In 1866, the prologue of the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” was published. The great Russian poet Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov was one of the first to understand that the long-awaited abolition of serfdom did not improve the life of the peasants at all. The fact is that the peasants had to pay off the landowner, but they did not have the money for this. Therefore, Nikolai Alekseevich decides in his work not only to highlight the difficult, humiliated situation common people, but also show ways to solve the problem as he sees them.
One of the heroes of the poem is Savely, the Holy Russian hero.
He looks like an old man with a large untrimmed beard, looking like a bear. He was about a hundred years old. His fellow countrymen called him “branded, convict.” And he responded: “Branded, but not a slave!” The fact is that in their youth, as Savely recalls, they had a free life:
We did not rule the corvee,
We didn't pay rent
And so, when it comes to reason,
We'll send you once every three years.
But everything changed a few years later, when a German manager sent by the landowner Shalashnikov changed the order by cunning. As a result, the peasants fell into bondage, enduring backbreaking labor, corvée, quitrent, and even physical punishment. Savely says about this:
The German has a death grip:
Until he lets you go around the world,
Without leaving he sucks!
But it’s not for nothing that the Russian peasant in the person of grandfather Savely is called a hero:
That's why we endured
Yes, our axes
They lay there for the time being!
As a result, when an opportunity arose, the men, led by Savely, buried the German Vogel alive in a construction pit.
For this, my grandfather was exiled to Siberia for hard labor. But he did not resign himself. Once he even ran away, but was caught and mercilessly beaten. Although Savely is already used to spanking. The main thing for him was not to break down morally, but to remain true to his convictions. Saveliy’s convictions consisted in the desire for a free life. It is no coincidence that his favorite word is “addai,” which was also loved by the seven wandering men, as well as the saying: “Unbearable is an abyss, endured is an abyss.”
With the image of Savelya, Nekrasov wants to show that the powerful force hidden in the Russian people is sleeping for the time being. One has only to wake her up, direct her to true path, and then the people themselves will win happiness.
Updated: 2018-01-18
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SAVELIY, THE BOGATYR OF SVYATORUSSK The project was prepared by: Barinova Ekaterina Malyuzhenko Ekaterina Galkina Valeria Grigoryan Karine Sabirova Alina
1. How old is the hero? What is it like appearance? “I couldn’t: he was already a hundred years old, according to fairy tales.” “With a huge gray mane, uncut for twenty years, with a huge beard, Grandfather looked like a bear, especially as he came out of the forest, bent over. Grandfather’s back is arched” “He came in: well, will he straighten up? The bear will punch a hole in the light with his head!” Artist V. Serov
2. What is the hero's story? What troubles and hardships befell him? “In ancient times” “Oh, share Holy Russian Bogatyr homespun! He's been bullied all his life. Time will think about death - the torments of hell await in the other world." “We were only worried about the Bears. . . Yes, we dealt with bears easily.”
3. How does the hero talk about life, what does he accept and what does he deny in the peasant way of life? “According to the time of Shalashnikov “Dead. . . lost. . . "I thought up a new thing, An order comes to us: “Show up!...” “To not tolerate it is an abyss! To endure it is an abyss...” “Give it up! Give it up!” “The heir invented a remedy: He sent a German to us” “I was a convict” “Weak people surrendered, But the strong stood well for their patrimony”
4. What moral qualities does the author give to the hero? How do you feel about him? The author endows Savely with such moral qualities as kindness, love for his homeland and people. Savely is also characterized by intelligence, patience, perseverance, and self-esteem. Savely freedom-loving, proud man. He is the embodiment of strength and courage. “Branded, but not a slave” Nekrasov creates an image that combines contradictory features: heroic patience “for the time being,” social activity, the ability to rebel.
5. What is the hero’s idea of happiness, of the paths that lead to it? One of the conditions for people's happiness in Savely's understanding is freedom. “People of the servile rank are real dogs sometimes: The heavier the punishment, the dearer the gentlemen are to them. “Savely sees him in protest against social injustice, in thinking about the fate of the peasant, in love for his native working people. “Where did your strength go? What were you useful for? She left under rods and sticks for little things!”
Saveliy did not understand the current people, who immediately gave up and did not even try to fight. “here were proud people, and now give me a slap on the wrist - the police officer, the landowner, They are dragging the last penny. "Nekrasov himself is deeply convinced that happiness is possible only in society free people. “Limits have not yet been set for the Russian people. There is a wide path before them. “Savely dies with words about the hopelessness of the peasant’s fate. And yet this image leaves the impression of strength, indomitable will, longing for freedom. Savely’s wise prophecy remains in my memory: “To not endure is an abyss, To endure is an abyss.”
6. Why didn’t the wanderers recognize the hero as happy? “Oh, the share of the Holy Russian Homespun Bogatyr! He's been bullied all his life. Time will think about death - the torments of hell await in the dim life.”
7. Is it possible to notice the meaning in speaking surname hero? Savely is a real Russian hero who does not recognize any pressure over himself. Artist A. Lebedev
8. What is the semantic role of folklore elements in the chapter about the hero? Nekrasov considered his work “an epic of modern peasant life.” In it, Nekrasov asked the question: did the abolition of serfdom bring happiness to the peasantry? Nekrasov strives to give a vivid and emotionally effective image of peasant life, to evoke sympathy for the peasantry, to awaken the desire to fight for peasant happiness. That is why the author uses a lot of folklore elements, such as folk songs, vernacular, fairy tale images, riddles, signs, sayings, proverbs, epics. This is a poem about the “people” and for the “people”, a poem in which the author acts as a defender of the “people’s” (peasant) interests.
In Savely’s words about the peasant’s heroism, one can undoubtedly hear the echo of the epic about Svyatogor and earthly cravings: “Do you think, Matryonushka, the Man is not a hero? And his life is not a military one, And death is not written for him in battle - but a hero!” “In the meantime, he raised a terrible craving, but he sank into the ground up to his chest With the effort! There are no tears running down his face - blood is flowing!”
Nekrasov wrote his poem for more than 13 years, but spent even more time “word by word,” as he himself put it, to collect all the information about the Russian people. The poet showed not only all aspects of peasant life with its exhausting labor, insults and oppression from the authorities, but also contrasted them with the class of serf-owners. The poem has a single semantic center. This is the idea of happiness. The poet puts several meanings into the concept of “happiness”. Moral meaning Nekrasov shows happiness using the example of the daily life of a peasant peasant, as well as through images of women. Another aspect, political, is that the poet shows the path through which happiness can be achieved. This path lies through gaining freedom. Happiness for Nekrasov is a very real category, which lies in human justice, freedom and equality of all people.
The plot of the poem is based on the fact that seven peasants from the “Pulled province, Terpigoreva district, Pustoporozhnaya volost, from adjacent villages - Zaplatov, Dyryavina, Razutov, Znobishina, Gorely, Neely, Neurozhaika, etc.” decide to go in search of happiness. On the road, the men meet peasants from the same unfortunate villages: Bosov, Dymoglotov, Stolbnyakov, the provinces of Frightened and Illiterate. But peasant happiness is the same everywhere - “holey with patches, hunchbacked with calluses.” The peasants they meet on their way are all poor, hungry, ragged, exhausted from backbreaking work:
From the bast shoe to the collar, the skin is completely torn,
The belly swells with chaff.
Twisted, twisted,
Flogged, tormented,
Kalina barely walks.
To forget themselves, men go to a tavern to drown their melancholy in wine. The author condemns this habit of the peasants and at the same time sympathizes with them.
But among the peasants there are already people capable of rebellion, even if only in words. Unable to withstand the bullying of Prince Utyatin, Agap Petrov expresses to him everything that is boiling in his soul:
Nishkni!. ...
Today you are in charge
And tomorrow we
One last kick and the ball is over!
Yakov Verny also rebelled in his own way. Trying to somehow take revenge for his nephew, he hanged himself. These peasants are just beginning to understand the need for struggle, but they are groping Right way fortunately. Among the peasants who rose to the realization of their lack of rights is Yakim Nagoy. He talks about the reason for the impoverishment of the peasants:
You work alone
And the work is almost over,
Look, there are three shareholders standing:
God, king and lord!
In the chapter “Happy” Nekrasov talks about Yermil Girin, who stood up to defend the peasants. This is an intelligent person endowed with a sense of justice. Having become a peasant defender, Girin ends up in prison. The “hero of the Holy Russian” Savely had the same fate. A man of sharp mind, powerful strength, he fights against slavish obedience and oppression. He understands the need for struggle and rushes at the oppressors with an ax in his hands. He suffers the same fate of a convict, but his spirit is not broken: “branded, but not a slave.”
Everyone sees and understands happiness in their own way. If Agap, Yakim, Saveliy and others see him in protest and in struggle, then people like Klim, Ipat, Gleb are content with little - the title of serf.
Klim sees happiness not only in serving the prince, but also in drunkenness, theft and vagrancy. Klim calls Prince Utyatin nothing less than a prince, and calls himself his unworthy slave. The servant of Prince Peremetyev licks the master's plates, finishes the remaining wine in the glasses and proudly speaks about himself:
At Prince Peremetyev's
I was a beloved slave.
The wife is a beloved slave.
Egorka Shutov served in the police and was ready to sell his peasant brother for money. Every time he suffered beatings for his vile deeds. It’s not for nothing that the peasants say: “If you don’t beat him, let’s beat someone else.” Elder Gleb is also involved in treachery, having agreed to destroy the free will given by his master to the peasants. Nekrasov condemns these people:
People of servile rank -
Real dogs sometimes:
The heavier the punishment,
That's why gentlemen are dearer to them.
The landowner Obolt-Obolduev also has his own understanding of happiness. He tries with all his might to preserve his dear life under serfdom. The priest, whose income grows as the peasants are oppressed, completely agrees with him.
The life of Matryona Timofeevna, like that of every peasant woman, is a hard lot and backbreaking work. “...It’s not a matter of looking for a happy woman among women,” Matryona answers the wanderers’ question about happiness.
At the end of the poem, Nekrasov draws the image of Grisha Dobrosklonov. This is a man of a new type, who embodies everything that was latently dormant in the souls of the peasants. Dobrosklonov belongs to the future, he looks forward, believes in the strength and power of “mysterious Rus'”:
You're miserable too
You are also abundant
You're downtrodden
You are omnipotent
Mother Rus'!..
In the image of Grisha Dobrosklonov, Nekrasov embodied his concept of happiness: it lies in the liberation of the people from oppression and in universal equality.
The reader recognizes one of the main characters of Nekrasov's poem "Who Lives Well in Rus'" - Savely - when he is already an old man who has lived a long and difficult life. The poet paints a colorful portrait of this amazing old man:
With a huge gray mane,
Tea, twenty years uncut,
With a huge beard
Grandfather looked like a bear
Especially, like from the forest,
He bent over and went out.
Savely's life turned out to be very difficult; fate did not spoil him. In his old age, Savely lived with the family of his son, Matryona Timofeevna’s father-in-law. It is noteworthy that grandfather Savely does not like his family. Obviously, all household members have far from the most best qualities, and an honest and sincere old man feels this very well. In his own family, Savely is called “branded, convict.” And he himself, not at all offended by this, says: “Branded, but not a slave.
It’s interesting to observe how Savely is not averse to making fun of his family members:
And they will annoy him greatly -
He jokes: “Look at this
We've got matchmakers!" Unmarried
Cinderella - to the window:
AN instead of matchmakers - beggars!
From a tin button
Grandfather sculpted a two-kopeck coin,
Tossed on the floor -
Father-in-law got caught!
Not drunk from the pub -
The beaten man trudged in!
What does this relationship between the old man and his family indicate? First of all, it is striking that Savely differs both from his son and from all his relatives. His son does not possess any exceptional qualities, does not disdain drunkenness, and is almost completely devoid of kindness and nobility. And Savely, on the contrary, is kind, smart, and outstanding. He shuns his household; apparently, he is disgusted by the pettiness, envy, and malice characteristic of his relatives. Old man Savely is the only one in his husband’s family who was kind to Matryona. The old man does not hide all the hardships that befell him:
"Oh, the share of Holy Russian
Homemade hero!
He's been bullied all his life.
Time will change its mind
About death - hellish torment
In the other world they are waiting."
Old man Savely is very freedom-loving. It combines qualities such as physical and mental strength. Savely is a real Russian hero who does not recognize any pressure over himself. In his youth, Savely had remarkable strength; no one could compete with him. In addition, life was different before, the peasants were not burdened with the difficult responsibility of paying dues and working off corvée. As Savely himself says:
We did not rule the corvee,
We didn't pay rent
And so, when it comes to reason,
We'll send you once every three years.
In such circumstances, the character of young Savely was strengthened. No one put pressure on her, no one made her feel like a slave. Moreover, nature itself was on the side of the peasants:
There are dense forests all around,
There are swampy swamps all around,
No horse can come to us,
Can't go on foot!
Nature itself protected the peasants from the invasion of the master, the police and other troublemakers. Therefore, the peasants could live and work peacefully, without feeling someone else’s power over them.
When reading these lines, fairy-tale motifs come to mind, because in fairy tales and legends people were absolutely free, they were in charge of their own lives.
The old man talks about how the peasants dealt with bears:
We were only worried
Bears... yes with bears
We managed it easily.
With a knife and a spear
I myself am scarier than the elk,
Along protected paths
I go: “My forest!” - I scream.
Savely, like a real fairy-tale hero, lays claim to the forest surrounding him. It is the forest - with its untrodden paths and mighty trees - that is the real element of the hero Savely. In the forest, the hero is not afraid of anything; he is the real master of the silent kingdom around him. That is why in old age he leaves his family and goes into the forest.
The unity of the hero Saveliy and the nature surrounding him seems undeniable. Nature helps Savely become stronger. Even in old age, when years and adversity have bent the old man’s back, remarkable strength is still felt in him.
Savely tells how in his youth his fellow villagers managed to deceive the master and hide their existing wealth from him. And even though they had to endure a lot for this, no one could blame people for cowardice and lack of will. The peasants were able to convince the landowners of their absolute poverty, so they managed to avoid complete ruin and enslavement.
Savely is a very proud person. This is felt in everything: in his attitude to life, in his steadfastness and courage with which he defends his own. When he talks about his youth, he remembers how only people weak in spirit surrendered to the master. Of course, he himself was not one of those people:
Shalashnikov tore excellently,
And he received not so much great income:
Weak people gave up
And the strong for the patrimony
They stood well.
I also endured
He remained silent and thought:
"Whatever you do, son of a dog,
But you can’t knock out your whole soul,
Leave something behind!"
Old man Savely bitterly says that now there is practically no self-respect left in people. Now cowardice, animal fear for oneself and one’s well-being and lack of desire to fight prevail:
These were proud people!
And now give me a slap -
Police officer, landowner
They're taking their last penny!
Savely's young years were spent in an atmosphere of freedom. But peasant freedom did not last long. The master died, and his heir sent a German, who at first behaved quietly and unnoticed. The German gradually became friends with the entire local population and gradually observed peasant life.
Gradually he gained the trust of the peasants and ordered them to drain the swamp, then cut down the forest. In a word, the peasants came to their senses only when a magnificent road appeared along which their godforsaken place could be easily reached.
And then came hard labor
To the Korezh peasant -
ruined the threads
Free life is over, now the peasants have fully felt all the hardships of a forced existence. Old man Savely speaks about people's long-suffering, explaining it by the courage and spiritual strength of people. Only the truly strong and courageous people can be so patient as to endure such bullying, and so generous as not to forgive such treatment of themselves.
That's why we endured
That we are heroes.
This is Russian heroism.
Do you think, Matryonushka,
A man is not a hero"?
And his life is not a military one,
And death is not written for him
In battle - what a hero!
Nekrasov finds amazing comparisons, speaking about people's long-suffering and courage. He uses folk epic, speaking about heroes:
Hands are twisted in chains,
Feet forged with iron,
Back...dense forests
We walked along it - we broke down.
What about the breasts? Elijah the prophet
It rattles and rolls around
On a chariot of fire...
The hero endures everything!
Old man Savely tells how the peasants endured the arbitrariness of the German manager for eighteen years. Their whole life was now at the mercy of this cruel man. People had to work tirelessly. And the manager was always dissatisfied with the results of the work and demanded more. Constant bullying from the Germans causes strong indignation in the souls of the peasants. And one day another round of bullying forced people to commit a crime. They kill the German manager. When reading these lines, the thought of supreme justice comes to mind. The peasants had already felt completely powerless and weak-willed. Everything they held dear was taken from them. But you can’t mock a person with complete impunity. Sooner or later you will have to pay for your actions.
But, of course, the murder of the manager did not go unpunished:
Bui-city, There I learned to read and write,
So far they have decided on us.
The solution has been reached: hard labor
And whip first...
The life of Savely, the Holy Russian hero, after hard labor was very difficult. He spent twenty years in captivity, only to be released closer to old age. Savely's whole life is very tragic, and in his old age he turns out to be the unwitting culprit in the death of his little grandson. This incident once again proves that, despite all his strength, Savely cannot withstand hostile circumstances. He is just a toy in the hands of fate.
(372 words) The heroes of N. Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” met on their way the “hero of the Holy Russian” Savely, whose image is of great importance in the work. He embodies the basic qualities of the Russian people, which distinguish them from all others. On the one hand, these properties are the key to happiness, and on the other hand, they are the curse of the common man.
At the time of the poem, Savely is already a hundred-year-old man. He lived stormy life, which led him, proud and brave, to humility and repentance. Being an ordinary peasant, he was completely subservient to the German clerk. The master sent him to manage his lands. Over the course of 17 years of activity, Vogel completely ruined his charges. The exhausting work and black ingratitude of the boss prompted Savely and other men to deal with the oppressor. In this situation, the phenomenal patience of the Russian people is demonstrated - they have endured terrible treatment for almost two decades! But here another one appears, dark side the souls of Russian people - the meaninglessness and mercilessness of rebellion, which A. Pushkin spoke about. They buried the living clerk in a hole that he ordered to be dug. Then the hero and his friends were sent to hard labor, which, despite all its torment, did not break the spirit of these people. Savely doesn’t think twice about corporal punishment: “The fighting there is bad,” he complains. It is also known that he escaped several times, and the punishment did not bother him either. This speaks of the courage, endurance and fortitude of a simple Russian peasant. His craving for freedom and inner independence amaze and make us admire him as folk hero. But after hard labor, life in a settlement and all the dramatic events, he comes to the most difficult test - pangs of conscience. They were awakened by the death of his great-grandson. Saveliy did not finish watching, and Dema was eaten by pigs. Then the strongman and the threat of the settlement begins to melt before our eyes and constantly disappears at the boy’s grave. He realizes his guilt not only before Matryona, but also before the entire Christian world for the blood that stained him Strong arms. Unshakable moral basis His character makes itself felt when we see the scale of his repentance: he leaves the world for a monastery in order to completely surrender to grief and regret.
Saveliy's potential is enormous: he learned to read and write in prison, and had remarkable strength. But such heroes need to be given the right direction, because they themselves cannot complete their rebellion to the end, they cannot carry it out honestly and without unnecessary cruelty. Because people's defender is Grisha Dobrosklonov, who must persuade the people to do good, as follows from his last name.
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