Heating started later than usual this year. The country, after all, is moving towards Europe! It goes so fast that the gas can’t keep up with it... In general, someone didn’t agree with someone, someone didn’t purchase, someone wasn’t given a loan, something burst somewhere, etc. In short , it’s + 5 °C outside, and the batteries are cold.
Every day there were reports on TV about unfortunate children freezing in kindergartens. It’s only +17 °C, the kids are in sweaters, but they’re courageous: they’re jumping, smiling... Close-up of indignant mothers. They certainly understand the seriousness of the situation: it’s a nightmare, we need to do something, we’ll freeze the children!
Well, finally, WE WAITED! The heating was turned on. Feel better. Feel better.
The thermometers crept up, quickly overcame the symbolic 20 °C, left behind the normal 22 °C, jumped over the comfortable 25 °C and finally froze at the level of a warm 28-30 °C.
Everyone calmed down. Mothers are happy, journalists have lost interest, children... And what, exactly, are children? Let them take off their sweaters and rejoice quickly. Why faster? Yes, because there is not long left to rejoice...
We all understand perfectly well: the air temperature in children's rooms preschool institutions(DDU) cannot be the way the kindergarten director, nanny or teacher wants. It (this temperature) is not set at the whim of some particularly active mother or by decision of a particularly democratic body called the “parent meeting”.
The air temperature in kindergartens is strictly regulated by a special document, which is proudly called “State sanitary rules and norms..."
The state decided that it needed special, again state, bodies that would take care of the health of children. As a result, in all republics without exception former USSR there are ministries that control everything related to security children's health, and organizing the work of kindergartens and schools. These ministries are called differently: health, health protection, education, education and science, etc. etc., but the essence and direction of the actions do not depend on the name.
Under the leadership of ministries, scientists have been conducting research for many decades with the goal of finding out what the air parameters should be in schools and kindergartens. It is quite obvious that proper, correct, normal air parameters are those parameters at which the negative impact on the child’s health, and therefore the incidence of illness, is minimal.
Scientists have found that there are three main indicators that need to be monitored:
1) air temperature;
2) relative air humidity;
3) intensity of air exchange.
For each indicator, medical science has determined optimal values, which, in fact, are included in the above-mentioned “State sanitary rules and norms...”. No matter what state we are talking about (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, etc.), these values are approximately the same. No, they may differ by 1 °C or 5% relative humidity, but these differences are more an attempt to demonstrate originality and independence from the totalitarian instructions of the former USSR, rather than a difference of opinion.
No one has conducted any new research, and why should they, if everything is already clear and the questions have been answered.
So, no matter where you live - if your child attends kindergarten, the temperature there should be at game rooms ah 21-24 °C, and in the bedrooms 18 - 22 °C. At the same time, 24 °C in the playroom and 22 °C in the bedroom is a recommendation for nursery groups located in climatic regions where the average monthly January temperature ranges from -14 to -32 °C.
Let's repeat it again. Please remember:
air temperature in game room kindergarten should never and under no circumstances exceed 24 °C ;
air temperature in bedroom kindergarten should never and under no circumstances exceed 22 °C .
At first glance, air humidity is simpler: no one really understands what it is, why and how to measure it, how to regulate it and who should do it. It is not surprising that recommendations according to which relative air humidity should be 40-60% are perceived as something abstract and incomprehensible. Nevertheless, at this stage, let's at least repeat and remember:
The relative air humidity in the kindergarten premises should be 40-60%.
Now standards for schools:
air temperature in classrooms 17-20 °C, in workshops 16-18 °C, in gym- 15-17 °C;
relative air humidity 40-60% .
A few words about air exchange. The main way of its practical implementation is ventilation, but ventilation is extremely difficult to regulate and control. Nevertheless, you will probably be interested in familiarizing yourself with some of the provisions of the State norms and rules for preschool education:
- To create favorable environmental conditions, it is necessary to thoroughly ventilate all rooms daily. The most effective is through and corner ventilation. It should be carried out only in the absence of children: before they arrive, during classes in the gym, during a walk.
- One-way ventilation is carried out in the presence of children.
- In bedrooms, cross ventilation should be carried out in the absence of children. In the cold season, transoms and vents should be closed 30 minutes in advance. before children go to bed; open on one side during sleep and close 30 minutes beforehand. before getting up. In the warm season, sleep (day and night) is carried out at open windows(avoid draft).
A little about ventilation in schools. It is recommended to carry it out during breaks, while the duration of ventilation is determined by the temperature outside. At temperatures above +6 °C, it is necessary to ventilate for a short period from 4 to 10 minutes, and for a long period - from 25 to 35 minutes. When the outside temperature is below -10 °C, it is necessary to ventilate for a short break from 1 to 1.5 minutes, and for a long break - from 5 to 10 minutes.
What do we have in practice? In the vast majority of kindergartens and schools, air indicators do not meet State requirements. Exceptions are possible, of course, but these exceptions occur only when emergency: heating not turned on, accident, extremely low temperature outside, low gas pressure, etc. and so on. Nevertheless, if we consider a normal average kindergarten, in which the heating system works “normally”, then in this kindergarten air temperature and humidity almost always do not meet existing requirements .
Complaints about the fact that it is very hot in the kindergarten and that it is impossible to breathe are heard from everywhere. A temperature of 28 °C is almost standard, 30 °C is not at all uncommon. The value of air humidity is a sealed secret. A kindergarten that has a hygrometer (a device for measuring humidity) is as rare as a kindergarten with its own pool, although it seems that swimming pools are more common.
At first glance, the situation is absolutely incomprehensible, absurd, inexplicable:
There are State requirements;
There are persons who are obliged to fulfill these requirements - the administration of kindergartens and schools;
There are again government bodies Those responsible for monitoring compliance with these requirements are the sanitary and epidemiological surveillance authorities.
Requirements are ignored, nothing happens.
Maybe all this is nonsense? It's OK? Maybe this is how it should be? Warmth is not cold (the heat of the bones does not ache)!
Any heating system dries out the air. The more intense the heaters work and, accordingly, the higher the temperature in the room, the drier the air.
Dry air is very bad and dangerous.
Why?
The mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract come into contact with billions of microbes every day. The vast majority of microbes have no effect on the body negative influence, because, firstly, they cannot attach to the surface of the mucous membranes (in the nose, throat), and secondly, the mucous membranes produce liquid (mucus, snot, sputum), which in large quantities contains substances that kill viruses and bacteria.
The ability of mucous membranes to stop and destroy microbes at the site of penetration is called local immunity . If local immunity fails, then the disease develops and general immunity begins to work.
If your child often gets colds, it means he has weak local immunity.
Local immunity is almost never congenitally weak. Local immunity is destroyed by parents and the administration of preschool institutions.
We live in a country where at least six months heating season. This means that for at least six months (half their lives!) our children spend most of their time in rooms with dry and warm air.
Snot, phlegm, and mucus can kill the infection only when they are liquid. Dry mucus is a protein-rich breeding ground for bacteria.
Dry air leads to drying out of the mucous membranes and disables the local immune system.
Dry air dries out the mucus and makes it more likely to become infected. Dried mucus - main reason otitis, sinusitis, bronchitis and pneumonia.
Dry air is the main reason for the growth of adenoids and the development of chronic tonsillitis.
Dry air increases the sensitivity of mucous membranes to dust and allergens, hence the risk of allergic diseases - from rhinitis to asthma.
Dry air is much more dangerous for children compared to adults: children have a more intense metabolism, they produce more heat, and regulate heat exchange not so much with their skin (like mom and dad), but with their lungs. Dry and warm air does not allow the child to normally “dump” excess heat, this leads to fluid loss during breathing and increases sweating. Hence the thickening of the blood, disruption of the functioning of internal organs, endless drinking at night, etc.
Let us repeat once again: during the heating season, the warmer the air, the drier it is.
And one more point that is extremely important regarding ventilation.
The bottom line: the most common childhood diseases are ARVI (acute respiratory viral infections). The main epidemiological feature of respiratory viruses is that they die instantly in cool, moist moving air and remain active for hours in dry, warm and still air. Thus, ventilation is the most effective method prevention of ARVI in children's groups.
The current heating practice in children's institutions is a genocide of local immunity . This is one of the main reasons for endless kindergarten snot, these are millions paid for by the state sick leave, these are tons of antibiotics eaten, these are tens of liters of blood and hundreds of liters of urine collected for tests, these are thousands of hospitalizations.
And this practice exists. And journalists don’t write about this. And no one seems to care. If the air temperature drops 2 °C below the target, all central channels will talk about it on the news, although there is no risk here and the “problem” can easily be solved with an additional shirt.
Why is everyone silent or saying things that would be better if they were silent?
1. First of all, because they don’t know what’s right, how it should be. Moreover, everyone is convinced that the child is small and weak, so he needs to be warmed and fed. Numerous examples showing that naked and not overfed people get sick less often do not convince anyone of anything.
2. Public opinion clearly views heat as a good thing. Cold (20 °C), an open window, walking in damp weather are supposedly the main enemies of children's health. No one can or does not want to understand: children get sick not because they are cold, but because they sweat! Otitis media began not because the window was open, but because due to the dryness of the air, the mucus in the auditory tube dried up...
3. Journalists are bearers of public opinion and do everything to pander to public opinion. Report about freezing children! What a response, what a rating! The mayor himself called and asked for forgiveness!
4. The preschool administration and sanitary workers have neither the strength, nor the authority, nor the desires to resist public opinion. One mother, who created a scandal due to the fact that her child fell ill with bronchitis allegedly because the window was open, will discourage the teacher from opening this window for long years. Moreover, this particular teacher will be accused of all mortal sins and no one will come to her defense.
5. Endless children's “colds” are an endless business, these are billions received from the sale of immune stimulants, vitamins, antibiotics, expectorants, nasal drops, etc. and so on. These are thousands of laboratories looking for the causes of your frequent illnesses.
WHAT TO DO?
First of all, everyone understand:
if the temperature and humidity in a kindergarten do not meet state requirements, then the kindergarten workers are committing a malfeasance, and the sanitary inspection authorities, who do not respond to this, cover up the crime and thus become accomplices. .
There should be thermometers and hygrometers in the bedrooms and playrooms of each preschool.
The easiest way to purchase electronic multifunctional devices is usually a clock that shows temperature, humidity, and much more (depending on the price).
To humidify the air, it is necessary to use special household appliances - air humidifiers. Steam humidifiers for kindergartens are highly undesirable, but ultrasonic humidifiers are optimal.
Municipal kindergartens must demand financing the purchase of humidifiers, based on requirements parent community. However, the sooner you hold a parent-teacher meeting and discuss how much you will spend on a thermometer, hygrometer, and humidifier, the greater your chances of saving on medications.
Heating elements (heating radiators) in children's institutions are required to have regulators. If there are no regulators, think about how to install them in the summer, but in the meantime reduce the heat transfer of the batteries - cover them with a heat insulator (for example, foam plastic), cover them with blankets, etc.
Remember: if in winter time you open the window, then cold air enters the room, in which there is practically no water (the lower the air temperature, the less water vapor it contains). When heated, such air dries out the air in the room. The main conclusion is that you need to regulate the air temperature with a closed radiator, and not with an open window.
DDU Administration Council. Write the following text on paper in capital letters:
“STATE REQUIREMENTS FOR AIR TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY
IN CHILDREN'S PRESCHOOL INSTITUTIONS
The air temperature in playrooms is 21-23 °C, and in bedrooms 18-21 °C.
Relative air humidity 40-60%.
FOR FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH THESE REQUIREMENTS
THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE DDU WILL BE HELD RESPONSIBLE.”
Hang the paper with the specified text so that all parents can see it. As soon as someone opens their mouth and starts screaming about the cold, etc. - send him to sort things out with the state. Introduce the norms to everyone you accept into preschool education. If such demands do not suit you, let them sit at home hugging the heater.
Dear moms and dads!
What most kindergartens are doing to the health of our children is unbearable, and we must fight it.
State requirements are ignored, regulatory authorities do not fulfill their functions.
Let's act on our own! After all we're talking about about the health of our children! This is more than enough reason to stop hoping for anyone and waiting for mercy from officials.
We must first try to change public opinion, do everything to ensure that people receive basic information. We all must understand: our beloved, kind and affectionate grandmothers are not bearers of the truth. If grandma is convinced that an open window is bad, but science believes (and practice confirms) that it is good, then we need to decide somehow! What is more valuable to us? Grandma's nerves or child's health? Difficult choice, but we have to decide.
Since the state has washed its hands of it, let us form public opinion. Share the link to this document with all your friends. Discuss on the forums. Print, give to parents, spend parent meetings. Tell us here what you did and share your experience.
Understand the main thing: If a child who is normal from God does not get out of his sores, then this child has a conflict with the environment. And it is necessary not to feed the child with medicines, but to the best of one’s ability and ability to change the environment . This is our duty to God and conscience. Well, think: what kind of health can we talk about if our children can’t breathe for six months!
Control over the living conditions of children in kindergartens and schools is carried out by state regulatory bodies. Their main task is to comply with the standards established by regulatory documents. In accordance with government regulations, special documents have been developed that define acceptable conditions in institutions for children.
Acceptable and recommended standards for keeping children in educational institutions, which were included in regulatory documents, were established several decades ago. The standards were determined based on scientific research. Conditions determined by standards are most conducive to preserving children's health. The correctness of the requirements of regulatory documents has been confirmed long history observations, when there is a deviation from the norm in certain institutions, there is inevitably a surge in morbidity among children visiting them. Thus, any child care institution should strive to adhere to established standards as much as possible.
The most important indicators that children's institutions are required to monitor are:
- air temperature in the interior of kindergartens;
- air humidity;
- freshness of air.
It is worth noting that the standards for these indicators are approximately the same throughout the territory of the former Soviet Union. This is a consequence not only of the general physiology of children, but also of the fact that the new states inherited all the regulatory documents of the Soviet Union, and since then there have been no special corrections. Thus, this article is relevant for the entire CIS and several other countries as of this year and the next 2017.
Requirements for indicators in kindergartens
For kindergartens, the standards are as follows: in playrooms the temperature should not fall below 21 degrees Celsius, the recommended temperature is 24 degrees. In bedrooms, a lower temperature is allowed, up to 18 degrees; it is recommended to bring the temperature to 22 degrees Celsius. The indicated temperatures are required for areas with average temperature in January it is below -14 degrees Celsius.
From what you have read, you may get the impression that the higher the temperature in the interior of the kindergarten, the better. In fact, too high temperatures can be even more harmful than low temperatures. So, if temporary and minor deviations in the direction of a decrease in temperature below the recommended level are allowed, then the opposite deviations are extremely undesirable. For playrooms, the maximum permissible temperature is 24 degrees Celsius, and for bedrooms - 22 degrees.
There are clearly defined standards for air humidity; its value should be from 40% to 60%. In practice, they do not always monitor correct value this indicator. This is very unfortunate, since instruments for determining humidity levels are not difficult to obtain or difficult to handle and operate. Nevertheless, it is necessary to monitor air humidity; maintaining an optimal level of humidity has a good effect on the body’s resistance to diseases, and unfavorable humidity increases the risk of various ailments, especially the respiratory tract.
For air freshness, exact quantitative standards are not specified, but it is noted that ventilation should be carried out regularly. Ventilation is the main and only way to maintain an acceptable level of air freshness in most kindergartens.
According to regulations, ventilation should be carried out periodically throughout the daytime. One-way ventilation is also allowed in the presence of children in the room. Two-way ventilation, that is, a draft, should be carried out during the absence of children. In winter, before quiet time in the bedrooms, cross-ventilation ends half an hour before the arrival of a group of children.
It is recommended to carry out one-way ventilation during the quietest hour, when the air warms up after two-way ventilation. However, it is important to remember that through ventilation should be stopped half an hour before the start of the quiet hour, and one-way ventilation should be stopped half an hour before its end. During the warm season, one-way ventilation is carried out constantly both during the day and at night.
Unfortunately, air quality standards in the interiors of kindergartens are systematically violated in most institutions. In fact, no one monitors air humidity; ventilation is carried out at different frequencies, but almost always insufficiently. Indoor temperatures are usually much higher than recommended standards, often exceeding 30 degrees Celsius and rarely below 28 degrees.
High temperatures and intermittent ventilation lead to severe drying of the air in kindergartens. The last circumstance is not of much concern to the management of institutions, if only because they do not monitor humidity indicators at all. Finding a hygrometer (a device for measuring humidity levels) in a kindergarten is very rare. Too low air humidity in kindergartens is a big problem, which contributes to a high incidence of colds.
It is interesting that the management of children's institutions often uses above-normal air temperatures as a means of combating illness among children. In fact, temperatures higher than recommended, by drying out the air, only increase the incidence of disease. The recommended temperature is quite sufficient for the comfortable state of the child's body, but low air humidity dries out the mucous surfaces of the respiratory tract. Mucus in the respiratory tract performs an important function; it provides local immunity. If it dries out, the body's vulnerability to disease will increase sharply. Dried mucus loses its immune properties, at the same time it is an excellent breeding ground for the development of various microorganisms, including pathogens. On the contrary, it is difficult for pathogenic microbes to gain a foothold in the respiratory tract moistened with mucus; even if they are able to get a hold, they will immediately be exposed to local immunity.
It is especially important to maintain optimal humidity during the cold season. At this time, children spend most of the day in closed and heated rooms. Consequently, a large number of children concentrated in one place creates excellent conditions for the spread of diseases transmitted by airborne droplets, that is, through the respiratory tract. Don't underestimate the dangers of dry air... scientific information Insufficient air humidity is one of the main causes of the following diseases:
- Sinusitis.
- Tonsillitis.
- Bronchitis.
- Otitis.
- Pneumonia.
- Allergic diseases of the respiratory tract.
Thus, dry air can lead to asthma and other unpleasant diseases in a child.
Additional complications are caused by the fact that children tolerate heat much worse than adults. Metabolism and, accordingly, heat generation in children are more intense, while heat transfer to the environment occurs mainly through exhalation of air.
Thus, for children, a comfortable and safe ambient temperature is lower than for adults. Heat environment leads to excessive sweating, blood thickening, and unfavorable working conditions for internal organs. Since heat transfer occurs primarily through exhalation of air, the airways in children become even more dry than in adults.
It is important to know that most infections that cause ARVI do not tolerate cold air very well, especially if the temperature change occurs quickly; they feel great in a dry and warm atmosphere. Thus, the hot and dry environment in kindergartens contributes to the spread of airborne infections. On the contrary, frequent ventilation humidifies the air and reduces the concentration of pathogens in the air.
Ways to achieve ideal parameters
However, not every ventilation increases air humidity. The colder the air, the less moisture it contains, so ventilation during the cold season cannot always help maintain optimal air humidity in the room. In order to create optimal conditions for children, it is necessary, first of all, to have a thermometer and hygrometer in each room. Kindergarten staff should monitor their readings.
The air temperature should remain optimal, then the air humidity will not drop too much. You can additionally increase humidity using a humidifier - a special device that saturates the air with water. Preference should be given to ultrasonic devices; steam humidifiers are not approved by specialists. It is advisable to limit the access of air to the heating radiators; to do this, they should be covered with a special screen or casing.
It is not always possible to maintain ideal air conditions. However, it is worth achieving the greatest correspondence between real and recommended indicators; the closer the real indicators are to the reference ones, the lower the morbidity rate in the institution will be.
I approve
Chief State
sanitary inspector of the USSR
V.Zhdanov
SANITARY RULES FOR KINDERGARTENS
I. General provisions
1. Kindergartens are organized for preschool children from 3 to 7 years old and are staffed age groups 25 children each.
Depending on the number of children, the following types of kindergartens are established:
kindergarten for 25 places, 1 group
kindergarten for 50 places2 groups
kindergarten for 75 places, 3 groups
kindergarten for 100 places4 groups
kindergarten for 125 places, 5 groups.
2. Based on the duration of serving children, kindergartens are calculated:
a) for the stay of children for 9, 10 and 12 hours a day;
b) for round-the-clock service, when children are in the garden 6 days a week, except for weekends.
3. Organization of round-the-clock groups is possible in standard kindergarten buildings with 100 places (one round-the-clock group) or 125 places (two round-the-clock groups).
The number of 24-hour groups can be increased according to the needs of the enterprise.
4. Kindergartens with a capacity of up to 100 places can be located in the first two floors of residential and public buildings in compliance with these Rules.
II. Kindergarten site
Site and structure planning.
1. Kindergartens located in separate buildings must have an independent site with an area of: up to 50 places - 40 places per 1 place, over 50 sq. m. m - 30 sq. m in place.
When placing kindergartens in residential buildings, it is allowed to reduce the area of the site to 25 square meters. m for 1 place.
2. The allocation of a site for a kindergarten must be agreed upon with the sanitary inspection authorities of the region (city of republican subordination).
3. The following are arranged on the site: a) group sites according to the number of groups with an area of at least 62 square meters. m (rammed part), not counting the lawn, shrubs, trees and flower beds; b) general physical education area at the rate of 2 square meters. m per child; c) berry garden and Orchard based on at least 1 sq. m per child; d) a corner for animals and birds with an area of at least 20 square meters. m; e) summer shower with solar heating of water for 1 - 3 horns; e) a fountain with an area of 16 - 20 square meters. m (in sewer areas); g) summer restroom for children for 2 points.
4. Children's playgrounds should be separated from each other by green spaces and not be accessible.
5. All parts of the site must be connected by well-compacted paths up to 1.5 m wide and illuminated in the evening.
6. Land plot, belonging to a kindergarten, must be fenced with a solid or lattice fence (height of at least 2 m), properly planned and have grooves leading into the drain.
A protective green zone at least 10 meters wide should be created between the kindergarten building, playgrounds and the street.
7. In kindergarten areas, it is advisable to install canopies to organize daytime naps and allow children to stay outdoors in inclement weather.
8. The equipment of group playgrounds consists of sand boxes, benches with backrests for children to rest and 1 - 2 physical education aids; Physical education grounds are equipped exclusively with physical education aids and benches for rest.
9. The utility yard should be located away from the playgrounds with a separate isolated entrance.
10. The following structures are installed in the utility yard:
a barn with two compartments (for fuel and equipment), with a clothes dryer, an icehouse, a vegetable storehouse, a well with a mechanical water supply (in the absence of running water), a laundry room (in the absence of one in the building), a restroom (in the absence of a sewerage system), a garbage pit and garbage receptacle
11. A garbage receptacle with a tight-fitting lid is installed on a concrete or compacted area at a distance of at least 25 m from the windows of the main building and kitchen.
12. The cesspool must have a waterproof bottom, walls and a tightly fitting lid. Wooden log houses are made from tarred logs.
III. Maintenance of the site and its equipment
13. Sweeping and removing garbage in the area should be done daily 1 - 2 hours before children arrive or after children leave with the building windows closed. In warm, dry times, sweeping is done after watering. Garbage is removed to the garbage receptacle immediately.
14. In the summer, it is necessary to water the area twice a day: before the children arrive and before naps, daily wipe the tables, benches, and construction materials located on the area with a wet method. game material and equipment for physical exercises (ladders, slides, etc.).
15. In winter, it is necessary to clear the areas, paths and approaches to the building from snow and sprinkle them with sand.
16. Clean the contents of garbage receptacles and garbage pits regularly, avoiding overfilling, and in warm weather, water them daily with a 2% solution of bleach.
17. Outdoor toilet seats for children and adults, when the water does not freeze, must be thoroughly washed with hot water and lye 1-2 times a day.
IV. Kindergarten building
Set and purpose of premises.
1. The main room of the kindergarten is a group room for 25 children, which should have an area of 62 square meters. m, which is determined by the functional purpose of the room and verified by practice.
2. The washroom should be arranged separately for each group, between the group and the restroom; For the restroom, the washroom is the gateway. The washroom is connected to the group room by a glass door in the upper half. The washroom must have at least 2 washbasins and a shower with one horn for carrying out procedures for hardening children (dousing).
3. The children's restroom is separated from the washroom by a blank wall with a glass door in the upper half. The area of the restroom should be at least 5 square meters. m. At least 3 children's toilets are installed in the restroom at the rate of 1 for 8 children. The cubicles in children's restrooms are open, separated by partitions 120 cm high.
For children 3 to 4 years old, it is necessary to have individual pots in the restroom, stored on special shelves (nests).
Children's restrooms should be warm and bright.
4. Storage areas for folding beds and bedding must have an area of at least 5 square meters. m and a rack with individual cells according to the number of children in the group.
5. To wash group dishes, a dishwasher with hot and hot water supply is installed in each group room. cold water.
6. Changing rooms up to 15 square meters. m should be designed separately for each group or common for two groups. In the latter case, it is necessary to provide for the possibility of isolating groups in case of infection.
INthe dressing room (for 2 groups) must provide enough space for dressing and undressing children (at least 0.5 sq. m per child).
The dressing room should have a drying cabinet for drying children's clothes.
7. For kindergarten staff, as well as for visitors, a separate hanger must be installed in an isolated part of the dressing room.
8. The manager’s office - the office should be arranged with an area of at least 10 square meters. m. In kindergartens with up to 50 places, the head's office also serves as a room for medical examinations, preventive vaccinations and temporary placement of a sick child.
9. A medical room must be installed in kindergartens for 75 - 125 places with an area of at least 10 square meters. m. There should be a box for a sick child in the medical room. The box is illuminated by the first light and is located on the 1st floor with an entrance from the lobby.
10. In kindergartens, starting from three groups, a laundry room with an area of at least 10 square meters is provided. m.
11. A staff restroom with a washbasin in the airlock is located on the ground floor.
V. Rules for the arrangement of kindergarten premises
1. The ratio of depth to width in all rooms of the kindergarten should be no more than 2:1.
2. With one-sided lighting, the depth of the premises should not be more than 6 meters.
In kindergartens built into residential buildings, greater depth of children's rooms is allowed, while the area located at a depth of more than 6 meters is not taken into account.
3. The height of kindergarten premises from floor to ceiling must be at least 3.2 m.
The height of the premises of kindergartens located in residential buildings, is taken according to the height of the floor of a residential building, but not less than 3 meters (clean), while the area of group rooms is increased so that the cubic capacity of the premises per child is at least 8 cubic meters. m.
4. Light coefficient - the ratio of the window area to the floor area - should be taken:
a) for group rooms, washrooms, children's restrooms, medical room, kitchen, as well as staircases - 1:5, 1:6;
b) for other rooms from 1:7 to 1:9.
5. Windows of children's rooms are not allowed to be oriented to the north and northwest. In areas south of 45°, it is not allowed to orient the windows of children's rooms to the west and southwest.
Two-way lighting is allowed only adjacent, but not from opposite sides; additional windows oriented to the western part of the horizon must have protective installations against overheating of the premises in the summer.
Window openings should be arranged in such a way as to ensure uniform dispersion of rays throughout the room.
Window sashes should not have the form of small fractional bars, this reduces the illumination coefficient.
6. The windows of the laundry room, kitchen, and coal pits are not allowed under the windows of group rooms.
7. Heating radiators in group rooms, washrooms, restrooms, changing rooms and staircases must be protected with a light wooden grille. Projects for such gratings are developed simultaneously with the design of the building.
8. In kindergartens, the installation of three-flight and two-flight staircases with intercellular openings is not permitted.
9. Stair railings should have straight, vertical slats, spaced frequently to prevent children from climbing on or between them.
10. An additional handrail for children is made near the wall of the staircase with a height (vertical) of 45 cm, counting from the middle of the width of the step to the top of the handrail.
11. The width of steps on stairs in kindergartens should be 28 - 30 cm, height - 12 cm.
12. The walls of group rooms and bedrooms in kindergartens are painted in light colors (with adhesive paint); panels to a height of 1.25 - 1.50 m must be covered oil paint be sure to have a light color.
13. The ceiling is painted only white.
14. The floors in group rooms, bedrooms and dressing rooms are made of dense parquet or wood without cracks, painted with oil paint or covered with linoleum.
VI. Kindergarten equipment
1. Kindergartens must be equipped in accordance with hygienic and pedagogical requirements, taking into account the age characteristics of children from 3 to 7 years old.
2. In each group room of the kindergarten there must be individual chairs according to the number of children and group tables for six people, and in middle and senior groups there must be two-seat tables. The dimensions, design and weight of furniture must correspond to the height, body proportions and strength of preschool children.
3. To organize daytime sleep for children in group rooms, a hall or on verandas (at the premises or on the site), it is necessary to have portable folding beds according to the number of children with or without mattresses (depending on the season of the year) with an individual set of bedding.
4. There should be no furniture in the bedrooms, except for cots according to the number of children and stools or chairs for laying clothes.
5. Personal items (clothing, towels, sleeping bags, pots) must be strictly individual.
6. Toys and aids should be stored in cabinets; you can have stands for plants, aquariums, wall shelves for toys, books, figurines, etc.
7. For each children's group, separate tableware and tea utensils must be allocated, which are stored in clean cabinets in children's group rooms.
8. In group rooms and bedrooms, it is allowed to store clean table linen and bed linen in closed cabinets.
9. For interior decoration In premises, it is allowed to use short (no wider than 50 cm) window curtains made of materials that are easy to wash and clean, as well as carpets - subject to daily care (knocking out, cleaning).
10. All accessories for cleaning the washroom and restroom (rags, brushes) should be stored next to the restroom in a special cabinet.
11. Cutting paper should be in boxes (bags).
12. At the entrance to the building, removable scrapers, grates or mats are attached to the floor. The lobby should have clothes and shoe brushes for dresses and shoes, as well as brooms or brooms for cleaning coats and felt boots from snow.
VII. Rules for cleaning the premises and maintaining equipment
1. All premises must be kept clean, which requires daily, systematic, thorough cleaning: sweeping and washing floors, sweeping dust, wiping furniture, removing cobwebs, washing windows, etc.
2. In group rooms, a hall, a bedroom, every day an hour before the arrival of children, wet cleaning is carried out with the windows, transoms or vents open, with the obligatory removal of cabinets and other furniture. After cleaning, wipe furniture, beds, tables, chairs, cabinets, toys, window sills, radiators, electrical fittings, etc. with a damp cloth soaked in a clarified bleach solution (composition 2:1000).
Regardless of the morning cleaning, any room that is dirty is immediately put in order.
3. It is necessary to carry out special cleaning of all premises weekly - wash the floors hot water with lye, sweep away dust, remove cobwebs, etc.
4. Window glass should be kept clean, not covered with decorations, drawings or long curtains that block the access of light, windows should be washed every ten days.
5. Tables for studying and eating and the oilcloths on them are washed daily with hot water and soap and wiped with a clean cloth before and after meals, as well as after each activity (drawing, modeling, etc.).
6. Toys that can be washed (metal, rubber, celluloid, etc.) must be washed with hot water and dried once a day (at the end of the day). Stuffed Toys When contaminated, they must be subjected to disinfection in disinfection chambers.
7. Table and bed linen are changed once every ten days, dressing gowns, towels and napkins are changed once every six days.
Dirty linen is removed from children's premises and stored in a utility room in a closed box (chest) until washed or sent to the laundry.
Washing and drying laundry is carried out only in specially designated rooms.
8. Bedding: mattresses, pillows, blankets, sleeping bags - are taken out into the air for ventilation at least twice a month.
9. Washrooms and latrines must be kept clean at all times.
Wash the floors in restrooms and washrooms with hot water and lye in the morning before the children get up and wipe them several times a day; Wash toilets and pots, wipe seats and holders with a rag soaked in a disinfectant solution (the solution is prepared by medical staff).
Wash washbasins daily with hot water and wipe with a solution of bleach (2:1000). After each wash of the children, wipe the floor with a rag, avoiding the formation of puddles and dampness near the washbasins.
Wash toilets daily with hot water and baking soda or lye. Twice a month, toilet bowls are washed with a 2% solution of hydrochloric acid to remove uric acid salts, followed by immediate abundant rinsing with water to avoid damage to the drain pipes.
After emptying the contents, the pots should be washed with running water and then immersed in a 0.2 - 0.5 percent clarified solution of bleach or 3 - 5 percent Lysol solution, or in a 3 percent soap-phenolic solution for 20 - 30 minutes, and then rinse thoroughly with running water inside and out.
KvachiTo clean children's potties, keep them immersed in a 2 percent clarified solution of bleach, 3 to 5 percent solution of Phonol, or Lysol.
10. Adults are not allowed to use the children's restroom.
11. It is necessary to remove dirt from under the grates daily, shake out and dry the mats. Wash and clean whisks (brooms), clothes brushes and shoe brushes at least once every ten days.
12. The floor of the lobby and dressing room should be cleaned daily using a damp method, and after cleaning, wipe with a rag soaked in a clarified solution of bleach (composition 2:1000). Wipe all children's cabinets and hangers for adults with the same solution half an hour before children arrive in the garden.
13. Staff and visitors coming to the kindergarten must take off their outerwear, galoshes and hats.
14. Teaching and technical staff, as well as visitors, must wear gowns upon arrival at the kindergarten.
15. Disinfection of premises should be carried out periodically and as directed by sanitary inspection authorities.
The preparation of disinfectant solutions must be carried out in accordance with the instructions approved by the USSR Ministry of Health.
VIII. Organization of air regime
1. Proper organization of room ventilation creates conditions for proper physical development and hardening of children and is one of effective means for the prevention of airborne infections.
2. The head of the kindergarten and teachers are obliged to rationally use all available ventilation installations: a) supply openings (transoms and vents, unsealed windows and special local supply cabinets); b) central exhaust system.
3. Transoms and vents must be in every room; they must be used in all seasons of the year. In winter, it is not allowed to cover up windows and transoms. In addition, in group rooms and bedrooms, one window in each room should be left unsealed in winter.
4. In the autumn-winter period, i.e. with the beginning of the heating season and before the onset of warm days (at outside air temperatures of minus 5° and below), in the presence of children, it is necessary to fully operate the central exhaust ventilation while simultaneously opening the local supply cabinets.
5. The greatest air pollution, especially in the cold season, is observed after children stay indoors for a long time, i.e. during the following hours: a) after classes; b) after lunch; c) by the end of the children’s stay in kindergarten (after afternoon tea in day groups); d) after daytime sleep in the sleeping quarters; e) after a night's sleep in sleeping quarters (in night groups).
Therefore, during these hours the most intensive ventilation of the premises should be carried out.
6. After children leave group rooms and bedrooms, it is necessary to carry out through or corner ventilation in them, or through the windows and doors of these rooms and windows located in opposite rooms, but not through the windows of the toilet rooms.
7. The duration of ventilation with transoms and vents is determined depending on the temperature difference between the outside air and the indoor air. Through ventilation at very low outside temperatures (below minus 20°) is carried out for no more than 2 - 3 minutes to avoid overcooling the room. During the transitional season, through ventilation is carried out for 10 - 15 minutes.
8. Ventilation of premises is carried out simultaneously with wet cleaning of premises (floors, panels, window sills, furniture, etc.) and must end 30 minutes before children arrive in the premises. By the time children arrive, the air in the room must be completely renewed and maintain the temperature set for kindergarten premises (see appendix “Temperature conditions and air exchange standards for exhaust ventilation for kindergartens”).
TEMPERATURE AND AIR EXCHANGE RATES
EXHAUST VENTILATION FOR KINDERGARTENS
┌───────────────────────────────────────┬────────────┬────────────────────┐
││Temperature │Ventilation exchange│
││(in degrees)│(extracts per hour)│
├───────────────────────────────────────┼────────────┼────────────────────┤
│1. Group rooms│18│1│
│2. Bedrooms│20│1.5│
│3. Games room│18│1│
│4. Showers│25│1.5│
│5. Changing room│18│1│
│6. Toilets and washrooms│20/20│5/2│
│7. Office│18│0.5│
│8. Doctor's room│20 │1│
│9. Room for storing sleeping bags│18│0.5│
│10. Kitchen│15 - 16│3│
│-"-s blank-washing│18│2│
└───────────────────────────────────────┴────────────┴────────────────────┘
9. The design of transom devices must meet the following requirements:
a) the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the transoms to the floor area should be 1:50;
b) transoms must have convenient opening devices.
The outer part of the transom should open downwards, and inner part up. It is also advisable to have side panels on the inside of the transom and lever controls for the transoms.
10. Window and door devices, platbands, frames, door panels, glass, handles, brakes, hinges, transom devices must be completely intact and function properly.
11. The central exhaust system must have a separate shaft for extracting air from restrooms, a separate shaft for extracting air from all other premises of kindergartens (group rooms, corridors, vestibule, hall, etc.).
12. Mechanical or thermal stimulants are installed in mines.
13. Exhaust openings of the central exhaust system should be located in the upper part of the wall, two for each group room, kitchen, lobby and hall and one for restrooms, storerooms, doctor's office and other premises of the kindergarten. Each exhaust vent must be equipped with special blinds to regulate the outflow of air from the premises.
14. After whitewashing the walls, the gaps in the ventilation grilles should be thoroughly cleaned.
15. To avoid fire, it is strictly forbidden to leave the electric fans in the mines after children leave kindergarten and at night.
16. Local ventilation supply cabinets should be installed in group rooms and bedrooms. They are built into one of the outer walls of the group room; There should be a hole at the bottom of the supply cabinet for outside air intake. Fresh air, entering through this hole, is heated by radiators located above the hole. At the top of the supply cabinet there is a perforated panel through which heated air enters the room in small streams. The supply opening in the cabinet must have louvres to regulate the air flow.
17. Cleaning of supply cabinets should be carried out daily using a wet method, with obligatory wiping of the internal walls and radiators. The central exhaust system shafts must be cleaned at least twice a year. The use of supply cabinets for purposes other than their intended purpose is strictly prohibited.
18. Heating appliances must be in sufficient quantity to maintain the required temperature in all rooms.
It is prohibited to install wall-mounted finned pipes and iron stoves in kindergartens.
19. Fire stoves in the absence of children, early in the morning or in the evening. It is prohibited to heat stoves at night if there are 24-hour groups in the kindergarten.
When firing the stoves, open the transoms (windows). On the coldest days of the year, stoves should also be fired on weekends. Close the pipes only when the blue gas lights in the oven disappear. Remove ash from the stove every time before firing.
20. Wipe off dust from heating appliances (stoves, radiators) and open connections to them daily. The installation of fireboxes in group rooms is not allowed.
21. In each group room and bedroom, have a wall thermometer at a height of 1.2 - 1.5 m from the floor.
IX. Lighting
1. Artificial lighting in kindergarten premises should be 75 lux incandescent lamps and 200 lux fluorescent lamps in group and administrative premises. In the medical room and examination room in the gardens there are up to 50 seats - 100 lux incandescent lamps and 200 lux fluorescent lamps.
Artificial lighting should provide uniform and sufficient illumination throughout the room.
2. Hang kerosene lamps from the ceiling. The height of the lamps should be at least 2 m from the floor. The lamp shade should be matte. The power of kerosene lighting in all rooms must be at least three lines per square meter. meter of floor.
The glasses of kerosene lamps should be wiped daily, the lamps should be filled with kerosene and the wicks should be trimmed.
3. Systematically clean lighting fixtures, wires, plugs and switches from dust.
X. Design and equipment of the catering unit and requirements
for food storage and cooking
1. A kitchen with a washing, preparation and dispensing area must ensure rational organization of food preparation and compliance with basic sanitary and hygienic requirements.
2. The washing and preparation rooms must be separated from the rest of the kitchen by carpentry, glazed in the upper part by a partition 1.7 m high.
3. The stove must have at least 8 - 10 burners (or two smaller stoves) and be conveniently located in terms of lighting and access.
4. The kitchen must have a refrigerator for food and a shelf for dishes.
5. To wash kitchen utensils, there must be a two-cavity metal bath (iron, tinned or stainless steel, duralumin, etc.). Bathtubs must be equipped with a hot and cold water supply to each socket and a drain into the sewer. When connecting baths to the sewer system, air gaps should be provided.
6. The catering premises must be plastered, the ceilings and walls whitewashed, the wall panels lined with ceramic tiles or painted with oil paint to a height of 1.8 m. The floors must be waterproof from Metlakh tiles or wooden.
7. Scrapers and grates should be installed at the entrance to the kitchen to remove dirt from shoes.
8. It is not permitted to install catering units in rooms with a depth of more than 0.7 m from the ground level.
9. Cookware the following is allowed: copper tinned; tin-plated iron; stainless steel, untinned iron (baking trays, buckets, etc.). Tanks and buckets made of galvanized iron are allowed for storing and transporting bulk, dry products (cereals, flour).
10. Tables for food processing must be upholstered with aluminum, duralumin or galvanized iron (for raw meat and fish), tightly fitting to the base of the table, with careful soldering of the seams. It is recommended to make all-metal tables with a base made of gas pipes or angle iron and a removable lid made of stainless steel or marble chips. For cutting dough and vegetables, wooden lids are allowed, tightly knocked together from wide thick boards of hardwood with a smoothly planed surface.
11. Everything food products items entering the warehouse and production must be carefully inspected by the supply manager and cook; If a product of questionable quality is discovered, it must be detained and immediately notified to the manager and medical worker of the kindergarten.
12. It is prohibited to accept: unbranded meat, ungutted waterfowl, duck and goose eggs, as well as chicken eggs from an incubator (mirage).
13. All perishable food products (meat, fish and semi-finished products from them, boiled sausages, dairy products, cream products, etc.) must be stored in the cold. Raw foods and finished products must be stored separately.
14. When preparing food you must:
a) process raw and finished products on different tables and on different boards. Cutting boards must be designated SM (raw meat), CP (raw fish), CO (raw vegetables), VM (cooked meat), BP (cooked fish), VO (cooked vegetables); It is strictly forbidden to use boards in a manner inconsistent with the markings;
b) to grind food, have at least two meat grinders - one for raw meat and fish, the other for cooked meat, fish, potatoes, etc.;
c) semi-finished products, as they are produced, should be immediately subjected to heat treatment (cook, stew, fry). It is allowed to store in the cold (refrigerator, refrigerator, icebox) at a temperature not exceeding +6°:
minced meat - no more than 6 hours;
raw meat and fish cutlets- no more than 12 hours;
meat cut into small pieces - no more than 12 hours;
d) when making second courses from boiled meat (goulash, empanadas, etc.) or when serving it with the first course, chopped or portioned the meat must be thoroughly cooked again (boiling in broth, sauce, frying for at least 15 minutes);
e) when making casseroles, pates, omelettes, bake them in a hot oven (temperature in the thickness of the product is not lower than +90°);
f) when making jelly (after boiling and chopping the meat), the broth, together with the crushed mass, is subjected to secondary boiling and immediate cooling at a temperature of +6°.
Note. Cooking jelly and pate in the summer (May - September) is prohibited;
g) until the time of release, keep the first and second courses on a hot stove for no more than 2 - 3 hours.
Do not mix food with leftovers from the previous day or with food that has been processed for a longer time. early dates the same day;
h) in case of forced presence of leftover prepared food (allowed as an exception), cool the latter no later than 3 hours from the moment of preparation of the dishes and store no more than 12 hours in the cold at a temperature not exceeding +8°; Before distribution, the remaining food must be inspected, tested by the cook and thoroughly boiled or fried again. The shelf life of food after secondary heat treatment should not exceed 1 hour.
15. Raw and pasteurized flask milk must be boiled. It is prohibited to serve food sour milk or curdled milk - “samokvas”, such milk can only be used for making dishes that are subject to heat treatment (pancakes, pancakes, dough, etc.). Curdled milk can only be made from boiled milk using cultures of lactic acid bacteria.
16. The kitchen must have a sink with soap and a towel for washing the hands of personnel working in the kitchen.
17. Personnel must be provided with headscarves and gowns for at least two shifts.
18. In the warm season, all opening windows and vents must be screened from flies.
19. The catering area must always be kept clean.
20. General cleaning, wash and disinfect equipment and production tools at least once a week using a 1% clarified solution of bleach (100 g of bleach per bucket of water).
21. To collect waste and waste, there must be metal buckets or tanks with lids (with a pedal). They must be cleaned daily or when they are more than 2/3 full, several times a day.
At the end of the work, buckets and tanks, regardless of the filling volume, are cleaned, washed with a 2% solution of caustic water, and then rinsed with hot water.
22. Cutting tables, cutting boards, tanks, tubs, tubs and wooden boxes should be cleaned of food residues every day after work, then washed with hot water (50°) with lye and doused with boiling water, and then dried. Small wooden objects (spatulas, ladles, etc.) should be scalded with boiling water after washing.
23. Metal utensils should be annealed in the oven after washing; napkins and gauze through which the broth is filtered and the juice of berries and fruits is squeezed out or vegetable decoctions are strained, each time after use they are thoroughly washed in hot water, and boil before use.
24. At the end of work, meat grinders should be disassembled, washed thoroughly, treated with boiling water and wiped dry.
25. Kitchen utensils are washed with hot water at a temperature of 50° using brushes and rinsed with boiling water.
27. Burnt food must not be scraped off the dishes; should be poured into a bowl warm water and let the crust soak.
XI. Group washing mode
1. The dishwashing regime should be as follows:
a) mechanical removal of food debris (brush, wooden spatula);
b) washing dishes with a washcloth in water at a temperature of 45 - 48 °, with the addition of mustard or 0.5 - 2 percent soda ash;
c) washing dishes in water at a temperature of 50°, with the addition of a 10% clarified solution of bleach in an amount of 10 cubic meters. cm per 1 liter of water (which corresponds to 200 - 250 mg of active chlorine);
d) rinsing the dishes in the third bath with hot water at a temperature of at least 70°;
e) drying dishes on a special grill or shelf.
Note. If diseases occur in kindergarten that can be transmitted through food and through dishes, tableware and tea utensils, after cleaning from food debris and thorough washing, must be disinfected by immersion in a chloramine solution (0.05 - 0.01 percent solution) or bleach 5 - 10 g per 1 bucket of water for 30 minutes, then washed with hot water and dried. In addition, once a day the dishes should be boiled in clean water;
e) washing of cutlery (spoons, knives and forks) after preliminary cleaning (emery, brick, etc.) should be done in the same way as tableware, but washed forks and knives must be subjected to boiling and then wiped dry with a clean with a towel.
2. After washing, tea and table spoons are lowered in a special net into boiling water for 1 - 2 minutes and dried in air.
3. Glassware (glasses, saucers, rosettes, etc.) are washed in 2 waters. Tableware and teaware with broken edges are not allowed.
4. Brushes and sponges used for washing dishes must be thoroughly washed, boiled, and dried every day after work.
XII. Water supply and sewerage
1. Water supply and sewerage for the kindergarten are provided by connecting the existing central water supply and sewerage to the main line.
2. In the absence of a central water supply and sewerage system, it is necessary to require the installation of local water supply and sewerage systems.
3. When installing a local water supply system, the choice of water source is made in accordance with GOST 2764-44 "Sources of centralized domestic and drinking water supply. Rules for selection and quality assessment." The quality of water must comply with GOST 2874-54 "Drinking water. Standards, quality."
4. If the impossibility of installing a water supply system is fully justified, wells on the site can be used.
The design and maintenance of wells must meet Sanitary requirements to the construction and maintenance of dug wells for public use, used by the population for household and drinking needs, approved by the All-Union State Sanitary Inspectorate 10.07.1946.
5. When installing local sewerage, wastewater must be subjected to appropriate treatment depending on local conditions.
When choosing a wastewater treatment method, preference should be given to soil treatment methods: filtration fields, irrigation fields with preliminary mechanical clarification of wastewater.
6. If it is justifiably impossible to install a local sewer system, it is possible to install backlash closets with waterproof cesspools. The restrooms should be connected to the kindergarten building by a warm corridor.
XIII. Organization of sanitary supervision of children's health
in kindergartens
1. Every day upon arrival at kindergarten, children undergo a hygienic examination for cleanliness: throat, hands, face, clothing and underwear. The examination is carried out by a nurse or teacher.
2. Educators are obliged to isolate children suspected of illness in separate rooms, measure their temperature and call a doctor.
3. All kindergarten employees are required to periodically undergo medical examinations and examinations in accordance with the requirements of the “Instructions on mandatory medical examinations of persons employed in food enterprises, at water supply facilities, in enterprises providing sanitary and hygienic services to the population, in medical and child care institutions, etc. ", approved by the All-Union State Sanitary Inspectorate on January 24, 1949.
4. Each employee of the food unit is required to take a minimum sanitary course, pass an exam on this course and strictly observe the rules of personal hygiene and sanitary requirements for food manufacturing technology in daily work.
5. The administration of the kindergarten is obliged to provide each employee of the food block with a personal sanitary book in the form approved by the All-Union State Sanitary Inspectorate on April 5, 1949. Medical workers must enter into the personal sanitary book all the results of the employee’s medical examinations, passing the sanitary minimum exam, and information about vaccinations performed. and etc.
6. The kindergarten doctor, together with the head of the kindergarten, must be guided by these Sanitary Rules.
7. Responsibility for implementing sanitary measures rests with the head of the kindergarten. The cook and caretaker of the kindergarten are also responsible for violations of the rules for preparing and storing food.
8. These Rules are mandatory for both existing and newly built kindergartens.
The sections regulating the maintenance of kindergartens come into force from the date of publication of the Rules.
Newly designed kindergartens must fully comply with the requirements of the Rules.
All existing kindergarten premises must be brought into compliance by January 1, 1960.
