to the Prince. He becomes attached to the Little Mermaid, but does not experience serious feelings, and then marries another girl, thereby dooming the heroine to death. According to the terms of the deal (at the first ray of sun after the wedding), the Little Mermaid will turn into sea foam. Thanks to her sisters, the sea dweller has a chance to survive and return home to the sea, but in return she must kill the Prince. The little mermaid cannot do this because she loves him with all her heart, and she decides to sacrifice herself to this feeling.
9. N. M. Karamzin “Poor Liza.” Lisa meets a rich nobleman named Erast and falls in love with him. The young man reciprocates her feelings: innocent beauty the girls conquer him, pushing class inequality aside. The time of meetings full of tenderness and love begins. However, over time, Erast grows cold, which Liza cannot help but feel. Soon he announces that he must leave for work, the girl is upset, but promises to wait for her beloved. However, the heroine’s reunion with Erast cannot happen: the girl meets him on the street, rushes into his arms, but the hero pushes her away and announces his engagement. Lisa is unable to survive the betrayal of her loved one, because her feelings were real, sincere. The girl decides to commit suicide, for which Erast blames himself all his life.

The problem of true love: essay on the Unified State Exam

Love gives a person a feeling of happiness, elevates him above everyday life, instills a feeling of confidence and strength. In every heart there is love and the need for it. Having met a person to whom we want to give love, we are ready to do anything for his happiness. Such a deep feeling changes us and our lives. It is necessary to protect the tenderness in our soul and appreciate the one to whom love is addressed.

In Jack London's novel Martin Eden, we can see a real feeling of love on the part of the main character Martin for a girl named Ruth. Social inequality and differences in educational levels are not scary young man, he is ready to do anything for his beloved. Martin works hard, sacrificing sleep and normal nutrition to send his work to editors, trying for the sake of Ruth and their future. He forgives the girl those moments when she upsets him, dreams of a time when lovers will be constantly together.

Eden is ready to do anything for the sake of his beloved, but does not meet the same attitude from her at the right moment. Betrayal and lack of faith of a loved one can destroy even the strongest feelings.

In the novel by A. S. Pushkin, we meet Tatyana, whose heart is capable of true love. Having fallen in love with the indifferent nobleman Eugene Onegin, she decides to confess, opens her soul to a person who is not able to appreciate it. Tatyana had never experienced such feelings before: strong, all-consuming, but the girl was unlucky to meet reciprocity from Onegin.

But neither the rejection of her beloved nor the years can extinguish the love that the girl feels for Evgeniy. She forgives him everything, does not hold a grudge, only experiences the bitterness of lost time. Onegin was able to respond to Tatyana’s feelings too late.

To summarize, it is worth saying that love is the strongest and noblest feeling in our soul. It inspires us and changes us for the better, teaches us forgiveness and patience. It is necessary to protect our ability to love, not to be afraid of this feeling and not to extinguish its fire in the heart.

This article discussed the topic problem true love: arguments from literature and essay on the Unified State Examination. You can use the above materials to prepare for the Unified State Exam. We wish you successful preparation!