IN modern world The issue of cruelty and aggression in interethnic relations and an increase in conflicts have intensified. In an era of super-selfish interests, human feelings are guided by profit and selfish aspirations. Unjustified deaths, the struggle for the dominance of one nation over another - all these are manifestations of human cruelty and self-will. So how can we make sure that all nationalities live in peace and harmony? “You cannot shake hands with clenched fists,” says the proverb. Without respect and patience for the peculiarities of the way of life of another people, it is impossible to achieve equality. In order to live in friendship and mutual assistance, you need to respect and appreciate the originality of the culture and traditions of another nationality, because its achievements are a unique unit of human heritage. Full interaction of peoples on conditions of equality, interpenetration of values folk life- this is the victory of humanity on the path to achieving harmony with the world of society.

Friendship between people different nationalities discussed in Tolstoy's story "Prisoner of the Caucasus".

The main character Zhilin, a Russian officer captured by the Tatars, faces difficult trials. In captivity, he finds himself a loyal, devoted friend, Dina, the owner’s daughter. Work brings people together and fills their lives. general meaning. Having made her first toy for the girl, the hero gave her childhood, and Dina helped him find hope for freedom. Zhilin and Dina are victims of war who did not submit to the general moral decline, but stood on the side of justice and humanity. And the girl, ready to take risks, sacrifice herself and her feelings born in friendship, helps Zhilin escape. So is free interethnic communication possible in the context of flaring conflicts? Yes, after all national freedom is not determined by who is holding the gun.

This is the result of tolerance and friendliness not only between countries, but also between the peoples inhabiting them.

The problem of national enmity is most clearly manifested in Pristavkin’s story “The Golden Cloud Spent the Night.” The brutal, inhumane murder of Sashka is the result of a soulless war in which people incite a fratricidal war for the sake of pathetic revenge. After the death of his twin brother, Kolka becomes a relative Chechen boy Alkhuzur. The newly-minted Sashka and Kolka, drawn into the whirlpool of adult problems, the horror of the extermination of peoples, do not see guilt in each other. Spiritual kinship Kolka and Alkhuzur are contrasted with the blood feud of adults. By taking up arms, suppressing pity and philanthropy within ourselves, submitting to the animal law of struggle, we think that we are thereby elevating our people above others. But in reality, the people under the name of a murderer lose their dignity and greatness. "There are no bad nations, there are bad people“, the story says. Children are capable of mercy and compassion, and it becomes scary when these “clouds break on the top of the cliff” - about the indifference and cruelty of people. Young heroes believe in the benevolence and well-being of the world, in which every life has its own meaning “I think that all people are brothers,” Sashka will say, “and they will sail far, far away, to where the mountains descend into the sea and people never hear about the war, where brother kills brother.”

The generous Universe distributed its wealth equally among all people. Everyone has the same heart, the same tears shed for their children and husband killed in the war. And the blood that stained the earth due to national conflicts is the same color for everyone. So why then do people hate, kill and take revenge on each other? Cruel people, brutalized by violence, and the war created by these people - in this juxtaposition there is a whole poem of mournful tragedy.

The concept of interethnic conflicts, causes and forms of their occurrence, possible consequences and ways out of them are the main keys to solving the serious problem of relationships between people of different nationalities.

In the world in which we live, interethnic conflicts are increasingly emerging. People resort to the use of various means, most often the use of force and weapons, to establish a dominant position in relation to other inhabitants of the planet.

Based on local conflicts, armed uprisings and wars arise, leading to the death of ordinary citizens.

What it is

Problem Researchers interethnic relations in defining conflicts between peoples they converge on one general concept.

Interethnic conflicts are confrontation, rivalry, intense competition between people of different nationalities in the struggle for their interests, which are expressed in different demands.

In such situations, two sides collide, defending their point of view and trying to achieve their own goals. If both sides are equal, as a rule, they strive to reach an agreement and solve the problem peacefully.

But in most cases, in a conflict between peoples, there is a dominant side, superior in some respects, and an opposite side, weaker and more vulnerable.

Often a third force intervenes in a dispute between two peoples, which supports one or another people. If the mediating party pursues the goal of achieving a result by any means, then the conflict often escalates into an armed clash or war. If its goal is a peaceful resolution of the dispute, diplomatic assistance, then bloodshed does not happen, and the problem is resolved without infringing on anyone’s rights.

Causes of interethnic conflicts

Interethnic conflicts arise for various reasons. The most common are:

• social dissatisfaction peoples within the same or different countries;
• economic superiority and expansion of business interests; extending beyond the borders of one state;
• geographical unconformity on establishing settlement boundaries different nations;
• political forms of behavior authorities;
• cultural and linguistic claims peoples;
• historical past, in which there were contradictions in relations between peoples;
• ethnodemographic(numerical superiority of one nation over another);
• struggle for Natural resources and the possibility of using them for the consumption of one people to the detriment of another;
• religious and confessional.

Relations between peoples are built in the same way as between ordinary people. There are always right and wrong, satisfied and dissatisfied, strong and weak. Therefore, the causes of interethnic conflicts are similar to those that are the prerequisites for confrontation between ordinary people.

Stages

Any conflict between peoples goes through the following stages:

1. Origin, the emergence of a situation. It can be hidden and invisible to the average person.
2. Pre-conflict, the preparatory stage, during which the parties assess their strengths and capabilities, material and informational resources, look for allies, outline ways to solve the problem in their favor, develop a scenario of real and possible actions.
3. Initialization, the event is the reason for the beginning of a conflict of interests.
4. Development conflict.
5. Peak, a critical, culminating stage, at which the most acute moment in the development of relations between peoples occurs. This point of conflict can contribute further development events.
6. Permission conflict can be different:

• elimination of causes and extinction of contradictions;
• making a compromise decision, agreement;
• deadlock;
• armed conflict, terror.

Kinds

Exist different types interethnic conflicts, which are determined by the nature of mutual claims of ethnic groups:

1. State-legal: the nation’s desire for independence, self-determination, and its own statehood. Examples - Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Ireland.
2. Ethnoterritorial: definition geographical location, territorial borders (Nagorno-Karabakh).
3. Ethnodemographic: the desire of the people to preserve national identity. Occurs in multinational states. In Russia, such a conflict happened in the Caucasus.
4. Socio-psychological: violation of the traditional way of life. Occurs at the everyday level between internally displaced persons, refugees and local residents. Currently, relations between indigenous people and representatives of Muslim peoples are becoming strained in Europe.

What is the danger: consequences

Any ethnic conflict arising on the territory of one state or covering different countries, dangerous. It threatens peace, the democracy of society, and violates the principles of universal freedom of citizens and their rights. Where weapons are used, such a conflict entails mass death civilians, destruction of houses, villages and cities.

The consequences of ethnic hatred can be seen throughout to the globe. Thousands of people lost their lives. Many were injured and became disabled. The saddest thing is that in the war of interests of adults, children suffer; they remain orphans and grow up to be physically and mentally crippled.

Ways to overcome

Most ethnic conflicts can be prevented if you start to negotiate and try to use humane methods of diplomacy.

It is important to eliminate the resulting contradictions between individual peoples at the initial stage. For this statesmen and people in power must regulate interethnic relations and suppress attempts by some nationalities to discriminate against others, characterized by smaller numbers.

The most effective way to prevent various kinds conflict lies in unity and mutual understanding. When one people respects the interests of another, when the strong begin to support and help the weak, then people will live in peace and harmony.

Video: Interethnic conflicts

Amezhenko Diana, 9th grade

Russia - multinational country. Of course, we can say that there are countries with more big amount different nationalities. However, Russia was and remains a special country: it is inhabited by more than a hundred peoples and nationalities. How to make sure that the people inhabiting it live peacefully and amicably? The work studies ethnic tolerance in a multinational student body of students from the municipal educational institution Solnechninskaya Secondary School. The author proceeds from the assumption that increasing the political, historical and ethnocultural literacy of adolescents will contribute to the formation of a tolerant attitude towards the people around them.

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“We” and “they” - the problem of interethnic relations.

Relevance : It so happened that we, representatives of various nationalities, live in Russia today. This is a multinational country. Of course, you can say that there are countries with even more different nationalities, and you would be absolutely right. However, Russia was and remains a special country: it is inhabited by more than a hundred peoples and nationalities. How to make sure that the people inhabiting it live peacefully and amicably? Today this problem is relevant and important. In this regard, in our opinion, it is necessary to instill tolerance among schoolchildren.

Purpose of the study:to study the level of ethnic tolerance of students in the school community.

An object: students of grades 8-11 of the Solnechninskaya Secondary School.

Item : ethnic tolerance in a multinational student bodystudents of the Solnechninskaya Secondary School.

Research methods:

1. method analytical reading;
2. research method;

Tasks: – study existing literature on this issue;

- define age groups students to conduct research;

– create a questionnaire;

– conduct a sociological survey;

– analyze the results obtained;

– to determine the level of ethnic tolerance among students of the Solnechninskaya Secondary School.

Practical orientationThe research is that the results of the study can be used by teachers and school psychologists educational institutions to solve problems related to issues of tolerant relationships on an ethnic basis.

Hypothesis: Increasing the political, historical and ethnocultural literacy of adolescents will contribute to the formation of a tolerant attitude towards the people around them

I live in the village of Solnechny of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) where representatives of various nations live and work. Children of different nationalities and linguistic communities study at our school.I live side by side with Ukrainians, Yakuts, Ingush, Evenks, Moldovans, Tatars, I communicate with them every day and without thinking about what their nationality is. Russians predominate among the students. This fact is confirmed by personal data: out of 110 students at the school, 83 are Russian. The region in which we live is relatively prosperous in terms of interethnic conflict. But our region is a place of constant labor migration population and in the context of a generally tense political situation, serious consequences are possible. If we ignore local skirmishes today, we may end up with large-scale conflicts tomorrow.

We, living in Yakutia, are united by historical and spiritual community. The unity of peoples throughout the history of mankind has not deprived them unique traditions, native language, culture, national identity. I know for sure: there are no bad nations and nationalities, there are us, ill-mannered people. What could be simpler: smile at a person, extend your hand to greet him, encourage him, support him in difficult times - and there will be no problems. Everything great in the world is simple; no one should forget this.

Children of different nationalities study at our school. But national differences have never become a cause for conflict. We are always together. Together on school holidays and competitions, on hikes and evenings. We admire how the Evenk Atlasov Kolya, the Tatar Yunusov Sasha, the Ingush Chapanova Amina, and the Russian Malakhova Nastya dance together. How wonderfully the Ingush Belokiev Lors and the Ukrainian Igor Kravchenko sing in a duet. Among our best athletes are the names of Yakut Valya Rybalkina, Russian Vika Salova, Anton Kulish, Denis Konev, Ukrainian Yulia Ovcharenko, Tatar Angela Gizatullina.

And yet the problem of interethnic relations is as old as the world. In our difficult times, it not only has not lost its relevance, but has risen to its full gigantic height: “What blood are you?”

A person quite naturally tries to realize himself through the voice of blood, i.e. through belonging to a particular nation. For a long time representatives of one ethnic group perceived their relatives as bearers of unique natural, psychological and cultural qualities. This feeling is familiar to us since childhood. R. Kipling said this in his “The Jungle Book”: “You and I are of the same blood, you and I...”.

People of the same nationality tend to see their relatives as the embodiment of the best ethnic qualities. They are smart, brave, hardworking, insightful. At the same time, foreigners look like the complete opposite. They have a lot negative qualities. Already in ancient times, the “us” and “them” attitude was formed. As a result, false and simplified ethnic stereotypes emerged.

For example, Americans have tried for centuries to create a distorted image of blacks. At first they were spoken of as people of a patriarchal nature, kind and unspoiled by civilization. (B. Stowe "Uncle Tom's Cabin") Then the blacks turned into mass consciousness into carriers of laziness, social apathy and aggression.

In Nazi Germany, Hitler argued that it was the Jews who were to blame for all the difficulties and troubles of the country. The final solution to this problem was the extermination of the Jews.

What are the reasons for outbreaks of national hatred? Why do people of one nationality often treat people of another nationality with hostility?

It's probably a matter of perception stereotypes. Having lived next to each other for thousands of years, peoples have accumulated a lot of mutual grievances, and hence the idea that people of other nationalities are worse has taken root. And we have all more than once encountered the fact that if a person of a different nationality commits an ugly act, then in a conversation someone will definitely say: “Well, what can we take from him, he’s... (Russian, Tatar, Jew...).”

Currently, the cause of interethnic conflicts is increasingly the growth national identity small nations. All peoples over the centuries have made a great contribution to the treasury of universal human culture. They took part in the development of the economy and culture of the countries in which they live. But often because of government policy, or because of the behavior of representatives titular nation experience national humiliation: their national feelings are infringed, the principle of equality is violated, and their cultural values ​​are treated with disdain.

Our country is a multinational state. Now we are trying to solve the problems that existed during the times Tsarist Russia, were at Soviet power, arose in Lately. You can search for those responsible, defend your innocence, refer to history, exchange claims and accusations. But life shows that disputes must be resolved based on the search for agreement, refusing violence.

Another problem in Russia is the preservation of small nationalities, primarily northern ones. The economic transformations of the 90s only worsened their situation; traditional activities (reindeer herding, fishing, wood carving) are declining.In many cases, they found themselves in the position of a national minority and deprived of the opportunity to live in their ethnic space. The second generation of Yakuts has grown up, they do not know their language, they have moved away from their culture.

There are other problems too. Numerous nationalist political organizations emerged. Now nationalism does not yet enjoy universal support in our country, where for many years the peoples lived amicably among themselves and fought together against fascism. But during periods of economic crises and a decline in the standard of living of the population, dissatisfaction sharply increases, and against this background it is possible to successfully propagate hatred towards people of other nationalities. Similar ideas are used at rallies and preached in the press. Usually, the less internal culture a person has, the easier it is to convince him of special exclusivity and the presence of enemies who do not allow it to manifest itself.

I wanted to find out what the level of ethnic tolerance is among young people and in particular the students of our school community. I have a question: is it possible to date a person of a different nationality? How about starting a family? Wouldn't customs hurt? family traditions, religion? I decided to see what young people were writing about this on Internet forums. This is what happened.

kolya12

The main thing is that a person has a soul, and initially mutual understanding between two specific people.

kolyan_76

Well, I would never marry a Muslim woman. Most of them are fanatics and completely sick. Moreover, I am an atheist. But I’m ready to consider other options: D

And they won’t let you marry her until you accept their faith, although sometimes there are secular Muslims, but they are a minority.

Lenka

But I would never marry a Chinese man. And for a Muslim too - it’s dangerous.

igor"

I'm somehow leaning more towards the Caucasian race

dmitriy

There are beautiful women in every nation

What do the residents of our village think?

I conducted a sociological survey among high school students, aged from 13 to 18 years, and adults, aged from 30 to 50 years. The questions were the same for everyone:

1. Age

2. Nationality

3. How do you feel about representatives of other nationalities?

a) tolerant

b) I hate

4. How do you feel about interethnic marriages?

a) tolerant

b) I hate

c) depending on nationality

5. Have you witnessed discrimination based on nationality?

6. Do you know your native language?

a) I know well

b) I know only a few words

c) I don’t know

7. Do you agree to let a representative of another nationality into your circle?

8. As who?

9. Do you have friends of a different nationality?

10. Have you ever had conflicts with representatives of another nationality?

According to this survey, 100% of adults are tolerant of other nationalities and interethnic marriages, agree to let them into their society, and what’s more, they already have friends of a different nationality. None of the respondents wrote that they would agree to have a representative of another nationality as a spouse or family member. The answers were the same for everyone: a friend, girlfriend, comrade, and sometimes a neighbor.

Everyone witnessed discrimination based on nationality, but they had no conflicts with representatives of another nationality. All adults surveyed are Russian by nationality and know their native language well.

Schoolchildren have differing opinions. A total of 23 people were interviewed. 11 teenagers aged 13-14 years and 12 teenagers aged 15-18 years.

Of the 11 adolescents aged 13-14 years interviewed, 6 were Russian, 2 were of mixed origin (one parent was Russian, the other was Ukrainian), and 3 were Ukrainian. 7 out of 11 people responded that they were tolerant of representatives of other nationalities. The remaining 4 - depending on nationality. 6 out of 11 teenagers surveyed answered that they were tolerant of interethnic marriages, the rest - depending on the nation. 2 out of 11 people witnessed discrimination based on nationality. Children from mixed marriages and Russians know their native language well, but Ukrainians know from their native Ukrainian language only individual words. 9 out of 11 agree to let a representative of another nationality into their society as a friend, acquaintance, or classmate. 1 out of 11 respondents do not agree to let a representative of another nation into their society, but already have a friend of another nation. He and two other people had conflicts on ethnic grounds.

Of the 12 teenagers aged 15-18 years, 8 were Russian, 1 Ukrainian, 1 Yakut and 1 Ingush. Russians know their native language well. The Ingush woman knows only a few words in her native language. Yakut does not know his native language at all. Of the 12 teenagers surveyed, 10 are tolerant of representatives of another nation. 1 - depending on nationality, and 1 generally hates them. 9 out of 12 people are tolerant of interethnic marriages, the rest - depending on nationality. 10 people answered that they agreed to let a representative of another nation into their society as a friend, acquaintance, interlocutor, or anyone else at all. 2 people answered negatively, but they have friends of a different nationality. 4 respondents had conflicts with representatives of another nationality. Two of them witnessed discrimination based on their nationality.

As you can see, the majority of people are tolerant of another nation, the minority is divided into nations that they like and dislike, and only a few hate representatives of another nation.

Based on the research conducted, the following can be done: conclusions:

1) Part of the current generation does not attach much importance to nationality

2) Almost all respondents, regardless of nationality, think in Russian

3) Those respondents who are not Russian are more susceptible to nationalism

I thought for a long time what could be done to prevent the problems of interethnic relations from becoming more acute in our society and leading to disaster? Here are my suggestions:

1) Make history training native land compulsory school subject.

2) Include elements of national cultures (cultures of the peoples of Yakutia and Russian national culture) in school and preschool education.

3) Introduce sign language translation on the NVK channel

4) Increase the number of television programs about the culture of Yakutia in Russian.

5) Broadcast of Spektr studio programs should be throughout the entire region without delays.

6) Start learning the Yakut language in game form still in kindergarten

7) In interethnic families, raise a child in the traditions of both cultures.

Application.

Adults.

4.3. Specifics of interethnic relations between people

Nations on Earth, as we know, do not live separately, but in proximity to one another, often even interspersed. They enter into contacts that are aimed at cooperation and mutual exchange of achievements of science, culture, and production experience. Interethnic contacts can turn from constructive, positive, beneficial to everyone, into destructive, negative, contributing to the emergence of mistrust in relationships. At the interstate level, these contacts are regulated by international agreements. Within one country, they are determined by legislation, moral and moral norms, traditional forms of interaction with representatives of other countries. ethnic communities.

An ethnic community and such conditions of its relationships with other ethnic groups can become effective in which, while fulfilling their official and unofficial roles, each person can (and this is stimulated by other people) demonstrate their unique properties and abilities.

Contacts between nations are the result of a certain competition, those. relations of competition for the possession of resources necessary for their life and development. Competition is driven by political factors and people's limited means of living. In the process of ethnic history, new needs and interests always arise and are formed, to satisfy which national communities are forced to look for resources, create new ones, or achieve their redistribution. Moreover, this process is closely related to the desire for advantages in mastering material and spiritual resources.

If competition arises between nations that have their own statehood, then it is regulated by international legislation and concluded agreements. Within individual states, competition creates conditions for competition and struggle both between individual communities and between regional and central authorities. Recognizing each other as competitors, nations resort to such types of confrontation as conflict, rivalry, and competition. There is constant competition among them for the development of trade, economy, production and marketing of products, possession and use of natural resources. Every nation strives to protect its interests.

Competition is an inevitable form of relations between nations due to the fact that there is a limited amount of material and other resources in society.

In the course of interethnic competition, contradictions may arise, that is, disagreements between communities. And this is natural, since they are dynamic, developing and changing systems, in the process of transformation of which discomfort arises due to material and spiritual differences, opportunities and conditions for meeting individual and social needs.

Interethnic contradictions may have different contents. The most complex and insoluble are territorial contradictions. Those of them that are political in nature, for example the nation's desire for political changes, including the most radical - the creation of an independent state, are destructive and destabilizing social factors. Emerging from the aggravation of these contradictions, interethnic conflicts take on a protracted form and tend to develop into armed confrontation.

Contradictions between the national majority and minority within the borders of the state are resolved constitutionally, by legislatively establishing the rights, guarantees, and responsibilities of citizens. They mostly end with the achievement of national consent, compromise, which results in the creation of cultural autonomy, the emergence of a new political, territorial-state unit in the state. The success of interethnic relations depends on the territory, which can be common or private only for one of the nations. For example, forty peoples live in Dagestan, and they all consider the territory of their republic to be common. On the other hand, there are nations that believe that their territory should belong only to themselves.

The duration of interaction and cooperation of peoples, which can be permanent, long-term or short-term, is also of great importance.

Finally, the effectiveness of interethnic relations depends on the frequency and depth of contacts; relative equality of rights; numerical ratio of nations and ethnic groups; obvious distinctive characteristics, which include language, psychology, religion.

Interethnic contacts can be complicated due to cultural differences. The difference in both verbal and nonverbal forms of communication between people belonging to different cultures leads to misinterpretation of the feelings, intentions, and motives of communication partners. Culturally determined differences are not limited only to the area of ​​interaction, but extend to traditional interests, values, norms, rules, and standards of relations characteristic of representatives of specific peoples.

Interethnic relations can be realized in the form of contacts between specific representatives of different ethnic communities, i.e. interpersonal level. These contacts can have a positive impact when hostility decreases, the severity of negative perceptions of representatives of other ethnic communities decreases, and a person’s internal tension decreases. But these contacts can also have a negative impact, when prejudices and rejection of “strangers” increase, and neurotic and psychosomatic disorders appear.

There are four possible outcomes of contacts with representatives of other ethnic communities.

1. A person does not accept his culture for some reason and is guided by other ethnic values ​​and behavioral stereotypes. This type of behavior can be called conformist, and its bearer in psychology is called a “defector.” It usually occurs when a person is raised in another ethnic community from childhood, and then refuses to return to his people.

2. A person does not perceive or rejects another culture, exaggerating the importance of his own. This type of people is called "nationalists". And although the latter reflects a certain negative meaning, such behavior is common and natural, since it is quite obvious that the interests of one’s own nation and its culture are always preferable.

3. A person hesitates between two cultures. It is usually called “marginal”. This type of behavior and personality is quite common in places where different national communities live together in compact areas. Sometimes such people are treated as somewhat abnormal, “flawed.” In reality, it is simply the result of long-term influence from several cultures.

4. A person, as it were, synthesizes two cultures within himself. Psychologists call this type of people “intermediaries,” which they actually are, since due to a person’s long residence among two peoples, each of them has become equally familiar and familiar to him.

Interethnic relations can be carried out on intergroup level, that is, between ethnic communities as a whole, which can lead to four types of consequences:

genocide those. destruction of a specific nation;

assimilation, when one national community gradually adopts (or is forced to adopt) the customs, traditions, etc. of another dominant group, up to complete dissolution in it;

segregation when groups exist separately;

integration, when groups retain their ethnic identity, but are united into a single whole on another basis that is significant to them.

From the above it is clear that there are always difficulties in interethnic relations, i.e. external and internal (psychological) obstacles and contradictions that arise in the process of formation and development of ethnic ties, contacts and communication between people.

On interstate level(macro level) difficulties of this kind arise most often in connection with historically established contradictions between peoples - economic, political, religious, cultural. To a large extent, contradictions can also be associated with the loss of independence, territorial integrity, lack of mutual understanding and trust between people.

At the micro level, these difficulties are most often explained by suspicion, language barriers, artificially created obstacles to contacts and connections, exchange of information, achievements of science and culture, and ignorance of national traditions, rituals, and customs.

Internal barriers to interethnic communication and interaction are obstacles of a psychological nature, manifested in the form of uncertainty, fear, hostility, suspicion, etc., which often arise during business, family, and interpersonal interactions between people. Since the difficulties of interethnic relations are of an economic, political, cultural, and psychological nature, depending on this, their elimination or localization requires a different approach.

In the interests of the nation, representatives of its individual ethnic communities and groups, it is necessary to timely predict, identify and eliminate emerging contradictions and difficulties in their relationships, achieve mutual understanding and agreement through peaceful means, without leading to interethnic conflicts and wars.

Interethnic tension, i.e. a state of hostility, mistrust, mutual claims and dissatisfaction, arises or may appear periodically between any nations that are in constant or temporary contact with each other. It depends on a number of factors:

the history of the development of interethnic relations, the historical memory of the nature of relations between peoples at its different stages (often these relations take the form of constant interethnic tension);

level of economic development of the parties, positions occupied by representatives of different nations in the system of production and property (production specialization, predominance of representatives of a certain nationality in professional and social groups, dominance various forms property, standard of living, etc.);

structures cultural development nation - predominance of agriculture or urban population, level of education and professional qualifications.

Particular attention should be paid to phenomena and processes that significantly influence the formation and intensification of interethnic tension.

One of them is the lack of a consistent policy in the country to condemn and suppress manifestations of national violence. For example, this was the case before the collapse of the USSR, when the events in Sumgait, Fergana, Novy Uzen and Georgia did not receive sufficient condemnation from the ruling circles.

It is also necessary to take into account the possibility of a negative attitude towards representatives of peoples associated in the eyes of certain nations with the administrative command apparatus. So, in our country we have such an attitude, first of all, towards the Russians, and at the level of the autonomous republics - towards the peoples who gave the name to the republic, for example, the Evenks, Yukaghirs and Russians towards the Yakuts, and the Eskimos towards the Chukchi.

A particular problem in Russia is the situation of peoples who were subjected to deportation and mass persecution during the period of Stalin's repressions, especially those who were not returned to their places of original residence.

In the context of worsening socio-economic problems and a relative decline in living standards, the population of many regions of our state is also beginning to experience and manifest in various forms a feeling of national hostility towards those nationalities that, from their point of view, “live better than us.” These ideas are caused by a variety of reasons, including the identification of the entire people with their most frequently encountered representatives. Thus, the “merchant tycoons” for the center of the European part of Russia are “Caucasians”. For Siberia, such prejudices are caused by the construction teams of representatives of Ukraine, Germans, Koreans, Jews, who make a lot of money, their traditional zeal, hard work, and ability to master new specialties, which allow them to achieve a higher average standard of living.

To avoid tension and conflicts, each nation, in the process of its development, must improve its relations with other ethnic communities, develop such forms of interaction and communication that facilitate people’s life together, their integration and adaptation in a multinational environment. These relations, at the same time, can be managed and optimized, on the basis of which the possibilities of foreseeing and localizing conflicts that arise on the basis of some unexpectedly emerging contradictions between nations are developed and implemented.

Adaptation to the new conditions of interethnic relations requires, at the same time, a certain rejection of a number of traditional ideas and norms, which is a necessary condition for effective joint activity of representatives of different cultures. Transformation of external behavior, its adaptation to the norms and requirements of another nation does not mean a complete rejection of traditional values ​​and ideas, but only contributes to the effectiveness of living together and cooperation. It is quite obvious that tension in interethnic relations is the result of differences between peoples. But whatever they are, they should not be the cause of interethnic friction, much less conflict. In interpersonal relationships between people of different nationalities, universal norms of communication and interaction should dominate, although mediated by specific habits of perception adopted in a particular nation.

The basis for a certain discomfort in relationships between representatives of different nations appears when they do not understand or consciously do not want to take into account the national specifics of behavior, the perception of a person by a person, the national uniqueness of people’s attitude to activity, i.e. national psychology.

Every subject of interethnic relations should have a rule of behavior that consists of respect for those features of the psychology of peoples that manifest themselves in contacts between representatives of different ethnic communities, even if at first glance they seem outdated, even funny.

Intercultural communication is no longer something special in today's world. All people are different, have their own beliefs, cultural characteristics and religious differences. But this does not at all mean that there can be nothing in common between partners or that they will not be able to communicate, be friends or create families. On the contrary, the question of intercultural marriage today is one of the fascinating topics for research by psychologists on the planet.

Interethnic marriages

After all, there are a number of non-standard aspects here that are just beginning to be discovered by scientists in matters of intercultural interaction.

But how to the common man establish communication with a representative of, sometimes, a completely different world, who simply does not know any psychological subtleties?

In reality, it is much less common for multicultural interaction to arise spontaneously. This could be a meeting at an event or party. But most often the meeting occurs through a visit to another country or virtual chat, dating site.

First of all, you should not get lost, since this is the same person, only differing in some subtleties in behavior.

As a rule, upon first contact, conflict situations occur rarely, so the first task is to collect as general information as possible.

After completing the first contact, it is best to look for information about religion, rules, culture and other features that will help determine the scope of communication.

For example, the psychologist Hofstede determined that each culture can be measured according to several parameters: attitude to time, delimitation of one’s own space, what type of culture it is, etc.

It is worth taking into account the emotional aspect of culture, since, for example, Western Europe prefers a more reserved tone of communication, while southerners like to talk loudly and tactile contacts.

The religious factor deserves special consideration. It is not recommended to start discussions on similar topics, since, according to many psychologists, this is one “holy of saints” and it would be completely inappropriate to give your own arguments on this matter. The person may perceive this as disrespect or rejection.

Intercultural marriage today will not surprise anyone. Thanks to travel, dating sites, everything more people chooses a partner from another country.

Success in intercultural relations

For successful intercultural contact, it is worth training the ability to listen and not show harsh emotions. Every culture has eigenvalues and considerations in this regard, so it is better to refrain from such actions.

In addition, you should be more careful about symbolism. In one culture, a sign or symbol may mean an insult, while in another, there is, in principle, no consideration in this regard.

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