Arguments in the essay of part C of the Unified State Exam in Russian on the topic “The problem of happiness (its understanding), the meaning of life”
Text from the Unified State Examination
(1) The writer lives for them, his readers and viewers. (2) In novels, stories, stories, the author certainly - sometimes even involuntarily - shares his life experience, his thoughts, suffering and hopes.
(3) Later, letters can convey to the author the opinion of those for whose sake all his incessant thoughts, turmoil, his defenseless frankness, his work. (4) One of the readers in his letter recalls how once in the House of Writers he heard from me the lines of a poem, the author of which I cannot now name with certainty:
(5) And people are looking for happiness, As if Happiness, Happiness exists...
(6) Many, many questions from readers can be reduced to this common semantic denominator: what is the concept of “happiness” in reality? (7) They are also interested in whether I have ever been absolutely happy. (8) I answer immediately and without hesitation: “absolutely” I have never been. (9) As Arkady Isaakovich Raikin said, the most meaningless question is: “Are you okay?” (10) Does anyone ever have everything go well?!
(11) And if suddenly it were... (12) To feel such boundless, thoughtless and careless happiness is, in my opinion, immoral and sinful. (13) After all, even if everything seems to have turned out well for you, someone at the same time is experiencing mental and physical torment...
(14) The classics of Russian literature penetrated the depths of universal human situations, universal human conflicts and psychological cataclysms. (15) They comprehended the incomprehensible complexities of existence. (16) What do they think about the happiness so desired for everyone? (17) Pushkin, as you know, wrote: “There is no happiness in the world, but there is peace and will.” (18) By will he meant freedom. (19) Lermontov was looking for “freedom and peace” - and this was perhaps his most secret aspiration. (20) Lermontov was looking for “peace,” but in reality he was likened to that sail that “is looking for storms, as if there is peace in storms!” (21) “We only dream of peace...” - Alexander Blok stated sadly many years later. (22) Perhaps in the second half of the twentieth century people no longer dream of peace. (23) But still we long for peace of mind, in which only creative rest and beneficial rest in any other activity are possible, necessary for people. (24) Worldly prosperity did not often visit the immortals. (25) It is generally accepted to consider Goethe the darling of fate. (26) But Irakli Andronikov showed me Goethe’s letter, in which the “darling” said that if there had been at least one completely happy month in his life, he would have considered his whole life happy. (27) So much for “absolutely”!
(28) On the monument to Father Lermontov in Tarkhany we read:
(29) You gave me life, but you didn’t give me happiness.
(30) You yourself were persecuted in the world, you have only experienced evil in life...
(31) It was hard for the immortals. (32) “In life I have only experienced evil...” ... (33) This also applied to the poet himself. (34) But how much wisdom and light did he give to people?!
(According to A. Aleksin)
Introduction
Happiness is a relative concept that has become main goal existence of humanity. No matter how different people may be, everyone strives for happiness: the poor, the rich, the simple worker, and the highly educated professor. Old and young, sick and healthy, smart and stupid... And everyone has their own happiness.
Text problem
What is absolute happiness? What is it like? Is happiness the meaning? human life? A. Aleksin reflects on this in his text.
A comment
The author says that writers and poets, through their works, share with the reader thoughts, doubts, and emotional experiences. People often ask about creative personalities, what is happiness, apparently, hoping for them life experience and the ability to see the inner world.
Aleksin is sure that it is impossible to be absolutely happy, that everything can never be fine. Even if we assume that absolute boundless happiness has arrived, how can one feel careless given the suffering and torment of those around them?
The classics of Russian and world literature had their own idea of happiness - for the majority it was peace and freedom. Although few, or rather, none of them had to experience happiness in real life. Pushkin, Lermontov, Blok - they all suffered, and from their suffering magnificent poems were born, filled with the deepest meaning.
Author's position
According to A. Aleksin, the main goal for the artist is creative person is not only about finding happiness, but also about helping readers better understand their place in life. This is the meaning of the difficult life of poets, writers, musicians, and artists.
Your position
I think that bringing light and a better understanding of life is the destiny not only of creative individuals, but of each of us. Awareness of the positive results of one’s actions, efforts, and labors is happiness. Perhaps this is the meaning of our short life - to give birth to another person and help people feel the value of their existence. In other words, true happiness lies in self-realization, in the struggle for the well-being of the world around us.
Argument No. 1
Many works have been written about happiness. One of the most famous was the poem by N.A. Nekrasov “Who Lives Well in Rus'.” The heroes of the poem, seven men from surrounding villages, go in search of a happy man in Russia.
On the way they meet various heroes: a priest, a landowner, wealthy Russian men who live by honor and justice. None of them found happiness in life, each had their own difficulties.
Russian peasant women are not happy either. Matryona Timofeevna is considered lucky by the people, although she works for seven, and in her youth she lost her first-born son.
Unfortunately, Nekrasov did not finish the work. From his draft notes it becomes clear that the main “lucky” person of the poem is Grisha Dobrosklonov, a man who lives for the good of his people.
Argument No. 2
Another understanding of happiness is presented by L.N. Tolstoy in the epilogue to the novel “War and Peace”. All their lives, Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov were in search of answers to eternal questions: what do we live for? how should one live? is there happiness? what does it consist of?
The moral quest of one ended in death - Prince Andrei died during the War of 1812. And the other found simple human happiness - Pierre married Natasha Rostova, they gave birth to three children, formed strong family for which they built later life without fear of problems and difficulties.
Natasha Rostova, a flighty girl in her youth, turned out to be faithful wife and a wonderful mother, put her personal ambitions on the altar of the needs of her husband’s life.
Family is a person’s true pleasure, his meaning of life, his happiness.
Conclusion
Everyone is happy in their own way, everyone has their own ideas about happiness. It is not easy to achieve, for the sake of happiness you need to sacrifice a lot, then a person’s life will become filled with meaning.
What is the problem of finding the meaning of life and the arguments I will consider especially for readers of “Popular about Health”. Many people wonder why a person is born, lives his life, and then dies. This question usually comes up in childhood, but over time, it gradually subsides, as a person plunges into life problems and he has no time for philosophizing anymore.
However, even in adulthood, many people still have this question. But some are not looking for an answer to the question, while others are the opposite. If a person spends all his time searching for the meaning of life, then he will probably not live fully all this time either. Nevertheless, many are interested in whether life on Earth is really given only to give birth to one’s offspring, to sleep, eat, go to work, solve endless life problems and only sometimes rest? The life of many people proceeds this way, when more problems prevail than joyful moments. If a person were shown his future life from the beginning, then many people would not have the desire to be born, for the sake of a meager amount of happiness.
But life works differently and we are not allowed to see what fate awaits a person. Almost all the literature of the world strives to give a person an answer to the philosophical question “What is the meaning of life”? The life values of each person can be called those ideas and ideas that become the main ones in life for him, the defining ones that he wants to achieve at any cost. Usually in society it is customary to distinguish between spiritual and material values. Based on them, a person begins to build his life, his relationships with colleagues at work, with his family and simply with people in society.
So life values some representatives " Famusov society“There was a lot of money, connections with people of higher rank, as well as power and everything specifically related to these concepts. Moreover, in order to achieve them, people stop at nothing; in pursuit of them, a person can show all his lowest and most disgusting character traits: meanness, hypocrisy, he boldly commits deception, and can curry favor with his superiors for the sake of his own achievements.
All these are techniques of Famusov and others like him to achieve their goal by any means. Therefore, they hate Chatsky’s freedom-loving ideals to the maximum extent. His increased desire to become useful to society, his great desire to bring educational ideas to the masses, his desire to achieve great success in life, only thanks to knowledge, they cause genuine irritation and misunderstanding to such an extent that it is better for them to declare him crazy than to try to somehow understand his thoughts.
The meaning of life for Natasha Rostova is seen in family, in love for loved ones. She practically never appears in society after her wedding with Pierre; she devotes herself entirely only to her beloved husband and children. But Natasha’s mercy easily extends not only to her family. She actively chooses to help wounded soldiers who are temporarily in Moscow after the Battle of Borodino.
She understands well that they do not have the strength to get out of the city, which Napoleon’s troops will enter, and therefore, without regret, she asks her parents to give the carts to these wounded, which are intended to transport many things from their home. But Berg, who is the son-in-law of the Rostov family, makes a completely different choice. For him now is the main moment - to make money, to buy things at a bargain price, which the owners sell for almost nothing. He visits the Rostovs only with the only request that they give him a cart and men who will load the wardrobe and cabinets he likes.
The gentleman from San Francisco, from Bunin’s story, is a certain rich man whose goal is identical to the goals of many people: to earn huge capital, successfully marry a beautiful lady, have many children and pass away at an advanced age. The existence of such a person is monotonous, without any emotional outbursts, he has no doubts, there is no mental torment.
Death overtakes this gentleman unexpectedly, but it is like a litmus test that reveals the full value of his life. It is symbolic that at the beginning of the sea voyage he travels in a luxurious first class cabin, then he returns back forgotten by everyone, he floats in a polluted hold, where shellfish and shrimp have settled next to him as neighbors.
Thus, the writer Bunin equates the value of a person with creatures that spend their entire lives eating plankton. Thus, the fate of this gentleman from the city of San Francisco and others like him clearly reflects the meaninglessness of human existence, the emptiness of life. When life is lived without mental turmoil, without any doubts, moreover, without ups and downs, lived only with the sole purpose of satisfying one’s personal interests and needs of the material plane - it becomes insignificant. AND logical conclusion such a life means quick oblivion.
Ilya Oblomov is good and a kind person, but he was never able to overcome himself, he was unable to reveal his best features. When a person does not have a high goal in life, this leads him to moral death. Therefore, even love could not save him. IN famous play Gorky's "At the Bottom" the writer shows the drama of "former people" who, in connection with life situation have lost the strength to fight. They hope for good changes, understand that they need to live better, but, strictly speaking, they do nothing to in any way change their fate. It is no coincidence that the play begins in a rooming house and ends there.
Unified State Examination essay:
Meaning of life. Each of us at least once thought about why he was born. And if for some the goal is hoarding, then others will devote themselves to serving the weaker, the unfortunate, those in need of help. In both cases, the well-being and fate of those around us may depend on our choice. So important for modern society The problem of finding the meaning of life is posed by the author of the text offered to me - the famous religious philosopher A.I. Ilyin.
Analyzing this problem, the author tells a fairy tale-parable about an eccentric who was very rich and had everything “that a person could only wish for.” We learn that, despite this, the hero felt: the most important thing in his life was missing. It is no coincidence that the writer focuses the reader’s attention on the “sorrowful burden”, the hero’s misfortune: the author needs to show how similar an eccentric from a fairy tale and a person living in modern world. Important place the text occupies a kind of forecast: from the author’s point of view, no matter what “new and new tools, means and opportunities” are put at a person’s disposal, without a specific goal in life, it “will be missing the main thing.” The writer analyzes the natural scientific and technical inventions of the last century and says that it is “a dormant fiery mountain, unpredictable and capricious.” The final part is an appeal to contemporaries with a warning about the troubles that will happen if a person “does not go in search of the meaning of life.”
The author’s position is beyond doubt: A.I. Ilyin is convinced that every person needs to find his own meaning in life, because “life without meaning... becomes more dangerous than ever.” Only in this case, as the author believes, “the possibilities of creation” will not become “means of universal destruction.”
Of course, I agree with the philosopher’s opinion: a person who has not found the meaning of life turns it into existence. In addition, I am sure that when defining priorities for ourselves, each of us must understand: the well-being and fate of the people around us may depend on the goals we set.
To prove this, let us turn to the work of F. M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment”. Before us is a hero whose meaning in life is to be the one who is “allowed to step over the blood.” For this purpose, he kills the old woman-pawnbroker and her sister Lizaveta, destroys for the sake of his idea living soul, turns away from close people, causes serious concern for his mother, sister, Sonya Marmeladova, Razumikhin. Raskolnikov's story helps to understand that the priorities set by the main character influenced both Raskolnikov himself and the destinies of the people around him.
In order to understand how important it is to determine the meaning of life, let us turn to the work of B. Vasiliev “My horses are flying...”. The author talks about a hero who influenced the fate of not just one person, but an entire city. Dr. Jansen, a doctor in the poorest district of Smolensk, was respected for his life filled with the meaning of serving people. He considered his calling to be dedication to his work, the ability to sacrifice time for the sake of patients. Dr. Jansen's story is confirmation that each of us, when determining the main values of our lives, is obliged to think not only about ourselves.
Text-parable by I.A. Ilyin, works by F.M. Dostoevsky and B. Vasiliev allowed me to rethink my attitude to the problem of the meaning of life. I thought about the fact that in the twenty-first century a person must feel “where” he is going, “why” he has been given enormous opportunities, “how” he must use, apply all this so that the path of life does not turn into a “path of ruins.”
Text by I.A. Ilyina:
(1) In a certain city there lived an eccentric... (2) He was very rich and had all the things that a person could only wish for. (3) His house was decorated with marble staircases, Persian carpets and gilded furniture. (4) In the garden surrounding this luxurious palace, flowers were fragrant, cool fountains were flowing, and overseas birds delighted the ears with their whimsical singing.
(5) However, despite his outward well-being, our eccentric felt that he was missing something most important, which he could not even name. (6) A decisive and courageous man, he could do so much, he dared almost everything, but he did not know what he could strive for, and life seemed meaningless and dead to him. (7) Nothing made him happy, and wealth, increasing more and more, gradually became a sad burden for him.
(8) Then he went to one old woman who nurtured her ancient wisdom in the cave of a slumbering fiery mountain. (9) The eccentric told her about his misfortune, and the old woman answered him: (10) “Go to Big world to find the missing one. (11) Your misfortune is great: you lack the main thing, and until you find it, life will be misfortune and torture for you.”
(12) This fairy tale always comes to my mind when I think about the modern world and its spiritual crisis. (13) How rich humanity is in goods of a lower order! (14) And everything will become richer. (15) Space will be conquered, mysterious forms of matter will be discovered and mastered. (16) More and more new tools, means and opportunities will be placed at a person’s disposal, but the main thing is missing.
(17) The “how” of earthly life develops non-stop, but the “why” is imperceptibly lost. (18) It is as if a person who suffers from absent-mindedness was playing chess and developed for himself a far-sighted, complex plan, the implementation of which is already half completed, and suddenly he forgets his plan. (19) “Wonderful! (20) But why did I do all this? (21) What did I actually want with this?!” (22) Let's remember the natural science and technical inventions of the last century. (23) Electricity, dynamite, bacterial cultures, reinforced concrete, airplane, radio, atomic splitting. (24) This is enough and super-sufficient to create something great. (25) Reaching such a transcendental level, on such paths presupposes the presence of a comprehensive, inspired, far-sighted, purposeful consciousness, the development of art, which carries enormous spiritual and educational power. (26) Life without meaning under such conditions becomes more dangerous than ever. (27) Possibilities for creation can become means of universal destruction. (28) After all, in themselves they are neither good nor bad, they are only a powerful, uncertain “possibility”, a dormant fiery mountain, unpredictable and capricious in everything.
(29) Modern humanity must at least intuitively feel “where” it is going, “why” it has been given these opportunities, “how” it must be used, applied all this in order creative path knowledge has not turned into a path of ruins. (30) What will happen if a bunch of spiritually rootless and morally unbridled “conquerors of the world” start tinkering with the tools of modern chemistry, technology and science? (31) Misfortune modern man great, because he lacks the main thing - the meaning of life. (32) He must go in search. (33) And until he finds the main thing, troubles and dangers will lurk more and more often. (34) Despite all the power of his mind and the breadth of his capabilities.
(According to I.A. Ilyin*)
?Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' Kirill:
What do we live for? God predestined the world for limitless development and improvement. Each of us must be a co-worker with God in this great work, and this begins with the human person.
The Lord creates everyone with their own eternal value. Some say: we live for the sake of future generations, we see the meaning of our existence in children. This is great, but I would like to ask: is the value of the next generation greater than the value of the previous one? Not sure. Yes, it is human nature to live for the future, but this cannot be the only goal, because our own personality is unique. Collaboration with God is the meaning of life. First of all, this is self-improvement - mental, spiritual, physical. Then everything will be built correctly, then we will work to achieve the great goal, which is to transform the entire universe.
Dmitry Leontyev, director of the Institute of Existential Psychology and Life Creativity, Doctor of Psychology:
Leo Tolstoy and Viktor Frankl, an Austrian psychologist and philosopher, helped to understand the main thing.
1. You cannot abstractly raise the question about the meaning of life in general, only about the meaning of my life.
2. It is useless to try to find the answer and adjust your life to it; on the contrary, try to make your life meaningless, and then you can comprehend its meaning with your mind.
3. Meaning is in the world, it cannot be invented or found in oneself.
4. The possibility of meaning is open to any person, regardless of his characteristics and living conditions.
5. Don’t ask about the meaning of life, but answer this question with action, with your life.
6. The search for meaning is endless, and finding it is often illusory. Blessed are those who seek, and those who do not find.
?Sergey Savelyev, evolutionist, Doctor of Biological Sciences:
The goal of anyone biological organism— transfer of the genome to the next generation. And the meaning of our life is the same. Since man is an animal, the meaning of his existence is determined by three motives - the desire for food, reproduction and dominance. Everything else stems from these three, often simply masking them.
Source:
What is a sense of life?
Special project “100 main issues of Russia”. Question #31
http://www.aif.ru/dontknows/answer/1036690
Essay on the Unified State Exam on the meaning of life
What is the meaning of life (based on the text by Yu Bondarev)
What is the meaning of life? The answer to this question can be found in the text by Yu. Bondarev. The author revealed one of the problems of the text - the problem of the meaning of life - through reflections on the behavior of people in war.
The rhetorical question posed at the beginning of the text calls the reader to attention and sharpens his interest in the problem. War for man - extreme situation when the question of life and death is acute. It is in war that the price of life and its meaning increase.
I can't help but agree with the author's opinion. I share his point of view. The main thing in life for a person is to find the meaning of life. When it is there, a person walks purposefully through life. He does not waste his energy on trifles. However, it is very difficult to determine your true meaning in life. To do this, you need to comprehend everything, understand yourself, find your true purpose.
D.S. also touches on this problem in his article. Likhachev in the book “Letters about Good”. He writes that the meaning of human life is to live with dignity and leave behind a good memory.
And the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle expressed his idea of the meaning of life in the quote: “What is the meaning of life? Serve people and do good.” For him, the meaning of life lies in caring for people, in helping others.
The article makes you think about your life, about the importance of the deeds and actions that you will perform in life. Think about what trace you will leave on earth.
Literary arguments to essay - reasoning. Unified State Examination, Russian language.
1) What is the meaning of life?
1. The author writes about the meaning of life, and Eugene Onegin in the novel of the same name by A.S. Pushkin comes to mind. Bitter is the fate of those who have not found their place in life! Onegin is a gifted person, one of the best people that time, but he did nothing but evil - he killed a friend, brought misfortune to Tatyana who loved him:
Having lived without a goal, without work
Until twenty-six years old,
Languishing in idle leisure,
No work, no wife, no business
I didn't know how to do anything.
2. People who have not found the purpose of life are unhappy. Pechorin in “Hero of Our Time” by M.Yu. Lermontov is active, smart, resourceful, observant, but all his actions are random, his activity is fruitless, and he is unhappy, none of the manifestations of his will has a deep purpose. The hero bitterly asks himself: “Why did I live? For what purpose was I born?..”
3. Throughout life path Pierre Bezukhov tirelessly searched for himself and the true meaning of life. After painful trials, he became able not only to think about the meaning of life, but also to perform specific actions that require will and determination. In the epilogue of L.N. Tolstoy’s novel we meet Pierre, carried away by the ideas of Decembrism, protesting against the existing social order and fighting for the just life of the very people of which he feels himself a part. According to Tolstoy, this organic combination of the personal and the national contains both the meaning of life and happiness.
2) Fathers and sons. Upbringing.
1. It seems like Bazarov - positive hero in the novel by I.S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”. Smart, brave, independent in judgment, advanced man of his time, but readers are confused by his attitude towards his parents, who love their son madly, but he is deliberately rude to them. Yes, Evgeny practically does not communicate with old people. How sad they are! And only Odintsova he said wonderful words about his parents, but the old people themselves never heard them.
2. In general, the problem of “fathers” and “children” is typical for Russian literature. In A.N. Ostrovsky’s drama “The Thunderstorm,” it takes on a tragic sound, since young people who want to live by their own minds emerge from blind obedience to the domostroy.
And in the novel by I.S. Turgenev, the generation of children represented by Yevgeny Bazarov is already decisively going their own way, sweeping away established authorities. And the contradictions between two generations are often painful.
3) Impudence. Rudeness. Behavior in society.
1.Human incontinence, disrespectful attitude towards others, rudeness and rudeness have direct relation to improper upbringing in the family. Therefore, Mitrofanushka in D.I. Fonvizin’s comedy “The Minor” says unforgivable, rude words. In Mrs. Prostakova's house, rude language and beatings are a common occurrence. So mother says to Pravdin: “...now I scold, now I fight; This is how the house holds together.”
2. Famusov appears before us as a rude, ignorant person in A. Griboedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit.” He is rude to dependent people, speaks grumpily, rudely, calls the servants names in every possible way, regardless of their age.
3. You can cite the image of the mayor from the comedy “The Inspector General”. A positive example: A. Bolkonsky.
4) The problem of poverty, social inequality.
1. With stunning realism, F.M. Dostoevsky depicts the world of Russian reality in the novel “Crime and Punishment”. He shows social injustice, hopelessness, spiritual impasse, which gave rise to Raskolnikov’s absurd theory. The heroes of the novel are poor people, humiliated by society, poverty is everywhere, suffering is everywhere. Together with the author, we feel pain for the fate of the children. Standing up for the disadvantaged is what matures in the minds of readers when they get acquainted with this work.
5) The problem of mercy.
1. It seems that from all the pages of F.M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment” disadvantaged people ask us for help: Katerina Ivanovna, her children, Sonechka... A sad picture of the image humiliated man appeals to our mercy and compassion: “Love your neighbor...” The author believes that a person must find his way “to the kingdom of light and thought.” He believes that a time will come when people will love each other. He claims that beauty will save the world.
2. In maintaining compassion for people, a merciful and patient soul, the moral height of a woman is revealed in A. Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matryonin’s Dvor”. In all the trials that degrade human dignity, Matryona remains sincere, responsive, ready to help, capable of rejoicing in the happiness of others. This is the image of a righteous woman, a keeper of spiritual values. Without her, according to the proverb, “the village, the city, the whole land is not worth it.”
6) The problem of honor, duty, feat.
1. When you read about how Andrei Bolkonsky was mortally wounded, you feel horror. He did not rush forward with the banner, he simply did not lie down on the ground like the others, but continued to stand, knowing that the cannonball would explode. Bolkonsky could not do otherwise. He, with his sense of honor and duty, noble valor, did not want to do otherwise. There are always people who cannot run, remain silent, or hide from danger. They die before others because they are better. And their death is not meaningless: it gives birth to something in the souls of people, something very important.
7) The problem of happiness.
1. L.N. Tolstoy in the novel “War and Peace” leads us, the readers, to the idea that happiness is not expressed in wealth, not in nobility, not in fame, but in love, all-consuming and all-encompassing. Such happiness cannot be taught. Before his death, Prince Andrei defines his state as “happiness”, located in the intangible and external influences of the soul - “happiness of love”... The hero seems to be returning to the time of pure youth, to the ever-living springs of natural existence.
2. To be happy, you need to remember five simple rules. 1. Free your heart from hatred - forgive. 2. Free your heart from worries - most of them do not come true. 3. Lead simple life and appreciate what you have. 4.Give more. 5. Expect less.
8) My favorite work.
They say that every person in his life must raise a son, build a house, plant a tree. It seems to me that in spiritual life no one can do without Leo Tolstoy’s novel War and Peace. I think this book creates in the human soul the necessary moral foundation on which a temple of spirituality can be built. The novel is an encyclopedia of life; The fates and experiences of the heroes are relevant to this day. The author encourages us to learn from the mistakes of the characters in the work and live a “real life.”
9) Friendship.
Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov in Leo Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” are people of “crystal honest, crystal soul.” They constitute the spiritual elite, the moral core to the “marrow of the bones” of a rotten society. These are friends, they are connected by liveliness of character and soul. Both hate the “carnival masks” of high society, complement each other and become necessary to each other, despite the fact that they are so different. The heroes seek and learn the truth - such a goal justifies the value of their life and friendship.
10) Faith in God. Christian motives.
1. In the image of Sonya, F.M. Dostoevsky personifies the “man of God”, who has not lost his connection with God in a cruel world with a passionate desire for “Life in Christ”. IN scary world In the novel Crime and Punishment, this girl is a moral ray of light that warms the heart of a criminal. Rodion heals his soul and returns to life with Sonya. It turns out that without God there is no life. So Dostoevsky thought, so Gumilyov later wrote:
2. The heroes of F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment” read the parable of the resurrection of Lazarus. Through Sonya, the prodigal son, Rodion, returns to real life and God. Only at the end of the novel does he see “morning”, and under his pillow lies the Gospel. Bible stories became the basis for the works of Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol. The poet Nikolai Gumilyov has wonderful words:
There is God, there is peace, they live forever;
And people's lives are instantaneous and miserable,
But a person contains everything within himself,
Who loves the world and believes in God.
11)Patriotism.
1. True patriots in Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace do not think about themselves, they feel the need for their own contribution and even sacrifice, but do not expect rewards for this, because they carry in their souls a genuine holy feeling of the Motherland.
Pierre Bezukhov gives his money, sells his estate to equip the regiment. True patriots were also those who left Moscow, not wanting to submit to Napoleon. Petya Rostov is rushing to the front because “The Fatherland is in danger.” Russian men, dressed in soldiers' greatcoats, fiercely resist the enemy, because the feeling of patriotism is sacred and inalienable for them.
2. In Pushkin’s poetry we find sources of the purest patriotism. His “Poltava”, “Boris Godunov”, all appeals to Peter the Great, “slanderers of Russia”, his poem dedicated to the Borodino anniversary, testify to the depth of popular feeling and the power of patriotism, enlightened and sublime.
12) Family.
We, the readers, arouse special sympathy for the Rostov family in L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace,” whose behavior reveals high nobility of feelings, kindness, even rare generosity, naturalness, closeness to the people, moral purity and integrity. The sense of family, which the Rostovs take sacred in peaceful life, will turn out to be historically significant in the course of Patriotic War 1812.
13) Conscience.
1.Probably, the last thing we, readers, expected from Dolokhov in L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” was an apology to Pierre on the eve of the Battle of Borodino. In moments of danger, during a period of general tragedy, conscience awakens in this tough man. Bezukhov is surprised by this. We seem to see Dolokhov from the other side and one more time we will be surprised when he, with other Cossacks and hussars, frees a party of prisoners, where Pierre will be, when he has difficulty speaking, seeing Petya lying motionless. Conscience is a moral category, without it it is impossible to imagine a real person.
2. Conscientious means decent, fair man endowed with a sense of dignity, justice, kindness. The one who lives in harmony with his conscience is calm and happy. The fate of one who missed it for the sake of momentary gain or renounced it out of personal egoism is unenviable.
3. It seems to me that issues of conscience and honor for Nikolai Rostov in L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” are the moral essence of a decent person. Having lost a lot of money to Dolokhov, he promises himself to return it to his father, who saved him from dishonor. And one more time Rostov surprised me when he entered into an inheritance and accepted all his father’s debts. This is what people of honor and duty usually do, people with developed sense conscience.
4. The best features of Grinev from the story by A.S. Pushkin “ Captain's daughter", conditioned by upbringing, manifest themselves in moments of severe trials and help him get out of difficult situations with honor. In conditions of rebellion, the hero maintains humanity, honor and loyalty to himself; he risks his life, but does not deviate from the dictates of duty, refusing to swear allegiance to Pugachev and make compromises.
14) Education. His role in human life.
1. A.S. Griboedov, under the guidance of experienced teachers, received a good initial education, which he continued at Moscow University. The writer's contemporaries were amazed by the level of his education. He graduated from three faculties (the verbal department of the Faculty of Philosophy, the Faculty of Science and Mathematics and the Faculty of Law) and received the academic title of candidate of these sciences. Griboyedov studied Greek, Latin, English, French and German languages, spoke Arabic, Persian and Italian. Alexander Sergeevich was fond of theater. He was one of the excellent writers and diplomats.
We consider 2.M.Yu. Lermontov to be one of the great writers of Russia and the progressive noble intelligentsia. He was called a revolutionary romantic. Although Lermontov left the university because the leadership considered his stay there undesirable, the poet was distinguished high level self-education. He began to write poetry early, drew beautifully, and played music. Lermontov constantly developed his talent and left his descendants a rich creative heritage.
15) Officials. Power.
1. I. Krylov, N. V. Gogol, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin in their works ridiculed those officials who humiliate their subordinates and pander to their superiors. Writers condemn them for rudeness, indifference to the people, embezzlement and bribery. No wonder Shchedrin is called a prosecutor public life. His satire was full of sharp journalistic content.
2. In the comedy “The Inspector General,” Gogol showed the officials inhabiting the city - the embodiment of the passions rampant in it. He denounced the entire bureaucratic system, portrayed a vulgar society plunged into universal deception. Officials are far from the people, busy only with material well-being. The writer not only exposes their abuses, but also shows that they have acquired the character of a “disease.” Lyapkin-Tyapkin, Bobchinsky, Zemlyanika and other characters are ready to humiliate themselves before their superiors, but they do not consider simple petitioners to be people.
3.Our society has switched to new round management, therefore the order in the country has changed, the fight against corruption and inspections are underway. It is sad to recognize in many modern officials and politicians emptiness covered by indifference. Gogol's types have not disappeared. They exist in a new guise, but with the same emptiness and vulgarity.
16) Intelligence. Spirituality.
1.I rate intelligent person by his ability to behave in society and by spirituality. Andrei Bolkonsky in Leo Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” is my favorite hero, whom young men of our generation can imitate. He is smart, educated, intelligent. He is characterized by such character traits that make up spirituality as a sense of duty, honor, patriotism, and mercy. Andrey is disgusted by the world with its pettiness and falsehood. It seems to me that the prince’s feat is not only that he rushed with a banner at the enemy, but also that he consciously abandoned false values, choosing compassion, kindness and love.
2. In comedy " The Cherry Orchard“A.P. Chekhov denies intelligence to people who do nothing, are incapable of work, don’t read anything serious, only talk about science, and understand little about art. He believes that humanity must improve its strength, work hard, help those who suffer, and strive for moral purity.
3. Andrei Voznesensky has wonderful words: “There is a Russian intelligentsia. Do you think no? Eat!"
17)Mother. Motherhood.
1. With trepidation and excitement, A.I. Solzhenitsyn remembered his mother, who sacrificed a lot for her son. Persecuted by the authorities because of her husband’s “White Guard” and her father’s “former wealth,” she could not work in an institution that paid well, although she knew very well foreign languages, studied shorthand and typewriting. Great writer I am grateful to my mother for doing everything to instill in him diverse interests, to give him higher education. In his memory, his mother remained an example of universal moral values.
2.V.Ya.Bryusov connects the theme of motherhood with love and composes an enthusiastic praise to the woman-mother. This is the humanistic tradition of Russian literature: the poet believes that the movement of the world, humanity comes from a woman - a symbol of love, self-sacrifice, patience and understanding.
18) Labor is laziness.
Valery Bryusov created a hymn to labor, which also contains the following passionate lines:
And the right to a place in life
Only to those whose days are in labor:
Glory to the workers only,
Only for them - a wreath for centuries!
19) Theme of love.
Every time Pushkin wrote about love, his soul became enlightened. In the poem: “I loved you...” the poet’s feeling is anxious, love has not yet cooled down, it lives in him. Light sadness caused by unrequited strong feeling. He confesses to his beloved, and how strong and noble his impulses are:
I loved you silently, hopelessly,
We are tormented by timidity and jealousy...
The nobility of the poet's feelings, tinged with light and subtle sadness, is expressed simply and directly, warmly and, as always with Pushkin, enchantingly musical. This is the true power of love, which resists vanity, indifference, and dullness!
20)Purity of language.
1.During its history, Russia has experienced three eras of contamination of the Russian language. The first happened under Peter 1, when there were over three thousand marine terms of foreign words alone. The second era came with the 1917 revolution. But the darkest time for our language is the endXX- StartXXIcenturies, when we witnessed the degradation of language. Just look at the phrase heard on television: “Don’t slow down – grab a snicker!” Americanisms have overwhelmed our speech. I am sure that the purity of speech must be strictly monitored, it is necessary to eradicate clericalism, jargon, and the abundance of foreign words that displace beautiful, correct literary speech, which is the standard of Russian classics.
2. Pushkin did not have the opportunity to save the Fatherland from enemies, but he was given the opportunity to decorate, elevate and glorify its language. The poet extracted unheard-of sounds from the Russian language and “hit the hearts” of readers with unknown force. Centuries will pass, but these poetic treasures will remain for posterity in all the charm of their beauty and will never lose their strength and freshness:
I loved you so sincerely, so tenderly,
How God grant that your beloved be different!
21)Nature. Ecology.
1. I. Bunin’s poetry is characterized by a caring attitude towards nature, he worries about itcprotection for purity, therefore his lyrics contain many bright, rich colors of love and hope. Nature feeds the poet with optimism; through her images he expresses his philosophy of life:
My spring will pass, and this day will pass,
But it's fun to wander around and know that everything passes,
Meanwhile, the happiness of living will never die...
In the poem “Forest Road,” nature is the source of happiness and beauty for humans.
2.V. Astafiev’s book “The Fish Tsar” consists of many essays, stories and short stories. The chapters “Dream of the White Mountains” and “King Fish” talk about the interaction of man with nature. The writer bitterly names the reason for the destruction of nature - this is the spiritual impoverishment of man. His duel with the fish has a sad outcome. In general, in his discussions about man and the world around him, Astafiev concludes that nature is a temple, and man is part of nature, and therefore is obliged to protect this common home for all living things, to preserve its beauty.
3.Accidents at nuclear power plants affect the inhabitants of entire continents, even the entire Earth. They have long-term consequences. Many years ago, the worst man-made disaster occurred - the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The territories of Belarus, Ukraine and Russia suffered the most. The consequences of the disaster are global. For the first time in human history, an industrial accident has reached such a scale that its consequences can be found anywhere in the world. Many people received terrible doses of radiation and died painful deaths. Chernobyl contamination continues to cause increased mortality among people of all ages. Cancer is one of the typical manifestations of the effects of radiation. The accident at the nuclear power plant resulted in a decrease in the birth rate, an increase in mortality, genetic disorders... People must remember Chernobyl for the sake of the future, know about the dangers of radiation and do everything to ensure that such disasters never happen again.
22) The role of art .
My contemporary, poet and prose writer Elena Taho-Godi, wrote about the influence of art on people:
You can live without Pushkin
And without Mozart's music too -
Without everything that is spiritually dearer,
Without a doubt, you can live.
Even better, calmer, simpler
Without absurd passions and worries
And more carefree, of course,
But how to meet this deadline?..
23) About our little brothers .
1. I immediately remembered the amazing story “Tame Me,” where Yulia Drunina talks about an unfortunate, trembling from hunger, fear and cold, an unwanted animal in the market, which somehow immediately turned into a household idol. The whole family of the poetess joyfully worshiped him. In another story, the title of which is symbolic, “Responsible for everyone I have tamed,” she will say that the attitude towards “our smaller brothers,” towards creatures who are completely dependent on us, is a “touchstone” for each of us .
2. In many of Jack London’s works, humans and animals (dogs) go through life side by side and help each other in all situations. When you are the only representative of the human race for hundreds of kilometers of snowy silence, there is no better and more devoted assistant than a dog, and, moreover, unlike a person, it is not capable of lies and betrayal.
24) Homeland. Small homeland.
Each of us has our own small homeland- the place from which our first perception of the world around us begins, the comprehension of love for the country. The poet Sergei Yesenin’s most cherished memories are associated with the Ryazan village: with the blue that fell into the river, a raspberry field, a birch grove, where he experienced “lake melancholy” and aching sadness, where he overheard the cry of an oriole, the conversation of sparrows, the rustle of grass. And I immediately imagined that beautiful dewy morning that the poet encountered in his childhood and which gave him a holy “feeling of homeland”:
Woven over the lake
Scarlet light of dawn...
25) Historical memory.
1. A. Tvardovsky wrote:
The war has passed, the suffering has passed,
But pain calls to people.
Come on people, never
Let's not forget about this.
2. The works of many poets are dedicated to the people's feat in the Great Patriotic War. The memory of what we experienced does not die. A.T. Tvardovsky writes that the blood of the fallen was not shed in vain: the survivors must maintain peace so that descendants live happily on earth:
I bequeath in that life
You should be happy
And to my native fatherland
Thanks to them, the war heroes, we live in peace. The Eternal Flame burns, reminding us of the lives given for our homeland.
26) Beauty.
Sergei Yesenin glorifies everything beautiful in his lyrics. Beauty for him is peace and harmony, nature and love for the homeland, tenderness for his beloved: “How beautiful the Earth is and the people on it!”
People will never be able to overcome the feeling of beauty, because the world will not change endlessly, but what pleases the eye and excites the soul will always remain. We freeze with delight, listening to eternal music, born of inspiration, admiring nature, reading poetry... And we love, idolize, dream of something mysterious and beautiful. Beauty is everything that gives happiness.
27) Philistinism.
1.B satirical comedies“The Bedbug” and “Bathhouse” V. Mayakovsky ridicules such vices as philistinism and bureaucracy. There is no place in the future for the main character of the play “The Bedbug”. Mayakovsky's satire has a sharp focus and reveals the shortcomings that exist in any society.
2. B story of the same name A.P. Chekhov Jonah is the personification of the passion for money. We see the impoverishment of his spirit, physical and spiritual “detachment.” The writer told us about the loss of personality, the irreparable waste of time - the most valuable asset of human life, about personal responsibility to oneself and society. Memories of the credit papers he had with himWith such pleasure he takes it out of his pockets in the evenings, it extinguishes the feelings of love and kindness in him.
28) Great people. Talent.
1. Omar Khayyam - a great, brilliantly educated man who lived an intellectual life rich life. His rubai is the story of the ascent of the poet’s soul to the high truth of existence. Khayyam is not only a poet, but also a master of prose, a philosopher, truly great person. He died, and in the “firmament” of the human spirit his star has been shining for almost a thousand years, and its light, alluring and mysterious, does not dim, but on the contrary, becomes brighter:
Be I the Creator, the Ruler of the heights,
It would incinerate the old firmament.
And I would pull on a new one, under which
Envy does not sting, anger does not scurry around.
2. Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn is the honor and conscience of our era. He was a participant in the Great Patriotic War and was awarded for heroism shown in battle. For disapproving statements about Lenin and Stalin, he was arrested and sentenced to eight years in forced labor camps. In 1967, he sent to the USSR Writers' Congress open letter calling for an end to censorship. His, famous writer, were persecuted. In 1970 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. The years of recognition were difficult, but he returned to Russia, wrote a lot, his journalism is considered to be moral sermons. Solzhenitsyn is rightly considered a fighter for freedom and human rights, a politician, an ideologist, public figure who served the country honestly and selflessly. His best works are “The Gulag Archipelago”, “Matryonin’s Dvor”, “ Cancer building»…
29) The problem of material support. Wealth.
Unfortunately, the universal measure of all values of many people has become Lately money, passion for hoarding. Of course, for many citizens this is the personification of well-being, stability, reliability, security, even a guarantor of love and respect - no matter how paradoxical it sounds.
For people like Chichikov in N.V. Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls” and many Russian capitalists, it was not difficult to first “curry favor”, flatter, give bribes, be “pushed around”, so that later they themselves could “push around” and take bribes, and live luxuriously .
30) Freedom - non-freedom.
I read E. Zamyatin’s novel “We” in one breath. Here we can see the idea of what can happen to a person and society when, submitting to an abstract idea, they voluntarily give up freedom. People turn into an appendage of the machine, into cogs. Zamyatin showed the tragedy of overcoming the human in a person, the loss of a name as the loss of one’s own “I”.
31) Time problem .
For a long time creative life L.N. Tolstoy was constantly short of time. His working day began at dawn. The writer absorbed the morning smells, saw the sunrise, awakening and... created. He tried to get ahead of his time, warning humanity against moral catastrophes. This wise classic either kept pace with the times, or was one step ahead of it. Tolstoy’s work is still in demand all over the world: “Anna Karenina”, “War and Peace”, “The Kreutzer Sonata”...
32) Morality.
It seems to me that my soul is a flower that guides me through life so that I live according to my conscience, and the spiritual power of man is that luminous matter that is woven by the world of my sun. We must live according to the commandments of Christ in order for humanity to be humane. To be moral, you need to work hard on yourself:
And God is silent
For a grave sin
Because they doubted God,
He punished love of all,
So that in pain we learn to believe.
33) Space.
Hypostasis of T.I.’s poetry Tyutchev is the world of Copernicus, Columbus, a daring personality reaching out to the abyss. This is what makes the poet close to me, a man of the century of unheard-of discoveries, scientific daring, and the conquest of space. He instills in us a feeling of the boundlessness of the world, its greatness and mystery. The value of a person is determined by the ability to admire and be amazed. Tyutchev was endowed with this “cosmic feeling” like no other.
34Favorite city.
In the poetry of Marina Tsvetaeva, Moscow is a majestic city. In the poem “Over the blue of the groves near Moscow .....” the ringing of Moscow bells sheds a balm on the soul of the blind. This city is sacred for Tsvetaeva. She confesses to him the love that she absorbed, it seems, with her mother’s milk, and passed on to her own children:
And you don’t know what will dawn in the Kremlin
It’s easier to breathe than anywhere on earth!
35) Love for the Motherland.
In the poems of S. Yesenin we feel complete unity lyrical hero with Russia. The poet himself will say that the feeling of the Motherland is the main thing in his work. Yesenin has no doubt about the need for changes in life. He believes in future events that will awaken dormant Rus'. Therefore, he created such works as “Transfiguration”, “O Rus', Flap Your Wings”:
O Rus', flap your wings,
Put up another support!
With other names
A different steppe is emerging.
36) Historical memory.
1. “War and Peace” by L.N. Tolstoy, “Sotnikov” and “Obelisk” by V. Bykov - all these works are united by the theme of war, it bursts into an inevitable disaster, dragging into a bloody whirlpool of events. Its horror, senselessness, and bitterness were clearly demonstrated by Leo Tolstoy in his novel “War and Peace.” The writer’s favorite heroes realize the insignificance of Napoleon, whose invasion was only the entertainment of an ambitious man who found himself on the throne as a result palace coup. In contrast to him, the image of Kutuzov is shown, who was guided in this war by other motives. He fought not for the sake of glory and wealth, but for the sake of loyalty to the Fatherland and duty.
2. 68 years old Great victory separate us from the Great Patriotic War. But time does not reduce interest in this topic; it draws the attention of my generation to the distant years at the front, to the origins of the courage and feat of the Soviet soldier - hero, liberator, humanist. When the guns thundered, the muses were not silent. While instilling love for the Motherland, literature also instilled hatred of the enemy. And this contrast carried within itself the highest justice and humanism. The golden fund of Soviet literature includes such works created during the war years as “Russian Character” by A. Tolstoy, “The Science of Hate” by M. Sholokhov, “The Unconquered” by B. Gorbaty...
