FEC. Fuel industry

The fuel and energy industry includes the fuel industry (i.e. production and processing of various fuel types) and electric power industry.

The entire history of human civilization is connected with the development various types fuel and energy. And in the era of scientific and technological revolution, energy has a huge impact on the development and location of production.

There are large differences in the fuel and energy industry across regions and individual countries. Most energy resources are produced in developing countries and exported to the USA, Western Europe and Japan.

The energy problem of humanity belongs to the category of global ones and is usually considered as a global energy resource problem. It first appeared on such a scale in the 70s, when the energy and raw materials crises broke out. The energy crisis has caused an increase in the price of raw materials. And, although oil and other energy carriers then fell in price again, the global problem of providing fuel and raw materials remains important today.

The emergence of the energy resource problem is explained primarily by the rapid growth in the consumption of mineral fuels and raw materials and the scale of their production.

Solving the energy problem in modern stage development of the world economy should follow an intensive path, which consists of more rational use resources and in implementing resource conservation policies.

In an era of cheap fuel and raw materials, most countries in the world have developed resource-intensive economies. This primarily applied to countries richest in mineral resources. But now, as a result of the resource-saving policies of economically developed Western countries, the energy intensity of their economy has decreased significantly. And developing countries are still lagging behind them in this regard. Among the economically developed countries, the CIS countries, South Africa, Bulgaria and Australia are distinguished by their high resource intensity of production.

Measures to help save resources should be to increase the coefficient beneficial use already extracted fuel and raw materials. For example, the average global level of useful use of primary energy resources is only 1/3.

In addition, in the coming decades we can expect changes in the structure of global consumption of primary energy sources: a decrease in the share of oil and coal in energy consumption and an increase in the share of natural gas, hydropower and alternative energy sources.

This will help improve the environmental situation, since oil production, emergency oil emissions, open-pit coal mining, and the use of sulfur-containing fuels have a negative impact on the natural environment.

According to the forecast compiled by the Energy Information Administration of the US Department of Energy, the volume of energy consumption in the world by 2030. compared to 2010 could grow by about 43%.

The fastest growth in energy consumption over the forecast period is expected in developing countries. In these countries, growth in energy consumption is expected to be about 70%, while in OECD countries it is no more than 15%.

Energy consumption in the world varies significantly not only between large groups of countries, but even between individual leading countries of these groups. Therefore, the work separately examines the development of fuel and energy sectors in industrialized countries that are members of the OECD and developing countries. In each of these groups of countries, the development of the fuel and energy complex of the leading country of the group is considered: for OECD countries - in the USA, for developing countries - in China.

A sharp rise in world oil prices in the first half of 2008. their subsequent decline can be explained by many reasons. One of the main reasons is the following. Since 2000 to 2007 average annual GDP growth rates in developing countries with market economy amounted to about 7%, while oil prices were growing at an insufficient pace. As a result of oil price growth lagging behind growth economic development oil companies found themselves in predicament to increase investment in exploration and development of oil fields. Production volumes were unable to satisfy the outpacing demand for oil. Even the OPEC member countries and, above all, Saudi Arabia, which have significant reserve oil production capacity to cover market shortages, were forced to reduce their reserve capacity. Oil prices by July 2008 reached a record level of $147 per barrel. However, the global financial and economic crisis that gripped the world led to a sharp reduction in demand for oil and world prices for it by the end of 2008. fell to $33 per barrel.

In the near future, as we emerge from the financial and economic crisis and the ever-increasing demand for oil, especially from China and India, we can expect some balance between the supply and demand for oil.

Pace economic growth are one of the most important factors affecting the volume of consumption of PER. However, this impact has its own characteristics in industrialized countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), developing countries and countries with economies in transition, including Russia

Table 1

Average annual growth rates of GDP (in the numerator) and consumption of energy resources (in the denominator) by major regions of the world, %%

Sources: 1. International Energy Outlook 2009, (US, Wash., DOE/EIA, May 2009).

2.World Energy Outlook. (France. Paris, IEA, November 2008).

3. Energy strategy of the Russian Federation for the period until 2030.

In OECD countries in 1990-2005. preserved more moderate pace growth of both the economy and energy consumption. However, the economic and financial crisis that swept the world in 2008-2010. The PER of OECD countries had a particularly severe impact on the economy and consumption. Under the influence of the economic and financial crisis, the economic growth rates for this group of countries in the period 2006-20010. fell by more than 2.2 times, and the rate of consumption of PER by 12 times.

In developing countries in 1990-2005. High growth rates of both the economy and energy consumption remained high. High rates of economic growth and consumption of energy resources in developing countries are associated, first of all, with primary industrialization and the development of basic industries (including mining), the introduction of energy-intensive technologies, and the creation of modern infrastructure. Particularly high rates of economic growth and consumption of energy resources during this period are characteristic of the countries of Southeast Asia, where the economic growth rate was 6.15% per year and the growth rate of consumption of energy resources was 5.05%.

Economic and financial crisis of 2008-2010. had less impact on the economic growth and consumption rates of developing countries. The economic growth rates of these countries in 2006-2010. amounted to 5.10% compared to 3.75% per year in previous years, and the rate of consumption of PER, on the contrary, increased from 2.30% to 2.80% per year.

In countries with economies in transition in 1990-2005. There was a deep economic recession, accompanied by a sharp reduction in consumption of PER.

Particularly high rates of economic decline of -0.6% per year occurred in Russia, while the rate of consumption of energy and energy resources fell by -1.6% per year. In the period 2006-2010. Despite the economic and financial crisis in Russia, the economic growth rate was 4.9% per year. This indicator is associated with the country’s recovery from the deep economic recession in previous years, as well as with the economic growth rates established in 1999-2008. high world oil prices.

Taking into account the main factors affecting the volume of consumption of primary energy resources, as well as taking into account a slight decrease in demand for energy resources due to the financial and economic crisis of 2008-2010, Table 4 shows forecast estimates of consumption of energy resources for the average variant of GDP growth rates for 2006-2030 across major regions, as well as the world as a whole.

Table 4

Dynamics of PER consumption by major regions of the world for 2006-2030. (million t.e.)

The basis of the world energy industry is made up of 3 branches of the fuel industry.

Consumption of liquid fuels in the world over the forecast period

will increase from 4255 million tons in 2006. to approximately 5335 million tons by 2030, or an increase of approximately 1080 million tons (Table 8). More than 80% of the total growth in liquids consumption is coming from developing countries in Asia and the Middle East, where higher economic growth is expected. The main consumer of liquid hydrocarbons is the transport sector, where up to 80% of the increased volume of these products will be directed.

Table 8

Dynamics of domestic consumption and production of liquid fuels in the world in 2010-2030. (million tons) Oil industry

At the present stage, it is a leading branch of the global fuel and energy industry.

If we take individual regions and countries, the largest increase in the consumption of liquid hydrocarbons over the forecast period in the amount of 620 million tons is expected in developing countries of Asia, including an increase of 340 million tons in China, and an increase of 100 million tons in India. In terms of increasing consumption of liquid hydrocarbons, China ranks first in the world. In China, more than two-thirds of the increase in consumption will be spent on transport needs, the share of which will increase from 40% in 2010. to approximately 55% by 2030. Another major consumer of oil is industry. The share of oil consumption in industry, as the share of its consumption in transport increases, will fall from 48% in 2010. to about 39%. China is the leading country in the world in the use of oil in the chemical and petrochemical industries.

The share of consumption of liquid fuels in the electricity sector, although it will decrease from 2.8% to approximately 1.6% by 2030, but maintaining its consumption in this sector is due to to some extent reduce the dependence of its economy on excessive consumption of coal. Likewise, there will be some decline in the share of liquid fuel consumption in the residential and commercial sectors.

After China, the second place in terms of increasing oil consumption is occupied by the countries of the Middle East, where the volume of its consumption in 2010-2030. Geographical distribution of oil reserves: will increase by almost 120 million tons. Among the countries of the Middle East, the largest volumes of oil consumption by 2030. expected in Saudi Arabia, Iran and Turkey. In Turkey, oil consumption will grow at a faster pace in industry and will approach the level of oil consumption in transport. In the rest of the Middle East, oil consumption will grow at a faster rate in transport. Significant growth in oil consumption is expected in the residential and commercial sectors. In Saudi Arabia in connection with the adopted plans further development The chemical and petrochemical industries are expected to see significant growth in consumption in these industries.

Oil consumption in Central and South America in the period 2010-2030. will increase by approximately 60 million tons. Of this volume, approximately half of the increase in oil consumption will occur in Brazil. Next come Argentina and Venezuela. Argentina's large agribusiness sector will consume most of the petroleum products. In Venezuela, more than 60% of oil consumed will be spent on transport.

In African countries, with a slight increase in the consumption of liquid fuels over the forecast period, the share of its consumption in transport will increase from 52% to approximately 55% by 2030.

In Argentina and Colombia, a decrease in oil production is expected, respectively, from 35 to 15 million tons and from 25 to 20 million tons. In African countries, an increase in oil production is expected for the period 2010-2030. from 580 million tons to approximately 680 million tons. The main increase in oil production is expected in three countries: in Algeria - by 30 million tons (from 110 to 140 million tons), Angola - by 20 million tons (from 115 to 135 million tons) and in Nigeria - by 10 million tons (from 155 to 165 million tons). In Libya, oil production is expected to decrease from 95 million tons to approximately 75 million tons. In other oil-producing countries in Africa (Egypt, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, etc.) no significant changes in oil production volumes are expected over the forecast period.

In developing countries of Asia for the forecast period 2010-2030. a slight increase in liquid fuel production is expected from 395 million tons to approximately 420 million tons (an increase of only 25 million tons). With oil production growing in India and oil production remaining unchanged in other countries in the region, China is expected to decrease the total production of liquid fuels from 205 million tons in 2010. up to approximately 180 million tons in 2030. (a drop of almost 45 million tons). However, the production of non-traditional liquid fuels in this country will increase from 5 million tons in 2010. up to approximately 25 million tons by 2030. or an increase of almost five times. In the CIS countries, oil production over the forecast period may increase from 630 million tons to approximately 840 million tons, or an increase of approximately 210 million tons. In this forecast, oil production volumes in Russia, i.e. growth in production from 500 million tons in 2010 up to 530 million tons by 2030 corresponds to the indicators given in the “Energy Strategy of the Russian Federation for the period until 2030.” However, with the established trend of falling oil production in the country since 2006. volume of oil production in 2008 decreased to 488 million tons. The downward trend in oil production is primarily due to the fall in recoverable oil reserves in the country.

The share of developing countries in these reserves is 86%. The largest oil areas - region Persian Gulf, Russia. In total, oil is produced in 80 countries. The largest producing countries are Saudi Arabia, USA, Russia, Iran, Mexico, China, and Venezuela. Developing countries as a whole account for more than 50% of oil production. Up to 40% of all oil produced goes into international trade.

A huge territorial gap has formed in the world economy between the areas of oil production and consumption. To overcome it, powerful traffic flows arose.

Gas industry

Table 12.1.

Dynamics of domestic consumption and production of natural gas in the world in 2006-2030. (billion m3)

It developed in the second half of the 20th century. In the structure of global fuel consumption, gas ranks third after oil and coal - 20%. Gas is the cleanest energy resource in environmental terms.

In terms of proven reserves of natural gas (their volume is constantly growing), the CIS and South-West Asia stand out especially, and from individual countries - Russia and Iran.

The “top ten” gas-producing countries in the world include Russia, the USA, Canada, Turkmenistan, the Netherlands, Great Britain, Uzbekistan, Indonesia, Algeria, and Saudi Arabia. About 15% of produced gas is exported; the main exporters are the CIS countries, Canada, the Netherlands, Norway, Algeria, and Indonesia.

The main gas export flows are directed to countries Western Europe, Japan, USA.

Coal industry

Despite the decline in the share of coal in energy consumption, the coal industry continues to remain one of the leading sectors of the world energy sector. Compared to the oil industry, it is better resourced.

World coal reserves amount to 1.2 trillion. t. Approximately 66°/o of them falls on economically the developed countries, primarily to the USA, CIS countries, Great Britain, Germany, Australia.

Among the coal mining regions, Asia, Western Europe, North America and the CIS countries are the leaders. Leading countries are China, USA, Russia, Poland, India, Australia, Germany, South Africa, Ukraine, Kazakhstan (all together they account for 3/4 of coal production).

Unlike oil and gas, a small part of mined coal is exported - 8%.

The main exporters are the USA, CIS, Australia. The main importers are Japan, the Republic of Korea, Italy, Canada, France, the Netherlands, Great Britain, Germany, Brazil.

Growth of coal production since 2006 until 2030 in China, the USA and India could be 1570.0, 115.0 and 65.0 million tons of fuel equivalent, respectively, which suggests that a larger volume of coal consumption in these countries will be met through domestic production in these countries. significant growth in coal production will also occur in Australia. New Zealand and other developing countries in Asia.

The increase in coal production in Australia and New Zealand will be approximately 160.0 million tons of fuel equivalent. and will be mainly exported from Australia.. Increase in coal production in other developing countries in Asia by approximately 140.0 million t.e. will be used for domestic consumption and for export. Growth in small volumes of coal production over the forecast period is expected in Russia, African countries and Central and South America, respectively, by approximately 55.0, 65.0 and 80.0 million tons of fuel equivalent.

Prospects for global coal trade. At the end of 2008 As a result of the global economic and financial crisis that has gripped the world, the volume of imports has fallen sharply. As a result of excess supply in coal exporting countries, there was a reduction in coal production. Despite the uncertainty of the timing of recovery from the global economic crisis, significant growth in international coal trade is expected in the long term.

It is expected that during the forecast period, coal imports may increase from 741.72 million tons of fuel equivalent. to approximately 990.0 million t.e. by 2030 This growth in global coal trade is in line with projected growth in coal consumption, especially in developing Asia.

Mineral fuel is the main source of energy in modern economies and the most important industrial raw material. Processing of mineral fuel is the basis for the formation of industrial complexes, including petrochemical, gas chemical, coal chemical, etc. The area-forming role of fuel resources is the stronger, the larger the their scale and higher technical and economic indicators of use. Massive and cheap fuel attracts fuel-intensive industries, determining to a certain extent the direction of specialization of a particular region.

By Russia ranks first in the world in fuel resources. Their The regional structure is characterized for the most part by a clear predominance of coal, but it does not always play a leading role as a condition for the development of the fuel base of industry. In Western Siberia, the Volga region, the North Caucasus and the Urals, oil and natural gas are of paramount importance from this point of view.

Along with the rapid development of the fuel industry, fuel production became dispersed throughout the country. The areas of fuel production and consumption seem to have become closer to each other. The resources of the European part are most intensively developed, but fuel consumption here far exceeds its production. In the eastern regions, the available resources are still little involved in circulation, fuel production is significantly ahead of its consumption, and an ever-increasing flow of fuel is sent from here to the European part, and a certain amount of oil and gas is also exported.

To date, the exploration of areas in the European part of the country and Western Siberia reaches 65-70% for oil and 40-45% for gas, while Eastern Siberia and the Far East are only 6-8% explored, and the sea shelves are only 1% explored. However, it is these inaccessible regions that account for about 46% of promising and over 50% of forecast oil resources and up to 80% of natural gas.

In 1998, in the country as a whole, oil production (including gas condensate) amounted to 303 million tons, natural gas - 591 billion m 3, including natural gas - 564 billion m-3 and oil - 27 billion m^3 , coal - 232 million tons, including for coking - 52 million tons.

The eastern regions provide about 3/4 of all coal, more 2 /3 oil and over 9/10 natural gas. On their territory they continue to form

powerful fuel and energy bases that arose on the basis of oil and gas production in Western Siberia, coal in the Kansk-Achinsk and South Yakutsk basins.

The country's fuel balance has undergone a radical reconstruction. Compared to pre-war times, the importance of oil and gas has increased sharply. If in 1940 they, taken together, amounted to 1 /4, then in 1980 - almost 3/4, and in 1998 - over 4/5, total mineral fuel production. Thus, the fuel balance has turned from coal to oil and gas, and has now actually become gas and oil, since gas accounts for more 1 /2 of all fuel production. Now, and especially in the future, along with gas and oil, cheap open-pit coal is gaining priority.

Oil industry has enormous natural resource potential. Russia is exceptionally rich in oil. Reserves of Western Siberia alone amount to 13.8 billion tons, which is comparable to Iraq (13.2 billion tons), Kuwait (13.1 billion tons), UAE (12.6 billion tons) and Iran (12 , 1 billion tons). Until recently, the Russian oil industry developed very dynamically. Maximum production occurred in 1988 - almost 570 million tons, which accounted for 20% of the world total. Then, due to the general crisis situation in the country, oil production began to decline.

The main oil resources are concentrated in the West Siberian oil and gas province. The Volga-Ural and Timan-Pechora oil and gas provinces have large reserves. Oil was also found in other regions of Russia: in the North Caucasus, in the Caspian lowland, on the island. Sakhalin, in shelf zones of the seas (Fig. 5.1, see color insert).

The Russian continental shelf is a large reserve for development oil industry. Its area is 6 million km 2. According to forecasts, approximately 70% of the shelf area is promising for oil and gas exploration.

The resources of the Volga-Ural oil and gas province have been studied and developed most of all. There are large deposits here: Romashkinskoye - in Tataria, Shkapovskoye and Tuymazinskoye - in Bashkiria, Mukhanovskoye - in the Samara region, Yarinskoye - in the Perm region. and etc.

Since 1960, the resources of the West Siberian oil and gas province have been widely involved in development. The Shaim, Surgut and Nizhnevartovsk oil regions, where such large fields as Samotlor, Ust-Balykskoye, Megionskoye, Yuganskoye, Kholmogorskoye, Varyegonskoye and others are located, are outlined.

The discovery of numerous new sources of liquid fuel and the redistribution of reserves between old and new areas led to significant shifts in the territorial organization of the oil industry. In pre-war times, Russia's main oil base was the fields of the North Caucasus. Then these functions gradually transferred to the Volga-Ural region. Now Western Siberia has come to the fore.

Most old oil areas have entered late stages of development, when oil production stabilizes or even declines.

“Aging” is also observed in the Volga-Ural region. Its technical and economic indicators have become lower compared to previous times, and oil production (for example, in Bashkiria) has even decreased.

Oil production is concentrated in three important oil and gas provinces: West Siberian, Volga-Ural and Timan-Pechora. Together they give from above 9 /10 of all Russian oil, including the West Siberian province, accounts for more than 2 /3, and on the Volga-Uralskaya - about 1/4 of the total production.

Over a relatively short period of time (starting from 1960, when the industrial development of oil resources of the West Siberian Plain was launched), a decisive shift in oil production occurred towards the eastern regions. Now they provide 70% of all oil, and 69, 5% falls in Western Siberia (the rest in the Far East). In the European part of the country, the main oil production areas are the Urals (about 14%) and the Volga region (more than 10%). The share of the North is still relatively small (3%).

Organizationally, oil production is concentrated in holdings, among which only Rosneft is state property. The remaining holdings are joint-stock companies with varying state participation.

Oil holdings include production, refining and marketing companies. Territorially they are not consolidated. On the contrary, they include production (oil production and refining) and marketing structures located in different parts of the country. For example, the largest oil holding in Russia, Lukoil, covers a number of companies engaged in oil production in Western Siberia, the Volga region and the Kaliningrad region, and oil refining in the Volga region and the Urals.

Some oil holdings do not have their own oil production (NORSI and SIBUR) or do not have oil refining (for example, the East Siberian Oil Company).

The largest oil companies (holdings) in terms of production scale are: Lukoil, Yukos and Surgutneftegaz. Taken together they provide over 120 million tons or 40% of all oil in the country. In first place is Lukoil (located among the most important oil companies world), whose share is about 1/5 total oil production in Russia.

Western Siberia, as the main oil base of Russia, stands out sharply from the general background in terms of the scale and efficiency of production. The high level of territorial concentration of production is evidenced by the fact that 50% of all oil here is produced by three companies - Lukoil, Yukos and Surgutneftegaz. The Samotlor field is unique in terms of reserves and production volumes. Over a quarter of a century of operation, it produced almost 2 billion tons of oil.

The production of West Siberian oil increased at a rapid pace, reaching a maximum in 1987 - 389 million tons. Currently, it

significantly less, but the share of Western Siberia in total volume production in the country as a whole remained virtually at the same level.

The formation of the Timan-Pechora oil base continues (the largest field is Usinskoye). Here, in particular, the extraction of heavy oil (by the mine method) is presented - the most valuable raw material for the production of low-temperature oils necessary for the operation of mechanisms in harsh climatic conditions.

There have also been changes in the structure of oil production according to the methods of exploitation of fields. In 1970, more than 1/2 of all oil was produced using the cheapest flow method. Now its share has noticeably decreased. On the contrary, the importance of the pumping method has sharply increased, with the help of which almost 9 /10 all oil. This confirms the fact that some oil-bearing areas have entered late stages of exploitation.

Characteristic is the “advancement” of oil and natural gas resources in a northerly direction. Of the oil fields prepared for development, some are located in high latitudes, including on the Yamal Peninsula. Among them, the largest is the Russian oil and gas field with recoverable reserves of 410 million tons. But it contains heavy and highly viscous oil, which cannot be pumped through pipelines.

It is planned to develop oil and gas fields on the continental shelf and create the necessary production and technical base for this. Oil production has begun in the Arctic, on the shelf near the island. Kolguev (Peschanoozerskoye field).

Foreign capital is increasingly being attracted to oil and gas production in Russia. The Russian-American enterprise Northern Lights is already operating at the Ardalinskoye field (recoverable reserves are about 16 million tons) in the Timan-Pechora region. The American company Amoco will participate in the exploitation in Western Siberia of one of the largest in the world - the Priobskoye field with recoverable reserves of 700 million tons.

The prospects for development of the island's shelf with the involvement of American capital are very favorable. Sakhalin. Thus, the MMM consortium (Marathon and McDermott - USA and Mitsui - Japan) received the right to develop the Piltun-Astokhskoye and Lunskoye oil and gas fields. Their reserves are estimated at 100 million tons of oil and more than 400 billion m 3 of natural gas.

In turn, Russia, through the Lukoil company, which received a 10% share of the “contract of the century” (worth $7 billion), which Azerbaijan concluded with a number of Western countries, will participate in the development of new oil fields on the Caspian shelf.

The promotion of oil production to the eastern regions and to the north of the European part gives particular importance to the problem of expanding the network and increasing the capacity of pipeline transport. In 1998, the length of main oil pipelines and oil product pipelines reached 62 thousand km. They are operated by Transneft, which is actually a state monopoly.

Pipelines are the most effective remedy oil transportation (excluding sea transportation by tankers). In 1998, they pumped almost 303 million tons of oil and petroleum products, which is 2 times greater than their transportation by rail. The throughput capacity of an oil pipeline with a diameter of 1220 mm is 80-90 million tons per year at an oil flow speed of 10-12 km/h.

At one time, the formation of an oil base between the Volga and the Urals greatly improved the supply of oil to the central and eastern regions of the country. Occupying an advantageous transport and geographical position, the Volga-Ural region led to the emergence of a whole system of main oil pipelines running both in the western and eastern (to the Baikal region) directions. The Druzhba oil pipeline from Almetyevsk through Samara - Bryansk to Mozyr (Belarus) and further to Poland, Germany, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia is of international importance.

The formation of the country's main oil base in Western Siberia changed the orientation of the main oil flows. The Volga-Ural region is now “turned” entirely to the west.

The most important functions for the further development of the network of main oil pipelines were transferred to Western Siberia. From here the oil pipelines go:

1) to the west - Ust-Balyk - Kurgan - Almetyevsk; Nizhnevartovsk - Samara; Samara - Lisichansk - Kremenchug - Kherson - Odessa (Ukraine); Surgut - Novopolotsk (Belarus);

2) to the south - Shaim - Tyumen; Ust-Balyk - Omsk; Omsk - Pavlodar - Chimkent (Kazakhstan);

3) to the east - Aleksandrovskoye - Anzhero-Sudzhensk.

In addition, pipelines of the Volga-Ural region in the eastern direction are used to transport oil both to the west and to the east.

Among other main pipelines, the following stand out: Grozny - Armavir - Tuapse; Grozny - Armavir - Donbass (petroleum products);

Samara - Novorossiysk; Guryev (Kazakhstan) - Orsk; Mangyshlak (Kazakhstan) - Samara; Ukhta - Yaroslavl; Okha - Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

A pipeline will be laid across Russia (the Volga region and the North Caucasus) to transport oil from the Tengiz field (Kazakhstan) to Novorossiysk. Its construction is carried out by the Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC) with the participation of Kazakhstan, Oman and Russia.

Subsequent transportation of oil from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea (as an alternative to the tanker route through the Bosphorus) is planned via the Burgas (Bulgaria) - Alexandroupolis (Greece) pipeline with a length of 350 km and a throughput capacity of 35-40 million tons per year. This pipeline is being built by the Greek-Russian consortium Transbalkan Pipe Line.

There is a project for the construction of the Angarsk - China oil pipeline. It will pump annually 25-30 million tons of oil coming from Western Siberia to Angarsk via railway. In a more distant

In the future, huge oil fields may join the pipeline Krasnoyarsk Territory(Yurubcheno-Takhomskoye) and Yakutia (Verkhne-Chonskoye).

The development of a network of oil pipelines stimulates the further approach of oil refining to places where oil products are consumed. The location of oil refining industry enterprises depends on the size of consumption of petroleum products in different areas, technology for refining and transporting oil, territorial relationships between resources and places of consumption of liquid fuel.

Currently, there are 28 oil refining enterprises with a total capacity of 300 million tons per year and 6 specialized oil and oil plants. In 1998, the volume of primary oil refining amounted to 164 million tons. Historically, oil refining in Russia acquired a fuel oil direction, since it was believed that fuel oil would become the main fuel for the electric power industry. As a result, the share of heating oil amounted to almost 2/5 of all petroleum products. Meanwhile, in the USA this level is 5 times lower. Domestic industry extracts from crude oil only 3 /5 light fractions, while US oil refining - 9/10.

Oil refining is represented by two main types of enterprises: oil refineries (ORS) and petrochemical plants, or petrochemical plants (NOS). In turn, refineries differ in capacity, technological schemes and other characteristics.

Technologically, they are represented by enterprises operating according to “fuel”, “oil” or complex (motor fuel, lubricants, oils, organic synthesis products) schemes. The largest refineries (for example, Omsk, Yaroslavl, Ryazan) have a processing capacity of 18 million tons of oil per year.

It is believed that for a stable supply of motor fuel to the country in the future, oil refining volumes are required at a level of at least 190-220 million tons per year with an increase in the depth of oil refining to 73-75% by 2000 and to 82-84% by 2010.

In the process of development, the oil refining industry has moved closer to the areas where petroleum products are consumed. Its enterprises arose along the route of crude oil along the Volga (Volgograd, Saratov, Nizhny Novgorod, Yaroslavl), along routes and at the ends of oil pipelines (Tuapse, Orsk, Ryazan, Moscow, Kirishi, Omsk, Achinsk, Angarsk, Komsomolsk-na- Amur), as well as in points with a favorable transport and geographical location (Khabarovsk).

However, a significant amount of oil is still processed in the places where it is produced: in the territory between the Volga and the Urals (Ufa, Sala-vat, Saratov, Samara, Novokuibyshevsk, Perm), in the Northern region (Ukhta), in the North Caucasus (Grozny, Krasnodar) .

The strategy for the territorial organization of oil refining is aimed at self-sufficiency of regions with motor fuel and, if possible, other petroleum products. It is recognized, in particular, as expedient to disperse capacities in the European part through construction

of new plants along main oil pipelines with a capacity of up to

1 million tons (without chemical production) and up to 3-6 million tons (with chemical productions).

Gas industry- the youngest and fastest growing branch of the Russian fuel industry. It provides consumers with convenient and cheap fuel, serves as a source of valuable and cost-effective raw materials for the production of synthetic materials and mineral fertilizers. In 1998 natural gas production amounted to 591 billion m 3, including natural gas - 564 billion m 3 and associated oil - 27 billion m 3 (Fig. 5.2, see color insert).

In Russia there are 48 trillion m3, or more 2 /5 world proven reserves of natural gas. Most of them are concentrated in Western Siberia.

Potential reserves of natural gas in Russia are estimated at about 150-160 trillion m 3, explored in categories A+ B+ C 1 (as of January 1, 1990) amount to 44.8 trillion m 3, of which the European part accounts for only 5.2 trillion m3, or 11.6%, and in the eastern regions - 30.6 trillion m3, or 84.4%. Reserves on the shelf of inland seas are about 200 billion m3, or 0.5%.

Western Siberia is especially notable, where many of the largest deposits are located (Urengoyskoye, Yamburgskoye, Zapolyarnoye, Medvezhye, etc.). Industrial natural gas reserves here amount to 14 trillion m3, or more than 60% of the country's total resources.

There are large reserves of natural gas in the Northern region (Vuktylskoye field) and in the Urals (Orenburgskoye field).

Natural gas resources have also been discovered in the Caspian basin in the Lower Volga region. A number of gas condensate and oil fields have recently been discovered here. The most significant is the Astrakhan gas condensate field.

The high degree of territorial concentration of natural gas resources is noteworthy. Only five fields - Urengoyskoye, Yamburgskoye, Zapolyarnoye, Orenburgskoye and Medvezhye - concentrate about 1/2 of all industrial reserves.

Due to this specificity of resources, the production of “blue” fuel is highly concentrated and is focused on areas with the largest and most favorable deposits in terms of operating conditions.

Another feature is the dynamic location of production, which can be explained by the rapid expansion of the boundaries of distribution of identified natural gas resources, as well as the comparative ease and low cost of involving them in development. In a short period of time, the main gas production centers moved from the Volga region and the North Caucasus to the Urals and the Northern region. Then the massive involvement of natural gas resources in Western Siberia began.

There has been a noticeable shift in the gas industry to the eastern regions. Western Siberia has become the country's main base for natural gas production. She gives more 9 /10 of all gas in the country.

In the European part, a new base for natural gas production is being formed within the Timan-Pechora oil and gas province. Based on the involvement of the Orenburg gas condensate field into circulation, a powerful gas chemical complex has emerged. Industrial exploitation of the deposits of the Caspian Lowland has been launched with the aim of creating a large-scale gas chemical complex on this basis. An industrial hub for the production and processing of gas and condensate, as well as for the production of sulfur, is being formed thanks to the development of the Astrakhan gas condensate field.

In the European part of Russia, relatively large natural gas production occurs in the Urals (5% of total production in the country). The share of other regions is small: Volga region - 1%, North - 0.5% and Northern Caucasus - 0.5%.

The specificity of the gas industry is that natural gas, unlike solid and liquid fuels, must be immediately sent directly to consumers. Therefore, gas production, transportation and consumption are closely interconnected parts of a single process.

The supply of significant volumes of gas over ever greater distances, especially in connection with the development of fields in Western Siberia, depends on the diameter and quality of pipes, as well as operating pressure. For the first time in world practice, we used pipes with a diameter of 1220 and 1420 mm, the throughput of which at a pressure of 75 atm reaches 20-22 and 30-32 billion m 3 per year, respectively. In the future, it is planned to build gas pipelines with a pipe diameter of 1620 mm and a working pressure of 120 atm, which will increase the throughput capacity to 66 billion m 3 per year. To create such pipelines, multilayer pipes will be required to ensure the progress of natural gas transport.

At present, the country's Unified Gas Supply System (UGSS) has basically developed, including hundreds of developing fields, an extensive network of gas pipelines, compressor stations, and field installations comprehensive training gas, underground gas storage facilities and other structures. In 1998, the length of main gas pipelines reached 152 thousand km. The following gas supply systems operate: Central, Volga, Ural, multi-line system Siberia - Center.

The expansion of the gas pipeline network was achieved mainly through the development of fields in Western Siberia. In addition to the four Siberia - Center pipelines, put into operation by the beginning of the 80s, five more powerful gas pipelines with a diameter of 1420 mm were built: Urengoy - Moscow, Urengoy - Gryazovets, Urengoy - Yelets, Urengoy - Petrovsk, Urengoy - Uzhgorod (Ukraine) . The construction of six new powerful gas pipelines has begun from the Yamburg field to the central regions of the European part and to the western border of the country.

The growth of natural gas production in Western Siberia contributes to an increase in its exports. Currently, gas pipelines are operating, according to

which supplies gas to Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Bulgaria and Romania. Natural gas is also exported to Austria, Germany, Italy, France and Finland.

The Urengoy - Pomary - export gas pipeline is operational.

Uzhgorod. The Progress gas pipeline is being built (Yamburg - Western border).

Industry consumes over 4 /5 of all gas (mainly for energy and technological purposes). The rest goes to meet utility needs.

The consumption of natural gas by the population is to a certain extent seasonal.

But its transportation is carried out evenly

throughout the year. Due to this great importance acquires the creation of underground gas storage facilities.

In addition to natural gas, Russia is rich in associated petroleum gas, which is geographically connected to sources of liquid fuel. Associated gas is a valuable raw material for the organic synthesis industry (in particular, for the production of synthetic rubber). To process it, a network of gas-gasoline plants has been created between the Volga and the Urals (Tuymazy, Shkapovo, Almetyevsk, Otradnoe) and in the North Caucasus (Krasnodar, Grozny). Compared to natural gas, the use of associated petroleum gas is limited mainly to production areas.

Associated gas production has reached significant levels. However, a lot of this valuable and cheap raw material is still lost: it is burned in flares and released into the atmosphere. In the future, the degree of use of associated gas should increase to 90%. New gas and gasoline plants were created in Western Siberia (Nizhnevartovsk, Pravdinsk).

The use of gas condensate is playing an increasingly prominent role. In addition to the Orenburg complex, the Astrakhan complex for processing high-sulfur gas operates.

For some regions of the country, one of the gaseous fuel reserves is the gasification of coal and shale. Underground gasification of coal is carried out in Kuzbass (Kiselevsk) and the Moscow region (Tula). In the North-Western region, gasification of shale is carried out.

Production, processing and transportation of gas (condensate, oil) are concentrated in the Russian JSC Gazprom. It includes associations, enterprises and organizations that ensure the functioning of a unified gas supply system, including such territorial complexes as Tyumenburgaz and Pripolyarburgaz, as well as subsidiary joint-stock companies.

RAO Gazprom is the world's largest gas producing structure and one of the most important natural monopolies in Russia. In 1993, it was transformed from a state concern into an interstate

Joint-Stock Company, whose founders are Russia, Ukraine and Belarus.

Within Gazprom, the main role is played by the enterprises of Urengoy-Gazprom, Yamburggazdobycha and Nadymgazprom. They account for over 85% of total production.

In the future, it is planned to develop new natural gas resources on the Yamal Peninsula, in the Barents Sea and on the shelf of the island. Sakhalin. In particular, development of the Bovanenkovskoye and Kharasaveyskoye gas fields, Zapolyarnoye, En-Yakhinskoye and Pestsovskoye gas condensate fields should begin in Yamal.

Yamal's natural gas reserves are estimated at 16.6 trillion m3. Calculations show that annual production here could be about 200 billion m3.

The gas will flow through a system of 6-strand pipelines with a diameter of 1420 mm each in the direction of the central regions, and then to the countries of the near and far abroad. It is expected that about 35 billion m3 of gas per year will be supplied to the Western European market.

The option of creating a powerful complex of gas liquefaction enterprises in Yamal, which will be supplied to domestic and foreign consumers using methane tankers, has not been ruled out.

In the European part, most gas production facilities have reached the final stages of field development. However, there are still significant reserves here.

Of particular interest is the Shtokman field, located on the shelf of the Barents Sea. Its geological reserves are estimated at 3 trillion m3, and its annual production potential is 50 billion m3. Features of the field - remoteness from the mainland, great sea depth and difficult ice conditions - necessitate the use of fundamentally new technical platforms for production. As in Yamal, gas can be supplied to consumers through pipelines or in liquefied form by tankers.

International projects for the construction of pipelines and the export of natural gas from Russia, on the one hand, to Turkey, on the other, to China, are of very significant importance. The “Western” project involves the creation of the Blue Stream gas pipeline along the Izobilnoye (Stavropol Territory) - Black Sea - Ankara route. Almost 400 km of this gas pipeline from Dzhubga to Samsun (1 /3 total length) will pass along the bottom of the Black Sea (at a depth of up to 2200 m). This will be the deepest-sea pipeline in the world with the obvious advantage that its route will not pass through the territories of transit states. Annual gas supplies are planned to gradually increase from 8 billion m3 in 2000 to 30 billion m3 in 2010.

The “Eastern” project refers to the construction of a pipeline and export of gas to China based on the development of the giant Kovytinskoye gas condensate field (recoverable reserves 870 billion m3) in the Irkutsk region. It is expected that about 20 billion m 3 of gas will flow into China annually.

Among the main problems in the development of the gas industry is the reconstruction of the country's unified gas system in order to increase its reliability, energy and economic efficiency, as well as the creation of a system for collecting, transporting and processing associated petroleum gas.

Coal industry significantly exceeds all other branches of the fuel industry in terms of the number of workers and the cost of production fixed assets.

The total geological reserves of coal in the country are (as of January 1, 1980) 6421 billion tons, of which 5334 billion tons are standard.

Coal resources are differentiated according to various criteria, among which, first of all, it is necessary to highlight the depth of occurrence, the degree

metamorphism and nature of geographical distribution (Fig. 5.3, see color insert).

It is very significant that more \ /2 reserves located at depth

up to 300 m, 1/3 - at a depth of 300-600 m and above 1 /10 - at a depth of 600-1800m.

Almost 1 /2 supplies of stone and 2 /3 Brown coals are located in the depth zone of up to 300 m.

In different regions, reserves are distributed far from equally across depth zones.

The coals of the Urals, Siberia and

Far East. The deepest occurrence of coal is typical for the European part of Russia.

From the point of view of metamorphism, which determines the quality of the fuel, its thermal coefficient, sintering ability (ability to produce metallurgical coke), yield volatile substances etc., the entire known range of coals is represented on the territory of the country - from brown earthy to graphitized stone. Hard coals are dominant: they amount to 4395 billion tons, or more 2 /3 total reserves.

The proportions between hard and brown coals have noticeable territorial differences. In the European part, for example, hard coals clearly predominate (4/5 of all reserves), in the Urals, on the contrary, brown coals

much more than hard coal, and in Siberia there are 4 times less brown coal compared to hard coal.

Among hard coals there are 373 billion tons, or about 1 /10 their reserves account for technological fuel - coking coals, the main sources of which are the Kuznetsk, Pechora and South Yakutsk basins. The qualitative composition of resources is reflected in the structure of production,

Where 2 /3 occupy coals, of which over \ /5 - coking.

Of the total geological reserves of coal in the country, 95% are in the eastern regions, including more than 60% in Siberia. In general, the identified coal resources are distributed throughout Russia more dispersed than oil and natural gas. At the same time, most of them are concentrated in several largest basins. For example, Tunguska (2299 billion tons). Lensky (1647 billion tons), Kansko-Achinsky (638 billion tons) and Kuznetsky (637 billion tons) basins have 4 /5 total balance coal reserves in the country. The Pechora basin (265 billion tons) - the largest in the European part - accounts for only 3.5% of balance reserves.

Among the fuel and energy sectors, the coal industry is in the most critical state. Coal production in 1998 amounted to 232 million tons (which is 100 million tons less than the maximum level in 1988), of which 52 million tons were used for coking.

In the country as a whole, coal accounts for only 14% of total mineral fuel production. Meanwhile, its share in the world fuel balance is 28-30% for the United States and Germany - 55 and 60%, respectively. But in Eastern Siberia and Far East Where oil and gas resources are relatively limited, coal takes up to 90% of boiler and furnace fuel.

The trend is to carry out a structural restructuring of the coal industry: to reduce production costs, reduce the number of unpromising enterprises, while simultaneously increasing the capacity of existing efficient enterprises and creating a reserve in promising deposits.

I In the development of the Russian coal industry, there has been a clear shift in production to the eastern regions. Currently, they provide 4/5 of all coal in the country, characterized by a significant predominance of production over consumption. In the European part and the Urals, where the intensity of development of coal resources is much greater, on the contrary, production is inferior to consumption. As a result, massive rail transportation of coal in the east-west direction is inevitable, which will become even more significant in the future.

Changes in the geography of coal mining occurred in two directions. Along with the creation of coal bases of inter-regional importance, the extraction of local coal acquired wide scope. This made it possible to involve new sources of fuel in the development and at the same time bring coal production closer to the areas of its consumption.

The role of a particular coal basin in the territorial division of labor depends on the quantity and quality of resources, the degree and readiness for industrial exploitation, the size of production, and the characteristics of the transport and geographical location. Based on the totality of these conditions, inter-regional coal bases stand out sharply - the Kuznetsk and Pechora basins, as well as the eastern part of the Donetsk basin, which belongs to Russia (Rostov region). Among the emerging coal bases of interregional importance are the Kansk-Achinsk and South Yakutsk basins.

Another important feature of interregional basins (with the exception of the Russian part of Donetsk and Kansk-Achinsk) is the production of coking coal. As a result, each of them participates in the creation and development of metallurgical bases in Russia.

The role of two “stokers” is especially great - the Kuznetsk and Pechora basins. The Pechora basin (production volume in 1998 - 18.5 million tons) is the largest in terms of reserves in the European part of the country. Due to the fact that only the relatively small eastern part of the Donbass (1998 - 10.9 million tons) with the extraction of thermal coals, including anthracites, remained on the territory of Russia, the importance of the Pechora basin has increased markedly. Of particular interest here are coking coals, which account for 3 / 5 total production volume. They are concentrated in the northern part of the basin at the Vorkuta and Vorgashorskoye deposits, where the most powerful coal mine in the European part operates - Vor 151

Gashorskaya Thermal coal is mined mainly in the southern part of the basin at the Intinskoye deposit.

In the eastern regions, the functions of the main coal base are performed by Kuzbass, which in all respects - in terms of reserves and quality of coal, diversity of their grade composition, mining and geological conditions, volumes and technical and economic indicators of production - is significantly superior to the Pechora basin.

Kuzbass has the highest degree of exploration and development among the coal basins of the eastern regions of Russia. In terms of production scale, it leads the country by a large margin. In 1989, it produced almost 160 million tons of coal, of which 1/3 is mined by open pit mining. In 1998, 97.6 million tons, or about 2 / 5 of all coal in the country.

Production in the basin is characterized by a high level of production concentration. Average production per mine reaches almost 1.5 million tons per year. The largest coal mine in Russia, Raspadskaya, operates here (capacity 7.5 million tons). The coal mines are even more significant in terms of production volume, among which Erunakovsky and Tomusinsky stand out.

In the northern coal-bearing regions of Kuzbass (Anzhero-Sudzhensky and Kemerovo), mining is carried out only by the underground method; in the central (Bachatsky, Belovsky, Osinovsky, Prokopievsko-Kiselevsky) and southern (Baydayevsky, Raspadsky, Tomusinsky) open-pit methods are also practiced along with the underground method. The mines specialize in the extraction of various grades of coal, especially coking coal. Mining of thermal coal is typical for open-pit mines. A number of mines in the basin use advanced mining technology - hydraulic, due to which labor productivity increases by 1.5-2 times compared to conventional mechanical mining.

Open-pit coal mining in Russia is over 3 / 5 total volume. In the eastern regions, it completely covered the Kansk-Achinsk and South Yakutsk basins, and partially the Kuznetsk and Irkutsk basins. On the territory of the European part open method Coal is mined in the deposits of the Urals (Kumertau, Kopeisk), and partly in the Moscow basin.

The development of coal resources in the eastern regions of the country creates very favorable preconditions for the development of powerful fuel and energy bases as the basis of industrial complexes specializing in energy-intensive production with the transfer of excess electricity to the European part. In the future, the formation of the Kansk-Achinsk and South Yakutsk fuel and energy complexes will continue.

The Kansk-Achinsk basin has the potential for open-pit mining only according to the minimum long-term forecast in the amount of 250 million tons of brown coal per year. The Irsha-Borodinsky and Nazarovsky open-pit mines operate here, and the first stage of the Berezovsky open-pit mine has come into operation.

These sections serve as the base for powerful thermal power plants. The Borodinsky-2 open-pit mine is under construction.

Kansk-Achinsk coal (production volume in 1998 - 34.4 million tons) is the cheapest in the country. The given costs for its extraction are 2 times less than Kuznetsk. However, the relatively low calorific value limits the possibilities of transporting coal from the Kansk-Achinsk basin over long distances. Therefore, it is considered advisable to use them on site for the production of large quantities of electricity, as well as for energy technological processing in order to obtain transportable solid and synthetic liquid fuel.

To increase coal production in the eastern regions, it is planned to accelerate the development of the resources of the South Yakut coal basin, which has significant reserves of not only energy, but also high-quality technological fuel. A large Ne-Ryungri open-pit mine and a thermal power plant of the same name were built here.

In accordance with Russia's energy strategy, coal production will decline until 2005, especially rapidly in areas of the European part of the country. An increase in production is expected in the future at the open-pit mines of the Kuznetsk and Kansk-Achinsk basins to supply primarily Siberia and the Urals, with the remaining basins and deposits increasingly limited to providing coal primarily for local needs.

Natural gas remains the main priority in the extraction of mineral fuels, providing over 1 / 2 total production of primary energy resources in the country. This will be achieved through the development of the largest Zapolyarnoye field and other large fields in Western Siberia, with maximum use of medium and even small fields in developed gas production areas or located in close proximity to consumers.

The heat supply conditions for the European part (together with the Urals) and the eastern regions are very different. The European part consumes 4/5 of all fuel in the country. Meanwhile, the possibilities for developing fuel resources and the technical and economic indicators of their operation are much worse here compared to the eastern regions.

The fuel supply of the European part was for a long time based mainly on Donetsk and Pechora coal, as well as on local fuel (coal of the worst grades, peat, shale). Now solid fuel largely replaced by natural gas and oil (fuel oil). Oil and gas predominate in the fuel balance of the Volga region, the Urals and the North Caucasus, and gas - in the Central and some other regions.

In the future, the fuel shortage will increase even more. Therefore, the prospects for fuel supply here are associated primarily with obtaining cheap fuel, especially natural gas, from the eastern regions. At the same time, it is necessary to maximize the mobilization of our own resources, limit the scale of energy-intensive production and the comprehensive development of energy-saving technology.

In the eastern regions, on the contrary, the excess fuel will increase, and the flow of oil, gas and coal to the European part of the country will increase. The changes taking place here in the structure of the fuel balance are caused by a significant increase in the share of natural gas and oil in Western Siberia. In Eastern Siberia and the Far East, coal continues to clearly dominate the fuel balance. In general, Siberia is becoming the main source of fuel supply for the European part of the country, as well as the Urals. Mass flows of not only natural gas and oil (as is the case now), but also cheap Kuznetsk and Kansk-Achinsk open-pit coal will be sent here from the eastern regions.

Topic: General characteristics of the Russian economy

Lesson: Fuel Industry

Fuel industry is a group of industries that is engaged in the extraction, processing and transportation of fuel.

The fuel industry includes several industries, but the main ones are:

1. 1. Gas
2. 2. Oil
3. 3. Coal

Coal industry- This is one of the oldest branches of the fuel industry in Russia. Until the end of the 19th century, wood was most often used as fuel in Russia. IN Russian Empire For the first time, coal mining began in the Donetsk basin. Later, coal deposits were discovered in the East and North of Russia. Coal is used in transport, for heating homes, generating electricity, and for technological purposes in the ferrous metallurgy and chemical industry. Russia ranks 2nd in the world in terms of coal reserves. Two types of coal are mined in Russia: hard and brown. Brown coal is mined in the Moscow Region, Kansk-Achinsk and Lena basins. Hard coal is mined in the Pechora, Donetsk, Kuznetsk, Tunguska and South Yakutsk basins.

Rice. 1. Main coal basins of Russia

Hard coal has a higher calorific value than brown coal, higher quality, and therefore can be transported over long distances. And brown coal is most often used at mining sites, since its transportation is inefficient. Coal is mined in two ways. If coal lies deep below the earth's surface, then it is mined from mines, that is, in a closed way. If the coal is located close to the surface, then it is mined in open pits. A mine is a complex engineering structure, so the shaft mining method is more expensive than open pit mining.

Rice. 2. Sectional view of the mine

The mine mining method is used in the Donetsk and Pechora basins, partly in the Kuznetsk, Irkutsk, Tunguska, and Moscow basins.

The open-pit mining method is cheaper. Coal is mined using the open-pit method in the Kansk-Achinsk, South Yakutsk, Lensk, and also partially in the Kuznetsk, Irkutsk, Tunguska, and Moscow region basins.

The largest coal basin in our country is the Kuznetsk basin, or Kuzbass. The second most important is the Kansk-Achinsk lignite basin.

Oil industry- This is the basis of the modern economy. Without oil there would be no gasoline. There would be no gasoline, there would be no cars, planes would not fly, river and sea vessels would not sail. Russia ranks 2nd in the world in terms of oil reserves, second only to Saudi Arabia. Oil production in Russia began at the beginning of the 20th century and the first oil region in Russia was the area of ​​​​the city of Baku. Oil fields form petroleum-bearing provinces. The most important oil base in Russia is located in Western Siberia. More than three hundred oil and gas fields have been discovered here, 2/3 of Russia’s oil (66%) is produced mainly in the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

Rice. 3. West Siberian oil base

The second large production area is the Volga-Ural region. It accounts for 20% of the country's oil production. The development of this field began in the 50s of the twentieth century. The maximum occurred in the 70s.

Rice. 4. Volga-Ural oil base

The formation of the Timan-Pechora oil base continues. Heavy oil necessary for the production of oils that are used at low temperatures is extracted here.

Rice. 5. Timan-Pechora oil base

The remaining bases provide no more than 10% of all-Russian production and are of local importance for the regions in which they are located. In addition, large reserves have been discovered on the shelf of the Barents Sea, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, East Siberian, Bering and Okhotsk Seas. Oil is transported through oil pipelines. The main direction of oil flows is to the west, to oil refineries and abroad. Refineries are most often located not in areas of oil production, but in areas of its refined products, since it is easier to transport crude oil than its refined products.

Gas industry is the youngest and fastest growing branch of the fuel industry. The first gas fields were discovered after the Great Patriotic War. Gas development first began in the Stavropol Territory, then in the Komi Republic, and near Orenburg. Natural gas production is cheaper than oil production. When burning natural gas, it produces much less harmful substances than when burning oil or coal. In addition, natural gas is used as a chemical raw material for the production of mineral fertilizers. Currently, Russia ranks 1st in the world in reserves and production of natural gas. The largest natural gas production area is Western Siberia. About 60% of all-Russian natural gas reserves are concentrated here. 92% of Russian natural gas production occurs here. The largest fields producing natural gas in Western Siberia are Urengoyskoye, Medvezhye and Yamburgskoye.

Rice. 6. Large natural gas fields in Western Siberia

The Ural-Volga base is the second largest natural gas reserve in Russia.

Rice. 7. Ural-Volga region base

6% of Russia's natural gas is produced here. Natural gas from the Ural-Volga region of Russia contains a large number of chemical elements, so it is a valuable raw material for the chemical industry. A major natural gas processing center is the city of Tuymazy.

Rice. 8. Natural gas processing center in Tuymazy

The Timan-Pechora base is being formed in the European part of the country. It accounts for 1% of all-Russian natural gas production. The largest center here is the city of Ukhta. Gas is delivered to consumers via gas pipelines. The largest of them were built from Urengoy and Orenburg.

Conclusion: Russia has large reserves of fuel resources and is one of the largest countries exporting fuel and energy resources to the world market.

1. V.P. Dronov, V.Ya. Rum Geography of Russia: population and economy. 9th grade.
2. V.P. Dronov, I.I. Barinova, V.Ya. Rom, A.A. Lobzhanidze Geography of Russia: economy and geographical areas. 9th grade.

1. Informatorium (). How natural gas is produced
2. Oil-Rus.ru (. Website about oil

Page 1

The fuel industry is one of the largest consumers of energy. In this regard, advanced production of energy resources and non-energy equivalents compared to energy consumption is the first condition for the effective functioning of the fuel and energy complex.

The fuel industry and energy sector, due to their capital intensity, are still the main consumers of funds allocated for investment. These basic industries can really change the structural proportions in the development of the country's economy. Therefore, the direction of the main share of capital investments for the development of enterprises of the fuel and energy complex is justified and will continue, which must be taken into account when developing strategic plans for investment projects. Another thing is what financial opportunities there are for this.

The fuel industry and energy, due to their capital intensity, are still the main consumers of funds allocated for investment. These basic industries can really change the structural proportions in the development of the country's economy. Therefore, directing the main share of capital investments to the development of enterprises in the fuel and energy complex is justified and will continue, which must be taken into account when developing business plans for investment projects. Another thing is what financial opportunities there are for this.

The fuel industry, in addition to motor and boiler fuels, produces a number of other products 1, but even the processes for obtaining its main types of products (fuels for carburetor engines, diesel fuels and lubricating oils) are quite complex.

The fuel industry is an important sector of the national economy of the USSR. Of every 12 workers employed in the Union's industry, one is engaged in fuel extraction. Approximately one sixth of the fixed assets of industry is invested in the fuel industry.

Much attention is paid to the development of the fuel industry in our country.

The fuel industry includes enterprises in the coal and peat industries.

In fuel industry processes - polymerization and alkylation (to obtain gasoline components), the issue is resolved by supplying the C4 fraction as a whole to the appropriate installation. As a result of the process, the butylene fraction reacts almost completely, and the exhaust gases contain a mixture of butanes, the ease of separation of which was mentioned above. For some processes, for example, during the catalytic dehydrogenation of butane to butadiene (two-stage through butylene or one-stage), it is necessary to separate butylenes and butadiene from the reaction products. For the purpose of this separation of butanes and butylenes, extractive distillation with aqueous acetone or furfural is used, and chemisorption is used to isolate butadiene.

The fuel industry includes oil production, gas, oil refining, coal, shale and peat industries.

Forecasts for the development of the fuel industry for the next two decades clearly indicate that oil and gas in the near future will play a leading role in the country’s energy balance, despite the existing prospects for the development of nuclear energy.

All sectors of the fuel industry must develop harmoniously. But we see our special responsibility here, since it is the gas industry that can significantly fill the shortage of fuel in a short time.

Plans for the development of the fuel industry of our country in the current decade are associated with a significant increase in oil and gas production. In solving these problems big role allocated to drilling wells both during geological prospecting and exploration work, and in the process of developing oil and gas fields. The complexity of the organizational and technical tasks assigned to oil workers is aggravated by the fact that we're talking about not only about a simple increase in the volume of drilling work, but also about the simultaneous expansion of their geography towards remote and hard-to-reach areas of the country, and about a significant increase in the depth of well drilling, which, as is known, is accompanied by a complication of both the organization and technology of drilling work.

The high capital intensity of the fuel industry and electric power industry, their close production ties with capital-forming industries, the long time frame for the construction of energy facilities, the creation of infrastructure elements and enterprises in related industries give rise to strong inertia of the energy complex. It manifests itself, in particular, in the impossibility of dramatically changing the composition of production capacities in certain sectors of the energy sector and the structure of the country’s energy balance in a short period of time. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new fuel and energy bases and energy sources in advance, even if at the initial stage they are still inferior in efficiency to previously developed but depleting energy resources.

Fuel industry is engaged production of various types of fuel, the most important of which is oil(30 % the incoming part of the world fuel and energy balance), coal(near 25 % ) And natural gas(near 20 % ).

Oil mined around the world 3 billion tons per year. The main oil producing countries are Saudi Arabia(near 450 million tons per year), USA(near 400 million tons per year), Russia(near 300 million tons per year), Iran, Mexico, China, Norway, Venezuela, UAE, Nigeria, UK, Canada, Iraq, Indonesia, Kuwait. Enters world trade 2/5 produced oil. Basic exporters– OPEC countries, Russia, Mexico, Canada, Norway,importers– USA, Japan, Western European countries(except Norway and UK). They mainly transport oil by sea transport.

Natural gas the world produces about 2 billion m3 per year. The main gas producing countries are Russia, USA, Canada, Netherlands, Great Britain, Algeria, Turkmenistan, Indonesia, Uzbekistan, Saudi Arabia, Norway. Basic exporters– these same countries, except the USA and Great Britain, importers–Japan, USA, Western European countries(except the Netherlands, Norway and the UK). Gas is transported via gas pipelines(including underwater intercontinental) and by sea transport(in liquefied form).

Coal the world produces about 4 billion tons per year. They're in the lead here USA, China, Russia, Germany, India, Australia, South Africa, Poland. Approximately 1/10 mined coal. Main exporters are Australia, USA, South Africa, Poland, importers–Japan, Western European countries. Coal is transported by sea transport.

In total, the world produces about 12.5 trillion kWhelectricity. Leading here USA, Russia, Japan, China, Germany, Canada, France, UK, India, Brazil. An important indicator is p electricity production per capita. According to this indicator, it is ahead Norway and then they go Canada, USA, Sweden, Finland, Iceland.

In the global electric power industry leading place belongs to t thermal power plants, which produce 63 % energy. In second place are hydroelectric power stations(20 % ), they give more 50 % electricity in Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Brazil, Canada and some other countries. On the third place - Atom stations (17 % ), they predominate in France, Lithuania, Belgium, Korea.

Fuel and energy industry, despite its importance in human life, causes damage to the environment.

So, in mining often soil cover is disturbed, natural landscapes are destroyed, which makes the full existence of flora and fauna in this area impossible.

At improper transportation of oil and gas is happening ocean pollution, which leads to the death of marine plants and animals. A set of measures is now being developed to prevent harmful substances from getting into the water, for example, laying out different routes, creating containers with a double bottom, etc. But, despite this, Due to human negligence, the environment continues to be polluted.

Processed products thermal energy enter the atmosphere, changing its composition. This problem is especially relevant because it is one of the global problems: harmful emissions destroy ozone layer planets.

During construction hydroelectric power station is happening change in the microclimate of the territory, its hydrological regime.

Nuclear power created a problem disposal of radioactive waste, and improper operation or repair of nuclear power plants can lead to dire consequences.

The solution to many problems can be development and implementation of treatment facilities, low-waste and non-waste technologies and etc.

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