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There are many ways to draw an oval. The article presents the two simplest options: how to draw an oval using a compass, pencil and ruler, without using patterns.
Drawing an oval using a rhombus
- Before constructing an oval, it is necessary to draw an equilateral rhombus located with a larger diagonal horizontally.
- From the top vertex of the rhombus, draw two segments that will bisect the lower sides of the rhombus. From the other vertex of the rhombus, which is visually located below, also draw two similar segments. The result will be four triangles: on the left and on the right.
- At the intersection of each pair of triangles, a point should be marked - it is at this point that the leg of the compass should be placed and the arced side walls of the oval should be drawn.
- From the vertices that were used to draw the segments, use a compass to complete the missing sides of the oval from the bottom and top.
This method is good for those who have wondered: how to draw an oval with a compass?
If the major axis is known
If the size of the major axis of the oval is known, then the construction itself is greatly simplified.
The given axis must be divided into three equal parts, as in the photo:
Measure the distance O1 and O2 - this is the radius. From these points draw circles of radius O1O2, as in the photo:
Let's call the intersection of circles m and n.
We connect points m and n with O1 and O2, resulting in straight lines that need to be extended until they intersect with the circles. Points 1, 2, 3, 4 in this case are the junction points of the arcs.
We consider points m, n as centers and draw the maximum radius from each, which is equal to n2 and m3. The result is arcs 12 and 34. The oval is drawn, the result can be compared with this image:
The two-dimensional circles in the previous pictures can be represented as coins, records, pancakes, lenses, etc. But circles are also components of three-dimensional objects such as cylinders and cones, and are also widely used in the visual arts. Cylinders are the basis for an infinite number of things such as cigarettes, tanks, thread spools, pipes, etc. Cones are the bases for ice cream cones, hourglasses, martini glasses, funnels, etc.
An ellipse is an oval with two unequal axes (major and minor), which always form a right angle with each other. The axes divide the ellipse into a short and a long arc, respectively, both arcs being absolutely symmetrical.
You need to learn to draw ellipses freehand. Ellipses A and B are drawing attempts. Anyone familiar with ellipses can visually evaluate the major and minor axis and see that ellipse A is correct, but ellipse B is not symmetrical enough. (If we draw two axes for B, we can see the errors more clearly. Notice how each sector is different.)
You may find it useful to draw a rectangle using the marks. This will create four more guides to evaluate and compare the shape of the ellipse.
So, to learn how to draw (and represent) ellipses well, you first need to sketch out the axes. Let's mark equal segments on both sides of the center with strokes to define the edges.
Now let's try to draw four equal sectors. We always round the ends, do not make them sharp.
The center of a circle drawn in perspective does not coincide with the main axis of the ellipse - it is always further (for the observer) than the main axis.
This amazing fact is often the cause of many difficulties. What is the relationship between the center of the circle and the axes of the ellipse?
A regular circle can always be described by a regular square. The center of the square (we will find it by drawing two diagonals) coincides with the center of the circle.
A circle in perspective can also be described by a perspective square. Drawing the diagonals will determine the center of both the square and the circle. We know from previous lessons that this point is not equidistant from the bottom and top lines. So, we draw the diameter of the circle through this central point - it is also not equidistant from the bottom and top.
We also know that the main axis of the ellipse should be equidistant from the top and bottom lines.
Now, combining the two drawings, we see that the diameter of the circle is slightly higher than the main axis of the ellipse. Note also that the minor axis coincides in most cases with the perspective diameter of the circle.
The view from above explains this apparent paradox. The widest part of the circle (projected onto the drawing plane) is not a diameter, but a simple chord (shown by dashes). This chord will become the main axis of the ellipse, while the real diameter of the circle lying further away looks smaller.
So, don't make the mistake of drawing a square in perspective and using its center as the location of the main axis of the ellipse. The resulting figure will look like this
Also, if you want to draw half a circle (or cylinder), you cannot draw an ellipse and consider either side of the main axis to be half a circle in perspective. (The figure on the left is not half, although it seems equal)
But on the right are the correct halves, because the diameter of the circle was used as a dividing line.
The question is important not only for beginners, but sometimes also for experienced artists. Understanding how to draw a circle correctly in perspective, we can draw a huge number of objects, not just pots and plates.
In general, a short summary: usually we rarely see round objects from the front. For example a plate like this
We see much less often than this.
Therefore, we need to understand how to correctly depict a plate in a perspective horizontal plane. There is a simple diagram for this.
The most important thing is on the left. We see ovals and the horizon line, relative to which we usually draw all objects. At the level of the horizon line, the oval either turns into a line or becomes very narrow. The higher or lower, the rounder the oval becomes, all the lines that are closer to us according to the law of perspective will be thicker, everything further away will be thinner. If the oval is much lower than the level of vision, it can become almost round. This can be seen very clearly by taking a roll of tape, your ideal medium for practicing this skill. We raise the skein to eye level - ideally we will see a rectangle, raise it higher and lower and immediately see clearly all the changes.
In the vertical plane, the story is absolutely the same, only the diagram must be turned 90 degrees.
Thus, all plates and pots become subject to us, we look at the previous picture of the plate, taking into account new knowledge.
You can draw another oval to show the thickness of the plate, the final result depends on your observation skills. The skill of drawing ovals is very well trained in detailed drawing of simple objects; the same roll of tape, for example, works great at first.
There is another common mistake when drawing ovals. Many people draw two arcs instead of an oval. This should not be allowed, even if your oval is very narrow; we always draw roundings in the corners.
Over time, you will become great at finding perspective in almost any object.
Well, after you get tired of circles, you can try drawing squares - the principle is the same. There is indeed a nuance with the vanishing point, but more on that another time.
I hope you no longer have problems with the circle in perspective and your drawings will be correct and accurate. In addition to this post, you can also see
When making complex, multi-tiered plasterboard ceilings, it often becomes necessary to make an oval. It can look like a cutout on a plasterboard ceiling, or it can go down one tier below; in any case, to make an oval on the ceiling, you first need to draw it. This is not a circle that can be drawn using a homemade compass from a profile. To draw an oval, you need more complex calculations and knowledge of geometry. Basically, there are two types of ovals. Correct and incorrect. It is almost impossible to distinguish them by eye.
The first way is how to draw an oval.
An irregular oval can be drawn by fitting it into a rhombus. To do this, in the right place, draw the coordinate axes and draw an equilateral rhombus of the size we need. Now we draw two arcs with the center in two opposite corners of the rhombus. The radius of this arc can be calculated as follows. From the top of the rhombus we lower perpendiculars to two opposite sides of the rhombus. The length of these perpendiculars is the radius of the arcs we need. In the figure, the perpendiculars are drawn in black, and the resulting arcs are drawn in blue.
We do the same with the opposite vertex of the rhombus. At the intersection points of the perpendiculars, we get two more centers for constructing the two remaining arcs. The radius of these arcs (drawn in red in the figure) will not be difficult to measure when all the necessary lines have already been drawn.
The second way to draw an oval
If you need a less precise (approximate) figure, then you can draw an oval using a thread, two screws and a pencil. To do this, you will need to find the so-called foci of the oval. These are exactly the points relative to which we drew the last two arcs. In the picture above, they are shown in red. We screw two self-tapping screws into these focal points and tie a thread to them. The thread needs to be chosen so that it does not stretch. The length of the thread is equal to the larger size of the oval. Now everything is simple, stretch the thread with a pencil and draw an oval.
Of course, you won’t be able to draw a clear oval this way, the thread stretches, and it’s difficult to hold the pencil straight. This oval will have to be adjusted a little. If the oval is large, then even those who know about them will not see the errors. If it’s small, then it’s better to draw an oval using a compass.
