Self-loading sniper rifle Dragunov SVD. Dragunov sniper rifle - SVD-S

INTRODUCTION

The technical description and operating instructions for the 7.62 mm Dragunov sniper rifle (SVD) are intended for studying rifles and optical sights and maintaining them in constant combat readiness.

This document contains technical characteristics and information about the design and operating principle of the rifle and optical sight, as well as the basic rules necessary to ensure the correct operation of the rifle with the scope and full use of their technical capabilities.

1.TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION

1.1. Purpose of the rifle
1.1.1. The 7.62 mm Dragunov sniper rifle (index 6B1) is a sniper weapon and is designed to destroy various emerging, moving, open and camouflaged single targets (Fig. 1).
The sniper optical sight (index 6Ts1) is used for precise aiming from a sniper rifle at various targets.

Rice. 1. 7.62 mm Dragunov sniper rifle with optical sight and bayonet:
1 - 7.62 mm Dragunov 6B1 sniper rifle. Sat;
2 - 6Ts1 optical sniper sight. ALZ. 812.000;
3 - bayonet assembly 6X5 sb

1.1.2. For shooting from a sniper rifle, rifle cartridges with ordinary, tracer and armor-piercing incendiary bullets, as well as sniper cartridges, are used. Fire from a sniper rifle is carried out in single shots.
1.1.3. The optical sight allows you to fire at night using infrared sources, as well as under unfavorable lighting conditions, when it is difficult to shoot at targets with an open sight.
When observing infrared sources, the infrared rays emitted by the source pass through the scope lens and affect the screen located in the focal plane of the lens. At the location of the infrared rays, a glow appears on the screen, giving a visible image of the source in the form of a round greenish spot.

1.2. Technical data
1.2.1. The main design ballistic characteristics of the rifle, rifle cartridge and design data of the optical sight are given in table. 1.
Table 1
1. Caliber, mm 7.62
2. Number of grooves 4
3. Sighting range, m:
with optical sight 1300
with open sight 1200
4. Initial bullet speed, m/s 830
5. The flight range of a bullet, up to which its lethal effect remains, m 3800
6. Weight of the rifle without a bayonet with an optical sight, unloaded
magazine and cheek, kg 4.3
7. Magazine capacity, 10 rounds
8. Rifle length, mm:
without bayonet 1220
with attached bayonet 1370
9. Cartridge weight, g 21.8
10. Mass of an ordinary bullet with a steel core, g 9.6
11. Mass of powder charge, g 3.1
12. Magnification of the optical sight, times. 4
13. Field of view of the sight, degree 6
14. Exit pupil diameter, mm 6
15. Eye relief, mm 68.2
16. Resolution, second, 12
17. Sight length with eyecup and extended hood, mm 375
18. Sight width, mm 70
19. Sight height, mm 132
20. Sight weight, g 616
21. Weight of the sight with a set of spare parts and a cover, g 926

1.3. Rifle composition
1.3.1. The sniper rifle kit includes (Fig. 1):
sniper optical sight, index 6Ts1 - 1 pc.;
bayonet, index 6X5 - 1 pc.;
bag for sight and magazines (Fig. 3), index 6Ш18 - 1 pc.;
bag for spare parts (Fig. 4), index 6Ш26 - 1 pc.;
belt for carrying small arms (Fig. 5), index 6Ш5 - 1 pc.

1.3.2. The optical sniper sight is equipped with a case, a winter lighting system and individual spare parts.
1.4. Design and operation of the rifle

Rice. 2. 7.62 mm Dragunov sniper rifle:
1- frame 6B1. 2-7; 2- striker 6B1 2-5; 3- cover 6B1. Sat. 5; 4- guide rod 6B1. 5-6; 5- guide bushing 6B1. 5-5; 6- gate 6B1. 2-1; 7 - ejector axis 6B1. 2-3; 8- striker pin 6B1. 2-6; 9- ejector spring 6B1. 2-4; 10 - ejector 6B1. 2-2; 11- return spring 6B1. 5-4; 12- sighting bar clamp 6B1. 48; 13 - sighting bar 6B1. 1-21; 14- left trim assembly 6B1. Sat. 1-3; 15- pusher spring 6B1. 1-24; 16 - gas tube latch 6B1. 1-38; 17 - gas chamber 6B1. 1-15; 18 - gas piston 6B1. 1-22; 19 - gas tube 6B1. 1-25; 20 - gas regulator 6V1. 1-53; 21 - front sight body 6B1. 1-20; 22- front sight 6B1. 1-17; 23- pusher 6B1. 1-23; 24 - front sight base 6B1. 1-16; 25- barrel 6B1. 1-1; 26- upper ring assembly 6B1. Sat. 1-1; 27-ring pin 6Bl. Sat. 1-7; 28 - oil seal assembly 6B1. Sat. 1-8; 29 - right overlay assembly 6B1. Sat. 1-4; 30- lower ring with 6B1 spring. Sat. 1-5; 31—magazine body 6B1. Sat. 6-1; 32 - magazine spring 6B1. 6-12; 33 - magazine cover 6B1. 6-11; 34-bar assembly 6B1. Sat. 6-3; 35- feeder 6B1. Sat. 6-2; 36- box 6B1. 1-2; 37 - shield assembly 6B1. Sat. 3; 38 - trigger mechanism 6B1. Sat. 4; 39 - cover pin 6B1. Sat. 1-2; 40 - butt 6B1. Sat. 7

1.4.1. A sniper rifle has the following main parts and mechanisms (Fig. 2):
barrel with box;
shutter with frame;
shield assembly;
trigger mechanism;
cover with return mechanism;
shop;
butt;
upper ring assembly;
left trim assembly;
right trim assembly;
sighting bar assembly;
base and body of the front sight assembly.

1.4.2. The sniper rifle is a self-loading weapon. Reloading a rifle is based on the use of the energy of powder gases removed from the barrel bore to the gas piston.

When fired, part of the powder gases following the bullet rushes through the gas outlet hole in the barrel wall into the gas chamber, presses on the front wall of the gas piston and throws the piston with the pusher, and with them the frame, to the rear position.

When the frame moves back, the bolt opens the barrel, removes the cartridge case from the chamber and throws it out of the receiver, and the frame compresses the return springs and cocks the hammer (puts it on the self-timer).

The frame with the bolt returns to the forward position under the action of the return mechanism, while the bolt sends the next cartridge from the magazine into the chamber and closes the barrel, and the frame removes the self-timer sear from under the self-timer cocking of the hammer and the hammer is cocked. The bolt is locked by turning it to the left and inserting the bolt lugs into the cutouts of the receiver.

Rice. 3. Bag for scope and magazines 6Ш18. Sat.

Rice. 4. Bag for spare parts 6Sh26. Sat.

Rice. 5. Belt for carrying small arms 6Ш5. Sat.

Scope case

To fire the next shot, you must release the trigger and press it again. After releasing the trigger, the rod moves forward and its hook jumps behind the sear, and when you press the trigger, the rod hook turns the sear and disconnects it from the cocking of the hammer. The trigger, turning on its axis under the action of the mainspring, strikes the firing pin, and the latter moves forward and punctures the igniter primer of the cartridge. A shot occurs.

When firing the last cartridge, when the bolt moves back, the magazine feeder raises the bolt stop, the bolt rests on it and the frame stops in the rear position. This is a signal that you need to load the rifle again.

The rifle has a gas regulator, with the help of which the recoil speed of the moving parts is changed.

Under normal operating conditions, with lubricated parts, the regulator is set to division 1. During prolonged shooting without cleaning and lubrication and the rifle is heavily soiled, a delay may occur - incomplete release of the moving parts. In this case, the regulator is switched to setting 2. The regulator is moved from one position to another using the sleeve flange or cartridge.

1.5. Design and operation of the sight and its components
1.5.1. The sniper optical sight (Fig. 6) has the following main parts:
frame;
lens;
eyepiece;
lens hood;
eyecup;
handwheel with aiming angle scale;
handwheel with lateral correction scale;
handle;
light filter in frame;
guide;
power supply;
lamp;
cap.

A lens in a frame with a retractable lens hood is screwed into the body, and an assembled eyepiece with an eyecup is screwed into the other end of the body. On top of the body there is a handwheel with an aiming angle scale printed on its cylindrical part. The handwheel nut bears the inscriptions “Up”, “Down”, “STP” and arrows indicating the direction of rotation of the handwheel when aligning the sight.

The aiming angle scale has ten divisions (from 0 to 10). The division price is 100 m. Starting from division 3, using the lock located in the handwheel, you can set aiming angles every 50 m.

On the right side of the body there is a handwheel with a lateral correction scale, on the cylindrical part of which there are 21 divisions (from 0 to 10 in both directions). The strokes and numbers located to the right of 0 are black, and those located to the left of 0 are red.

The scale division value is 0-01. Using the lock located in the handwheel, you can set corrections through O-00, 5. The nut securing the handwheel of the lateral correction mechanism has the inscriptions -Right-, -Left-, -STP- and arrows showing the direction of rotation when aligning the sight.

Rice. 6. Appearance of the PSO-1 sight:
1- AL7 lens hood. 006.002; 2- lens in AL5.917.001 frame; 3- light filter in AL5.940.003 frame; 4- handle AL8.333.004; 5- nut AL8.373.004; 6- handwheel AL8.330.007; 7- building AL8.020.016; 8- eyepiece assembly AL5.923.010; 9- eyecup AL8.647.030; 10- cap AL6.628.000; 11- cap AL8.634.003.

There are 60 divisions on the belts of the aiming angle handwheel and the lateral correction handwheel. The division value is 0-00, 5. The divisions on the handwheel belts are used to count the correction when aligning the sight on the rifle.

The power supply for the backlight is located in the housing socket. The nest is closed with a cap.

1.5.2. The optical system of the sight is designed to create images of objects located on the ground and is a monocular telescopic system with constant magnification.

The optical system (Fig. 7) consists of objective lenses, a reticle, a wrapping system, eyepiece lenses, a screen, a light filter, a light orange filter and protective glass.

The lens is designed to construct an image of the observed object. The image of objects in the focal plane of the lens is inverted from left to right and from top to bottom.

The inverting system is designed to produce a true straight image.

The eyepiece is used to view the image of the observed object and the reticle.

The light orange filter is designed to improve the operation of the scope in cloudy weather and increase image contrast.

Rice. 7. Optical design:
1,2,3- AL7 objective lenses. 504.012, AL7.563.006, AL7.523.003; 4- welded screen 51-IK-071 Sb.14 5,6,7,8- lenses AL7.504.013, AL7.563.007, AL7.563.008, AL7.504.014 (reversing system); 9- mesh AL7.210.009; 10,11,12 - eyepiece lenses AL7.546.001, AL7.508.004, AL7.508.005; 13- light orange filter AL7.220.005; 14- light filter AL7.220 006; 15- protective glass AL8.640.004.

The mesh is a plane-parallel plate. The plate contains scales for aiming angles and lateral corrections, as well as a rangefinder scale. The view of the sight's field of view is shown in Figure 8. The aiming angle scale is made in the form of squares up to a range of 1300 m. When setting the aiming angle handwheel scale to division 10, the top of the second sighting mark on the scale from the top on the reticle will correspond to a range of 1100 m, the top of the third sign - 1200 m , and the top of the fourth is 1300 m.

Rice. 8. View of the field of view

To the left and right of the sighting marks there is a lateral correction scale. Scale division value 0-01. The lateral correction values ​​0-05 and 0-10 are highlighted with an elongated stroke. The O-10 correction is marked with the number 10. To the right and left of the lateral correction scale there are two horizontal strokes.

The rangefinder scale, located on the left under the lateral correction scale, is designed to determine the range to the target. The rangefinder scale is made in the form of two lines. The top line (curve) is calculated for a target height of 1.7 m and is marked with numbers 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10.

The sight reticle moves in two mutually perpendicular directions, always remaining in the focal plane of the lens.

1.6. Rifle Accessory
1.6.1. The accessory (Fig. 9) is used for disassembling, assembling, cleaning and lubricating the sniper rifle and is carried in a bag for the scope and magazines.

1.6.2. Accessories include: cheek piece, cleaning rod, wiper, brush, screwdriver, drift, pencil case and oiler.

The cheek piece is used when shooting from a rifle with an optical sight. In this case, it is put on the butt of the rifle and secured to it with a lock.

The cleaning rod is used to clean and lubricate the bore, channels and cavities of other parts of the rifle. It consists of three links that are screwed together.

The wipe is designed to clean and lubricate the bore, as well as the channels and cavities of other parts of the rifle.

The brush is used to clean the barrel bore with a radiofrequency solution.

The screwdriver is used when disassembling and assembling the rifle, cleaning the gas chamber and gas tube, and also as a key when adjusting the position of the front sight in height.

A drift is used to push out axles and pins.

The pencil case is used to store cleaning cloths, brushes, screwdrivers and drifts. It consists of two components: a pencil case-key and a pencil case cover.

The pencil case key is used as a cleaning rod handle when cleaning and lubricating a rifle, as a screwdriver handle when disassembling and assembling a rifle, and as a key when separating the gas tube and assembling the cleaning rod.

The cover of the case is used as a muzzle pad when cleaning the barrel.

The oiler is used to store lubricant.

Rice. 9. Rifle Accessory:
1- pencil case cover 6У7. 1-6; 2- ruff 56-Yu-212. Sat. 5; 3- screwdriver 6У7. 1; 4- rubbing 56-U-212. Sat. 4; 5- punch 56-У-212. 5: 6- pencil case body 6У7. Sat. 1-1; 7- oiler 6yu5. Sat. SB; 8- cheek 6Y7. Sat. 6; 9- cleaning rod 6Yu7. 2-1; 10- cleaning rod extension 6Yu7. 2-2; 11- front cleaning rod extension 6Yu7. 2-3

1.7. Sight accessory
1.7.1. The accessory (Fig. 10) is designed to ensure normal operation of the sight and replace individual elements that fail during operation.

1.7.2. Accessories include: case, winter lighting system, light filter in frame, key. a napkin, a lamp power source (in a cassette) and a cap.

Rice. 10 Appearance of the PSO-1 sight with an individual set of spare parts:
1- key AL8. 392.000; 2- section made of mercury-zinc elements 2РЦ63; 3- light filter AL5.940.004; 4- lamp CM 2.5-0.075 (in cassette AL8.212.000); 5- cap AL8.634.004; b- lighting system AL6.622.004

The cover is used to protect the sight from dust, rain, snow, exposure to sunlight, etc.
The winter lighting system is designed to provide illumination of the sight reticle when working with the sight in ambient temperatures below 0 degrees. WITH.
The light filter in the frame is used to operate the scope in cloudy weather.
The key is used to screw in and unscrew the reticle illumination lamp.
The cloth is used for cleaning optical parts. The power supply, lamps and cap are designed to replace failed ones.

1.8. Container and packaging
1.8.1. Sniper rifles are delivered to the consumer in wooden boxes painted in a protective color. Six sniper rifles with all accessories are placed in each box and secured with special inserts.
1.8.2. The box consists of two compartments separated by a wooden partition. The bottom, as well as all the walls of the box, are lined with waxed paper. Before capping, the bottom and walls of the large compartment of the box are additionally lined with inhibited paper. The small compartment of the box is not lined with inhibited paper, and optical sights and belts for carrying small arms sealed in this compartment are wrapped only in waxed paper.

2. OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS

2.1. General instructions
The sniper rifle and optical sight must be kept in full working order and ready for action. This is achieved by timely and skillful cleaning and lubrication, careful handling, proper storage, timely technical inspections and elimination of detected faults.

2.2. Safety instructions
2.2.1. Training in disassembling and assembling a rifle should only be done on training rifles. Training on combat rifles is permitted only in exceptional cases, subject to special care in handling parts and mechanisms.
2.2.2. Before preparing the rifle for shooting, and before cleaning and lubricating it, make sure that it is not loaded.
During all training activities with a loaded rifle, do not point it at people or areas where people or pets may be present.

Shoot in a closed shooting range only with supply and exhaust ventilation, since the powder gases released during shooting are toxic. At the end of shooting, be sure to unload the rifle and put it on safety.
2.3. Preparing a sniper rifle and optical sight for shooting
2.3.1. Preparing the rifle and scope for shooting is intended to ensure trouble-free operation during shooting. Preparing the rifle and scope for shooting is carried out in the following order:
a) clean the rifle;
b) inspect the rifle disassembled and lubricate it;
c) inspect the assembled rifle and scope;
d) check the correct interaction of parts and mechanisms of the rifle;
e) check the serviceability of the lighting system and reticle illumination;
f) check the operation of the aiming angle and lateral adjustment mechanisms of the sight;
g) check the screen is turned on and off;
h) charge the sight screen.

Immediately before shooting, wipe the barrel bore (rifling part and chamber) dry, inspect the cartridges and load the magazine with them.

To charge the sight screen, turn the screen switching handle to the position along the sight, place the sight so that the entire surface of the filter is illuminated by a light source containing ultraviolet rays.

Full charging time: in diffuse daylight - 15 minutes, when illuminated by direct sunlight and when irradiated with an electric lamp with a power of 100... 200 W at a distance of 20 cm - 7-10 minutes. Charging the screen beyond the specified time does not increase its sensitivity. A charged screen retains the ability to capture infrared rays for 6... 7 days, after which it needs to be charged again. Charging ensures operation of the sight for 3 days (when working 8 hours a day).

2. 4. Bringing the rifle to normal combat and the procedure for working with an optical sight
2.4.1. The sniper rifle located in the unit must be brought to normal combat. The need to bring the rifle to normal combat is established by checking the combat.
The rifle's combat is checked:
a) when the rifle arrives at the unit;
b) after repairing the rifle and replacing parts that could change its combat;
c) if deviations of the average point of impact (MIP) or dispersion of bullets that do not meet the requirements of normal rifle combat are detected during shooting.
In a combat situation, the rifle's combat is checked periodically at every opportunity.

2.4.2. To test the combat, fire four shots, aiming carefully and uniformly through the open sights. Shoot at a black rectangle measuring 20 cm in width and 30 cm in height, mounted on a white shield 0.5 m wide and 1 m high. The aiming point is the middle of the lower edge of the black rectangle. On a plumb line at a distance of 16 cm above the aiming point, mark with chalk or a colored pencil the normal position of the midpoint of impact when shooting with open sights. This point is the control point (CT).

Firing range 100 m, sight 3. Position for shooting "prone from rest". To check the combat of a rifle and bring it to normal combat, cartridges with an ordinary bullet with a steel core are used. Shoot without a bayonet.
At the end of the shooting, inspect the target and the location of the holes, determine the accuracy of the battle and the position of the midpoint of impact.

The accuracy of a rifle's fire is considered normal if all four holes fit into a circle with a diameter of 8 cm.
If the accuracy of the holes does not satisfy this requirement, repeat the shooting. If the shooting result is unsatisfactory again, send the rifle to a repair shop.

If the combat accuracy is normal, determine the midpoint of impact and its position relative to the control point. The determination of the midpoint of impact is shown in Fig. eleven.

Rice. 11. Determination of the average point of impact:
1 - sequential division of segments; 2 - with symmetrical arrangement of holes.

A rifle strike is considered normal if the average point of impact coincides with the control point or deviates from it in any direction by no more than 5 cm.

2.4.3. If, when checking the battle, the average point of impact deviates from the control point in any direction by more than 5 cm, then change the position of the front sight in height or the front sight body in lateral position. If the STP is lower than the CT, then screw in the front sight, if higher, unscrew it. If the STP is to the left of the CT, move the front sight body to the left, if to the right - to the right.
When the front sight body moves sideways by 1 mm when screwing in (unscrewing) the front sight one full turn, the STP when shooting at 100 m shifts by 16 cm.

Check the correct movement of the front sight body and front sight by shooting again. After bringing the rifle to normal combat, hammer in the old mark on the front sight body and apply a new one in its place.
2.4.4. To bring the rifle into normal combat mode with an optical sight, attach the scope to the rifle and place the cheekpiece on the butt. By rotating the handwheels, set the aiming angle handwheel to division 3, and the lateral correction handwheel to division 0.

Shoot with an optical sight under the same conditions as when checking the combat of a rifle with open sights, only mark the control point at a height of 14 cm from the aiming point. If, as a result of shooting, all four holes fit into a circle with a diameter of 8 cm, but the STP deviated from the CT by more than 3 cm, determine the deviation of the STP and make appropriate adjustments in installing the nuts on the aiming angle and lateral correction handwheels. Moving the nuts by one division relative to the scale on the handwheel belt when shooting at 100 m changes the position of the STP by 5 cm. To make adjustments, unscrew the screws on the ends of the handwheels one and a half turns, and by hand rotating the nut of the aiming angle mechanism or the nut of the lateral correction mechanism, move them to the required size and tighten the screws.

After making adjustments to the handwheel settings, fire again. If, upon repeated shooting, all four holes fit into a circle with a diameter of 8 cm, and the STP coincided with the CT or deviated from it in any direction by no more than 3 cm, then the rifle is considered to be in normal combat. Upon completion of bringing the rifle to normal combat, enter the position of the STP in the form.

2.4.5. The range to the target is determined in the following sequence:
— align the target image with the rangefinder scale of the reticle so that the base of the target is on the horizontal line of the rangefinder scale, and the top point of the target touches the upper (dotted) line of the scale without a gap;
— take a reading on the rangefinder scale at the point where the target touches;
— the number indicating the point of contact will determine the distance to the target (in Fig. 12 the distance to the target is 400 m).

Rice. 12. Rangefinder scale

2.4.6. To shoot at dusk and at night, turn the microtoggle switch to the -ON- position. In this case, set the aiming angles and lateral corrections by counting the clicks of the latch from the zero position. At the same time, remember that the handwheel fixes the aiming angles from 0 to 3 through a whole division, i.e. every 100 m, and then until setting 10 every half division, i.e. after 50 m. The lateral correction handwheel is fixed every half division, i.e. after 0-00, 5.

2.4.7. When working with a winter lighting system, the housing with section 2РЦ63 must be stored in a warm place (in the pocket of a tunic or sniper’s overcoat).

2.5. Checking the technical condition, typical malfunctions and methods for eliminating them
2.5.1. To check the serviceability of the rifle, as well as to determine its suitability for further use, carry out periodic inspections of the rifle.

When inspecting, make sure that all parts of the rifle are present and check that the outer parts are free of rust, dirt, dents, scratches, nicks, chips and other damage that could cause disruption of the normal operation of the mechanisms of the rifle and the optical sight; in addition, check the condition of the lubrication on parts visible without disassembling the rifle, the presence of magazines, a bayonet, accessories, a cover for an optical sight, a bag for a sight and magazines, and a bag for spare parts; make sure that there are no foreign objects in the bore; check the correct operation of parts and mechanisms.

When checking the correct operation of parts and mechanisms, remove the rifle from the safety lock, pull the frame back by the handle until it stops and release it; the frame should stop in the rear position by stopping the shutter. Separate the magazine, pull the frame back a little by the handle and release it; The frame should forcefully return to the forward position.

Put the safety on the rifle and pull the trigger; the trigger should not move back completely, and the hammer should remain cocked. Remove the rifle from the safety and press the trigger: a click should be heard - an energetic blow of the trigger on the firing pin. Put the rifle on safety again and attach the magazine; the frame should not move back; The fuse must be securely held in position.

Check the supply of cartridges into the chamber; extraction and reflection of cartridge cases (cartridges); equip the magazine with training cartridges, attach it to the rifle and, without pressing the magazine latch, try to separate the magazine with your hand - the magazine should fit freely into the receiver window and be securely held by the magazine latch. Reload the rifle several times, while training cartridges should be sent from the magazine into the chamber without delay and vigorously thrown out of the receiver.

When checking the serviceability of the optical sight, make sure that the eyepiece and objective lenses are intact, check the smooth rotation of the handwheels and their fixation in the installed position, whether the handwheels are swaying, whether the sight is swaying and whether it is securely fastened with a clamping screw on the rifle; check that the reticle lighting is working properly; to do this, put the cap on the lens, turn on the toggle switch and look into the eyepiece (if the device is working properly, the reticle is clearly visible, if the reticle is not visible, replace the battery or light bulb).

If the scope has a wobble or the bend of the handle does not fit into the cutout on the bracket when the scope is firmly attached to the rifle, adjust the clamp screw. To do this, separate the scope from the rifle, press the slider against the handle (compress the spring) and screw or unscrew the adjusting nut of the clamping screw.

Inspect the ammunition before shooting. Check them during your inspection. is there any rust or bruises on the cartridges, is the bullet wobbling in the barrel of the cartridge case, is there a green coating and cracks on the primer, is the primer protruding above the surface of the bottom of the cartridge case, are there any training cartridges among the live cartridges. Return all faulty cartridges to the warehouse.

2.5.2. Fix any malfunctions in the rifle, scope, magazines or accessories immediately. If the malfunction cannot be resolved in the unit, send the rifle (optical sight, magazines, accessories) to a repair shop.

2.5.3. The parts and mechanisms of a sniper rifle, when properly handled and cared for, work reliably and without failure for a long time. However, as a result of contamination of the mechanisms, wear of parts and careless handling of the rifle, as well as malfunctioning cartridges, delays in shooting may occur.
Eliminate the delay that occurs during shooting by reloading, to do this, quickly move the frame back by the handle, release it and continue shooting. If the delay is not resolved, find out the reason for its occurrence and eliminate the delay as indicated in Table 2.

table 2

2.6. Disassembling and assembling the rifle
2.6.1. Disassembly of a sniper rifle can be incomplete or complete: incomplete - for cleaning, lubricating and inspecting the rifle; full - for cleaning when the rifle is heavily soiled, after being in the rain or snow, when switching to a new lubricant and during repairs. Frequent disassembly of the rifle is not allowed, as this accelerates the wear of parts and mechanisms.
When disassembling and assembling the rifle, do not use excessive force or sharp blows.
During assembly. rifle, compare the numbers on its parts with the number on the receiver.

2.6.2. The procedure for partial disassembly of a sniper rifle:
a) separate the store. Holding the magazine with your hand, press the magazine latch and, pushing the bottom of the magazine forward, separate it. After this, check whether there is a cartridge in the chamber, to do this, lower the fuse down, move the frame back by the handle, inspect the chamber and lower the handle;
b) separate the optical sight. Lifting the clamping screw handle, turn it towards the eyecup as far as it will go, slide the sight back and separate it from the receiver;
c) separate the cheek. By turning the cheek lock latch down, remove the loop from the clip hook and separate the cheek;
d) separate the receiver cover with the return mechanism. Having turned the cover pin back until it is placed on the pin stop screw, lift up the back part of the cover and separate the cover with the return mechanism;
e) separate the frame with the shutter. Moving the frame with the bolt back all the way, lift it and separate it from the receiver;
e) separate the bolt from the frame. Having pulled the bolt back, turn it so that the leading protrusion of the bolt comes out of the figured groove of the frame, and then move the bolt forward;
g) separate the trigger mechanism. Having turned the shield up to a vertical position, slide it to the right and separate it from the receiver; holding the bracket, move downwards to separate the firing mechanism;
h) separate the barrel linings. Pressing the pin of the ring against the gas tube until the bend of the pin comes out of the cutout of the upper ring, turn the contactor clockwise until it stops; slide the top ring towards the muzzle; by pressing the lining down and moving it to the side, separate it from the barrel;
i) separate the gas piston and pusher with spring. Moving the pusher back, remove its front end from the hole of the gas piston; separate the gas piston from the gas tube; by inserting the front end of the pusher into the gas tube, press the pusher spring until it exits the channel of the aiming block, and then separate the pusher with the spring; Separate the pusher spring from the pusher.

2.6.3. The procedure for assembling a sniper rifle after partial disassembly:
a) attach the gas piston and pusher with a spring. With the pushrod spring on the rear end of the pushrod, insert the front end of the pushrod into the gas tube; Having pressed the spring, insert the rear end of the pusher together with the spring into the channel of the aiming block; move the pusher back and move its front end out of the gas tube to the side; insert the gas piston into the gas tube and the front end of the pusher into the piston hole;
b) attach the barrel linings. After inserting the rear end of the right (left) pad into the lower ring, press the pad down and fix it on the projections of the support ring; slide the upper ring onto the tips of the linings and turn the pin of the ring towards the gas tube until the bend of the pin enters the cutout on the ring;
c) attach the trigger mechanism. By placing the cutouts of the trigger mechanism housing behind the stop pin, press the trigger mechanism against the receiver; insert the axis of the shield into the hole in the receiver, and then turn the shield clockwise until the protrusion on the shield enters the lower recess of the receiver;
d) attach the bolt to the frame. Having inserted the bolt into the hole in the frame, turn the bolt so that its leading protrusion fits into the figured groove of the frame; push the shutter forward as far as it will go;
e) attach the frame with the shutter. Insert the frame guides into the receiver cutouts and slide the frame forward;
f) attach the cover with the return mechanism. Having inserted the return spring into the hole in the frame, insert the protrusions on the front end of the cover into the cutouts of the lower ring, press the rear end of the cover until it is completely adjacent to the receiver; turn the lid pin forward until it is placed on the pin stopper;
g) attach the cheek. With the cheek piece on the butt with the lock facing to the right, place the loop on the clip hook and turn the latch upward;
h) attach an optical sight. Having aligned the grooves on the sight bracket with the protrusions on the left wall of the receiver, push the sight forward as far as it will go and turn the clamping screw handle toward the lens until its bend fits into the cutout on the bracket;
i) attach the store. Having inserted the front magazine hook into the receiver window, turn the magazine towards you so that the latch slides over the rear magazine hook.

2.6.4. The procedure for completely disassembling a sniper rifle:
a) perform partial disassembly, guided by paragraph 2. 6. 2;
b) disassemble the store. Having sunk the protrusion of the locking bar into the hole on the magazine cover, slide the cover forward; holding the locking bar, remove the cover from the housing; gradually releasing the spring, remove it together with the locking bar from the magazine body; separate the feeder;
c) disassemble the return mechanism. Remove the front return spring from the guide bushing; compress the rear return spring and, holding the guide rod, move it downwards and towards you from the earring hole; separate the rear return spring and guide rod from the guide bushing;
d) disassemble the shutter. Using a punch, push out the firing pin and remove the firing pin from the bolt hole; remove the ejector with the spring in the same way;
e) disassemble the trigger mechanism (Fig. 13). Press the self-timer lever and disconnect the self-timer sear from the trigger, holding the trigger, press the trigger and smoothly release the hammer; remove the ends of the trigger spring from under the bends of the trigger mechanism housing; using a screwdriver, align the protrusions of the axes of the trigger, sear and self-timer with the cutouts for them on the right wall of the trigger mechanism housing: by pushing out the axes of the trigger, sear and self-timer, separate these parts; Having pushed out the hammer axis, separate the hammer from the mainspring, and then remove the mainspring;
e) separate the gas tube with the gas regulator. Having turned the regulator until the cutout on its front end aligns with the latch of the gas pipe, press the latch and, using a pencil case, unscrew the gas pipe and remove the regulator from it.

2.6.5. The procedure for assembling a sniper rifle after complete disassembly:
a) connect the gas pipe with the gas regulator. Having placed the regulator on the gas tube, press the gas tube latch and screw the gas tube using a pencil case key until the cutout on the end of the tube matches the latch; Having sunk the latch into the cutout of the tube, set the regulator to the required division;
b) assemble the firing mechanism. Insert the trigger with its spring into the housing, insert the axle, align its protrusion with the cutout on the right wall of the case and turn the axle using a screwdriver. Place the mainspring on the hammer pins and insert the hammer into the housing.
Insert the sear into the body so that its tail goes behind the loop of the long end of the mainspring; insert axle; align its protrusion with the cutout on the right wall of the case and turn the axis using a screwdriver. Insert the self-timer into the body so that its tail goes behind the loop of the short end of the mainspring; insert the axle, aligning its protrusion with the cutout on the right wall of the case and turn the axle using a screwdriver; insert the trigger axis and place the ends of the trigger spring on the bends of the body;
c) assemble the shutter. Having inserted the ejector with the spring into the bolt socket, press the ejector and insert the ejector axis, inserting the firing pin into the bolt hole, from the side of the leading protrusion, insert the firing pin into the bolt hole and push it to the end;

Rice. 13. Trigger mechanism:
1- trigger housing 6B1. Sat. 4-1; 2-axis sear, hook and self-timer 6B1. 4-10; 3-trigger with 6B1 pull. Sat. 4-4; 4- hook spring 6V1.4-13; 5- sear 6V1.4-9V; 6- self-timer 6B1 4-23; 7- trigger 6V1.4-6; 8- combat spring 6V1.4-7; 9 - trigger axis 6V1.4-8; 10- axis of the magazine latch 6В1.4-16; 11- magazine latch 6B1.4-15; 12- magazine latch spring 6B1. 4-22.

d) assemble the return mechanism. Having inserted the guide rod into the guide sleeve from the side of the large diameter hole (flat side forward), put the return spring on the guide sleeve from the side of the rod and compress it so that the end of the guide rod with the flats comes out from under the spring; holding the guide rod in this position, insert it together with the spring and bushing into the lower hole of the earring, and then push the rod along the edges of the flats into the upper hole; release the spring - its end should enter the cup of the earring. Place the second return spring onto the guide bushing;
d) assemble a store. Having inserted the feeder and the spring into the magazine body, compress the spring until the locking bar enters the body and, holding it in this position, put the magazine cover on the body so that the protrusion of the locking bar slides into the hole in the cover;
f) carry out further assembly, guided by paragraphs, 2. 6. 3.

2.7. Cleaning and Lubrication
2.7.1. Cleaning the rifle is done:
in preparation for shooting;
after firing live and blank cartridges - immediately after the end of firing;
after the assignment and training in the field without shooting - upon returning from the assignment or training;
in a combat situation and during long-term exercises - daily during periods of calm in the battle and during breaks in exercises;
if the rifle was not used - at least once a week.

2.7.2. After cleaning, lubricate the rifle. Apply lubricant only to a well-cleaned and dry metal surface immediately after cleaning to prevent moisture from affecting the metal.

2.7.3. To clean and lubricate the rifle use:
liquid gun lubricant - for cleaning the rifle and lubricating its parts and mechanisms at air temperatures from plus 50 to minus 50 degrees C;
gun lubricant - for lubricating the barrel bore, parts and mechanisms of the rifle after cleaning them; this lubricant is used at air temperatures above plus 5 degrees C;
RFC solution - for cleaning the bore and other parts of the rifle exposed to powder gases.

Note. The RHS solution is prepared in the department in the following composition:
water suitable for drinking - 1 l;
ammonium carbonate - 200 g;
potassium dichromate (chrompic) - 3-5 g.

The solution is prepared in the amount necessary to clean the weapon within one day. A small amount of RFS solution can be stored for no more than 7 days in glass containers, sealed with a stopper, in a dark place and away from heating devices.

It is prohibited to pour RFC solution into oil cans!
rags or paper KV-22 - for wiping, cleaning and lubricating the rifle;
tow, cleared of kernels, is used only for cleaning the bore.

2.7.4. Clean the rifle in the following order:
a) prepare materials for cleaning and lubrication;
b) disassemble the rifle;
c) prepare the accessory for use during cleaning;
d) clean the bore.

To clean the bore with liquid gun lubricant, place tow on the end of the wiper and lay the tow fibers along the wiper rod; pour some liquid gun lubricant onto the tow. Insert a ramrod with rubbing and tow into the barrel bore and attach the canister cover to the flash hider. While holding the rifle, smoothly move the tow wipe along the entire length of the bore several times. Take out the cleaning rod, change the tow, saturate it with liquid gun lubricant and clean the bore several times in the same order. After this, carefully wipe the bore with clean, dry tow, and then with a clean rag.

Clean the barrel bore with the RFS solution using a brush soaked in the solution; then wipe the bore with tow. Continue cleaning with the RFC solution until the carbon deposits are completely removed. After cleaning the rifled part of the barrel bore, clean the chamber in the same manner; e) clean the gas chamber and gas tube using a cleaning rod or wooden stick wrapped in a rag soaked in liquid gun lubricant or RFC solution; After cleaning, wipe the gas chamber and gas pipe dry; Wipe again with a rag and inspect the bore so that there are no scraps of tow, rags or other foreign objects left in it;
f) clean the receiver, bolt frame, bolt and gas piston using a rag soaked in liquid gun lubricant or RFC solution, then wipe dry;
g) wipe the remaining metal parts dry with a rag;
h) wipe the wooden parts with a dry cloth.

2.7.5. Lubricate the rifle in the following order:
a) lubricate the bore using a wipe and a rag soaked in lubricant; lubricate the chamber;
b) lubricate all other metal parts and mechanisms of the rifle using an oiled rag;
c) apply a thin layer of lubricant, since excessive lubricant contributes to contamination of parts and can cause delays when firing;
d) do not lubricate wooden parts.

2.7.6. Assemble the rifle and check the operation of its parts and mechanisms.

2.7.7. Wipe the outer surfaces of the optical sight with a clean rag. Remove the reticle light cap and clean the battery, housing, and cap. If the surface of the objective lenses and eyepiece are dirty, wipe them with a cloth. Lenses and glass are not allowed to be wiped with a rag that was used to wipe other parts of the sight, lubricated or touched with fingers.

It is forbidden to open the sight!
2.8. Storage and transportation rules
2.8.1. The rifle must always be stored unloaded, with the optical sight and magazine separated, the bayonet removed, the trigger pulled, the safety guard on, the sight clamp set to the -P- mark.

2.8.2. In barracks and camp situations, the rifle is stored in a pyramid; in a special compartment of the same pyramid, an optical sight in a case, magazines, a bag for the sight and magazines, a bayonet in a sheath, a bag for spare parts, a belt for carrying small arms and accessories are stored. The scope and magazine bag, case and sling should be kept clean and dry.

2.8.3. When temporarily located in a building, the rifle is stored in a dry place away from doors, stoves and heating devices. In a combat situation, keep the rifle with you, in your hands.

2.8.4. When moving to classes and on a hike, the rifle is carried on a belt. The sling must be adjusted so that the rifle does not hit hard objects. The rifle is carried with the magazine attached. The rest of the stores are in the bag.

2.8.5. When traveling in cars or armored personnel carriers, hold the rifle vertically between your knees. When traveling on tanks, hold the rifle in your hands, protecting it from hitting the armor.

2.8.6. When transported by rail or waterways, the rifle is installed in a special pyramid. If the carriage or watercraft is not equipped with pyramids, the rifle can be held in the hands or placed on a shelf so that it cannot fall or be damaged.

2.8.7. To prevent swelling or rupture of the barrel, it is prohibited to plug the bore with anything.

2.8.8. Protect the optical sight from falling, sharp blows and jolts, and from penetration of moisture and dust into the optical part; store the scope in a case in a dry, heated room; If the scope is on the rifle and you are not shooting, put a cover on the scope. Wipe the wet sight thoroughly with a dry cloth and dry the covers. It is forbidden to hold the sight near stoves and fires.

SVD stands for Dragunov Sniper Rifle. In the armies of the USSR and the Russian Federation it is designated GAU-6V1. The rifle is chambered for the 7.62x54R mm cartridge and has automatic gas operation. The development of the rifle from 1958 to 1963 was carried out by the team of the Izhevsk Design Bureau “Target Sports Weapons” under the leadership of Evgeniy Fedorovich Dragunov. The rifle was adopted by the Soviet Army on July 3, 1963.

After WWII, tactics and combat operations became different, which required new weapons for snipers. In connection with this, the Main Artillery Directorate of the Ministry of Defense gave the task to create a self-loading rifle chambered for 7.62x54 mm. E.F. presented samples of his rifles. Dragunov, S.G. Simonov, M.T. Kalashnikov and A.S. Konstantinov. The new rifle was supposed to replace the sniper versions of the SVT-40 and Mosin rifles, as they did not have a sufficient rate of fire and accuracy of combat. SVD it also had to replace the SKS carbine with an intermediate cartridge, since the carbine could not fully replace the sniper rifle, and the AK-47 had already replaced the melee weapon. The problem with all rifles was the creation of a sniper rifle with automatic equipment, since automatic equipment negatively affects many characteristics when shooting, as there is recoil from the bolt, loss of power when part of the powder gases is removed. After competitive testing at the range in 1959 for accuracy, a sample of the SSV-58 rifle designed by E.F. Dragunov was sent for further improvement. In 1963, Dragunov presented a modified version of his OSV-61 rifle. After comparative tests with the Konstantinov rifle, the rifle “ 7.62 mm Dragunov sniper rifle -SVD. In fact, the army received an intermediate version of the rifle, between a “sniper” and a “combat” rifle.

Ammunition

To fire from SVD 7.62x54 mm R rifle cartridges are used. The range of cartridges for SVD is quite wide: tracer, armor-piercing, armor-piercing incendiary, expansive, simple, etc. Shooting from SVD provides only single fire; a 10-round box magazine is used to supply cartridges. The advantage of this ammunition during battle is its prevalence, since every tank or armored personnel carrier or PKM machine gunner has it.

Automation

Dragunov sniper rifle has automatic gas outlet. During a shot, part of the powder gases from the barrel enters the gas chamber in which the piston is located. Powder gases press on the piston, as a result of which the bolt frame is pushed to the rear position and compresses the return spring, cocks the hammer, and when returning to the firing position, the bolt snatches a new cartridge and sends it into the chamber. After shooting all the cartridges from the magazine, the bolt stops in the rear position, which makes it clear to the fighter that he needs to reload the rifle. The end of the barrel has a muzzle brake/flash suppressor to reduce recoil, reduce recoil and keep the bore free of dirt. You can also attach a bayonet knife to the rifle for hand-to-hand combat. Most likely, the bayonet-knife became an attribute after the Second World War from the Mosin rifle with its bayonet; it is doubtful that it will be used in battle SVD as a bladed weapon.
Often automatic SVD compared with the AK-47 automatic, since both have gas-operated automatics, rotary locking of the cartridge in the barrel, a similar bolt shape, and a UDS mechanism. But SVD designed to perform other tasks, for this reason automation SVD Compared to the AK-47, it has longer reload cycles, which reduces recoil and increases the smooth operation of the mechanism. The piston and bolt are not a single unit. The gas outlet unit has a regulator for the removal of powder gases to adjust the operation of the bolt depending on the ammunition and the contamination of the barrel. The safety of the rifle is ensured by a safety lever on the right side.

Sighting range.
The standard sight for the Dragunov sniper rifle is the PSO-1 sight, which is designed for shooting up to 1300 meters. It is generally accepted that shooting at such a distance is possible at group targets or for intimidating fire. With the POS-1 sight in Afghanistan, Vladimir Ilyin managed to hit the enemy at a distance of 1350 meters, which for SVD is a record, as well as rifles with a caliber of 7.62 mm. In reality, a rifle can fire effectively at 600-700 meters.
Accuracy standard for SVD there was shooting at a target at a distance of 100 meters with four cartridges with a steel core, if the spread of hits was 8 cm, then the accuracy was considered normal. In 1967, while shooting from a rifle SVD began to use the 7N1 sniper cartridge. When shooting at 300 meters, the holes from the 7N1 cartridge were placed in a circle of 10-12 cm.
First SVD were produced with a 320 mm barrel rifling, like those of sporting rifles, which ensured excellent shooting accuracy. But with the same rifling pitch, the B-32 armor-piercing incendiary cartridges had poor accuracy and therefore in 1975 it was decided to produce rifles SVD with a rifling pitch of 240 mm to increase the accuracy of B-32 cartridges, which negatively affected the accuracy of simple cartridges, the accuracy increased from 8 cm to 10 cm when firing at 100 meters.
There is a mechanical sight for firing. It is possible to install NSPUM and NSPU-3 night sights with the ability to conduct targeted fire at night at a distance of 300 meters. There is an opinion that SVD morally outdated, but this can be refuted by the fact that the rifle is intended for company snipers “the first step of a sniper”, these snipers are not trained to shoot at long distances, and when shooting at long distances there are other rifles for such tasks, the second point is the weak PSO-1 for such distances.

Direct shot range:

• according to the head figure, target size 30 cm-350 meters,
• according to the chest figure, target size 50 cm - 430 meters,
• according to the running figure, the size of the target is 150 cm - 640 meters.

To improve convenience SVD It has an orthopedic butt with a handle in a wooden stock; later, butts began to be made of anti-nuclear plastic.

Based on the SVD rifle the following were created:

• SVDS is a variant of the SVD with a folding stock and a shortened barrel, the rifle is intended for airborne troops, created in 1991, and in 1995 it was adopted by the Russian Army.
• -SVU-version of the SVD bullpup, the bolt mechanism with the magazine is located up to the handle with the trigger.
• -SVDK-SVD developed for the 9.3x64 mm cartridge
• -TSV-1-SVD “Melkashka” chambered for 5.6x15.6 mm
• -SVDM is a modified version of SVD. Added picatinny rail and removable bipod.
• -SVU-AS-short, automatic, with bipod. Appeared in the early 1990s

The rifle is in service not only in the countries of the former USSR, but also in many countries in Europe and Asia. Produced in Yugoslavia, China, Romania, and India.

SVD fully fulfills its tasks for army units, when shooting can be carried out by soldiers of average training and are almost always included in reconnaissance units or DRGs. High reliability and simplicity explain its popularity throughout the world and practical use during major military conflicts. Among the shortcomings of the rifle, one can highlight its PSO-1 sight, since it has only a 4x magnification.

TTX Sniper Rifle Dragunov-SVD

SVDS sniper rifle

In 1991, the designers of the Izhmash plant modified the SVD sniper rifle, as a result of which a new version of the SVDS appeared. Unlike the SVD, the SVDS has an improved gas exhaust unit, a flame arrester, and a more massive barrel. Despite all the positive qualities of the SVD, it did not meet the requirements of the airborne troops in such an important technical parameter as the overall length of the rifle.

A sniper performing a parachute drop, loaded with equipment, was unable to carry a long sniper rifle due to the risk of being injured or even killed upon landing. Therefore, after landing, the sniper had to look for his weapon, which was landed separately. And with the beginning of hostilities in Afghanistan, there was a conversation among the military that the SVD needed to be made even more compact, because the standard rifle did not fit well into the limited space of the infantry fighting vehicle.

This state of affairs in such highly mobile troops could not be tolerated, and the Main Artillery Directorate (GAU) initiated development work to modernize the Dragunov sniper rifle in order to reduce the linear dimensions of the weapon. Work on modernizing the SVD rifle was carried out simultaneously by two design groups. First, two working versions of the SVDS appeared - the Dragunov folding sniper rifle. One of them, with a 620 mm barrel, received the SVDS-A index, i.e. "army". Another with a barrel shortened to 590 mm was called SVDS-D - “landing”. It was decided to leave only the landing version with the name SVDS. Having retired from active design work, Dragunov was no longer able to complete the folding modification project. This work was completed by a team led by Azariy Ivanovich Nesterov, an experienced designer who had worked in the military-industrial complex for about 40 years by that time.

As a result of the work carried out, it became clear that the required length of the rifle in the stowed position can be obtained by slightly reducing the length of the barrel, using a folding stock and a compact flash suppressor. At this stage, a problem arose - how to maintain accuracy of shooting from a rifle when changing its individual elements? A number of important problems needed to be resolved. Among them: reducing the length of the barrel with increasing its rigidity by increasing the outer diameter; development of a flame arrester of shorter length, but maintaining the effectiveness of flame suppression when fired and ensuring parameters for the level of sound impact on the shooter within the limits of a standard flame arrester; design of a folding stock.

The greatest difficulty among the above-mentioned works was the development of a folding stock with a rigidity comparable to that of a standard stock. It is known that any movable connection of two parts implies the presence of gaps in them and, accordingly, a decrease in the rigidity of the connection. The slight movement of parts and parts of the weapon that occurs at the moment of firing from the action of recoil forces leads to a change in the average point of impact and, ultimately, loss of accuracy.

After working through several layout diagrams, the option of a butt attachment with a vertical hinge axis and a horizontal butt lock was chosen. The butt folds onto the right side of the receiver, which is more convenient for bringing the butt into a firing position compared to the AK74M assault rifle. The buttstock is made of steel pipes with a butt plate and cheek rest made of polyamide. The cheek rest is mounted on the upper tube of the butt and can be rotated on it with the possibility of fixation in 2 positions: upper - when shooting using an optical sight and lower - when shooting using a mechanical sight.

The SVDS stock folds onto the right side of the receiver. Thus, when folding the stock, there is no need to separate the optical sight. It becomes more convenient to place the rifle in the parachutist’s stowage when landing. The cheek rest can be fixed in two positions - for shooting with a mechanical sighting device and an optical sight. For ease of handling a sniper rifle on the march, during landing and transportation in various types of military equipment (infantry fighting vehicles, armored personnel carriers, helicopters and others), the butt of the rifle is made of thermoplastic with a non-removable cheek piece folding on the right side. To accommodate the attachment points for the stock and pistol grip, the SVDS receiver has been modified in the rear in comparison with the SVD rifle. The trigger housing and trigger have undergone minor changes.

To simplify maintenance of the rifle in a combat situation, the operating mode of the gas outlet device was optimized, which made it possible to exclude the gas engine regulator from the design. The research work carried out to find and test the design of a flame arrester with small linear dimensions led to the choice of an option that is not inferior to the standard flame arrester both in terms of the degree of flame suppression and in terms of the level of sound pressure on the shooter’s hearing organs. The rifle is equipped with a mechanical (open) optical sight (PSO-1M2) or night sights: NSPUM (SVDSN2) or NSPU-3 (SVDSN3). The Dragunov sniper rifle with the prefix “C” was ahead of other army (including foreign) sniper analogues in its weight and size indicators.

Like the SVD, in the Western space the SVDS is considered an improved combat rifle, and not a sniper rifle (a high-precision rifle for professional snipers), that is, a Marksman rifle - a weapon of an infantry sniper (“Marksman”), occupying an intermediate position between conventional small arms and heavier high-precision bolt-action sniper rifles.

Technical characteristics of the SVDS rifle

• Caliber: 7.62×54R
• Weapon length: 1135/875 mm
• Barrel length: 565 mm
• Weapon width: 88 mm
• Weapon height: 175 mm
• Weight without cartridges: 4.7 kg.
• Magazine capacity: 10 rounds

Sniper rifles

The Dragunov sniper rifle has been in service since 1963 and, apparently, they do not intend to change it for something else. Despite the fact that it is already quite old, it still copes with the tasks that face it, although many are of the opinion that this weapon is already outdated and urgently needs to be changed. Let's try to figure out whether this model of rifle is so outdated, and whether it is worth looking for a replacement, given the fact that there are more pressing gaps in the weapons of both the army and the police. At the same time, let’s briefly go over the design of this weapon, since for many, as it turns out, it is unknown in its structure.

At the end of the fifties, namely in 1958, the Main Rocket and Artillery Directorate formulated a task for designers to create a new self-loading sniper rifle for the Soviet Army. Such famous designers as Kalashnikov, Barinov, Konstantinov and, naturally, Dragunov took part in the competition. Weapons from other designers will be discussed in separate articles, especially since the samples presented were quite interesting. For a sniper rifle, in the usual understanding of most people, the basic requirements that were set before the designers were not entirely clear. Thus, the weapon was required to be able to confidently fire at the enemy at a distance of only 600 meters, that is, at this distance the enemy should be guaranteed to be hit from this weapon. But now it is fashionable to talk about weapons that shoot at 1000 meters and further, but they usually forget that the distances for accurate fire in combat, even in open areas, are much shorter for a sniper who works as part of a unit. In other words, he has completely different tasks, or rather their implementation, in comparison with those of a sniper crew working separately. Naturally, for a sniper who needs to hit a target at a distance of one and a half thousand meters, the SVD will be a completely unsuitable weapon, but these snipers are not armed with such rifles. Consequently, the SVD copes with its tasks, and taking into account the weapon’s unpretentiousness to operating conditions, ease of maintenance, and well-established production, it makes no sense to change this weapon.

For example, you can look at those sniper rifles that are currently in service in other armies of other countries. Despite the fact that more accurate and long-range models are being adopted, no one is in a hurry to abandon weapons similar in their characteristics to the SVD, and they coexist quite peacefully with long-range and accurate models. Of course, we would like to see a more advanced weapon, with higher performance, light and compact, but no one will allocate funds to remove the rifle from service one day and replace it with another model. And this problem is not so acute as to make a fuss about it. It would be more reasonable to work with weapon ammunition in order to increase its armor-piercing properties, this is both cheaper and more relevant at the moment, and only after that make weapons based on it.

What exactly is SVD? This is a self-loading rifle, the automation of which is based on the use of powder gases diverted from the bore of the weapon and with the barrel bore being locked when the bolt is turned to 3 lugs. The weapon is fed from a detachable box magazine with a capacity of 10 rounds of 7.62x54R ammunition. The weight of the weapon without ammunition is 3.8 kilograms with a total length of the rifle of 1220 millimeters. Barrel length – 620 millimeters. Quite often, the design of the rifle is compared with the design of the Kalashnikov assault rifle, however, despite the same basic points, this weapon has its own characteristics.

First of all, it should be noted that the gas piston is not rigidly connected to the bolt frame, which reduces the overall weight of the moving parts of the weapon when firing. In addition, the barrel bore is locked by three lugs (one of which is a rammer) when the bolt is turned counterclockwise. The trigger mechanism of a hammer-type weapon is assembled in one housing. The weapon's safety is controlled by a fairly large lever on the right side of the rifle. In the on position, the fuse blocks the trigger and also limits the rearward movement of the bolt frame, which provides protection from external contamination during transportation. The rifle's flash hider also serves as a muzzle brake-recoil compensator, although it is difficult to give an example when this is not the case. The flame arrester has five slotted slots. The forend and butt of the weapon were previously made of wood, now of plastic. A non-adjustable cheek rest for the shooter is installed on the butt.

The Dragunov sniper rifle has both open sights and a seat for various sights. In addition to the optical sight, various night sights can be installed on the weapon; with such a sight, the SVD turns into an SVDN. In case the optical sight fails, the shooter can continue to perform his tasks using open sights, which consist of an adjustable rear sight mounted in front of the receiver cover and a front sight in the front sight.

Let's try to briefly describe how this whole thing works. When fired, the powder gases push the bullet forward along the barrel bore, reaching the hole in the barrel to remove the powder gases, they enter the gas engine and push the piston back. Having accelerated the bolt frame, the piston stops. The frame, in the process of its movement back, turns the bolt, which unlocks the bore, removes and throws out the spent cartridge case. Actually, this is how quite satisfactory firing performance is achieved simply and without any supernatural nuances.

SIDS

SIDS

SIDS

SIDS

American soldier in Iraq with a captured SVD

Afghanistan

Azerbaijani Armed Forces

Armenian Armed Forces

Bolivian Armed Forces

Caliber: 7.62x54R

Mechanism:semi-automatic, gas outlet

Length: 1225 mm

Barrel length: 620 mm

Weight:4.31 kg without scope and ammunition

Shop:10 rounds box

In 1958, the GRAU (Main Rocket and Artillery Directorate) of the General Staff of the Soviet Army announced a competition to create a self-loading sniper rifle for the Soviet Army. The team led by E. Dragunov won the competition, and in 1963 the SVD (Dragunov Sniper Rifle) was adopted by the SA. A “sniper” cartridge with a steel core bullet was created especially for the SVD, but the rifle can use the entire range of domestic 7.62x54R cartridges.

It should be noted that the tactical role that was and is assigned to the SVD rifle in the Soviet and Russian armies differs from the traditional role of the “sniper” in the Western sense of the term. The SVD rifle serves to increase the effective fire range of the rifle squad beyond the capabilities of standard machine guns, up to distances at 600-700 meters.

The fact that the SVD is quite widely used as a sniper rifle indicates the absence of special weapons of this class, although the recent adoption of the SV-98 rifle of the same caliber may change the situation over time.

A number of modifications were produced based on the Dragunov rifle - the SVD-S rifle with a shortened barrel and a butt folding to the side, civilian hunting carbines "Bear" (now not produced) and "Tiger".

Copies and clones of SVD are also produced abroad, and among them there are both fairly accurate copies (for example, Chinese Type 85 rifles of 7.62x54R caliber and NDM-86 caliber 7.62x51) and imitations based on the design of the Kalashnikov assault rifle, such as the Romanian FPK rifle .

The SVD rifle is a self-loading weapon with gas-operated automatics, with a short stroke of a gas piston that is not rigidly connected to the bolt frame (to reduce the mass of the moving parts of the automatic).

The design of the gas outlet unit includes a two-position gas regulator. The barrel is locked by turning the bolt, which has 3 lugs. The receiver is milled from steel. The USM is unregulated, made on a separate base. All variants of the rifle are equipped with non-removable open sights in the form of a front sight in the front sight and an adjustable rear sight located in front of the receiver cover. The bracket for the optical sight is attached to the receiver on the left.

In addition to the main optical sight PSO-1 (fixed magnification 4X), the SVD can be equipped with unilluminated night sights NSPU-3 or NSPUM. On early versions of the rifle, the fore-end and butt of the frame structure were made of wood; on more modern versions, the fore-end is made of plastic; the frame butt can be either wooden or plastic. SVD-S rifles have a separate plastic pistol grip and a side-folding metal stock. The rifle is standardly equipped with a rifle belt for carrying. One of the characteristic features of the SVD is the presence of a lug on the barrel for mounting a bayonet.