Death of Bazarov: one of the most important episodes of the novel "Fathers and Sons. The symbolic meaning of Bazarov's death

And literature

Topic: “Test of love. Evgeny Bazarov and Anna Odintsova."

Epigraph to the lesson:“...In one minute of love you learn more about a person than in a month of observation...” R. Rolland

Equipment:

Creative works of students (diaries of Bazarov and Odintsova);

Candle (lamp);

Record player;

Illustrations for the novel;

Sayings on the board:

1. Only by her, only by love does life hold and move.

2 The disease of love is incurable.

3. It is known that a fiery feeling is expressed briefly, but powerfully.

4. Love is so omnipotent that it regenerates ourselves.

5. When you love, you discover such wealth in yourself, so much tenderness, affection, you can’t even believe that you know how to love like that.

6. Is it really possible to explain why someone falls in love with someone? R. Rolland

7. He who has not known love is as good as not having lived. J. Moliere

8. Separation is for love what the wind is for fire: it extinguishes the weak, and fans the strong. R. Bussy

During the classes.

-Gentlemen, let's talk about love...

-No, why talk about love, but you mentioned Odintsova... Is that what you called her? Who is this lady?

Remember who these words belong to. Where are they said and in what scene? (Kukshina and Bazarov, in Madame Kukshina’s house)

Contrary to the desire of the main character of the novel not to talk about love, today we will talk about it in class. AND topic of our lesson will sound like this: “Test of love.” (Write it in a notebook). As an epigraph to the topic, I took the words of the writer himself: “Only through love, only through love does life hold and move.” I also draw your attention to the statements of famous Russians and foreign writers, philosophers about love. You can use them in your discussions in class.

He considered the ability to love deeply to be one of the most important human qualities. Almost all Turgenev's heroes undergo the “test of love.” How do you understand the meaning of this expression? What does testing mean? (Examination).

-What is tested in a person by love?(Spirit, willpower, vitality, character...) In a word, love in a person is tested!

What works can you name where the characters are tested by this feeling? (“Rudin”, “Noble Nest”, “On the Eve”, “Asya” and others.)

And who in the novel “Fathers and Sons” experiences this feeling? (Pavel Petrovich and Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov, Arkady, Fenechka, Katya, Bazarov, Odintsov.)

We talked about Pavel Petrovich, about his love for Princess R. What conclusion did you come to in the lesson? Has he passed the test of love? (as a secular person - no: he broke down, threw everything at the feet of Princess R.: a brilliant position in society, service, career; as a simple person - yes.)

Let us now turn to Bazarov and Odintsova.

The purpose of our lesson is to find out what is the relationship between them? Does Eugene stand the test of love?

Remember where we first see Anna Sergeevna. Draw her verbal portrait.(Aristocrat, very beautiful, regal, majestic, demands respect and worship.) Does she remind you of any heroine from classical Russian literature? (Tatiana Larina from “Eugene Onegin” at a ball in St. Petersburg.)

-What impression does Odintsova make on Bazarov? Remember his words to her. (Chapter 14 of the text)

Turgenev writes: “Arkady was shocked by Bazarov’s cynicism.” How to understand this? Is Bazarov a vulgar person? Cynic?

Vocabulary work.

Cynicism– disregard for the norms of general morality, morality, arrogance, shamelessness.

Vulgar- morally low, tasteless and rude.

Sample answers from the guys: Bazarov is not a cynic, not a vulgar person towards women. Due to his convictions, he cannot speak differently; he is a nihilist. Beautiful words not for him! In a rude form, Bazarov expresses his crude thoughts about the beauty of a woman.

And here is what he writes about this creativity researcher Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky in his book "". 1890 (reading of the fragment by the student. See the anthology from the words: “Describing the scene at Odintsova’s ............................. One vulgar thing repelled her (Odintsova), and No one would blame Bazarov for vulgarity.”

So, Bazarov turned out to be partial to female beauty, although he considered himself an opponent of all beauty.

Who is Odintsova, who aroused Bazarov’s interest and made him “embarrassed”? (Ch. 15)

Let's imagine ourselves at Anna Sergeevna's estate - Nikolsky (see illustrations) and observe the guests and hostesses of the house.

Bazarov and Arkady stayed for 15 days (“It’s like you’re rolling on rails...” - Bazarov tells Arkady about life here.)

-What changes do you notice in Bazarovo? Chapter 27. (Easily irritated, speaks reluctantly, looks angry, cannot sit still, unprecedented anxiety manifests itself, speaks little to Arkady, avoids him and even seems to be ashamed.)

Let's find it in the text description of the hero's strange behavior and an explanation for him. (Reading the passage by the student, Chapter 21)

What happened to Evgeniy Vasilyevich? (Bazarov fell in love with Odintsova, not only a beautiful woman, but also a person intellectually close to him, smart and strong.)

So “romance exists”? Yes, and Bazarov is forced to verify this from his own experience. This is a lesson for him, and at the same time a test of character. (This is it, the test of love!)

Do you think Does love for Odintsova elevate Bazarov or humiliate him? How does he evaluate this? (Schiller: “Love elevates great souls”)

Bazarov himself regards what happened to him as a mockery of fate. In our eyes, love elevates him. Bazarov becomes closer to us, more humane.

let's try choose epithets for Bazarov's love. What is he like? (Deep, strong, painful, unrequited, passionate, proud; love is a test, torment, suffering, torture...

Let us remember the pages of the novel, the scene of declaration of love.

Student reading: “Anna Sergeevna looked at him questioningly......Bazzarov bit his lips and left.” Chapter 28.

Have you ever bitten your lips? Give it a try. How do you feel? The pain is physical, but what kind of pain does Bazarov feel? - soulful, heartfelt. If physical pain goes away, then mental pain never does; you just get used to it and live with it.

We come to Bazarov's diary, to your creative homework. --What could Evgeny Vasilyevich write after declaring his love to Anna Sergeevna? You had to “enter” the image of the hero, let the psychological and emotional condition it, convey the style, manner of presentation, using the appropriate vocabulary. You had to feel the time, the century, the era.

Reading Bazarov's diary.

After the scene of declaration of love, the night was alarming not only for Bazarov, but also for Anna Sergeevna. Let's analyze her behavior.

- What was the basis of her relationship with Bazarov?

Curiosity → interest → fascination → love.

Why didn’t Odintsova respond to Bazarov’s feelings? End of Ch. 18. Odintsova's diary will help us understand this. (Reading creative works)

Does this heroine stand the test of love? (As a landowner - a lady - yes! As a woman - no! She preferred peace, coziness, comfort, order to love...)

“Whoever has not known love is as good as not having lived!” - said the great French playwright.

Still, let's not be so harsh on her. Let us remember one of the last scenes of the novel - death of Bazarov. Before his death, he asks to send for Anna Sergeevna. She's coming.

What can you say about Evgeniy Vasilyevich, was it not a weakness of character that manifested itself in him at that moment? (No! Proof of this is the words D. Pisarev from the article “Bazarov”.) Reading a fragment by a student See the anthology with the words: “...this is not a sign of weakness................than it was in full health.”

Let's remember the scene of the heroes' farewell.

Reading a passage from the text by heart by a prepared student (music, candle (lamp).

So how do we answer the question posed by the topic: Does Bazarov stand the test of love?

As a nihilist - no!

As a person - yes! Love made him better, stronger and deeper in heart.

Homework: creative work. Write Bazarov's suicide note to Arkady. What would we read in it?

Dear Anna Sergeevna!

Let me address you personally and express my thoughts on paper, since saying some words out loud is an insurmountable problem for me. It is very difficult to understand me, but I hope that this letter will clarify my attitude towards you a little. Before I met you, I was an opponent of culture, moral values, and human feelings. But numerous life trials forced me to look at things differently. the world and reevaluate your life principles. For the first time I understood what it was like to experience unrequited love and the melancholy of loneliness. Only now do I know how important it is to accept the natural laws of human life, on which existence is built in modern world. It was you, Anna Sergeevna, who helped me understand this. I fell in love with you passionately for your beauty and intelligence. It was not easy for you to penetrate my soul due to excessive isolation. For me, declaring my love for you was not only the biggest revelation in my life, but also a kind of defeat. All my nihilistic theories were shattered by my passionate feeling for you. That is why my passion is so strong and heavy that it is more like anger... So I immediately ask you to forgive me if I ever hurt you with some unpleasant words. I, as an inept student, had never encountered the feeling of falling in love before, and therefore my debut turned out to be unimportant.

Anna Sergeyevna! How I would like to know what is in your soul, what you feel for me and what you are afraid of? I'd love to fill your empty and gray life rich in emotions, brightened up your quiet existence with his presence. With my mind I understand that a relationship between us is impossible, but my heart does not want to believe it. I am grateful to you for at least helping me understand: I am capable of feelings. It was you who destroyed my outlook on life, forced me to rethink everything, change my attitude and idea of ​​myself. You exposed my suffering and rebellious heart, forcing me to throw off the rude mask that denies all generally accepted human values. My life is roughly divided into two parts: before meeting you and after. I thought that I proud man, but it turned out that I’m just a coward who is afraid to be real and enjoy what surrounds us... I was just afraid of getting burned and feeling weak, attached to someone. But love turned out to be stronger than me. This is your worthy victory! Goodbye, my dear Anna Sergeevna...

Lesson 9. E.V. Bazarov in the face of death

The purpose of the lesson: lead students to answer the question: why does Turgenev end the novel with the death scene of the main character?

During the classes

I. Introductory talk

We analyzed Bazarov's relationship with all the main characters: the Kirsanovs, Odintsova, his parents and partly with the people. Each time, Bazarov’s objective superiority over the other heroes was revealed. It would seem that the theme of the novel has been exhausted. However, from chapter 22, plot and compositionally, the second cycle of the hero’s wanderings begins to repeat: Bazarov first ends up with the Kirsanovs, then with Odintsova, and again with his parents.

(Bazarov makes the second circle changed: life forced him to accept his romance. This is a new Bazarov, who has experienced doubts, painfully trying to preserve his theory. Bazarov is faced with the need to know himself and the world. It is important for Turgenev to show whether this will force Bazarov to change in his relationships with people , have people changed, the situation.)

Has anything changed in Maryino, have the Kirsanovs come to their senses after their disputes with Bazarov? (Chapter 22-23).

(The same disorder reigns on the Kirsanov estate. Pavel Petrovich’s hostility towards Bazarov has not diminished. Bazarov returns to the Kirsanovs because it is more convenient for him to work there. But even without ideological disputes, their stay together is impossible. Pavel Petrovich comes to a knightly resolution of the conflict - to a duel .)

Did the duel resolve the dispute in favor of Pavel Petrovich? How do we see him after the duel? (Ch. 24)

(Pavel Petrovich is not only wounded, but also morally killed in this duel. Pavel Petrovich is shown comically, the emptiness of elegant noble chivalry is emphasized. After the duel, Bazarov faces not an arrogant aristocrat, not an idiot uncle, but an elderly man suffering physically and morally).

How and why does Bazarov and Arkady break up? What has changed in their relationship? (Ch. 21, 22, 25)

(Bazarov and Arkady are in Maryino for the second time, a split begins when Bazarov is nervous, irritated by his relationship with Odintsova. Arkady is overcome by the desire to test his strength alone, without patronage. That is why Arkady goes to Nikolskoye: “before he would have only shrugged his shoulders if someone told him that he might get bored under the same roof as Bazarov...” Previously, Arkady valued his friendship with Bazarov, made sure that he was well received in Maryino, and extolled Bazarov’s knowledge and simplicity. Youth always chooses Arkady’s idols. It’s flattering to be a friend of such a person. He repeats his statements with pleasure. Moreover, Arkady does not agree with his friend in everything. He is embarrassed to talk about the beauty of nature in front of Bazarov. He does not feel equal in friendship, he only submits to Bazarov’s influence, imitates him in his behavior. behavior, and in ideas. Therefore, his return to the “bosom of his fathers” is not surprising. As soon as he met Katya, the feeling of love replaced all traces of nihilism in him. No wonder Katya calls him tame.”)

Why is Bazarov sure that they are saying goodbye forever? (Ch. 25)

(Even earlier, Bazarov felt the difference in his views with Arkady. The scene under the haystack ends in a quarrel. Even then he told him that he was a “tender soul.” Seeing Arkady upon his arrival in Nikolskoye, Bazarov immediately understood everything. Read: “you’ve already broken up with me... a liberal barich." With these words, Bazarov summed up Arkady's short-term passion for nihilism. It is not easy for Bazarov to lose Arkady, which is why he bitterly pronounces his farewell words: "I expected a completely different direction from you." , since if the tame Arkady leaves Bazarov, then he can’t have any rapprochement with the others.)

Exercise.

Why did Turgenev oppose these representatives of the nobility to Bazarov? These are the best representatives of the nobility, compare them with provincial society: “if cream is bad, what about milk?”

II. Analysis of Bazarov's death scene

Let's turn to the last pages of the novel. What feeling do the last pages of the novel evoke?

(A feeling of pity that such a person is dying. A.P. Chekhov wrote: “My God! What a luxury “Fathers and Sons”! Just shout the guard. Bazarov’s illness was so severe that I weakened, and there was a feeling like as if I got infected from him. And the end of Bazarov? The devil knows how it was done (Read excerpts from chapter 27).

What do you think Pisarev meant when he wrote: “To die the way Bazarov died is the same as performing a great feat”?

(At this moment, Bazarov’s willpower and courage were revealed. Feeling the inevitability of the end, he did not chicken out, did not try to deceive himself, and most importantly, remained true to himself and his convictions. Bazarov’s death is heroic, but it attracts not only Bazarov’s heroism, but also the humanity of his behavior ).

Why does Bazarov become closer to us before his death?

(Romanticism was clearly revealed in him, he finally uttered the words that he had previously been afraid of: “I love you! Goodbye... because I didn’t kiss you then... Blow on the dying lamp and let it go out...” Bazarov becomes more humane .)

Why does Turgenev end the novel with the death scene of the hero, despite his superiority over other heroes?

(Bazarov dies from an accidental cut of his finger, but his death, from the author’s point of view, is natural. Turgenev will define the figure of Bazarov as tragic and “doomed to death.” That is why he “dead” the hero. Two reasons: loneliness and the internal conflict of the hero.

The author shows how Bazarov remains lonely. The Kirsanovs are the first to fall away, then Odintsova, then the parents, Fenechka, Arkady, and the last cut off of Bazarov - from the people. The new people look lonely compared to the vast majority of the rest of society. Bazarov is a representative of the early revolutionary commoner, he is one of the first in this matter, and it is always difficult to be the first. They are alone in the small estate and urban nobility.

But Bazarov dies, but like-minded people remain who will continue the common cause. Turgenev did not show Bazarov’s like-minded people and thereby deprived his business of prospects. Bazarov does not have a positive program, he only denies, since Bazarov cannot answer the question: “What next?” What to do after it's destroyed? This is the futility of the novel. This main reason Bazarov's death in the novel is the main reason that the author was unable to outline the future.

The second reason is the hero's internal conflict. Turgenev believes that Bazarov died because he became a romantic, since he did not believe in the possibility of a harmonious combination of romance and the strength of the civic spirit in new people. That is why Turgenev’s Bazarov wins as a fighter, while there is no romance in him, no sublime feeling for nature, female beauty.)

(Turgenev loved Bazarov very much and repeated many times that Bazarov was “clever” and a “hero.” Turgenev wanted the reader to fall in love with Bazarov (but not Bazarovism) with all his rudeness, heartlessness, and ruthless dryness.)

III. Teacher's word

Literary critics More than once the lack of solid ground under one's feet was cited as the main cause of Bazarov's death. In confirmation of this, his conversation with a man was cited, in which Bazarov turns out to be “something like a clown.” However, what Turgenev sees as the doom of his hero does not come down to Bazarov’s inability to find mutual language with a man. Can Bazarov’s tragic dying phrase: “...Russia needs me... No, apparently I don’t need you...” - can be explained by the above-mentioned reason? And most importantly, “the hero’s story is included in the writer’s common theme of the death of a person in the crucible of natural forces beyond his control,” “natural forces - passion and death.”

Turgenev did not put up with the metaphysical insignificance of man. It was his unabated pain, growing out of the awareness of the tragedy of human fate. But he is looking for support for a person and finds it in “the dignity of the consciousness of his insignificance.” That is why his Bazarov is convinced that in the face of blind force that destroys everything, it is important to remain strong, as he was in life.

It is painful for the dying Bazarov to recognize himself as a “half-crushed worm”, to present himself as an “ugly spectacle.” However, the fact that he managed to achieve a lot on his way, managed to touch absolute values human existence, gives him the strength to look death in the eyes with dignity, to live with dignity until the moment of unconsciousness.

The poet is talking to Anna Sergeevna, who, completing his earthly path, found the best one for myself exact image- a “dying lamp”, whose light symbolized Bazarov’s life. Always despising beautiful phrase, now he can afford it: “Blow on the dying lamp and let it go out...”

On the threshold of death, Turgenev’s hero, as it were, draws a line under his disputes with Pavel Petrovich about whether such, as Kirsanov ironically noted, “saviors, heroes” of Russia are needed. “Russia needs me?” - Bazarov, one of the “deliverers”, asks himself, and does not hesitate to answer: “No, apparently not needed.” Perhaps he was aware of this while still arguing with Pavel Kirsanov?

Thus, death gave Bazarov the right to be what perhaps he always was - doubting, not afraid to be weak, sublime, able to love... Bazarov’s uniqueness lies in the fact that through the entire novel he will pass through in many ways not such a person and thereby dooming himself to the only possible, fatal, tragic - Bazarov's - fate.

However, Turgenev completed his novel with an enlightened picture of a quiet rural cemetery, where Bazarov’s “passionate, sinful, rebellious heart” rested and where “two already decrepit old men - a husband and wife” - Bazarov’s parents often come from a nearby village.

IV. Preparing to write an essay. Choosing a theme

Sample Topics for writing a home essay based on the novel by I. S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”:

E. Bazarov and P. P. Kirsanov;

- “The Damned Barchuks” (N.P., P.P., Arkady, Kirsanovs, Odintsova);

- “Rebellious Heart” (image of E. Bazarov);

Why does Russia need the Bazarovs?

Bazarov and the Russian people;

- “To die the way Bazarov died is the same as having accomplished a great feat” (Pisarev);

The meaning of the title of I. S. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons”;

The problem of “fathers” and “children” in Turgenev’s depiction;

Is the problem of “fathers” and “sons” obsolete today?

What does Turgenev criticize about the “fathers” and in what ways does he differ from the “children”?

What makes Bazarov a hero of his time?

Homework

1. Write an essay on one of the proposed topics.

2. Prepare for a knowledge test on the works of I. S. Turgenev.

Additional material for teachers

The image of the central character of the novel “Fathers and Sons” is unique. In a letter to A. Fet, Turgenev made an important confession: “Did I want to scold Bazarov or extol him? I don’t know this myself, for I don’t know whether I love him or hate him.” And no matter how much the author asserts his sympathy for his hero: “Bazarov is my favorite child,” no matter how much he sympathizes with him, one cannot help but see how alien the “Bazarov type” itself is to Turgenev.

“...the main figure, Bazarov, was based on one personality of a young provincial doctor that struck me...” Turgenev wrote in the article “About “Fathers and Sons.” - In that wonderful person a barely born, still fermenting principle was embodied, which later received the name of nihilism. The impression made on me by this person was very strong and at the same time not entirely clear...”

The writer, having begun work on the novel, even began to write a diary on behalf of Bazarov in order to delve into the essence of the hero and understand him.

Bazarov is “the hero of a time when the social forces of death and rebirth, old and new” oppose each other and act simultaneously. Such eras give rise to unpredictable personalities built on internal conflict. Therefore, it is impossible to unambiguously determine Turgenev’s attitude towards his “favorite brainchild,” the hero of the novel “Fathers and Sons” Evgeniy Bazarov.

The author not only does not share Bazarov’s nihilistic beliefs, but throughout the course of the novel he consistently debunks them. And at the same time, the writer experiences great interest in his hero, who reflected the era in all its contradictions. No matter how nice Nikolai Petrovich was to Turgenev, you cannot explore the era in his personality. Arkady is even less interesting to him - a weak copy of his father. First of all, he becomes a hero of the time. strong, socially active personality. And such personalities cannot but interest literature. Bazarov's personality itself attracts the author. And indeed, Turgenev, trying to love and understand Bazarov, creates an image that is flawed, but very interesting as a human being, arousing curiosity at first, and by the end of the novel - compassion. Bazarov will not leave anyone indifferent for a second. It evokes hatred or love, but there is nothing about it that breeds boredom.

The moment of social reconstruction necessarily presupposes the actions of destructive people. But what is the actual interaction of such heroes with the era? What does their nihilism bring to society and what does it give to the nihilists themselves? Turgenev sought to find an answer to these questions.

What turns Turgenev away from nihilism? Why did the author not act for a second as an ideological supporter of Bazarov? From his point of view, nihilism is doomed, because it has no final positive goal. Here it is, Turgenev's first accusation. The author does not cling to the dilapidated “principles” that have become Pavel Petrovich’s armor. He is looking for something new in the coming times. But what new does Bazarov bring? His ideas are, in essence, as old as the world: destruction, destruction. What's new and unprecedented about this? The Romans were already destroying the culture of Ancient Hellas; Peter I had already destroyed patriarchal Rus'... And then, on the scorched ashes, the seeds of the former culture sprouted for a long time, heavily. But how much was lost! True humanism consists in the rejection of such reckless contrition for the sake of unclear utopias of a bright future. Therefore, Turgenev could not sympathize with the ideas of Russian nihilism.

Nihilism is based on the philosophy of vulgar materialism. Everything is sacrificed for immediate practical benefit. In the words of Mayakovsky, they are only interested in what is “weighty, rough, visible.” From this point of view, Pushkin is nonsense, Raphael is “worth a penny,” any decent scientist is better than a poet. For nihilists, love turns out to be only the physiological attraction of males and females, nature is a workshop, and all people are the same, like trees in the forest. Bazarov mocks speeches about the “mysterious gazes” of Pavel Petrovich’s beloved and recommends Arkady to study “the anatomy of the eye: where does it come from, what do you say, with a mysterious look?” Therefore, the proverb lies when it claims that the eyes are the mirror of the soul. Where is the mirror at the intersection of the optic nerves? Yes, and there is no soul. But there is only what you can pick up and put to work. How simple and understandable the world is becoming! Nature turns out to be just a workshop, meaningless and dead without a human master. But then this “worker” came. What will he do to nature? Pursuing the goals of immediate profit, such a worker will turn back rivers, destroy the ozone layer, and destroy entire species of plants and animal populations. We, people of the late twentieth century, know about these results of the activities of vulgar materialists. Turgenev did not know about them. With the brilliant insight of an artist, he saw in Bazarov’s beliefs the germ of future tragedies.”

Turgenev is a great psychologist. His Bazarov, although cynical and shameless in words, is a moral man at heart. He preaches the following theory to Arkady: “If you like a woman... try to achieve some sense; but you can’t - well, don’t, turn away - the earth is not a wedge.” But he will not be able to translate these views into reality; According to Bazarov’s theory, Arkady, who was indignant with her, will do this: having understood; that Odintsova is not interested in him, he will insensitively “switch” to the more accessible Katya.

Without realizing it, Bazarov lives according to fairly high moral principles. But these principles and nihilism are incompatible; something will have to be given up.

Turgenev tries in the novel to show the inconsistency of nihilistic philosophy, since, while denying spiritual life, it also denies moral principles. Love, nature, art are not just lofty words. These are the fundamental concepts underlying human morality. Blind admiration of authority is stupid, but blind denial of authority is no smarter. Life is too short for every person to start building the world “from scratch”, rejecting everything that was discovered and created by their ancestors.

You don’t have to love Pushkin and Raphael: there is no crime in the fact that their work is alien to you. But to generally deny them on the grounds that you don’t know them, don’t understand them, is a sign of little intelligence. Therefore, Pavel Petrovich was not so far from the truth when he reproached Bazarov: “Before, young people had to study; They didn’t want to be branded as ignorant, so they toiled unwillingly. And now they should say: everything in the world is nonsense! - and the trick is in the bag. The young people were delighted. And in fact, before they would have been just idiots, but now they have suddenly become nihilists.” This is a portrait of the “disciples and followers” ​​of Bazarov, Kukshina and Sitnikov. The images of these heroes become an indirect means of exposing nihilism. A philosophy that has such stupid and ignoble followers as Kukshina and Sitnikov, thinking man cannot but raise doubts: apparently, there is something in nihilism that is attractive specifically for them - simplicity, accessibility, optionality of intelligence, education, honor, immorality.

This is how the author consistently debunks the beliefs of the main character; beliefs that Turgenev himself did not accept. “I dreamed of a gloomy, wild, large figure, half grown out of the soil, strong, evil, honest - and yet doomed to death, because it still stands on the threshold of the future,” Turgenev wrote about Bazarov, asserting that Bazarov is a “tragic face.” What is the tragedy of this hero? From the author’s point of view, first of all, the Bazarovs’ time has not come.

Turgenev's Bazarov himself feels this: dying, he utters bitter words: “Russia needs me... No, apparently, I don’t.”

With particular force, Bazarov as a “tragic face” is revealed in the chapter depicting his death. In the face of death, Bazarov's best qualities appear: tenderness for his parents, hidden under external severity, poetic love for Odintsova; thirst for life, work, achievement, social cause; willpower, courage in the face of the threat of inevitable death. We hear words so unusual for Bazarov, full of poetry: “Blow on the dying lamp and let it go out...” We hear and full of love and pitying words about parents: “After all, there are people like them in your big world You can’t find it during the day with fire...” We hear his frank confessions: “And I also thought: I’ll screw up a lot of things, I won’t die, no matter what!” I have a task, because I’m a giant!”

The pages depicting Bazarov’s illness and death perhaps most clearly express the author’s attitude towards his hero: admiration for his courage, mental fortitude, sorrowful feelings caused by the death of such an original, strong man.

Bazarov's death makes his image truly tragic. The tragedy increases in the epilogue, from which we learn that Bazarov died without leaving followers. Arkady became a landowner; with two or three chemists who do not know how to distinguish oxygen from nitrogen, but are filled with denial. Sitnikov hangs around in St. Petersburg and, according to his assurances, continues the “work” of Bazarov.

Turgenev did not believe that people of Bazarov’s type would find a way to renew Russia. But he accepted their moral strength and great public importance.

“...If the reader does not love Bazarov with all his rudeness, heartlessness, ruthless dryness and harshness,” Turgenev wrote, “if he does not love him, I repeat, “I am guilty and have not achieved my goal.”

The novel “Fathers and Sons” was created from August 1860 to August 1861. This novel was written during the conflict between the liberal noble intelligentsia and the nihilistic commoners. This is the main conflict of the era, and this same conflict is expressed in the novel. And the main carriers of this conflict are Evgeny Bazarov and Pavel Kirsanov. The conflict between them is considered from the point of view of the problem of “fathers and children”, with the positions of their social, political and public disagreements. It is impossible not to notice the writer’s amazing gift for guessing events. It was Turgenev who foresaw this conflict between the old and new generations and expressed it in the image of Yevgeny Bazarov.
For the first time we see Bazarov with Arkady Kirsanov. They come to the village to visit Arkady’s father Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov. Bazarov was a person tall in a long robe with tassels. His face was long and thin, with a wide forehead, a flat nose at the top, a pointed nose at the bottom, large greenish eyes and drooping sand-colored sideburns. It expressed self-confidence and Eugene’s mind was simple and democratic. Bazarov lives an independent working life. He studies at the university and completely supports himself. He had never taken money from his parents in his entire life. Bazarov easily agrees with ordinary people. Although he treats the people with contempt for their darkness and ignorance, all representatives of the masses in Kirsanov’s house consider him “their” person, because he is easy to communicate with people, there is no lordly effeminacy in him. Evgeniy is a natural scientist. He is interested in medicine and natural sciences, conducts experiments with frogs, and collects various beetles and insects.
Bazarov is an unusual, exceptional person. He is smart and gifted. In addition, he is a man of action, not words. Bazarov is a strong man and free mind, confident in his abilities, in the rightness of the cause to which he devoted himself, proud and purposeful, overwhelming everyone with his will. Bazarov hates aristocrats. He accuses the “aristocrats” of idle talk and compares them to rubbish. He opposes the conditions of the nobility. Bazarov has directness and sincerity in his judgments. He directly and immediately revealed his feelings to Odintsova. He also speaks directly to Arkady and does not hide his attitude towards him.
Bazarov is a typical nihilist, resolutely and mercilessly denying social order, idle talk, as well as art, literature and love. Bazarov does not recognize spiritual origin neither in nature nor in man. This is a person with a special worldview who denies generally accepted norms, rules, principles, authorities and the experience of his fathers. He denies autocracy, serfdom, liberal chatter, negative aspects of the people’s self-awareness. He says that his generation will destroy everything and clear the place.
Bazarov simplifies complex spiritual life to physiological elements. He denies love, denies friendship. Bazarov believes that there is no place for strong feelings, but in the human body, and love is not inherent in human nature at all - only physical attraction exists. He recognizes only what can be touched, really felt, and what brings visible practical benefit. Bazarov says that society is to blame for everything. He believes that it is necessary to rebuild society, and then people will change.
Even in the dying scene, Bazarov is faithful to his ideals to the end and proudly looks into the eyes of death. Wait own death, not everyone can come face to face with it and not be afraid. This suggests that Bazarov is a courageous, strong and truly devoted person.
But Evgeniy also has negative qualities: rudeness, harshness, irony, and an incorrect attitude towards art. He bluntly denies things he doesn’t know or doesn’t understand.
Turgenev himself belongs to the galaxy of “fathers” and, although he sympathizes with Bazarov, he advocates philanthropy and the development of spirituality in people. Having included a description of nature in the narrative, having tested Bazarov with love, the author quietly gets involved in a dispute with his hero, disagreeing with him in many respects.

Death of Bazarov

Main character I. S. Turgenev's novel “Fathers and Sons” - Evgeny Vasilyevich Bazarov - dies at the end of the work. Bazarov is the son of a poor district doctor, continuing the work of his father. Life position Evgeniy is that he denies everything: views on life, feelings of love, painting, literature and other forms of art. Bazarov is a nihilist.

At the beginning of the novel, a conflict occurs between Bazarov and the Kirsanov brothers, between the nihilist and the aristocrats. Bazarov's views differ sharply from the beliefs of the Kirsanov brothers. In disputes with Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov, Bazarov wins. Therefore, there is a gap for ideological reasons.

Evgeniy meets Anna Sergeevna Odintsova, a smart, beautiful, calm, but unhappy woman. Bazarov falls in love, and having fallen in love, he understands that love no longer appears to him as “physiology,” but as a real, sincere feeling. The hero sees that Odintsova highly values ​​her own calmness and measured order of life. The decision to part with Anna Sergeevna leaves a heavy mark on Bazarov’s soul. Unrequited love.

The “imaginary” followers of Bazarov include Sitnikov and Kukshina. Unlike them, for whom denial is just a mask that allows them to hide their inner vulgarity and inconsistency, Bazarov, with confidence in his abilities, defends views close to him. Vulgarity and insignificance.

Bazarov, having arrived to his parents, notices that he is getting bored with them: Bazarov cannot talk to either his father or his mother the way he talks to Arkady, or even argue the way he argues with Pavel Petrovich, so he decides to leave. But soon he comes back, where he helps his father treat sick peasants. People of different generations, different development.

Bazarov likes to work, for him work is satisfaction and self-esteem, so he is close to the people. Bazarov is loved by children, servants and men, because they see him as simple and smart person. The people are their understanding.

Turgenev considers his hero doomed. Bazarov has two reasons: loneliness in society and internal conflict. The author shows how Bazarov remains lonely.

Bazarov's death was the result of a small cut he received while opening the body of a peasant who had died of typhus. Evgeny is waiting to meet the woman he loves in order to once again confess his love to her, and also becomes softer with his parents, deep down, probably still understanding that they have always occupied a significant place in his life and are worthy of a much more attentive and sincere attitude. Before death, he is strong, calm and calm. The death of the hero gave him time to evaluate what he had done and realize his life. His nihilism turned out to be incomprehensible, since he himself is now denied by both life and death. We feel not pity for Bazarov, but respect, and at the same time we remember that before us is an ordinary person with his fears and weaknesses.

Bazarov is a romantic at heart, but he believes that romanticism has no place in his life now. But still, fate made a revolution in Evgeny’s life, and Bazarov begins to understand what he once rejected. Turgenev sees him as an unrealized poet, capable of the strongest feelings, possessing fortitude.

DI. Pisarev claims that “It’s still bad for the Bazarovs to live in the world, even though they sing and whistle. No activity, no love, and therefore no pleasure.” The critic also argues that one must live “while one can live, eat dry bread when there is no roast beef, be with women when one cannot love a woman, and generally not dream about orange trees and palm trees when there are snowdrifts and cold tundra underfoot.”

Bazarov's death is symbolic: medicine and natural sciences, on which Bazarov so relied, turned out to be insufficient for life. But from the author's point of view, death is natural. Turgenev defines the figure of Bazarov as tragic and “doomed to death.” The author loved Bazarov and repeatedly said that he was “clever” and a “hero.” Turgenev wanted the reader to fall in love with Bazarov with his rudeness, heartlessness, and ruthless dryness.

He regrets his unspent strength, his unfulfilled task. Bazarov devoted his entire life to the desire to benefit the country and science. We imagine him as smart, reasonable, but deep down, sensitive, attentive and kind person.

According to his moral convictions, Pavel Petrovich challenges Bazarov to a duel. Feeling awkward and realizing that he is compromising his principles, Bazarov agrees to shoot with Kirsanov Sr. Bazarov slightly wounds the enemy and himself gives him first aid. Pavel Petrovich behaves well, even makes fun of himself, but at the same time both he and Bazarov are embarrassed / Nikolai Petrovich, from whom they hid the real reason duel, also behaves in the most noble manner, finding justification for the actions of both opponents.

“Nihilism,” according to Turgenev, challenges the eternal values ​​of the spirit and the natural foundations of life. This is seen as the tragic guilt of the hero, the reason for his inevitable death.

Evgeny Bazarov can in no way be called an “extra person.” Unlike Onegin and Pechorin, he is not bored, but works a lot. Before us is a very active person, he has “immense strength in his soul.” One job is not enough for him. In order to really live, and not drag out a miserable existence, like Onegin and Pechorin, such a person needs a philosophy of life, its goal. And he has it.

The worldviews of the two political trends of nobles-liberals and revolutionary democrats. The plot of the novel is built on the opposition of the most active representatives of these trends, the commoner Bazarov and the nobleman Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov. According to Bazarov, aristocrats are not capable of action; they are of no use. Bazarov rejects liberalism, denies the ability of the nobility to lead Russia to the future.

The reader understands that Bazarov has no one to convey what little, but the most precious thing he has is his beliefs. He has no loved ones and dear person, and therefore there is no future. He doesn't think of himself county doctor, but he also cannot be reborn, become like Arkady. There is no place for him in Russia, and, perhaps, abroad too. Bazarov dies, and with him dies his genius, his wonderful, a strong character, his ideas and beliefs. But true life is endless, the flowers on Eugene’s grave confirm this. Life is endless, but only true...

Turgenev could have shown how Bazarov would gradually abandon his views; he did not do this, but simply “dead” his main character. Bazarov dies from blood poisoning and before his death he recognizes himself as an unnecessary person for Russia. Bazarov is still alone and therefore doomed, but his fortitude, courage, perseverance, and perseverance in achieving his goal make him a hero.

Bazarov does not need anyone, he is alone in this world, but does not feel his loneliness at all. Pisarev wrote about this: “Bazarov alone, by himself, stands at the cold height of sober thought, and this loneliness does not bother him, he is completely absorbed in himself and work.”

In the face of death, even the most strong people They begin to deceive themselves and entertain unrealistic hopes. But Bazarov boldly looks into the eyes of inevitability and is not afraid of it. He only regrets that his life was useless, because he did not bring any benefit to his homeland. And this thought gives him a lot of suffering before his death: “Russia needs me... No, apparently, I don’t. And who is needed? I need a shoemaker, I need a tailor, I need a butcher..."

Let us remember the words of Bazarov: “When I meet a person who would not give up in front of me, then I will change my opinion about myself.” There is a cult of power. “Hairy,” - this is what Pavel Petrovich said about Arkady’s friend. He is clearly offended by the appearance of a nihilist: long hair, a robe with tassels, red unkempt hands. Of course, Bazarov is a working man who does not have time to take care of his appearance. This seems to be the case. Well, what if this is “intentional shocking of good taste”? And if this is a challenge: I dress and do my hair the way I want. Then it is bad, immodest. The disease of swagger, irony towards the interlocutor, disrespect...

Speaking purely from a human perspective, Bazarov is wrong. At his friend’s house he was greeted cordially, although Pavel Petrovich did not shake hands. But Bazarov does not stand on ceremony and immediately enters into a heated argument. His judgment is uncompromising. “Why would I recognize authorities?”; “A decent chemist is twenty times more useful than a poet”; he brings down high art to the “art of making money.” Later it would go to Pushkin, Schubert, and Raphael. Even Arkady remarked to a friend about his uncle: “You insulted him.” But the nihilist did not understand, did not apologize, did not doubt that he behaved too impudently, but condemned: “He imagines himself to be a practical person!” what kind of relationship is this between a man and a woman...

In Chapter X of the novel, during a dialogue with Pavel Petrovich, Bazarov managed to speak out on all the fundamental issues of life. This dialogue deserves special attention. Here Bazarov claims that social order terrible, and one cannot but agree with this. Further: there is no God as the highest criterion of truth, which means do what you want, everything is permitted! But not everyone will agree with this.

There is a feeling that Turgenev himself was at a loss while exploring the character of the nihilist. Under the pressure of Bazarov’s strength and firmness and confidence, the writer became somewhat embarrassed and began to think: “Maybe this is necessary? Or maybe I’m an old man who has ceased to understand the laws of progress?” Turgenev clearly sympathizes with his hero, and treats the nobles condescendingly, and sometimes even satirically.

But a subjective view of the characters is one thing, the objective thought of the entire work is another matter. What is it about? About the tragedy. The tragedies of Bazarov, who, in his thirst for “doing things for a long time”, trampled underfoot in his enthusiasm for his god-science human values. And these values ​​are love for another person, the commandment “thou shalt not kill” (fought in a duel), love for parents, forbearance in friendship. He is cynical in his attitude towards women, mocks Sitnikov and Kukshina, narrow-minded people, greedy for fashion, miserable, but still people. Eugene excluded from his life high thoughts and feelings about the “roots” that feed us, about God. He says: "I look at the sky when I want to sneeze!"

The tragedy of the hero is also completely alone, both among his own people and among strangers, although both Fenechka and the emancipated servant Peter sympathize with him. He doesn't need them! The men who called him “a buffoon” feel his inner contempt for them. His tragedy lies in the fact that he is inconsistent in his attitude towards the people whose name he hides behind: “...I hated this last man, Philip or Sidor, for whom I have to bend over backwards and who won’t even say thank you to me... And why should I thank him? Well, he will live in a white hut, and I will grow into a burdock - well, what then?

It is interesting that before his death Bazarov remembers the forest, that is, the natural world that he previously essentially denied. Now he even calls on religion for help. And it turns out that Turgenev’s hero in his short life passed by everything that was so beautiful. And now these manifestations of true life seem to triumph over Bazarov, around him and rise within him.

At first, the hero of the novel makes a feeble attempt to fight the disease and asks his father for a hellstone. But then, realizing that he is dying, he stops clinging to life and rather passively surrenders himself into the hands of death. It is clear to him that consoling himself and others with hopes of healing is in vain. The main thing now is to die with dignity. And this means - don’t whine, don’t relax, don’t panic, don’t give in to despair, do everything to ease the suffering of elderly parents. Without deceiving his father’s hopes at all, reminding him that everything now depends only on the time and pace of the disease, he nevertheless invigorates the old man with his own steadfastness, conducting a conversation in professional medical language, and advising him to turn to philosophy or even religion. And for the mother, Arina Vlasyevna, her assumption about her son’s cold is supported. This concern for loved ones before death greatly elevates Bazarov.

The hero of the novel has no fear of death, no fear of losing his life, he is very courageous in these hours and minutes: “It’s all the same: I won’t wag my tail,” he says. But he is still resentful that his heroic forces are dying in vain. In this scene, the motive of Bazarov's strength is especially emphasized. First, it is conveyed in the exclamation of Vasily Ivanovich, when Bazarov pulled out a tooth from a visiting peddler: “Evgeny has such strength!” Then the hero of the book himself demonstrates his power. Weakened and fading, he suddenly lifts the chair by the leg: “The strength, the strength is still here, but we must die!” He imperiously overcomes his semi-oblivion and speaks of his titanism. But these forces are not destined to manifest themselves. “I’ll screw up a lot of things” - this task of the giant remains in the past as an unrealized intention.

The farewell meeting with Odintsova also turns out to be very expressive. Evgeniy no longer restrains himself and utters words of delight: “glorious”, “so beautiful”, “generous”, “young, fresh, pure”. He even talks about his love for her, about kisses. He indulges in a kind of “romanticism” that would previously have led him to indignation. And the highest expression of this is the hero’s last phrase: “Blow on the dying lamp and let it go out.”

Nature, poetry, religion, parental feelings and filial affection, the beauty of a woman and love, friendship and romanticism - all this takes over and wins.

And here the question arises: why does Turgenev “kill” his hero?

But the reason is much deeper. The answer lies in life itself, in social and political situation those years. Social conditions in Russia did not provide opportunities for the realization of the commoners' aspirations for democratic changes. Moreover, their isolation from the people to whom they were drawn and for whom they fought remained. They could not accomplish the titanic task that they set for themselves. They could fight, but not win. The stamp of doom lay on them. It becomes clear that Bazarov was doomed to the impracticability of his affairs, to defeat and death.

Turgenev is deeply convinced that the Bazarovs have come, but their time has not yet come. What can an eagle do when it cannot fly? Think about death. Evgeniy, in the midst of his everyday life, often thinks about death. He unexpectedly compares the infinity of space and the eternity of time with his short life and comes to the conclusion of “his own insignificance.” It is amazing that the author of the novel cried when he ended his book with the death of Bazarov.

According to Pisarev, “to die the way Bazarov died is the same as having accomplished a great feat.” And Turgenev’s hero accomplishes this last feat. Finally, we note that in the death scene the thought of Russia arises. It is tragic that the homeland is losing its great son, a real titan.

And here I remember the words Turgenev said about the death of Dobrolyubov: “It’s a pity for the lost, wasted strength.” The same author's regret is felt in the scene of Bazarov's death. And the fact that powerful opportunities were wasted makes the hero’s death especially tragic.

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