The role of landscape in early romantic stories. The ideological and compositional role of landscape in the early romantic stories of M

The originality of the early romantic stories M. Gorky (“Song of the Falcon”, “Old Woman Izergil”).
Romantic characters and their motivation in the stories “Makar Chudra”, “Khan and his son”.

Lesson objectives:

Educational: to uncover ideological content early romantic stories of M. Gorky, show by what means the author achieves artistic perfection in romantic works.
Educational: contribute to the formation of a sense of beauty, help students “feel” the artistic word.
Developmental: develop skills logical thinking, analysis of such literary concepts, like romanticism, romantic hero.

Lesson on the topic “The originality of M. Gorky’s early romantic stories” (“Song of the Falcon”, “Old Woman Izergil”)

Homework for the lesson:

a) Name the main features of romanticism as a literary movement.

b) What are the features of romanticism in M. Gorky’s “Song of the Falcon”?

Works to study and repeat:

"Song of the Falcon".
"Old Isergil".

Lesson type: acquiring new knowledge with a repetition stage.

Basic method: heuristic conversation.

During the classes

1. Checking homework.

A) Exercise. Name the main features of romanticism as a literary movement.

Answer. Romanticism is a special type of worldview; simultaneously - artistic direction. Romanticism arose as a kind of reaction to the rationalism and unmotivated optimism of classicism.

In his early works, Maxim Gorky appears as a romantic. Romanticism presupposes the affirmation of an exceptional personality, confronting the world one on one, approaching reality from the standpoint of his ideal, making exceptional demands on others. The hero is head and shoulders above other people who find themselves next to him; he rejects their society. This is the reason for the loneliness so typical of the romantic, which he most often thinks of as a natural state, because people do not understand it and reject his ideal. Therefore, the romantic hero finds an equal beginning only in communication with the elements, with the world of nature, the ocean, sea, mountains, coastal rocks.

That's why it's so great importance receives in romantic works a landscape devoid of halftones, based on bright colors, expressing the most indomitable essence of the element and its beauty and exclusivity. The landscape is thus animated and, as it were, expresses the originality of the hero’s character.

For the romantic consciousness, the correlation of character with real life circumstances is almost unthinkable - this is how the most important feature of the romantic is formed. art world: the principle of romantic dual worlds. The romantic, and therefore ideal, world of the hero is opposed to the real world, contradictory and far from the romantic ideal. The contrast between romance and reality, romance and the surrounding world is a fundamental feature of this literary movement.

Traits of Romanticism:

proclamation human personality, complex, deep;
affirmation of the inner infinity of human individuality;
a look at life “through the prism of the heart”;
interest in everything exotic, strong, bright, sublime;
attraction to fantasy, conventional forms, a mixture of low and high, comic and tragic, ordinary and unusual;
painful experience of discord with reality;
rejection of the ordinary;
the individual’s desire for absolute freedom, for spiritual perfection, an unattainable ideal, combined with an understanding of the imperfection of the world.

b) Exercise. What are the features of romanticism in “Song of the Falcon” by M. Gorky?

Answer. In the frame of “Song of the Falcon” a vivid image of spiritualized nature appears. Nature is not only the background against which the action unfolds. The narrator and the old man direct their thoughts towards her, her secrets. The beauty of nature, its power is the embodiment of life. It is no coincidence that the motives of God, eternal motion, harmony and mystery appear in the introductory part.

The plot is based on a dispute between Falcon and Snake about the meaning of life. The dialogue of the characters shows the incompatibility of their life positions. This is an ideological conflict.

"Old Isergil" (stage of acquiring new knowledge - heuristic conversation)

Problematic question. What is the purpose of the three-part composition of the story?

The action of the legends described in the story “The Old Woman Izergil” takes place in chronologically indefinite ancient times - this is, as it were, the time preceding the beginning of history, the era of first creations. However, in the present there are traces directly related to that era - these are blue lights, remaining from Danko’s heart, Larra’s shadow, which Izergil sees.

A) The Legend of Larra.

What motivates Larra's character?

What understanding of freedom does he embody?

How are people depicted in the legend?

What is the meaning of Larra's punishment?

Conclusion. Larra's exceptional individualism is due to the fact that he is the son of an eagle, who embodies the ideal of strength and will. Pride and contempt for others are the two principles that Larra’s image carries. The hero, in splendid isolation, confronts people and is not afraid of their judgment, because he does not accept it and despises judges. They wanted to sentence him to death, but they sentenced him to immortality: “And they left, leaving him. He lay face up and saw powerful eagles swimming high in the sky like black dots. There was so much melancholy in his eyes that it could have poisoned all the people of the world with it. So, from then on he was left alone. Free, awaiting death. And so he walks. He walks everywhere... You see, he has become like a shadow and will be like that forever! He doesn't understand any of the people's speech. Not their actions, nothing. And he keeps searching, walking, walking... he has no life, and death does not smile at him. And there is no place for him among people... That’s how the man was struck for his pride!”

b ) The Legend of Danko.

The legend of Danko ends with the words: “That’s where they come from, the blue sparks of the steppe that appear before a thunderstorm!” What sparks do you mean?

Perhaps the legend was told to explain where they come from "blue sparks" Do you agree with this opinion?

What action would you call a feat?

Who and in the name of what accomplishes the feat in the legend?

Is Danko's action reasonable or not?

How did Danko’s feat make you feel?

In the legend about Danko there are the words: “Only one cautious person noticed this and, fearing something, stepped on the proud heart with his foot.” What were you afraid of? "cautious person"?

Conclusion. Izergil carries in her character the only principle that she considers most valuable: she is sure that her life was subordinated to only one thing - love for people. Also, the only beginning, brought to the maximum extent, is carried by the heroes of the legends told by her. Danko embodies the extreme degree of self-sacrifice in the name of love for people, Larra - extreme individualism.

V) Old woman Izergil's story about her life.

- What role does the romantic landscape play in the legend?

The heroine of the story, the old woman Izergil, appears before us in a romantic landscape: “The wind flowed in a wide, even wave, but sometimes it seemed to jump over something invisible, and, giving birth to a strong gust, fluttering the women’s hair into fantastic manes that billowed around their heads. This made women strange and fabulous. They moved further and further from us, and night and fantasy dressed them more and more beautifully.”
It is in such a landscape - seaside, night, mysterious and beautiful - that the main characters can realize their potential. Their consciousness, their character, its sometimes mysterious contradictions turn out to be the main subject of the image. Landscape is introduced to explore complex and contradictory characters heroes, their strengths and weaknesses.

How does Izergil evaluate the heroes of the legends she tells?

“Do you see how much everything there is in the old days?.. And now there is nothing like this - no deeds, no people, no fairy tales like in the old days... Why?.. Come on, tell me! You won't say... What do you know? What do you all know, young people? Ehe-he!.. If only we could look into the old days with vigilance, all the answers will be found there...<…>I see all sorts of people these days, but there are no strong ones! Where are they?.. And there are fewer and fewer handsome men.”
“In life... there is always room for exploits.”

How does Izergil’s life story reveal her aspiration towards the romantic ideal?

How does her portrait relate to the story about the search for high love?

Izergil is a very old woman, in her portrait anti-aesthetic features are deliberately intensified: “Time bent her in half, her once black eyes were dull and watery. Her dry voice sounded strange, it crunched, as if the old woman was speaking with bones.”

What brings Izergil and Larra together?

Izergil is sure that her life, full of love, was completely different from the life of the individualist Larra; she cannot even imagine anything in common with him. Everything in the image of the old woman reminds the narrator of Larra - first of all, her individualism, taken to the extreme, almost approaching Larra’s individualism, her antiquity, her stories about people who have long ago passed their circle of life.

Conclusion. Creating an image main character, Gorky, through compositional means, gives her the opportunity to present both a romantic ideal, expressing the extreme degree of love for people (Danko), and an anti-ideal, embodying individualism and contempt for others brought to its apogee (Larra). The composition of the story is such that two legends frame the narrative of her own life, which constitutes the ideological center of the narrative. Undoubtedly condemning Larra’s individualism, Izergil thinks that her own life and fate tends rather to Danko’s pole, which embodies the highest ideal of love and self-sacrifice. But the reader immediately draws attention to how easily she forgot her former love for the sake of a new one, how simply she left the people she once loved.

In everything - in the portrait, in the author's comments - we see a different point of view on the heroine. The romantic position, for all its beauty and sublimity, is denied by the autobiographical hero. He shows its futility and affirms the relevance of a more sober, realistic position.

Lesson on the topic “Romantic characters and their motivation in the stories “Makar Chudra”, “Khan and his son”

Homework for the lesson:

A) Problematic question

Works to study:

"Makar Chudra".
"Khan and his son."

Lesson type: obtaining and consolidating new knowledge.

Basic method: heuristic conversation.

During the classes

“Makar Chudra” (heuristic conversation with the stage of checking homework)

How does Bitter create a romantic character?

Makar Chudra is depicted in the background romantic landscape: “A damp, cold wind blew from the sea, carrying across the steppe the thoughtful melody of the splash of an incoming wave and the rustling of coastal bushes. Occasionally his impulses brought with them wrinkled, yellow leaves and threw them into the fire, fanning the flames; the darkness of the autumn night that surrounded us shuddered and, timidly moving away, revealed for a moment the boundless steppe on the left, the endless sea on the right and directly opposite me - the figure of Makar Chudra ... "

The landscape is animated, the sea and the steppe are limitless, emphasizing the boundlessness of the hero’s freedom, his inability and unwillingness to exchange this freedom for anything. The position of the protagonist is already outlined in the exposition; Makar Chudra talks about a person, from his point of view, who is not free: “They are funny, those people of yours. They huddled together and crushed each other. And there’s so much space on earth...”; “Does he know his will? Is the expanse of the steppe clear? Talk sea wave does his heart rejoice? He is a slave - as soon as he was born, he is a slave all his life, and that’s it!”

What are life values heroes of legend?

Loiko Zobar: “Who was he afraid of!”; “He didn’t have what was cherished - you need his heart, he himself would tear it out of his chest and give it to you, if only you felt good from him”; “With such a person you become a better person” (words of Makar Chudra about Loiko); "…I free man and I will live the way I want!”; “She loves her will more than me, and I love her more than my will...”

Radda: “I’ve never loved anyone, Loiko, but I love you. And I also love freedom! That’s it, Loiko, I love you more than you.”

How does the legend reveal Makar Chudra’s worldview?

Implementation of homework

Exercise. Problematic question. Why does the story telling the story of Loiko and Radda bear the name of the narrator - “Makar Chudra”?

Answer. The consciousness and character of Makar Chudra become the main subject of the image. For the sake of this hero the story was written, and artistic media, used by the author, he needs to show the hero in all his complexity and inconsistency, in order to explain his strength and weakness. Makar Chudra is at the center of the story and receives the maximum opportunity for self-realization. The writer gives him the right to talk about himself, freely expressing his views. The legend he told, while possessing undeniable artistic independence, nevertheless serves primarily as a means of revealing the image of the main character, after whom the work is named.

What is the understanding of freedom by the characters in the story?

What conflict lies at the heart of the legend?

How is it resolved?

Makar Chudra (like the old woman Izergil) carries in his character the only principle that he believes to be true: a maximalist desire for freedom. The same single principle, brought to its maximum extent, is embodied by the heroes of the legend told by him. For Loiko Zobar true value is also freedom, openness and kindness. Radda is the highest, exceptional manifestation of pride that even love cannot break.

Makar Chudra is absolutely sure that pride and love are two wonderful feelings, brought by the romantics to their highest expression, cannot be reconciled, because compromise is unthinkable for the romantic consciousness. The conflict between the feeling of love and the feeling of pride that the heroes experience can only be resolved by the death of both: a romantic cannot sacrifice either love or knowing boundaries, nor absolute pride.

Does the hero-narrator agree with them?

How is his position expressed?

The image of the narrator is very important in the work. The narrator expresses the author's point of view on the characters and events occurring in the story. Author's attitude– admiration for the strength and beauty of the heroes of the story “Makar Chudra”, poeticized, aesthetic perception world in the story “Old Woman Izergil”.

What is the meaning of the ending of the story?

At the end of the story, Makar Chudra skeptically listens to the narrator - an autobiographical hero. At the end of the work, the narrator sees how the handsome Loiko Zobar and Radda, the daughter of the old soldier Danila, “they circled in the darkness of the night smoothly and silently, and the handsome Loiko could not keep up with the proud Radda.” The narrator's words reveal author's position- admiration for the beauty of the heroes and their uncompromisingness, the strength of their feelings, understanding the impossibility for the romantic consciousness of the futility of such an outcome: after all, even after death, Loiko in his pursuit will not be equal to the proud Radda.

"Khan and his son"(consolidation and testing of knowledge)

Exercise. Make a table based on your knowledge of the text of M. Gorky’s story “Khan and His Son.”

	Signs of romanticism in the story “Khan and His Son”	Examples from the text
	The work has a narrator - a Tatar beggar, and there are heroes of the legend told by the Tatar. The principle of romantic dual worlds is observed.	“There was a khan of Mosolaima el Asvab in the Crimea, and he had a son Tolaik Algalla...” Leaning his back against the bright brown trunk of an arbutus, a blind beggar, a Tatar, began with these words one of the old legends of a peninsula rich in memories...”
	The setting in which the action takes place is unusual.	“...and around the narrator, on the stones - the ruins of the Khan’s palace destroyed by time - sat a group of Tatars in bright robes and skullcaps embroidered with gold.”
	The exotic setting, the action of the legend is transferred to the times of the Tatar-Mongol yoke.	“... the son of Algal will not lose the glory of the Khanate, prowling like a wolf across the Russian steppes and always returning from there with rich booty, with new women, with new glory…»
	Romantic landscape.	“It was evening, the sun was quietly sinking into the sea; its red rays pierced the dark mass of greenery around the ruins, falling in bright spots on the stones overgrown with moss, entangled in the tenacious greenery of ivy. The wind rustled in a compartment of old plane trees, their leaves rustled so much, as if streams of water invisible to the eye were flowing in the air.”
	Lots of comparisons.	women are “beautiful as spring flowers”; Alhalla has “eyes as black as the sea at night and burning like the eyes of a mountain eagle”; tears are like pearls; eyes like cornflowers; raised like a feather; the clouds are “dark and heavy, like the thoughts of the old khan”
	Metaphors.	“the caresses were tender and burning”; "tremor in the heart"; “my life is extinguished day by day”; the wounds “would drain my blood”; "my heart is breaking" “But she hugged her old eagle by the neck”; "death smiles"
		eagle eyes, sultry caresses, echo son's voices
	The sublime speech of the heroes.	“Take my blood a drop per hour - I will die twenty deaths for you!”; “The last joy of my life is this Russian girl”
	Personifications.	“...and the wind, shaking the trees, seemed to sing and rustle the trees...”; “And here it is, the sea, in front of them, there, below, thick, black, without shores. Its waves sing dully at the very bottom of the cliff, and it’s dark down there, and cold and scary”; “Only the waves kept splashing there, and the wind hummed wild songs.”
	The only beginning is in the position of the heroes.	“You love her more than her and me” (father about his son); “I can’t give it to you, I can’t,” said the khan”; “Neither one nor the other – is that what they decided? This is what the strong at heart should decide. I'm coming" (girl's words)
		“...the listeners were presented with a picture of past days, rich in the power of feeling”
	Your opinion about what you read.

References

V.V. Agenosov Russian literature of the twentieth century. 11th grade: Textbook for general education. Textbook Establishments. – M., 2001.
V.V. Agenosov Russian literature of the twentieth century. 11th grade: Lesson developments. – M., 2000.
Gorky M. Favorites. – M., 2002.
Gorky M. Collection. Op. in 30 volumes. T. 2. – M., 1949.
Zolotareva V.I., Anikina S.M. Lesson developments in literature. 7th grade. – M., 2005.
Zolotareva V.I., Belomestnykh O.B., Korneeva M.S. Lesson developments in literature. 9th grade. – M., 2002.
Turyanskaya B.I., Komissarova E.V., Kholodkova L.A. Literature in 7th grade: Lesson by lesson. – M., 1999.
Turyanskaya B.I., Komissarova E.V. Literature in 8th grade: Lesson by lesson. – M., 2001.

Oh I'm like a brother

I would be glad to embrace the storm!

M. Yu. Lermontov

A great master of words, A. M. Gorky creates beautiful romantic works, who from the very beginning announced the emergence of a bright talent and an extraordinary personality. Gorky the writer was interested in unusual heroic characters, sharply contrasting with the gray mass dominating around him.

The heroes of the stories “Makar Chudra” and “Old Woman Izergil” are rebellious and strong individuals seeking meaning in the reality around them. The setting around them matches the characters: a “damp, cold wind” blew from the sea, “fanning the flames of the fire.” The narrator is the old gypsy Makar Chudra - a rather unusual and colorful figure. He speaks almost in aphorisms, weightily and categorically expresses his view of life: “So are you walking? This is good! You have chosen a glorious fate, falcon. That’s how it should be: go and look, you’ve seen enough, lie down and die - that’s all!”

In the legend he told about Loiko Zobar and Radda, Chudra’s main position in life is revealed: he values freedom above all else. Even a person's life has no meaning if the sol is lost. Chudra speaks poetically and beautifully about freedom, which few can appreciate. This is the lot of only a select few, and the majority do not have time to think about it. “Does he know his will? Is the expanse of the steppe clear? Does the sound of the sea wave make his heart happy? He is a slave - as soon as he was born, he is a slave all his life, and that’s it! What can he do to you? Only he’ll hang himself if he gets a little wiser.”

The author paints powerful elements: the sea and the steppe. Everything here is full-voiced, there are no halftones. Gorky is looking for a worthy hero who embodies the author’s idea of strong personality. These searches continued in the story “Old Woman Izergil”. From the antihero Larra, through the fate of Izergil, the author tries to bring the reader to understanding ideal hero- Danko. The harsh landscape of an inaccessible forest and fetid swamps do not frighten the hero. Danko is full of love for people, for their sake he is able to sacrifice his life.

But the people cannot appreciate this feat. Weak and timid, people fear the hero himself. That’s why they step on Danko’s burning heart, so that it doesn’t start a fire. What can he bring? Whatever. Fear controls the masses. And the author does not hide this from his readers. Nature is eternal and majestic. She indifferently looks at the pettiness of human concerns and interests, emphasizing the transient human life and the thoughts of people.

The author is delighted with the splendor of the surrounding world. He sees its cosmic scale. From here, human vanity seems almost ridiculous and pitiful, and only a select few, like Danko, are able to rise above the crowd and die for the sake of life, misunderstood and unappreciated: “The proud daredevil Danko cast his gaze forward to the expanse of the steppe,” he cast a joyful glance at the free land and laughed proudly. And then he fell and died. People, joyful and full of hope, did not notice his death and did not see that his brave heart was still burning next to the lifeless Danko. Only one cautious person noticed this and, fearing something, stepped on the proud heart with his foot... And now it, scattered into sparks, faded away... - That’s where they come from, the blue sparks of the steppe that appear before a thunderstorm!”

Paintings of nature in the early romantic stories M. Gorky not only frame the content and are the background, they are an integral and essential part of the content. Descriptions of nature allow the author to move, as if on a bridge, from topic to topic, decorate the narrative, give scope to the artist’s imagination, and emphasize the beauty of the author’s speech. “It was quiet and dark in the steppe. The clouds kept crawling across the sky, slowly, boringly... The sea made a dull and sad noise.”

Bibliography

To prepare this work, materials from the site http://ilib.ru/ were used

Oh I'm like a brother

I would be glad to embrace the storm!

M. Yu. Lermontov

A great master of words, A. M. Gorky creates beautiful romantic works, which from the very beginning announced the emergence of a bright talent and an extraordinary personality. Gorky the writer was interested in unusual heroic characters, sharply contrasting with the gray mass dominating around him.

In the legend he told about Loiko Zobar and Radda, the main life position Chudry: he values freedom above all else. Even a person's life has no meaning if the sol is lost. Chudra speaks poetically and beautifully about freedom, which few can appreciate. This is the lot of only a select few, and the majority do not have time to think about it. “Does he know his will? Is the expanse of the steppe clear? Does the sound of the sea wave make his heart happy? He is a slave - as soon as he was born, he is a slave all his life, and that’s it! What can he do to you? Only he’ll hang himself if he gets a little wiser.”

The author paints powerful elements: the sea and the steppe. Everything here is full-voiced, there are no halftones. Gorky is looking for a worthy hero who embodies the author’s idea of a strong personality. These searches continued in the story “Old Woman Izergil”. From the antihero Larra, through the fate of Izergil, the author tries to lead the reader to an understanding of the ideal hero - Danko. The harsh landscape of an inaccessible forest and fetid swamps do not frighten the hero. Danko is full of love for people, for their sake he is able to sacrifice his life.

Pictures of nature in M. Gorky's early romantic stories not only frame the content and are the background, they are an integral and essential part of the content. Descriptions of nature allow the author to move, as if on a bridge, from topic to topic, decorate the narrative, give scope to the artist’s imagination, and emphasize the beauty of the author’s speech. “It was quiet and dark in the steppe. The clouds kept crawling across the sky, slowly, boringly... The sea made a dull and sad noise.”

Bibliography

To prepare this work, materials from the site http://ilib.ru/ were used

Neither is positive hero. He is more viable, has a strong grip, but in pursuit of profit the bourgeoisie will undoubtedly destroy spiritual values. Ticket No. 38 The main themes of Gorky’s early work: the story “Israel” by M. Gorky is included in Russian literature in the 90s years XIX century. His entry was very striking; he immediately aroused great interest among readers. Contemporaries with...

His bright, original prose reflected the existence of various classes and estates of Russian society late XIX beginning of the 20th century. - Continuing the democratic and humanistic traditions of Russian literature, especially L.N. Tolstoy and A.P. Chekhov, Kuprin was sensitive to modernity, to its current problems. Literary activity Kuprin began during his stay in cadet corps. ...

The actions of Captain Hammer cannot dispel the dull atmosphere of the scene. 3. Gorky’s stories “Makar Chudra” and “Old Woman Izergil” Gorky’s works on initial stage bears a strong imprint of the new literary movement- the so-called revolutionary romanticism. Philosophical ideas aspiring talented writer, passion, emotionality of his prose, new approach harshly towards a person...

With a biography of the Sakhalin people, a story about their destinies. Each of the designated lines, in turn, dominates either the artistic essays of the first part or the problematic essays of the second part. 2. Features of A.P.’s narrative style Chekhov in the cycle of essays “Sakhalin Island” 2.1 Genre specificity of the work of A.P. Chekhov The rhythm of time changed second half of the 19th century century, it's feverish...

The ideological and compositional role of landscape in the early romantic stories of M. Gorky

Oh I'm like a brother

I would be glad to embrace the storm!

M. Yu. Lermontov

The heroes of the stories Makar Chudra and Old Woman Izergil are rebellious and strong individuals, looking for meaning in the reality around them. The setting around them matched the characters: a damp, cold wind blew from the sea, fanning the flames of the fire. The narrator, the old gypsy Makar Chudra, is a rather unusual and colorful figure. He speaks almost in aphorisms, weightily and categorically expresses his view of life: Is this how you walk? This is good! You have chosen a glorious fate, falcon. That’s how it should be: go and look, you’ve seen enough, lie down and die, that’s all!

In the legend he told about Loiko Zobar and Radda, Chudra’s main position in life is revealed: he values freedom above all else. Even a person's life has no meaning if the sol is lost. Chudra speaks poetically and beautifully about freedom, which few can appreciate. This is the lot of only a select few, and the majority do not have time to think about it. Does he know his will? Is the expanse of the steppe clear? Does the sound of the sea wave make his heart happy? He is a slave as soon as he was born, a slave all his life, and that’s it! What can he do to you? Only hang himself if he becomes a little wiser.

The author paints powerful elements: the sea and the steppe. Everything here is full-voiced, there are no halftones. Gorky is looking for a worthy hero who embodies the author’s idea of a strong personality. These searches continued in the story of Old Woman Izergil. From the antihero Larra, through the fate of Izergil, the author tries to lead the reader to an understanding of the ideal hero Danko. The harsh landscape of an inaccessible forest and fetid swamps do not frighten the hero. Danko is full of love for people, for their sake he is able to sacrifice his life.

The author is delighted with the splendor of the surrounding world. He sees its cosmic scale. From here, human vanity seems almost ridiculous and pitiful, and only a select few, like Danko, are able to rise above the crowd and die for the sake of life, misunderstood and unappreciated: The proud daredevil Danko cast his gaze ahead of him at the expanse of the steppe, he cast a joyful glance at the free land and laughed proudly . And then he fell and died. People, joyful and full of hope, did not notice his death and did not see that his brave heart was still burning next to the lifeless Danko. Only one cautious person noticed this and, fearing something, stepped on the proud heart with his foot... And now it, scattered into sparks, faded away... That's where they come from, the blue sparks of the steppe that appear before a thunderstorm!

Pictures of nature in M. Gorky's early romantic stories not only frame the content and are the background, they are an integral and essential part of the content. Descriptions of nature allow the author to move, as if on a bridge, from topic to topic, decorate the narrative, give scope to the artist’s imagination, and emphasize the beauty of the author’s speech. It was quiet and dark in the steppe. The clouds kept crawling across the sky, slowly, boringly... The sea rustled dully and sadly.

Bibliography

To prepare this work, materials from the site were used

THE IDEAL AND COMPOSITIONAL ROLE OF LANDSCAPE IN M. GORKY’S EARLY ROMANTIC STORIES

I would be glad to embrace the storm!

heroic characters, sharply contrasting with the gray mass that dominates around. The heroes of the stories “Makar Chudra” and “Old Woman Izergil” are rebellious and strong individuals seeking meaning in the reality around them. The situation around them matches the characters: a “damp, cold wind” blew from the sea, “fanning the flames of the sea.” The narrator is the old gypsy Makar Chudra - a rather neo-fictional and colorful figure.

He speaks almost in aphorisms, weightily and categorically expresses his view of life: “So what do you want? This is good! You have chosen a glorious fate, falcon. That’s how it should be: go and look, you’ve seen enough, lie down and die - that’s all!” In the legend he told about Loiko Zobar and Radda, Chudra’s main life position is revealed: he values freedom above all else. Even a person's life has no meaning if the sol is lost. Chudra speaks poetically and beautifully about freedom, which few can appreciate. This is the lot of only a select few, and Eolynism has no time to think about it. “Does he know his will? Is the expanse of the steppe clear? Does the sound of the sea wave make his heart happy? He is a slave - as soon as he was born, he is a slave all his life, and that’s it! What can he do to you? Only he’ll hang himself if he gets a little wiser.”

Makar advises his young interlocutor not to think about life, so as not to stop loving it. The beauty of the surrounding world acts as a contrast between the majesty created by nature and people who are unable or unwilling to appreciate this gift and be content with it. The restless spirit of the story's heroes is emphasized by the magnificent expanse that surrounds them. The author paints powerful elements: the sea and the steppe. Everything here is full-voiced, there are no halftones. Gorky is looking for a worthy hero who embodies the author’s idea of a strong personality. These searches continued in the story “Old Woman Izergil”. From the antihero Larra, through the fate of Izergil, the author tries to lead the reader to an understanding of the ideal hero - Danko. The harsh landscape of an inaccessible forest and fetid swamps do not frighten the hero.

Danko, so that a fire does not start from him. What can he bring? Whatever. Fear controls the masses. And the author does not hide this from his readers. Nature is eternal and majestic. She indifferently looks at the pettiness of human concerns and interests, emphasizing the transient in human life and people's thoughts. The author is delighted with the splendor of the surrounding world. He sees its cosmic scale. From here, human vanity seems almost ridiculous and pitiful, and only a select few, like Danko, are able to rise above the crowd and die for the sake of life, unrecognized and unappreciated: “The proud daredevil Danko cast his gaze forward to the expanse of the steppe,” he cast a joyful glance at the free the ground and laughed proudly. And then he fell and died. People, joyful and full of hope, did not notice his death and did not see that his brave heart was still burning next to the lifeless Danko.

Only one cautious person noticed this and, fearing something, stepped on the proud heart with his foot... And now it, scattered into sparks, faded away... - That’s where they come from, the blue sparks of the steppe that appear before a thunderstorm!” Pictures of nature in M. Gorky's early romantic stories not only frame the content and are the background, they are an integral and essential part of the content. Descriptions of nature allow the author to move, as if on a bridge, from topic to topic, decorate the narrative, give scope to the artist’s imagination, and emphasize the beauty of the author’s speech. “It was quiet and dark in the steppe. The clouds kept crawling across the sky, slowly, boringly... The sea made a dull and sad noise.”