Ways to develop human creative abilities. Creative activity: meaning, types

Introduction

Creativity in in a general sense- process human activity, creating qualitatively new material and spiritual values ​​or the result of creating a subjectively new one. Without creativity, there would be no advancement in science on earth.

Creativity covers all cultural aspects of human activity, this includes visual art, music, literature, sculpture, as well as design and architecture... there is not a single object on earth that was not created without creative idea its creation.

It may be reasonable to believe that everyone can create, but the degree of creativity varies within very wide limits. The work of people like Pablo Picasso, or Buckminster Fuller, or Wolfgang Mozart, or Thomas Jefferson is not only a manifestation of great talent; other than that, it is well known. There are, of course, other creative geniuses, but they remain unknown.

We will rely on the definition of creativity as a cognitive activity that leads to a new or unusual vision of a problem or situation. This definition does not limit creative processes to utilitarian actions, although the creators of some useful invention, manuscript or theory are almost always cited as examples of creative people.

Creation

Creativity is a sequence of the following mental states personalities:

1) preparation of motives for discovery or invention;

2) incubation period or expression of the motive by a silent internal state;

3) activity of three components open system Man: organism, individuality and the relationship between Personality and Nature;

4) “insight” or psychological resonance, which is characterized by “illumination”, contemplation and similar states;

5) product awareness. An additional step that can be included in the sequence of mental states is experimental testing of the product. The result of creativity is the creation of new material and spiritual values ​​in any field of activity: scientific, industrial, technical, artistic, political, etc.

Types of creativity

1. Unconscious creativity. Natural inclinations creativity inherent in every person. Under certain objective and subjective conditions, such as education, creative climate, strong-willed qualities personality (perseverance, efficiency, courage, dissatisfaction, learning from mistakes, etc.), lead to the peak of the creative act - “insight”, when in the mind it is generated (generated) new idea- scientific, philosophical, technical or artistic. Usually, this often leads to a long path of preliminary work, during which the prerequisites for the birth of something new are created.

2. Conscious creativity. For creative thinking, an important ability is to break away from a consistent logical and figurative consideration of facts and go beyond the associations of acquired experience. This allows you to see something new in the old that has long been familiar. To do this, there is the possibility of expressing the motive with a silent internal state. In this case, creativity is carried out as a result of the work of both hemispheres of the brain, the feedback of the nerve currents of the brain, the main of which are the parietal, frontal and temporal parts, is especially helpful. Finally, control of peripheral functions nervous system and knowledge of their influence on the psyche adds a rich spectrum of qualities to the creative process: from beauty to value.

3. Unlimited conscious creativity. The pathos of man's limitless creative abilities is

a) unlimited expansion of the spectrum of “insight”, the criterion of which is the interaction of the field of the nervous system with the external environment;

b) awareness of the relationship between Personality and Nature;

c) development of individuality (“I am”). In the first case, the biofield of the nerve centers and the ability to control them develop. In the second case, there is an expansion of the Human-Nature connection or an expansion of the boundaries of the conscious energy of the physical organism, the soul. In the third case, the monad “I am” accumulates energy, generates new world or expressed as an internal engine of expediency for a particular part of Nature. These abilities open up for a person new and new horizons for creativity, both in breadth and depth of matter, when there is no break in the MAN-NATURE system.

Creativity as a process of creative thinking

Creativity as the spirit of human freedom; freedom as creativity of the human spirit; spirit as freedom of human creativity. The main criterion that distinguishes creativity from manufacturing (production) is the uniqueness of its result. The result of creativity cannot be directly derived from the initial conditions. No one, except perhaps the author, can get exactly the same result if the same initial situation is created for him. Thus, in the process of creativity, the author puts into the material certain possibilities that are not reducible to labor operations or logical conclusion, and expresses in the final result some aspects of his personality. It is this fact that gives creative products additional value in comparison with manufactured products.

The best known description today is the description of the sequence of stages (stages) of creative thinking, which was given by the Englishman Graham Wallace in 1926. He identified four stages of creative thinking:

Preparation - formulation of the task; attempts to solve it.

Incubation is a temporary distraction from a task.

Insight is the emergence of an intuitive solution.

Validation - testing and/or implementation of a solution.

However, this description is not original and goes back to the classic report of A. Poincaré in 1908.

Henri Poincaré, in his report to the Psychological Society in Paris (in 1908), described the process of making several mathematical discoveries and identified the stages of this creative process, which were subsequently highlighted by many psychologists.

1. First, a problem is set and attempts are made to solve it for some time.

“For two weeks I tried to prove that there could not exist any function similar to the one that I later called automorphic. I was, however, completely wrong; every day I sat down at my desk and spent an hour or two at it, researching big number combinations, and did not come to any result.”

2. This is followed by a more or less long period, during which a person does not think about the still unsolved task and is distracted from it. At this time, Poincaré believes, unconscious work on the task occurs.

3. And finally, there comes a moment when suddenly, without immediately preceding thoughts about the problem, in a random situation that has nothing to do with the problem, the key to the solution appears in the mind.

“One evening, contrary to my habit, I drank black coffee; I couldn't sleep; the ideas pressed together, I felt them collide until two of them came together to form a stable combination.”

In contrast to usual reports of this kind, Poincaré describes here not only the moment the decision appeared in consciousness, but also the work of the unconscious that immediately preceded it, as if miraculously becoming visible; Jacques Hadamard, paying attention to this description, points out its complete exclusivity: “I have never experienced this wonderful feeling and I have never heard anyone except him [Poincaré] experience it.”

4. After this, when the key idea for the solution is already known, the solution is completed, tested, and developed.

“By morning I had established the existence of one class of these functions, which corresponds to the hypergeometric series; All I had to do was write down the results, which only took a few hours. I wanted to represent these functions as a ratio of two series, and this idea was completely conscious and deliberate; I was guided by the analogy with elliptic functions. I asked myself what properties these series should have if they exist, and I easily managed to construct these series, which I called theta-automorphic.”

Continuity

Creativity, as a process, was initially considered based on the self-reports of artists and scientists, where special role was assigned to “illumination”, inspiration, contemplation, insight and similar states that replace preliminary work thoughts. The English scientist G. Wallace identified four stages of creative processes: preparation, maturation, insight and verification. The central, specific creative moment was considered insight - an intuitive grasp of the desired result. Experimental studies have shown that a new solution arises in objective activity that can be deciphered on the basis of previous experience. Highlighting the specifics of mental regulation of the creative process, K.S. Stanislavsky put forward the idea of ​​human superconsciousness as the highest concentration of the spiritual forces of the individual during the generation of something new.

Vedic culture approached Creativity as an act of human interaction through lotuses (another name is chakras) with Nature. IN modern understanding The physical projection of the chakras are the nerve centers and their currents.

The present definition of Creativity combines and develops these traditions.

The most important aspect of creativity is motives. Motives are divided into external and internal. The first includes the desire for material benefits, to ensure one’s position. This also includes “pressure of circumstances”, the presence of problematic situations, the presentation of a task, competition, the desire to surpass rivals, etc. Following such motives always leads to clashes of interests of an individual, a group of people, a community and leads, to one degree or another, to social defeat. The main importance for Creativity are internal motives, which are based on the innate need for search activity, the tendency towards novelty and innovation, the need for new impressions. For creatively gifted people, the search for something new brings much more satisfaction than material benefits. The leading motive for creativity is a personal inclination inherent from birth.

Creativity and personality

Creativity can be considered not only as a process of creating something new, but also as a process that occurs during the interaction of an individual (or inner world person) and reality. At the same time, changes occur not only in reality, but also in personality.

The nature of the connection between creativity and personality:

“Personality is characterized by activity, the desire of the subject to expand the scope of his activities, to act beyond the boundaries of the requirements of the situation and role prescriptions; orientation - a stable dominant system of motives - interests, beliefs, etc...." Actions that go beyond the requirements of the situation are creative actions.

In accordance with the principles described by S. L. Rubinstein, by making changes in the world around him, a person changes himself. Thus, a person changes himself by carrying out creative activity.

B. G. Ananyev believes that creativity is a process of objectification of a person’s inner world. Creative expression is an expression of the integral work of all forms of human life, a manifestation of his individuality.

In the most acute form, the connection between the personal and the creative is revealed by N. A. Berdyaev. He's writing:

Personality is not a substance, but a creative act.

Creativity motivation

V.N. Druzhinin writes:

The basis of creativity is the global irrational motivation of human alienation from the world; it is directed by a tendency to overcome, functions according to the type of “positive feedback"; a creative product only spurs the process, turning it into a pursuit of the horizon.

Thus, through creativity, a person’s connection with the world is realized. Creativity stimulates itself.

Mental health, freedom and creativity

Representative of the psychoanalytic direction D.V. Winnicott makes the following assumption:

In play, and perhaps only in play, a child or adult has freedom of creativity.

Creativity is linked to play. Play is a mechanism that allows a person to be creative. Through creative activity, a person strives to find his self (himself, the core of personality, the deepest essence). According to D.V. Winnicott, creative activity is what ensures a healthy state of a person. Confirmation of the connection between play and creativity can also be found in C. G. Jung. He's writing:

Creating something new is not a matter of intellect, but of the desire to play, acting out of inner compulsion. The creative spirit plays with the objects it loves.

R. May (a representative of the existential-humanistic movement) emphasizes that in the process of creativity a person meets the world. He's writing:

...What manifests itself as creativity is always a process... in which the relationship between the individual and the world takes place...

N. A. Berdyaev adheres to the following point of view:

The creative act is always liberation and overcoming. There is an experience of power in it.

Thus, creativity is something in which a person can exercise his freedom, connection with the world, connection with his deepest essence.

Conclusion

I believe that creativity is an inseparable part of human activity. Without the creative process, it would be impossible for humanity to develop, there would be no new discoveries and inventions, no treasures of art that any culturally developed person would be proud of.

The process of creative thinking is inherent in everyone from birth, the only difference is that not every person wants to develop their creative potential.

Creativity does not necessarily mean the creation of masterpieces and grandiose discoveries, creativity in to a greater extent By my understanding, this is the development of a person, human internal talents and capabilities, the search for oneself.

In my opinion, not every person can call themselves a creative person, since some are accustomed to using other people’s abilities and knowledge, while others achieve everything themselves, while always having their own view of what is happening. Creative people are characterized by receptivity, these people experience all events in the depths of their soul, therefore they are more vulnerable, but on the other hand creative people, much easier to worry about difficult situations, due to the fact that they can pour out all their negative or positive emotions through their creation, for example, a musician will play a melody and with it everything that is in his soul will pour out, an artist will take certain colors and lay them on a sheet, leaving everything on it, whatever is in his soul, it’s the same with writers, poets...

I agree that creativity has four stages, but sometimes it gets by with smaller stages. This happens in cases where a person is not fixated on a task, because creating a picture or solving a problem does not always require abstraction from it.

Yes, creativity is the spirit of human freedom, it is interconnection human soul With outside world, is a process of human activity, the result of which is the creation of something new.

In conclusion of all that has been said, I would like to add: “Create, because if you turn off the creative processes in your head, then life will pass not interesting and boring!”

Literature and sources used

1. Rubinshtein S. L. Fundamentals of general psychology. 1946. P. 575.

2. Poincaré A. Mathematical creativity // Hadamard J. Study of the psychology of the process of invention in the field of mathematics. M., 1970. Appendix III

3. Ananyev B.G. Psychology and problems of human knowledge. Moscow-Voronezh. 1996.

4. Berdyaev N.A. Experience of eschatological metaphysics // Creativity and objectification / comp. A.G. Shimansky, Yu.O. Shimanskaya. – Mn.: Ekonopress, 2000. P. 20.

5. Druzhinin V.N. Psychology of general abilities. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2002. P. 166.

6. Winnicott D. Game and reality. M.: Institute of General Humanitarian Research, 2002. P. 99.

7. May R. The courage to create: An essay on the psychology of creativity. Lviv: Initiative; M.: Institute of General Humanitarian Research, 2001. P. 43.

8. Jung K. G. Psychological types.

Creativity is an integral component of a person. Some choose creative work as the basis of their life, others use it from time to time. What is creativity? How to discover and develop creative abilities in yourself? What is the difference between a creative person and ordinary person? Can we say that there is a psychology of creativity that goes beyond the usual perception? Let's try to understand these issues together.

What is creativity?

Creativity is the process of creating something new, never seen before in the world. We are talking not only about works of art or architectural masterpieces. This is definitely creativity, but the definition of this concept is much broader. After all, even a couple of lines written on a schoolgirl’s blog is already something new for this world.

Creativity can be considered both globally and at the everyday level.

There are the following types of creativity:

• Artistic – visualizes a person’s inner experiences;
• Arts and crafts – transforms the world around us;
• Musical – allows you to feel the rhythm and reproduce beautiful sounds;
• Scientific and technical – performs scientific discoveries and unexpected inventions;
• Philosophical – accompanies the search for thinkers and sages;
• Social – improves legal, cultural and other relationships in society;
• Entrepreneurial – helps in successful development business;
• Spiritual – provides the ideological foundations of society;
• Everyday life – increases a person’s ability to adapt to emerging circumstances;
• Sports and gaming - associated with non-standard implementation of the necessary tactical and technical elements.

There is a similar concept of creativity. Many consider her and creativity synonymous. Since these two words exist in the Russian language, it would be more correct to allocate each of them its own ecological niche. Trying to separate creativity and creativity, the definition of the latter sounds like the process of creating something new. And creativity is a person’s ability to create something new. In the first case, we are talking about an action, in the second – about a property.

You can also find a classification where creativity is a broader concept, and creativity is considered as directed creativity, that is, in response to a specific need.

For example, if a girl is abandoned by a young man, and she writes poetry, sobbing into her pillow, this will be an act of creativity. If a creative at an advertising agency is tasked with coming up with a new toothbrush, then tears and poetry will not be useful to him. It should be a finished product, which is where creativity will help.

What is a creative person?

A creative person is a creative person who creates something new. Moreover, “new” means not only creation, but also destruction, because creative work is sometimes associated with the destruction of existing forms.

For example, a game of bowling, when an athlete must use a ball to destroy the lined pins, but the approach to the game itself can be very creative.

The inclinations for certain types of activity arise even at the stage of human embryonic development, but creative abilities appear directly after birth. It is advisable to ensure the child’s harmonious development, including creative work. Drawing, dancing, arts and crafts, etc. The more multifaceted a person develops, the easier it will be for him to adapt in adulthood.

Creativity occupies a special place in psychology, because thanks to it it is possible to correct a number of psychosomatic disorders. There is even such a direction as art therapy - the use of elements of creativity in medicinal purposes. This once again emphasizes the importance of this topic.

But how do you understand that a person has creative abilities? Are there signs by which one can identify a creative person?

Signs of a creative person

We can recognize that we have a creative personality in front of us by at least seven distinctive features:

1. The ability to see more than others;
2. Striving for beauty;
3. Free expression of your emotions and feelings;
4. Ability to fantasize;
5. Tendency to take risks and act rashly;
6. A reverent attitude towards your works;
7. Following your dream.

A creative person will not deliver material goods above your fantasies and goals. Many authors spend years of their lives creating their works, without even understanding whether they will ultimately be able to make money from them. The psychology of creativity is more likely based on satisfaction with the result or the creative process itself than on the opportunity to get rich.

Although, you shouldn’t think that a creative person will go penniless. Talented people can achieve recognition among their contemporaries. And by doing what you love, you can earn money.

An important property that determines creativity is the ability to see what is hidden from other people. After all, in order to create something new, you need to imagine it, see it in your fantasies. Some look at the sky and see clouds, while others see white-maned horses. Everyone hears the noise of the engine, and someone recognizes it as the beginning of their new musical composition.

The ability and desire to fantasize determines creativity in all its forms and manifestations. Before the master creates another sculpture, it must appear in his head. And even a new original wrestling technique is often carried out mentally, and only then performed on the mat.

How to develop creativity?

Like any other skills, creative abilities can also be strengthened and developed. First, you should understand your skills and interests. Secondly, practice more in this activity. For example, it’s stupid to go to dances if you want to learn how to draw, or vice versa. Thirdly, never stop there and improve all the time. Fourth, surround yourself with equally passionate people. Fifthly, believe in your strength and your talent.

Creativity helps people become more fulfilled, cope with daily tasks more effectively, and differentiate themselves from others. A creative person will always achieve success, no matter what type of activity she chooses. That is why you should always develop your creative abilities, without neglecting them in favor of other life priorities. A person must develop harmoniously and creativity is an important part of this process.

• Valiakhmetov Denis Ramilevich, student
• Bashkir State Agrarian University

• MODERN SOCIETY
• CREATIVITY
• CREATION
• PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY
• PERSONALITY

The article is devoted to the problem of the role of creativity in professional activity. The problem is due to the increase in the number of “creative” professions and the demand for creative characteristics of workers today. Analyzing the features of human activity, the author discovers the need creativity in its structure. The importance of creativity in the profession is due, from his point of view, to the dynamics modern life, personal basis modern culture, productive character modern professions, determined by the growing needs of man and society.

• Comparison of programming languages ​​using the example of array sorting
• What does individual freedom depend on? Subjective and objective factors
• Methodological problem of natural science about approaches to considering the relationship between science and religion

Currently, issues of creativity are discussed by many people: specialists, teachers, scientists, workers creative professions and other specialties.

The problem of creativity in human activity remains relevant and important, and the understanding of the structure of human and society development depends on the study of this topic, since the rapid development social system implies an increase in the importance of creativity in activity. In addition, the emergence of new technologies, on which comfort and efficiency depend, is the result of creative activity. Nowadays, human activity is increasingly increasing in the field of “technical and social creativity that creates the technosphere.”

There are various factors that influence the success of an individual. Such as health status, Family status, age, level of pre-university training; possession of skills of self-organization, planning and control of one’s activities; motives for choosing the main activity; adequacy of initial ideas about the main activity; Nature of activity; external conditions for organizing activities; material base; qualification level; prestige and, importantly, individual psychological characteristics personality.

Much depends on what place abilities occupy in the personality structure of a particular person, in the system of his life values and how they affect the development of others personal qualities. First, the structure of abilities should highlight intelligence, special abilities and creativity. Definitely, the success of an activity is associated with relatively special abilities. These include such abilities as: phonemic hearing for a linguist, pitch hearing for a musician, sensitivity to distinguish colors for an artist, etc., in general, they are called sensory. In addition to the above, there are motor abilities - these are plasticity and fine coordination of movements for athletes, dancers, circus performers, etc. It is impossible to do without professional abilities. These include technical thinking, spatial thinking, and mathematical thinking.

Another important factor successful work personality is creativity. Creativity ensures that a person creates something new (primarily new for himself, which is often new for others as well).

An activity is creativity to the extent that its result is new. The desire for something new, or “creativity of life,” sometimes manifests itself in small things, for example, from two stores, a buyer chooses the one that he has not visited before. But the choice may relate to more than just the purchasing situation. In scientific creativity, novelty manifests itself in working with new complexities, new groups of methods, or in considering a known subject in a new way. In a narrow sense, creativity is the creation of cultural products (science, art, technology, etc.).

Creativity is exceeding the initial level of activity in a unique and very effective way.

Many professions are essentially creative. Those professions in which there is the possibility of productive implementation of professional functions not only on the basis of acquired knowledge and skills. In other words, these are those professions in which it is possible and simply necessary to go beyond the limits of existing experience.

One of such professions is the profession of a process engineer precisely due to the fact that without this constant going beyond the limits of existing knowledge and experience, it is impossible to introduce processes and modes of production, establish the order of work, the sequence of labor operations. Despite the existence of standardized procedures, it is impossible to provide for everything in the technological process. Emergence emergency situations requires non-standard, creative solutions.

The profession of a technologist is a very popular and very difficult profession. If the designer decides and creatively creates a project for something that has not yet been invented, then the technologist decides how to reproduce this something at the factory in the most accessible, simple and cheap way, quickly and in the required quantity. To do this, you need to know a lot and provide for various subtleties. In this sense, the creative orientation in this profession has an extensive nature of creativity, which helps to design and transform the material world that surrounds us, to transform physical space. This type of creativity is most associated with scientific and technical creativity.

Development occurs in the process of self-organization. The ability to change oneself reveals a person’s ability to effectively build his or her life strategy. This efficiency is achieved by simplifying activities. It is impossible not to note that animals in their evolution followed the development of specialization of organs and systems, which led to a simplification of function. The man took a different path. And this path made it necessary to purposefully create means that would make it possible to obtain a product that would help preserve the human population and increase the safety of life.

It turns out that creativity is an integral characteristic human world. And if creativity disappears from a person’s life, it means we're talking about about a serious crisis. We can agree with the opinion that the presence of creativity in a person’s activity and his personality are closely related. Personality is impossible without creative effort. And the lack of creativity has a negative impact not only on productivity, but also on personal growth. And the deficit bright personalities may be a sign of problems in some area. And we can say that it doesn’t make much difference whether a person engages in professional activity, or devotes his time to hobbies and personal interests. Both contribute to the creation and growth of his personality, the development of new abilities and qualities, which, in turn, helps a person in his profession.

Bibliography

1. Leontyev A.N. Activity. Consciousness. Personality. M.: Politizdat, 1975.
2. Lukmanova R.Kh., Stoletov A.I. On the transformation of the understanding of creativity in philosophy // Bulletin of the Bashkir University. 2013. T. 18. No. 4.S. 1237-1243.
3. Simonov V.P., Ershov P.M. Creativity is the basis of development. M.: Nauka, 1991.
4. Stoletov A.I. The essence of creativity and its types // Creativity in the space of tradition and innovation. Third Russian Cultural Congress with international participation: Abstracts of reports and messages. St. Petersburg: Eidos, 2010. pp. 6-7.
5. Stoletov A.I. Creativity as the basis of personality. Ufa: BashGAU, 2005. 228 p.

the attitude of the subject of activity to his work (satisfaction with work, desire for independence in its implementation; positive motivation in the process of solving it) and the decision process creative tasks(independent transfer of previously acquired knowledge, skills, methods of activity in a new situation, vision of a problem, vision of a new function of a known object. Etc. - activity in which creativity as a dominant component is included in the structure of either its goal or methods. Etc. . – result and at the same time important condition further development personality, its development creative potential.

Great definition

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CREATIVE ACTIVITY

a form of activity of a person or a team - the creation of a qualitatively new thing that has never existed before. The incentive to do so is a problematic situation, which cannot be resolved traditionally. ways. An original product of activity is obtained as a result of the formulation of a non-standard hypothesis, the discretion of non-traditional people. interrelations of elements of a problem situation, attracting implicitly related elements, establishing new types of interdependence between them. The prerequisites for this are flexibility of thinking (the ability to vary solutions), criticality (the ability to abandon unproductive strategies), the ability to bring concepts together and connect, integrity of perception, etc. The makings of creative abilities are inherent in any person, any normal child. You need to be able to reveal them and develop them. Manifestations of creative abilities vary from large and bright talents to modest and inconspicuous ones. But the essence of the creative process is the same for everyone. The difference lies in the specific material of creativity, the scale of achievements and their societies, and significance.

With traditional forms of education, the student acquires and assimilates in educational process certain information, becomes able to reproduce the methods indicated to him for solving problems, proving theorems, etc. However, he does not take part in the creative search for a way to solve the problem posed and, therefore, does not acquire. experience of such a search. The more different the problem to be solved is from the familiar one, the more difficult it is for the student to find the search process itself, if he does not have special knowledge. experience. Therefore, it is not uncommon for a graduate of Wed. school, having successfully mastered the school material. programs, does not cope in the end. course exams tasks at a university (based on the same material), since they require a non-standard approach to solving them.

Proposing a new hypothesis in connection with new problem requires special types of activities that depend decisively on the abilities of the researcher. These abilities are formed in the activities of the students themselves. No story about the role of hypotheses can replace in the development of a person’s abilities to study even a small, but independently put forward hypothesis. It is also known that to solve a number of problems it is necessary to consider traditions. paths from a completely new, unexpected angle. However, knowing this does not ensure that this new angle of view is found in the process of specific research. Only practical. research experience develops this ability.

To form a creative experience, it is necessary to design special. ped. situations that require and create conditions for creative solution. The possibility of constructing such situations is due to the fact that teaching creativity ch. arr. is carried out on problems that have already been solved by society and the methods for solving them are already known. Therefore, for the learning process, the definition of etc. requires adjustments. Students only in the department. cases, for certain the level of their development and depending on their organizing activities, teachers can create new values. The absence of societies and novelty in the results of students’ creativity does not lead to a fundamental change in the structure of the creative process they carry out. Therefore, in relation to the learning process, creativity should be defined as a form of human activity aimed at creating qualitatively new values ​​for him that have social significance, i.e. important for the formation of personality as a society, a subject.

Problematic situations can be presented to students. ways: by clearly stating the problem by the teacher; by creating a situation in which students are required to understand and formulate the problems in it; by creating a situation with a more or less clearly defined problem, but according to the logic of finding a solution, the student must come to a new, complementary problem that he himself identified and provided for when constructing the situation. A special option occurs when, in the course of solving a certain problem, a student independently discovers a new problem that was not foreseen when constructing the situation.

The occurrence or presence of a problem alone does not determine the possibility of solving it. For the latter, you need to do it yourself. search, which requires certain initial data, i.e. relying on the known, which allows this search to be realized. Uch. problematic situation can be defined as a task with required data as a condition. A question is posed to these data, formulating the problem in one form or another for subsequent solution. Then the content of any problem will be a problem based on the contradiction between the known and the sought-after. In the process of solving these problems, built on the need to selectively activate the knowledge they already know, students can independently penetrate into the deeper aspects of phenomena. In teaching practice, it is also necessary to use tasks that require only the formulation of a hypothesis. In this case, the student is not required to make a reasoned, complete decision. He must only construct a plan for finding an answer, which is only outlined to him hypothetically. Solving these problems develops in students the ability to mobilize their existing knowledge and include it in the process of analyzing new situations, the desire to find new approach, new type solutions. That. the FOUNDATIONS are being laid, etc. SM Mikhailov.

Lit.: Alekseev N. G., Yudin E. G., Study of creativity in science and teaching creativity at school, in the book: Scientific. creativity, ed. S. R. Mikulinsky, M. G. Yaroshevsky, M., 1969; L with p and with p I. Ya., Search tasks in teaching as a means of developing creative abilities, ibid.; Kapitsa P.L., Certain principles of creative upbringing and modern education. youth, VF, 1971, No. 7; Ponomarev Ya. A., Psychology of creativity and pedagogy, M., 1976; Luk A. N., Psychology of Creativity, M., 1978.

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PSYCHOLOGY

CREATIVITY

Tutorial

Akatov L.I. Psychology of creativity (composition) – Textbook. – Kursk, 2015

The manual discusses theoretical and psychological foundations psychology of creativity, specific features creative activity, problems of gifted children and some features of working with them, specifics of a creative personality and ways of its formation.

The manual is addressed to students studying the psychology of creativity.

© Kursky State University

SECTION 1. THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF PSYCHOLOGY

1. Creativity. Definition of creative activity.

2. Creativity as an attribute of human activity.

3. main stages in the development of the psychology of creativity.

4. Historical aspects development of the psychology of creativity as scientific discipline

5. The main directions of research into human creative activity.

6. Creativity as a necessity.

7. Spontaneous manifestation of creativity. Manifestation of spontaneous adaptation to the environment and creativity in childhood.

8. Types of activities and creativity.

9. Types of creativity. levels) of creativity.

10. Formation of needs as psychological stimulators of creativity.

11. Motivation for creative activity.

12. Ways to manage creativity. collective creativity and creativity in

team.

13. Factors that hinder creativity. Creativity and competence.

14. Creative productivity and age. Creativity and life expectancy.

SECTION 2. PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS

CREATIVE ACTIVITY

15. Stages of the creative process

16. Insight as the central link in solving a problem.

1 7. Tcreativity as a product.

1 8. Capabilities.creativity as a personal ability to create.

19. Pthe concept of “creativity”. unit creativity analysis.

2 0. Thypology of creativity.

21. Forms of artistic and creative knowledge.

22. Cognitive processes and creativity. sensation processes.

23. Perception in creative activity. types and properties of perception.

24. INage-related characteristics of perception and their influence on visual activities children.

25. Attention in creative activity.

26. The role of memory in creative activity.

27. Imagination and creative activity.

28. Imagination as mental activity to create new images.

29. Age characteristics imagination.

30. Thinking and creativity.

31. Creativity and emotions. The role of emotions in creativity.

32. Intellectual “emotions” or affective-cognitive complexes.

33. Surprise as a stimulant of knowledge.

34. Inspiration as a surge of creative strength.

35. Satisfaction, joy, inspiration in the creative process.

36. Doubt and anxiety. Frustration emotions: disappointment, annoyance, despair. 37. Creative personality and her life path.

38. Development of the creative potential of the individual in ontogenesis.

39. Early manifestation of talent (child prodigies).

40. Awakening creative potential and targeted development of creative abilities.

41. Methods for developing creative potential.

42. Personal self-realization. The individual's need for self-realization.

CREATION. DEFINITION OF CREATIVE ACTIVITY

In a general definition, creativity is the creation of a new, original product. Creativity is the only type of activity that makes a person human.

The driving force of humanity is creative individuals. Identifying such individuals is an urgent task of psychology, as is the development theoretical foundations creativity.

Psychologists, both domestic and foreign, have been interested in the problem of creativity for a long time. However, the peak of studying this problem came in the first third of the 20th century. During this period, such authors as E. Ribot (1901) and A. Poincaré (1910) published their works abroad, D. N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky (1902), B. A. Lezin (1907, 1927), PC. Engelmeyer (1910),1 A. M. Evlakhov (1910, 1912, 1929), I. A. Zatulenyev (1915), P. I. Walden (1916), A. M. Blokh (1920), I. I. Lapshin (1922), V. L. Omelyansky (1922, 1923), A. G. Gornfeld (1923), S. O. Gruzenberg (1923, 1924), V. Ya. Kurbatov (1923), F. Yu. Levinson -Lessing (1923), V. M. Bekhterev (1924), 2 P. I. Karpov (1926), G. I. Markelov (1926), A. P. Nechaev (1929), P. M. Yakobson (1934), V. P. Polonsky (1934), physiologist V. V. Savich (1921, 1922, 1923) and many others. other.

Basically, these works were devoted either to a natural-philosophical understanding of the role of creativity as a mechanism for the development of nature and humanity, or to scientific and technical creativity. They were not determined by the needs of society in managing creativity, but by the curiosity of individual researchers. Then, until the middle of the 20th century. creativity research was not given significant importance.

The scientific and technological revolution that occurred in the middle of the 20th century gave impetus to the study by psychologists of the laws of creativity in science, which turned into a productive force that significantly influences the economy. On the agenda was the question of finding people capable of scientific and technical creativity. This gave rise in the 1950s, primarily in the USA, to numerous studies aimed at finding criteria for creative abilities, which was creativity, ways of its development, and identifying creative individuals. All these aspects can be combined into the problem of creativity management.

Another direction was the desire to create algorithms for solving creative problems. For example, G.S. Altshuller (1961, 1973) tried to develop an algorithm for solving inventive problems - ARIZ - for inventors. However, the creative process, although subject to certain laws, still bears the stamp of individuality. Great inventions are born not from schemes, but from the mighty flow and ebullience of life.

Creativity, especially scientific and artistic creativity, is associated with the creation of some new product, which is evaluated by society. Therefore, for the sake of benefit to society, as well as personal satisfaction and prestige, the creator strives to create a product as possible best quality. But does everyone succeed? “Korolenko, Prishvin, even Kuprin - what prevented these wonderful, intelligent, passionately creative people

stand on a par with Tolstoy, Chekhov, Bunin? – asks P. Popov (1998).

Even the least free art, completely regulated and subordinate to the canon - icon painting - makes it possible to feel the colossal difference between the boards of an unknown bogomaz and the creation of Andrei Rublev or Theophanes the Greek.”

Therefore, V. M. Bekhterev (1924) wrote that for any creativity, in addition to appropriate training, one or another degree of talent is necessary. Hence: the psychology of creativity is inextricably linked with another psychological problem– abilities, talents of creative figures.