Which of the following judgments corresponds to the materialistic understanding of the process of cognition?
Cognition is:
a) the process of immersing the “mind” in reality;
b) the soul’s recollection of what it contemplated in the world of ideas;
c) ordering signals outside world with the help of a priori forms of sensuality and reason;
d) contemplation in one’s consciousness of the essence of one’s existence;
e) reflection of objective reality in human consciousness;
f) combining innate ideas under the influence of empirical facts.
Representatives of which philosophical schools made the following statements?
a) “...The senses give us correct images of things, we know these very things,...the external world influences our senses.”
b) “...it is possible that we are able to correctly perceive the property of a thing, but we cannot comprehend the thing itself by any process, neither sensory nor mental. This “thing in itself” is located on the other side of our knowledge.”
c) “...I don’t know if there is objective reality, reflected by our sensations, I declare it impossible to know this.”
d) “A person’s knowledge never achieves more than his senses give him: everything that is inaccessible to the senses is also inaccessible to the mind.”
Analyze the following judgments and determine which philosophical direction they can be attributed to?
The feeling is:
a) a conventional sign with which our consciousness denotes external influence;
b) an elementary subjective sensory image of the objective world;
c) sensory reflection of individual properties of objects in the objective world;
d) direct connection of human consciousness with the outside world;
e) the elementary result of the influence of the external world on the senses;
e) the only one information channel, providing a person with information about the outside world;
g) transformation of the energy of external stimulation into a fact of consciousness.
Give a philosophical assessment of the following statement by the French physicist and mathematician A. Poincaré: “It can be surprising to appeal to feelings when we're talking about about mathematical proofs that seem to be associated only with the mind. But this would mean that we forget about the sense of mathematical beauty, the sense of harmony of numbers and shapes, geometric expressiveness. This is a real aesthetic feeling, familiar to all real mathematicians. Truly, there is a feeling here!”
“...All scientific (correct, serious, nonsensical) abstractions reflect nature deeper, more accurately, more fully” (V.I. Lenin, Complete collection of works. T. 29. P. 152). Explain why a greater depth of knowledge is achieved on the basis of conceptual thinking compared to sensory knowledge? Give also examples of “nonsense” abstractions, think about their epistemological origins.
Why is a person’s reflection of reality approximate?
The ancient Greek philosopher Parmenides (c. 540 - c. 470 BC) argued: “The thought of an object and the subject of thought are one and the same.” Do you agree with this statement?
The world is infinite and we will never be able to fully understand it. Does it follow from this that the world is unknowable?
To the question: “Could a person know more if he had more senses?” - there is such an answer: “No, a person has as many sense organs as he needs for cognition.” Do you agree with this answer?
L. Feuerbach wrote that he has nothing in common with those philosophers who close their eyes to make it easier to think. What tendency in philosophy are these words directed against?
If we put a teaspoon into a glass of water, it will appear (seem) broken to us. Does this mean that our vision and senses generally deceive us and cannot be trusted? Representatives of what school of philosophy do not trust the testimony of the senses?
Why abstract thinking- is this a qualitatively higher level of cognition in relation to sensory reflection?
Name (from those below) philosophical direction, which views truth as the “fruit” of agreement.
a) Eclecticism;
b) conventionalism;
c) sophistry;
d) dialectics;
d) dogmatism.
“The question of the existence of extraterrestrial life... is like any other scientific problem. His decision depends on unanimity: if the majority of reputable scientists accept the evidence of extraterrestrial life as sufficient, then its existence will become a scientific fact.” The same thing “... happened with the outdated theory of phlogiston, or light ether” (Corliss W.
Mysteries of the Universe. M., 1970. S. 218 - 219). How do you feel about this judgment?
“Absolute truth is not an eternal truth that passes unchanged from one level of knowledge to another, but a property of objectively true knowledge, which consists in the fact that such knowledge is never discarded. This kind of knowledge is always a prerequisite for deeper and more fundamental truths. Moreover, it is contained in them in a removed form. Absolute truth manifests itself in the growth of knowledge” (Chudinov E.M. The Nature of Scientific Truth. M., 1977. P. 49-50).
Do you agree with the author of this provision?
“If society has a technical need, then this moves science forward more than a dozen universities” (Marx K., Engels F. Soch. T. 39. P. 174). Analyze the observed connection between science and technology. Indicate the most important technical needs that have led to the rapid development of leading areas modern science. Give examples from your future specialty area.
Based on the main functions of practice, discuss problematic situations:
a) Practice is the basis of knowledge, but it itself relies on certain knowledge. How to combine these provisions correctly?
b) What does the primacy of practice mean if it always represents goal-setting activity?
c) Doesn’t the fact that in the conditions of modern scientific and technological progress contradict the position on the determining role of practice? science is ahead of the development of production?
d) If in research activities everything big role play empirical methods and material technical means research, then doesn’t this mean that the distinction between the basis of knowledge and knowledge itself is being erased?
“The question of whether human thinking has objective truth is not a theoretical question at all, but a practical question” (Marx K., Engels F. Soch. T. 3. P. 1). In this regard, answer the questions:
a) Why is it impossible to establish the truth of knowledge without going to social practice?
b) Is it possible to prove the objective truth of knowledge in a purely theoretical way?
c) Are the truths of mathematics tested in practice?
d) If practice serves as a criterion of objective truth, then what role do formal criteria for the truth of knowledge, for example, such as the consistency and completeness of a deductive theory, play in science?
e) Is it possible to evaluate theories from the point of view of the convenience of operating with them?
f) Can two different theories lead to the same results?
“...We must not forget that the criterion of practice can never, in the very essence of the matter, confirm or refute completely any human idea” (Lenin V.I. Poln. sobr. soch. T. 18. P. 146) . What is the reason for this particular practice?
Which of the following statements correspond to the dialectical-materialistic understanding of truth?
a) Intuitively clear and self-evident position.
b) An idea whose leadership leads to success.
c) Knowledge that corresponds to the evidence of the senses.
d) The coincidence of human thought with the ideal forms of the world spirit.
e) Majority opinion.
f) An opinion established by authority and time.
g) That which corresponds to a person's goal.
h) Correspondence of knowledge to the subject’s sensations.
i) Knowledge that is an adequate reflection of the objective world.
Choose the correct sentence:
a) There are no true and no false thoughts, “true” or “false” are just names or evaluations.
b) All thoughts are only true, there are no false thoughts.
c) There are thoughts that are generally true and there are thoughts that are completely false.
d) Each statement is true or false only in a strictly defined respect.
“To recognize objective truth, that is, truth independent of man and humanity, means one way or another to recognize absolute truth” (Lenin). How do objective and absolute truths relate to each other?
“Human ideas about space and time are relative, but from these relative ideas absolute truth is formed; these relative ideas, developing, follow the line of absolute truth, approaching it” (Lenin). What is the relationship between relative and absolute truths?
Illustrate the position: “There is no abstract truth, truth is always concrete.”
“...To find the truth, it is necessary once in your life, as far as possible, to question everything” (R. Descartes). Evaluate the “principle of doubt.” Under what conditions does this principle lead to agnosticism?
Find the "grains" absolute truths and points that were subsequently clarified or replaced in the following provisions:
a) The whole world consists of atoms - the smallest, indivisible particles of matter.
b) An atom is a positively charged medium in which negatively charged particles - electrons - are interspersed.
c) An atom consists of a positively charged nucleus around which electrons revolve. An atom is like a miniature solar system.
Having set himself the goal of studying whether electricity has any effect on a magnetic needle near a wire carrying current, Ampere discovered that it was turning. Based on this discovery, he suggested that the magnetism of the Earth is caused by currents flowing around the Earth in the direction from west to east. He further came to the general opinion that magnetic
The properties of any body are determined by closed electric currents inside it. In what forms did the movement of thought among physicists take place?
“The materialist dialectic of Marx and Engels certainly includes relativism, but is not reduced to it, that is, it recognizes the relativity of all our knowledge not in the sense of denying objective truth, but in the sense of the historical conditionality of the limits of approximation of our knowledge to this truth” (Lenin V .I. Complete collection. T. 18 P. 139). In this regard, answer the questions:
a) What interpretation does relativity receive in relativism? human knowledge?
b) Can statements like: “This was true at one time, but now it is not true and “outdated”” be considered correct from the point of view of dialectical materialism?
c) How does the dialectical-materialist understanding of the relativity of human knowledge differ from relativism?
d) Can delusion be considered an element of true knowledge?
Any human activity relevant to practice? Consider from this point of view the following types of activities: education, invention, ideological struggle, amateur performances, artistic creativity, scientific research, war, religious rituals, training.
Famous aphorism says: “Practice without theory is blind, and theory without practice is just intellectual game" Give a philosophical interpretation of this aphorism.
What are the specifics of socio-historical practice? Justify each answer.
a) It is more subjective than material production.
b) She is more creative in nature.
c) It is aimed at transforming social relations.
d) It directly reflects the class interests of people.
e) In it, objective laws are manifested through the activities of people.
What is the most important feature of cognition of social phenomena?
List the general things that are inherent in the knowledge of both natural and social phenomena.
Oh what specific feature of social knowledge, the materialist philosopher Hobbes wrote: “I have no doubt that if the truth that the three angles of a triangle are equal to the two angles of a square were contrary to anyone's right to power or to the interests of those who already have power, then since it would be in power those whose interests are affected by this truth, then the teaching of geometry would be, if not disputed, then by burning all books on geometry superseded" (Hobbes. Leviathan. M., 1936. P. 101)?
What is the specificity of the factual, empirical material in social sciences compared to natural science?
What is the experiment in social cognition different from an experiment in the natural sciences?
What are the features of foreseeing social phenomena in contrast to foreseeing natural phenomena?
Why historical method is it of particular importance in the knowledge of social phenomena?
What is foresight in philosophy? Give examples of foresight in philosophy.
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