Andriy, the youngest son of Taras Bulba, committed a dishonorable act. Having fallen in love with a Polish girl, he betrayed his homeland and went over to the side of the enemy. Andriy was ready to fight on the side of those whom he had recently wanted to kill himself. Taras Bulba did not forgive his son for this act: the old Cossack killed Andriy. For Taras Bulba, honor is higher than family ties; he does not intend to forgive.
A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
During the capture of the Belogorsk fortress, Pyotr Grinev was ready to accept death, but not lose his honor, by swearing allegiance to the impostor. He was guided by his high moral principles and remembered his father’s words: “Take care of your shirt again, and take care of your honor from a young age.” The hero chose execution because he could save his life by betraying his homeland. For Pyotr Grinev, a man of honor, this was unacceptable.
We can call Alexey Ivanovich Shvabrin a traitor and a dishonest person. Saving his life, he went over to Pugachev’s side. For this hero there is no concept of honor. He is ready to do the most vile acts to save his life.
M. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man"
While captured by the Germans, Andrei Sokolov was summoned to Müller for his words about backbreaking labor. The German wanted to shoot him, but before his death he offered to drink “to the victory of German weapons.” Andrei Sokolov refused this offer, showing that he is a man of honor. The hero, even in the face of death, could not drink to the enemy’s victory. He agreed to drink “to his death,” without eating, to show the fortitude of a real Russian soldier. Andrey Sokolov had a small bite only after the third glass. Muller treated the hero with respect, seeing him as a worthy person: Andrei Sokolov was released. In moments that could have been the last in his life, he preserved his honor, showing the character of a Russian soldier.
V. Rasputin "French Lessons"
Lidia Mikhailovna played with her student for money. The director, having learned about this, considered this act dishonorable. But if you know why the teacher did this, we can say that her actions are worthy of respect. Lidia Mikhailovna played for money to help the boy “earn” food for himself. While committing a seemingly dishonest act, she pursued a good goal.
Arguments for the final essay.
1. A. Pushkin“The Captain's Daughter” (As you know, A. S. Pushkin died in a duel, fighting for the honor of his wife. M. Lermontov in his poem called the poet a “slave of honor.” The quarrel, the cause of which was the insulted honor of A. Pushkin, led to the death the greatest writer. However, Alexander Sergeevich retained his honor and good name in the memory of people.
In his story "The Captain's Daughter" Pushkin portrays Petrusha Grinev with high moral qualities. Peter did not sully his honor even in those cases when he could have paid for it with his head. He was a highly moral person worthy of respect and pride. He could not leave Shvabrin’s slander against Masha unpunished, so he challenged him to a duel. Grinev retained his honor even under pain of death).
2. M. Sholokhov“The Fate of a Man” (In a short story, Sholokhov touched on the topic of honor. Andrei Sokolov was a simple Russian man, he had a family, a loving wife, children, his own home. Everything collapsed in an instant, and the war was to blame. But nothing could break a real Russian spirit. Sokolov managed to endure all the hardships of the war with his head held high. One of the main episodes that reveals the strength and persistent character of a person is the scene of the interrogation of Andrei by Muller. The weak, hungry soldier surpassed the fascist in strength of spirit. unexpected for the Germans: “Why should I, a Russian soldier, drink to the victory of German weapons?” The fascists appreciated the courage of the Russian soldier, saying: “You are a brave soldier. I am also a soldier and I respect worthy opponents. Sokolov’s strength of character aroused the respect of the Germans and they decided.” that this person deserves life. Andrei Sokolov personifies honor and dignity. He is ready to give even his life for them.))
3. M. Lermonotov. The novel “A Hero of Our Time” (Pechorin knew about Grushnitsky’s intentions, but nevertheless did not wish him harm. An act worthy of respect. Grushnitsky, on the contrary, committed a dishonest act by offering Pechorin an unloaded weapon in a duel).
4. M. Lermonotov“Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich...”. (Lermontov talks about the permissiveness of people in power. This is Kiribeevich, who encroached on his married wife. Laws are not written for him, he is not afraid of anything, even Tsar Ivan the Terrible supports him, so he agrees to fight with the merchant Kalashnikov. Merchant Stepan Paramonovich Kalashnikov is a man of truth, a faithful husband and a loving father. And even despite the risk of losing to Kiribeevich, he challenged him to a fist fight for the honor of his wife Alena. By killing the guardsman, Merchant Kalashnikov aroused the wrath of the tsar, who ordered him to be hanged. Of course, Stepan. Paramonovich could have yielded to the tsar and avoided his death, but for him the honor of his family turned out to be more valuable. Using the example of this hero, Lermontov showed the true Russian character of a simple man of honor - strong in spirit, unshakable, honest and noble.)
5. N. Gogol"Taras Bulba". (Ostap accepted his death with dignity).
6. V.Rasputin"French lessons". (The boy Vova passes all tests with honor in order to get an education and become a man)
6. A. Pushkin"Captain's daughter". (Shvabrin is a striking example of a person who has lost his dignity. He is the complete opposite of Grinev. This is a person for whom the concept of honor and nobility does not exist at all. He walked over the heads of others, overstepping himself in favor of his momentary desires. Popular rumor says: “Take care dress again, but honor from a young age." Once your honor has been tarnished, you are unlikely to ever be able to restore your good name.)
7. F.M. Dostoevsky“Crime and Punishment” (Raskolnikov is a murderer, but the dishonorable act was based on pure thoughts. What is it: honor or dishonor?)
8. F.M. Dostoevsky"Crime and Punishment". (Sonya Marmeladova sold herself, but did it for the sake of her family. What is this: honor or dishonor?)
9. F.M. Dostoevsky"Crime and Punishment". (Dunya was slandered. But her honor was restored. Honor is easy to lose.)
10. L.N. Tolstoy“War and Peace” (Having become the owner of a large inheritance, Bezukhov, with his honesty and faith in the kindness of people, falls into the net set by Prince Kuragin. His attempts to take possession of the inheritance failed, then he decided to get the money in another way. He married the young man to his daughter Helen , who had no feelings for her husband. In the good-natured and peace-loving Pierre, who learned about Helen’s betrayal with Dolokhov, anger began to boil and he challenged Fedor to battle. The duel showed Pierre’s courage. Thus, using the example of Pierre Bezukhov, Tolstoy showed the qualities that cause. respect. And the pathetic intrigues of Prince Kuragin, Helen and Dolokhov brought them only suffering. Lies, hypocrisy and sycophancy never bring real success, but they can tarnish a person’s honor and lose his dignity).
1. A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
The epigraph of the novel immediately points to the problem raised by the author: who is the bearer of honor and who is the bearer of dishonor. Embodied honor, which does not allow one to be guided by material or other selfish interests, is manifested in the feat of Captain Mironov and his inner circle. Pyotr Grinev is ready to die for the given word of the oath, and does not even try to get out, deceive, or save lives. Shvabrin acts differently: in order to save his life, he is ready to serve the Cossacks, just to survive.
Masha Mironova is the embodiment of female honor. She is also ready to die, but does not enter into an agreement with the hated Shvabrin, who is seeking the girl’s love.
2. M.Yu. Lermontov “Song about ... merchant Kalashnikov”
Kiribeevich is a representative of the oprichnina, he does not refuse anything, he is accustomed to permissiveness. Desire and love lead him through life, he does not tell the whole truth (and therefore lies) to the king and receives permission to marry a married woman. Kalashnikov, following the laws of Domostroy, stands up to defend the honor of his disgraced wife. He is ready to die, but to punish his offender. Leaving to fight on the execution site, he invites his brothers, who should continue his work if he dies. Kiribeevich behaves cowardly, courage and daring immediately disappear from his face as soon as he learns the name of his opponent. And although Kalashnikov dies, he dies a winner.
3. N.A. Nekrasov “To whom in Rus'...”
Matryona Timofeevna sacredly preserves her honor and dignity as a mother and wife. She, pregnant, goes to the governor’s wife to save her husband from being recruited.
Ermila Girin, being an honest and noble person, enjoys authority among the villagers of the surrounding area. When the need arose to buy the mill, he had no money; the peasants at the market collected a thousand rubles in half an hour. And when I was able to return the money, I went around to everyone and personally returned what I had borrowed. He gave the remaining unclaimed ruble to everyone for drinks. He is an honest man and honor is more important to him than money.
4. N.S. Leskov "Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk"
The main character, Katerina Izmailova, puts love above honor. It doesn’t matter to her who she kills, just to stay with her lover. The death of a father-in-law or husband becomes only a prelude. The main crime is the murder of the little heir. But after exposure, she remains abandoned by her beloved man, since his love was only an appearance, a desire to find his mistress as a wife. The death of Katerina Izmailova does not wash away the dirt from her crimes. Thus, dishonor during life remains the posthumous shame of a lustful, jaded merchant's wife.
5. F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"
Sonya Marmeladova is the moral and ideological center of the novel. The girl, thrown onto the panel by her stepmother, retains the purity of her soul. She not only fervently believes in God, but also retains a moral principle that does not allow her to lie, steal, or betray. She carries her cross without shifting responsibility to anyone. She finds the right words to convince Raskolnikov to confess to the crime. And he follows him to hard labor, protects the honor of his ward, protects him in the most difficult moments of his life. In the end, he saves you with his love. So surprisingly, a girl working as a prostitute becomes in Dostoevsky’s novel a protector and bearer of true honor and dignity.
The morals of the Cossacks are very cruel, and therefore these people from childhood get used to courageously enduring physical pain and enduring various hardships. Suffice it to recall how Ostap at the Kyiv Academy was inhumanly flogged several times for his attempts to leave his studies.
But the main thing for the Cossacks is that they value honor more than life. Firstly, this means that they are ready to sacrifice themselves in defense of their Motherland, and secondly, that death is the only fair punishment for a Cossack for dishonor and “shame” of his people.
Proof of the validity of the first statement are the scenes of the heroic death of Taras Bulba himself and his son Ostap. Both heroes stoically endure their dying torments and think about only one thing: how not to disgrace their people and die with dignity. Taras Bulba, even at the moment when the Poles light a fire under him, tries to save his comrades. He shouts to the Cossacks to retreat to the river, where salvation awaits them. Then Bulba threatens his enemies with future destruction, so that the “damned Poles” know that the strong Russian will cannot be broken so easily.
Following the second rule of the unspoken Cossack code concerning honor, Taras Bulba personally kills his own son Andriy, who went over to the side of the Poles because of his love for the beautiful “pannochka”. So he administers terribly cruel, but, in his opinion, fair justice.
No matter how difficult it was for a Cossack to follow the harsh laws of the Zaporozhye Sich, compliance with the code was a vital necessity for these people. This is what allowed them to become a single whole and gain a powerful force that crushes the enemy and forces him to flee, shouting in fear: “Cossacks!.. the Cossacks have appeared!..”
