In the 13th century in Novgorod, along with the name “hryvnia”, the name “ruble” began to be used. This is how they began to call the Novgorod hryvnia, which was a stick-shaped silver ingot, 14-20 cm long, with one or more dents on the “back” and weighing about 200 g. The first known mention of the ruble dates back to the end of the 13th century. It is mentioned in the birch bark charter of Veliky Novgorod, dating from 1281-1299.
For a long time it was believed that the word “ruble” comes from the verb to chop, they say, hryvnias of silver were cut by our ancestors into two parts - rubles, and they, in turn, were cut into two more parts - half a ruble. However, it has now been proven that silver hryvnias and rubles had the same weight. Most likely, the ruble owes its name to an ancient technology in which silver was poured into a mold in two steps - on Novgorod payment bars, a seam on the edge is clearly visible. The root "rub", according to experts, means edge, border. By the way, “rub” in Ukrainian, Belarusian and Polish means a tripe, and in Serbo-Croatian it means a seam, a border. Thus, the term ruble should most likely be understood as “an ingot with a seam.”
The ruble became widespread in Rus'. The Moscow ruble appears, the shape and weight of which copies the Novgorod one. Also widely used were Western Russian or Lithuanian rubles, which had the same shape as the Novgorod rubles, but were 10-17 cm long and weighed 100-105 g.
To make rubles, a lot of silver was needed, and our ancestors did not have their own mines in Rus' in those distant times. Therefore, rubles flowed from previously accumulated reserves of silver coins - dirhams of the Arab states of the Sassanids, Abbasids, Samanids, denarii of the Byzantine Empire and coins of the city of Chersonese. And also from cake-shaped German silver ingots that arrived through Novgorod. Which became the main supplier of silver for Ancient Rus', as it maintained the most stable ties with Western Europe.
In the 15th century, the ruble finally ousted the hryvnia from circulation, becoming, in fact, the only (except for the half-ruble) real payment unit without a coinage period in Rus'.
From the end of the 14th century, the minting of Russian silver coins - money - began. Its weight was 0.93 g and corresponded to 1/200 hryvnia of silver. The minting of money is associated with the struggle of Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy (1362-1389) against the Tatars. In addition to Dmitry Donskoy, many appanage princes were engaged in minting money with various designs.
Being exchangeable for coins, the ruble was able to satisfy small payments. The increase in the scale of minting coins and their continuous deterioration shook the stability of the ruble. As a result, from the middle of the 15th century, the ruble ceased to be an ingot and in the sphere of monetary circulation remained a counting concept.
In 1534, in Rus', Elena Glinskaya, the mother of the young Ivan IV Vasilyevich “The Terrible” (1530-1584), carried out a monetary reform (unification of the monetary system). The goal was to ban all old Russian and foreign coins (circumcised and uncircumcised), and replace them with a new coin - the penny.
After the monetary reform, the ruble continued to be a unit of account, but contained 68 g of pure silver and was equal to 100 Moscow kopecks or 200 Novgorod money or 400 half-rubles (half money or a quarter of a penny). But, despite this, the Russian monetary system until the beginning of the 18th century was, perhaps, the most backward in Europe.
In 1654, under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (1645-1676), real ruble silver coins were issued for the first time - “efimki”, minted from West German thalers - full-fledged current coins of Europe. For the first time, the inscription “ruble” was placed on the coin, on the front side there was a double-headed eagle, on the reverse side there was a king on horseback. However, at this time the ruble was an inferior coin; it contained less silver than 100 silver kopecks. Its actual cost was 64 kopecks. In 1655, the production of "efimki" was discontinued, they were replaced by full-weight thalers with a stamp (a rider on a horse and the year - 1655), which were called "efimkas with signs."
Efimok with the sign (Bornstedt thaler). Minting of 1611 - Germany, counterminting of 1655 - Moscow Mint. At the end of the 17th century, a monetary crisis developed in Russia. And then the great reformer of the Russian state - Peter I Alekseevich Romanov “The Great” (1672-1725), decided to introduce a new monetary system that would meet the ever-increasing commerce. The reform was carried out gradually over 15 years.
During the reform, in 1701, gold coins were introduced into circulation - the chervonets (3 rubles), equal in weight to the Western European ducat (3.4 grams), the double chervonets (6 rubles) and the double ruble (about 4 grams). And in 1704, a copper penny equal to 1/100 of a silver ruble, which was issued on the model of the Western European thaler and weighed 28 grams, appeared in circulation. Thus, Russia became the first state in the world to introduce a decimal monetary system based on the ruble and its hundredth part - the kopeck. This system was so convenient and progressive that it subsequently became widespread in the lands and states adjacent to Russia. The coins introduced by Peter I did not remain unchanged in subsequent times. Some denominations disappeared and other denominations appeared, coin types changed, their quality and weight data fluctuated. Until 1764, the amount of pure silver in the ruble decreased, after which, having dropped to 18 grams, it remained unchanged until 1915.
There were also changes in the value of gold coins. For example, by 1764, the gold ruble contained 27 shares (Share = 44.43 mg.) of pure gold, and at the end of the 19th century - only 17.424 shares. In 1775, gold poltina, ruble, semi-imperial (5 rubles) and imperial (10 rubles) were issued. The latter contained 2 spools of 69.36 shares of pure gold (11.61 grams). At the end of the 19th century, the imperial gold content was reduced. Its weight in 1775 began to correspond to 15 rubles in 1897, and the semi-imperial, correspondingly, to 7.5 rubles.
During the reign of Catherine II (1729-1796), in 1769, to finance the war with Turkey, paper money - banknotes - were first issued in Russia. In 1771, a stamp was made for a huge copper coin - the so-called Sestoretsky ruble. It was named so because these giant coins were supposed to be minted at the Sestoretsky factory. Such a coin was unsuitable for circulation. These rubles were supposed to provide paper notes introduced by Catherine II. But mass production of these rubles did not take place. However, the increased issue of banknotes, which exceeded the security, led to a drop in its rate. It especially intensified during the Patriotic War of 1812. The banknotes were withdrawn from circulation in connection with the next monetary reform of 1839-1843, which established silver monometallism in Russia (a monetary system in which one of the precious metals (silver or gold) serves as the basis of monetary circulation). Which existed in Russia until 1852.
In 1828, in connection with the discovery of platinum in the Urals, the minting of platinum coins with a denomination of 3 rubles, weighing 2 spools (Zolotnik = 4.266 grams) began, 41 shares of pure platinum. In 1829 and 1830, platinum 6- and 12-ruble coins were successively introduced into circulation, corresponding in diameter to the silver fifty-kopeck piece and ruble, and weighing twice and four times as much as the 3-ruble note. The issue of these unusual coins is explained by the fact that in the 19th century platinum had not yet found technical use, and therefore was valued relatively low.
Minister of Finance of the government of Nicholas I (1796-1855), Count E.F. Kankrin introduced credit notes in 1843, replacing banknotes. But by 1849, tickets and old banknotes were exchanged for banknotes of a new type, which soon became worthless. Therefore, with the beginning of the Crimean War of 1853-1857, banks stopped exchanging banknotes for gold and silver. A period of widespread paper money circulation began in Russia.
In 1895-1897, Minister of Finance S.Yu. Witte (1849-1915) implemented a new monetary reform, the purpose of which was to establish gold monometallism in Russia. It is based on the gold backing of the state's monetary system. According to the reformers, in order to ensure stable convertibility of the national currency (the Ruble), free exchange of credit notes was established, the issue of which was limited to gold coins at the rate of one paper ruble for one ruble in gold, and the gold content of the imperial was reduced. New technologies for the production of banknotes, unknown in the West, were also developed and introduced. The Orlov method of multicolor printing, named after its author Ivan Ivanovich Orlov (1861-1928), became the most popular. His method received worldwide recognition and, with some improvements, is still used today. The royal credit notes with the image of Peter I and Catherine II coming out of the Goznak printing press were real works of art.
The war with Japan of 1904-1905, the revolution of 1905-1907 and the First World War that broke out in 1914 led to the collapse of gold monometallism. Paper money was no longer exchanged for gold. At the beginning of the First World War, gold, silver and copper coins disappeared from circulation. In 1915, the last issue of the silver ruble was minted in a meager circulation. Paper money circulation was introduced in the country.
Massive issues of monetary (paper) surrogates, which began to entirely serve the markets of the empire, led to an increase in inflation. In February 1917, the Provisional Government led by the Socialist-Revolutionary Kerensky A.F. came to power. As a result of the wrong state policy, Russia's national debt increased, the war was waged "to the bitter end", and a huge amount of paper money was printed. As a result, inflation increased significantly.
In October 1917, the “Socialist Revolution” occurred, which led to the Civil War of 1918-1920. The Bolshevik government that came to power was also forced in March 1919 to intensify the production of new paper money.
Against the backdrop of the collapse of the Tsarist Empire, the Civil War and inflation, in conditions of complete economic ruin that engulfed the entire country, the most unusual money was born. In circulation at the same time there were tsarist-style credit notes, “Duma” money and “Kerenki” of the Provisional Government, banknotes of the RSFSR and supporters of the “White Movement”, as well as countless surrogates for money: bonds, checks, temporary obligations, etc. It even got ridiculous . Thus, the Russian Soviet writer Vsevolod Vyacheslavovich Ivanov, in his essay “Portraits of My Friends,” recalled that in 1919 in Omsk, from where Kolchak’s army had just been expelled, the writer called his friends to his place for dinner, which was bought with money drawn and printed by him ourselves. Or just remember the footage from the movie “Wedding in Malinovka”, where one of the bandits tried to buy a silver cross for money drawn with his own hand. As we see, money was drawn and printed by everyone, so they did not have much value. This is also evidenced by the fact that money was often used as wallpaper for pasting walls, and in the bazaars they preferred exchange in kind to money.
In March 1921, Soviet Russia began issuing silver coins equal in quality to the corresponding denominations of Tsarist Russia. But all these coins were not put into circulation until 1924 - a cash reserve was created.
In 1923, the first Soviet gold chervonets were issued, corresponding in pure gold content to the pre-revolutionary 10 rubles. The official exchange rate for the chervonets on January 1, 1923 was 175 rubles in banknotes of the 1923 model or 17 thousand 500 rubles in banknotes of 1922. Soviet chervonets received the nickname “sower” because the image of a sower based on the sculpture of Ivan Dmitrievich Shadr (1887-1941) was chosen for the obverse of the coin. The author of the sketch was the chief medalist of the Mint A.F. Vasyutinsky, who later took part in the creation of the Order of Lenin.
Today, gold chervonets of 1923 and 1925 are the rarest Soviet coins. Most of them were used for settlements with other states. Only a small number of these coins remain in the collections of museums and private individuals. Therefore, their collectible value is now very high. From 1975 to 1982, the USSR continued minting gold chervonets.
Silver coins of the RSFSR of 1921-1923 came into circulation on February 26, 1924. In the same year, the production of silver coins of the USSR began. The silver ruble was minted only in 1924. Then only parts of it were minted - fifty dollars until 1927 and kopecks, but in 1931 silver was replaced with nickel. Further, the ruble circulated only in paper form and was expressed in Treasury notes and chervonets of the State Bank of the USSR. During the post-war monetary reform of 1947, chervonets and Treasury notes were exchanged for new money and a single calculation in rubles was introduced.
The reform of 1961 introduced new coins made of white copper-nickel alloy (coin cupronickel) - 50 kopecks and 1 ruble. In May 1965, to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the victory over fascism, a commemorative coin with a face value of 1 ruble was issued for the first time in the USSR. The coin depicts the sculpture “To the Liberator Warrior” by Evgeny Viktorovich Vuchetich. In 1977-1980, in honor of the 1980 Olympics, held in Moscow, the first coins were minted from precious metals - gold, silver, platinum. In 1988, for the minting of commemorative and commemorative coins in the USSR, the metal was used for the first time - palladium of purity 999. The interest in which is explained by its belonging to the platinum group, the relative stability of prices on the international market and the attention paid to it by numismatists and investors. The practice of using palladium for minting coins became widespread in the world only in the late 80s.
In 1991, the Bank of the USSR issued ruble coins into circulation for the last time, as well as Bank notes of a new design. People called them “coins of the State Emergency Committee” and “wooden rubles.” But the collapse of the USSR and inflation soon brought them to naught. In 1992, the Bank of Russia issued new rubles in coins and Bank notes, completely abandoning the minting of small change coins. As a result, the smallest coin became 1 ruble. But due to increased inflation in 1993, the Russian government carried out a new monetary reform, as a result of which 10 rubles became the smallest coin. In 1995, the State Bank of Russia abandoned the minting of the ruble in coins, expressing it only in bank notes. Moreover, the smallest denomination becomes 1000 rubles. But already in 1998, during the redenomination of the ruble (changing the denomination of banknotes in order to prepare for the stabilization of monetary circulation), coins again appeared in use. The denomination of the ruble revived not only the coin ruble, but also the long-dormant penny.
With the collapse of the USSR, national currencies were introduced in many former fraternal republics, and now independent states - Laris, Manats, Hryvnias, Litas, etc. Among them is Belarus, which chose the ruble as its national currency, which it became familiar with back in the 13th century. Since then, he has become firmly entrenched in her life and history. In 1992, the National Bank of Belarus introduced the first national rubles into circulation, which were popularly nicknamed “bunnies” because a hare was depicted on a 1-ruble ticket. In 1993, Transnistria introduced coupons denominated in rubles into circulation on its territory. In 1994, the Bank of Tajikistan also introduced the national currency, the ruble. Interestingly, the size, watermarks and colors are painfully reminiscent of the “socialist ribbed” pattern of 1961.
The good old ruble has not been forgotten. In different languages and in different CIS countries, it continues to live as the monetary unit of these states.
In modern Russia, the ruble is legal tender, obligatory for acceptance at face value throughout the Russian Federation. The exchange rate of the ruble in relation to the dollar, euro and other world currencies is set by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.
Ruble. The name of the Russian monetary unit is associated with the verb chop, because at first money in Rus' was stumps of gold or silver bars.
Ruble. It was long believed that this name of the coin arose either from the Arabic “rub” - “quarter”, or from the Indian “rupee” - literally: equipped with an image. There are etymologists who still support these opinions today. But now the old popular interpretation is considered more reasonable: a ruble is a piece cut off from a silver ingot - a hryvnia.
genus. p. - fuck, folk. rubel, other Russian ruble “stump, plug”; “the name of the monetary unit”, from 1316, instead of the hryvnia (see), which in Novgorod weighed 196 grams in an ingot; from the middle of the fifteenth century. adopted in the Moscow monetary system; see Bauer in Schrötter 575 et seq.; Fedorov, Brief. Message 16, 114 et seq.; Srezn. III, 182; Shakhmatov, Dv. gram., in a number of places. From chop, i.e. “stump of a hryvnia”; see Yagich, AfslPh 31, 314; RS 3, 384; Krebs, AfslPh 31, 314; Schrader-Nehring 1, 379; Convert II, 220; Sobolevsky, IRE 2, 347; Bauer, Fedorov, ibid. Relative value Wed half a ruble, Karbovanets. A very common interpretation from Pers. is erroneous. rupie "name of a gold coin", Arabic. rubΏijje - the same, the source of which is seen in ancient Indian. rū́руам “processed silver”, contrary to Senkovsky (Library for reading 1854; see Trans. II, 220), as well as Mi. EW (281), Lokochu (138), Kluge-Götze (489), Groth (Phil. Raz. 2, 368); see about this Sobolevsky, ibid. Wed. recently Räsänen, Central Asiatic Journal, 1, 1955, pp. 292 et seq.
Origin of the word
Where did the name Ruble come from?
There are several versions of the origin of the word "Ruble"
Historically, the concept of “ruble” arose in the 13th century in Novgorod, where the “ruble” was understood as one of the parts of a hryvnia cut in half (a silver ingot weighing about 200 grams). According to another version, the name was obtained because of the seam on the edge of the ingot, due to the peculiarities of the technology in which silver was poured into the mold in two stages. The root "rub" means edge, border, seam. Thus, the term ruble meant “ingot with a seam.” The latest version is supported by studies according to which the weight of the hryvnia of silver and the ruble was the same.
Vasmer's etymological dictionary on the origin of the word ruble says: “ruble “stump, plug”; “the name of the monetary unit” (in written sources) since 1316, instead of the hryvnia, ... since the mid-15th century, adopted in the Moscow monetary system; ... "
And here's another version
For a long time it was believed that the word “ruble” comes from the verb to chop, they say, hryvnias of silver were cut by our ancestors into two parts - rubles, and they, in turn, were cut into two more parts - half a ruble. However, it has now been proven that silver hryvnias and rubles had the same weight. Most likely, the ruble owes its name to an ancient technology in which silver was poured into a mold in two steps - on Novgorod payment bars, a seam on the edge is clearly visible. The root "rub", according to experts, means edge, border. By the way, “rub” in Ukrainian, Belarusian and Polish means a tripe, and in Serbo-Croatian it means a seam, a border. Thus, the term ruble should most likely be understood as “an ingot with a seam.”
The ruble became widespread in Rus'. The Moscow ruble appears, the shape and weight of which copies the Novgorod one. Also widely used were Western Russian or Lithuanian rubles, which had the same shape as the Novgorod rubles, but were 10-17 cm long and weighed 100-105 g.
To make rubles, a lot of silver was needed, and our ancestors did not have their own mines in Rus' in those distant times. Therefore, rubles flowed from previously accumulated reserves of silver coins - dirhams of the Arab states of the Sassanids, Abbasids, Samanids, denarii of the Byzantine Empire and coins of the city of Chersonese. And also from cake-shaped German silver ingots that arrived through Novgorod. Which became the main supplier of silver for Ancient Rus', as it maintained the most stable ties with Western Europe.
In the 15th century, the ruble finally ousted the hryvnia from circulation, becoming, in fact, the only (except for the half-ruble) real payment unit without a coinage period in Rus'.
From the end of the 14th century, the minting of Russian silver coins - money - began. Its weight was 0.93 g and corresponded to 1/200 hryvnia of silver. The minting of money is associated with the struggle of Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy (1362-1389) against the Tatars. In addition to Dmitry Donskoy, many appanage princes were engaged in minting money with various designs.
Being exchangeable for coins, the ruble was able to satisfy small payments. The increase in the scale of minting coins and their continuous deterioration shook the stability of the ruble. As a result, from the middle of the 15th century, the ruble ceased to be an ingot and in the sphere of monetary circulation remained a counting concept.
Ruble/… Morphemic-spelling dictionary
I; m. 1. In Russia, Belarus and Tajikistan: the main monetary unit (equal to 100 kopecks); a monetary sign of this denomination. Ancient river Paper, metal, anniversary r. Tsarsky district (pre-revolutionary). Silver ruble issued in 1924... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Ruble- THE USSR. 1924 Silver. RUBLE, monetary unit of the Russian Empire, USSR, Russian Federation (equal to 100 kopecks). The concept of “ruble” arose in the 13th century. in Novgorod as the name of half a hryvnia (a silver ingot weighing about 200 g). Started in 1704... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
The main Russian monetary unit. The term ruble originated in the 13th century. in the northwestern Russian lands, initially as a synonym for the term hryvnia and denoted the main monetary unit, later the name of the monetary unit was assigned to it. In XIII... ... Economic dictionary
Noun, m., used. often Morphology: (no) what? ruble, why? ruble, (see) what? ruble, what? ruble, about what? about the ruble; pl. What? rubles, (no) what? rubles, what? rubles, (I see) what? rubles, what? rubles, about what? about rubles 1. The ruble is the main monetary... ... Dmitriev's Explanatory Dictionary
Monetary unit of the Russian Empire, USSR, Russian Federation (equal to 100 kopecks). The concept of the ruble arose in the 13th century. in Novgorod as the name of half a hryvnia (a silver ingot weighing about 200 g). Since 1704, regular minting of the silver ruble began... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
RUBLE, monetary unit of the Russian Empire, USSR, Russian Federation (equal to 100 kopecks). The concept of the ruble arose in the 13th century. in Novgorod as the name of half a hryvnia (a silver ingot weighing about 200 g). Regular minting began in 1704... ...Russian history
- (rouble) Standard monetary unit of Russia, equal to 100 kopecks. Finance. Dictionary. 2nd ed. M.: INFRA M, Ves Mir Publishing House. Brian Butler, Brian Johnson, Graham Sidwell and others. General editor: Ph.D. Osadchaya I.M.. 2000. Ruble Ruble... ... Financial Dictionary
Rublyovka, ruble; ruble, yuks, wooden, ruble, re, tselkach, rublishko, tselkovik, narokruble, rublevik, torn, crunch, efimok Dictionary of Russian synonyms. ruble ruble (colloquial); ruble, ruble (obsolete); tselkach, tselkovik (obsolete simple) / with... ... Synonym dictionary
Monetary unit of Russia. One ruble is equal to 100 kopecks. The term ruble originated in the 13th century. in the northwestern Russian lands. Dictionary of business terms. Akademik.ru. 2001 ... Dictionary of business terms
Books
- Ruble in the post-Soviet space. This collection is compiled based on the materials of the round table on the Ruble in the post-Soviet space and is devoted to the problems and prospects of using the ruble as a currency in the space...
- The ruble in the currency space of Europe, Bunkina Margarita Konstantinovna, Semenov Artur Mikhailovich. 288 pp. The formation of the European Monetary Union and the birth of the euro are the result of the experience accumulated by Europe during the evolutionary processes that have rocked its history for centuries. From…
Ruble is the name of the modern currency of Russia (Russian ruble). In the past, the ruble was the monetary unit of the Russian republics and principalities (the Grand Duchy of Moscow, the Russian Kingdom, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania), the Russian Empire, the RSFSR (1917-1923), the Soviet Union (1923-1991), Latvia (1992-1993), Ukraine (1991-1992), Tajikistan (1995-2000), as well as some other states.
One ruble is divided into 100 kopecks. Code of the Russian ruble in accordance with the ISO 4217 standard - RUB(RUR before 1998 denomination), numeric code - 643 .
Origin of the word ruble (etymology)
There are many versions of the origin of the word “ruble”. The main ones differ in details, but agree that the verb “to chop” has the same root. According to the Etymological Dictionary Max Vasmer, initially the ruble is “a stump, a plug,” then, from 1316 in written sources, it is “the name of the monetary unit […] instead of the hryvnia […] which in Novgorod weighed 196 grams in an ingot. […] From chopping, that is, “the stump of a hryvnia.”
According to the Historical and Etymological Dictionary Pavel Chernykh, the older meaning of the word “ruble” is “gag, chop.” “As a monetary unit, first in the form of an oblong silver ingot, the ruble has been used since the 13th century (in Moscow - a half stub of a hryvnia) […] Etymologically, it is undoubtedly related to the verb to chop […] and is derived from this verb.”
Versions of the origin of the word “ruble”
There is a version that the “ruble” is the same root as the word “rupee” and comes from the ancient Indian rupiam, which means “worked silver.”
The next version comes from the assumption that the ruble is not a whole hryvnia and not half of it, but a quarter. This point of view was held, for example, Ivan Kondratyev, who in the book “The Hoary Antiquity of Moscow” wrote: “The rubles were parts of a hryvnia or pieces of silver with notches indicating their weight. Each hryvnia was divided into four parts; The name ruble comes from the word “cut,” because a silver rod weighing a hryvnia was cut into four parts, which were called rubles.” From here a connection is seen with Arabic (rub) - “a quarter, a fourth part.”
According to another version, the name “ruble” is the result of the use of a technology in which silver was poured into a mold in two stages, which is why a seam, a scar, is clearly visible on the edge of the Novgorod hryvnia. Hence, the ruble is an “ingot with a seam”.
History of the ruble
By 1534 (the year the monetary reform began Elena Glinskaya) 1 Moscow ruble became equal to 200 Moscow money or 100 Novgorod money (Novgorod), which during the 16th century received first a second and then a main name - “kopek”. In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Lithuanian hryvnia (ruble, izra) was the main monetary unit of account in the 13th-16th centuries and was equal to 100 Lithuanian groschen.
The first ruble coin (with the denomination denoted by the word “ruble”) was minted only in 1654, during the monetary reform Alexey Mikhailovich, however, it was in circulation for no more than a year, since the silver content in the coin was lower than one hundred kopecks - in fact, the new ruble coin was equal to only 64 kopecks.
At the same time, during the time of Alexei Mikhailovich, it was practiced to make bundles (“account money”) from coins of small denominations, which formed larger amounts and were used, in particular, by the top officials of the state for charitable distribution.
Such bundles, including ruble denominations, are mentioned in his essay, for example, by the clerk of the embassy order Grigory Kotoshikhin: “And how the tsar goes on campaigns both in the monastery and in the churches, and for his trips and exits they prepare money in papers, 2 hryvnias, and half a half, and half a ruble, and two rubles and 5 and 10 and 20 and 30 each, whatever he orders to give, so that it is ready.”
The term “account money” is found in the History of the City of Moscow Ivana Zabelina: “So, 16th Gen. 1653, at matins, the saint gave alms to poor old women, widows, and girls, and distributed 3 rubles in account (that is, prepared) hryvnia notes. yes bare money (small loose money) 5 rubles. 10 alt.; the money was distributed by the patriarch himself and the sacristan deacon Iev.”
Ruble of the Russian Empire
The minting of ruble coins resumed in 1704 under Peter I and has not stopped (except for short periods) to this day. These were originally silver coins weighing 28 grams with a pure silver content of about 25-26 grams. By 1764, this content had dropped to 18 grams and in the actual silver rubles of the period of the Russian Empire did not change. Moreover, during the reign Catherine I For a short time, full-fledged square-shaped copper ruble coins, minted according to the model of Swedish coins, were in circulation for a short time.
The first paper rubles appeared in Russia in 1769. At the same time, in 1769-1849 there was a separate accounting of monetary amounts - in silver rubles and rubles in banknotes, which differed in value.
In 1897, Russia introduced gold standard, and the main monetary unit became the gold ruble, equivalent to 0.774235 grams. This standard lasted until 1914; With the outbreak of World War I, the exchange of paper money for gold was stopped.
The first Soviet ruble was issued in 1919 in the form of a credit note. The design of Soviet banknotes was developed by Ivan Ivanovich Dubasov.
The Soviet ruble after the 1961 reform was formally equal to 0.987412 g of gold, but there was no possibility of exchanging rubles for gold. The gold equivalent was used in the formation of official foreign currencies. Currently, the ruble does not have a gold equivalent.
Russian ruble
From July 26 to August 7, 1993, a monetary reform was carried out in Russia, during which treasury notes of the State Bank of the USSR were removed from Russia's monetary circulation. The reform also solved the problem of separating the monetary systems of Russia and other CIS countries that used the ruble as a means of payment in internal money circulation.
In 1998, a redenomination was carried out, as a result of which 1000 rubles before January 1, 1998 became equal to 1 ruble after January 1, 1998.
Russian ruble symbol
Books about the ruble
- Valentin Katasonov - Battle for the ruble. National currency and sovereignty of Russia, 2015. Book world (kmbook).
- Sharapov Sergey Fedorovich - Paper ruble, 1985.
