Works of Russian literature about travel. Ilf and Petrov “One-story America”

Books that inspire you to discover new countries.

Photo 1 of 14:© Depositphotos

We have already written about. Now we will talk about books that not only help you experience adventures with the characters and be transported in your imagination to amazing places on our planet, but also inspire you to travel around the world yourself.

1. Gregory David Roberts "Shantaram"

An exhaustive novel about India! More than 800 pages of the book are devoted to the adventures of a fugitive criminal in one of the most contrasting, controversial and mysterious countries in the world. Lovers of the East will be pleased with the detailed description of Indian slums and luxurious palaces, crazy crowded trains, remote villages and noisy metropolises. From the first to the last page, the book is imbued with the author’s sincere love for India, which can be infected even by those who, before reading Shantaram, had never been interested in this country.

Gregory David Roberts "Shantaram" © ozon.ru

2. Greg Mortenson "Three Cups of Tea"

"Three Cups of Tea" is an amazing story about how the most... a common person With nothing but determination, he is capable of single-handedly changing the world. Greg Mortenson worked part-time as a nurse, slept in his car, and kept his few belongings in a storage room. In memory of his deceased sister, he decided to conquer the most difficult mountain, K2. This attempt almost cost him his life, if not for help local residents. Several days spent in a Pakistani village cut off from civilization shocked Greg so much that he decided to collect the required amount and return to Pakistan to build a school for the village children.

Greg Mortenson "Three Cups of Tea" © millionbooks.ru

3. Gill Adrian Anthony "On all four sides"

Ordinary travel notes through the eyes unusual person- that's what a collection of stories by A.A. is. Gill - British journalist and critic. His sharp mind and tenacious eyes manage to notice in any country what has long eluded the attention of tired or overly enthusiastic travelers. You will see a completely new Japan and Africa, America and Cuba, India and Scotland. And you might want to go there to make sure for yourself that everything is exactly as the sometimes sarcastic and sometimes very friendly Gill describes.

Gill Adrian Anthony "On all four sides" © bookmate.com

4. Jon Krakauer "B" wild conditions"

Based on real events, this book tells the story of Christopher McCandles - a young man who left behind successful prospects, gave up his money and went on a journey across America, moving further and further from civilization. Both the book and the film based on it caused a strong reaction and mass pilgrimages to Alaska, to the climax of the novel - the story of a young American romantic turned out to be so emotional, exciting and beautiful.

Jon Krakauer "Into the Wild" © livelib.ru

5. Ilya Ilf and Evgeny Petrov " One-story America"

A light, humorous, but nevertheless incredibly educational story about the journey of two Soviet correspondents to the United States. Although 80 years have passed since those times, they say that America has not changed so much: there are still the same beautiful roads, the same cult of cars and other equipment, the same shining and noisy New York and the same simple and identical one-story towns . This book can be used both when creating your own route around America, and as an example of ideal travel notes: fascinating, fun and objective.

Ilya Ilf and Evgeny Petrov "One-story America" ​​© readingbook.ru

6. Elizabeth Gilbert "Eat, Pray, Love!"

Many accuse this popular novel of excessive sentimentality and say that in stores it belongs on the shelf with cheap ladies' reading material. Nevertheless, the story of a woman who decided to make global changes in her life and set off to travel around the world captivated thousands of readers. Three countries starting with “I” - Italy, India and Indonesia - help the heroine find inner harmony, and the juicy description makes readers passionately want to move to one of them right now.

Elizabeth Gilbert Eat, Pray, Love! © viewy.ru

7. Alex Garland "Beach"

The story of three young travelers who found and lost heaven on earth. With knowledge of the matter, the author describes the favorite themes of young escapists: a trip without plans and return tickets, a paradise island in warm waters, soft drugs and a seemingly ideal community living in isolation from ordinary civilization.

Alex Garland "Beach" © book2.me

8. Orhan Pamuk “Istanbul. City of Memories”

Famous Turkish writer Orhan Pamuk explores the genius loci of Istanbul, intertwining his own memories with cultural history city ​​where he lived for more than 50 years. The author shows readers the monuments and lost paradise of Istanbul, narrow streets, Ottoman villas and canals, introduces writers, artists, journalists and crazy historians who described the century and a half of “modernization” of the city. In a beautiful and fascinating way, Pamuk transforms this unusual biography, which began as a “portrait of the artist as a youth” and evolved into a portrait of the artist in the city.

Orhan Pamuk “Istanbul. City of Memories” © labirint.ru

9. David Byrne "The whole world. Notes of a cyclist"

Having traveled, without exaggeration, all over the world, the musician, Oscar and Grammy winner, was convinced that it is best to observe the life of different cities from the saddle of a “two-wheeled horse”: such a vantage point - faster than when walking, and slightly higher than pedestrians - will not let you get bored, but at This will allow you to view the city landscape in detail, inaccessible to passengers of rapidly rushing cars or trains. The good thing about a bicycle is that it leaves time for reflection - and David Byrne generously shares with the reader his thoughts on a variety of things: politics, music, architecture, history and national character.

David Byrne. "The whole world. Notes of a cyclist" © coollib.net

10. Peter Mayle “France. A year in Provence”

The heroes of this book did what most of us only dream of: they bought an old farmhouse in Provence and started new life. The first year in the Luberon, which started with a real Provençal lunch, contained many more gastronomic joys, unexpected discoveries and sometimes very funny adventures. They also had to face difficult trials, from trying to master an incomprehensible local dialect to a year-long renovation. In addition, they learned to play boules, visited goat races and learned the joys of living in the southernmost French province.

Peter Mayle “France. A year in Provence” © avito.ru

11. Dan Brown"Inferno"

The plot of the novel takes place in Florence, Italy, in the 13th century and is intertwined with the plot of Dante's Divine Comedy. The novel is based on the new adventures of the hero of The Da Vinci Code, Harvard University professor Robert Langdon. This time, Langdon dreams of a woman who reminds him of the biblical phrase “seek and you will find,” which will be the key to unlocking the mysteries. The famous professor’s journey will not be limited to the cities of Italy; he will also have to visit the city of contrasts - Istanbul, and plunge into its culture and history.

Dan Brown “Inferno” © bestsellers.com.ua

12. Max Fry “Big Cart”

“The Big Cart, or the Big Cart, is how some peoples called the constellation Ursa Major. The concept of the book is as follows: the map of the constellation was superimposed in a certain way on the map of Europe, and now I more than a year I travel to those cities in which the stars of the Cart are reflected, and in each city I write a text following the events that happen to me there" - Max Fry.

Max Fry “Big Cart” © fram.amphora.ru

13. Alain de Botton “The Art of Travel”

Why are people so prone to wanderlust? Is it possible to travel without leaving your own home? Why does everything around you feel completely different when you travel than in everyday life? In Alain de Botton's book you will find answers to all these questions. Moreover, the author will convincingly prove to you that people go on trips not only to take a break from work and gain impressions, but also to experience the incomparable sensations of freedom from stereotypes and happiness.

Alain de Botton “The Art of Travel” © booklya.com.ua

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Through travel, geography sees and describes itself. Travel is writing in motion, generating images of countries, cities, localities that penetrate literature, changing it. Literature, in turn, creates genres and canons - frameworks for understanding travel images.

The role of travel in Russian literature cannot be overestimated. Through literary works (and texts that became such), Russia realized and comprehended vast, poorly developed spaces. Russian literature developed, shaking in a carriage, in a tarantass, on a cart along dusty country roads and highways. Hence the importance for her understanding of travel notes, letters, essays, and diaries. Travel has transformed the classical forms of the novel, novel and short story: plots are often “strung” onto entirely (partially) fictional journeys. A brilliant collection of such Russian classics is formed by “ Dead Souls» Gogol with the epigone “Tarantas” by V. Sollogub, “Chevengur” by Platonov, “Lolita” by Nabokov, “Moscow-Petushki” by Venedikt Erofeev. Travel gave birth to works that were more powerful than travel diaries and letters. Karamzin’s “Letters of a Russian Traveler” still belongs to the era of sentimentalism and owes a lot to Stern (as do subsequent imitations). Radishchev with “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow”, Goncharov with “Frigate “Pallada”” and Chekhov with “Sakhalin Island” turned the trip into special genre and the way of self-knowledge of writers. Radishchev's route became sacred.

There are two types of travel that are important for Russian literature: 1) the plot type, which changes the structure of literary forms, 2) the genre (setting) type, which changes the ideological structure of literature. The purity of the typology is violated by the works of travelers and geographers (most often in Central Asia, Siberia and Far East): Przhevalsky, Grumm-Grzhimailo, Potanin, Pevtsov, Kozlov, etc. The influence of their descriptions is rather stylistic. Nabokov did not hide it in his novel “The Gift,” and the novel lives with the sense of path inherent in the great Russian travelers.

How did images of travel penetrate into the depths of Russian literature, changing its image? Let me first note that this penetration led, as a rule, to an increase in the power of literary works. There are three main eras: before the beginning of the 19th century. (relatively pre-Pushkin), from the beginning of the 19th century. before the 1910s, from the 1910s to the present. In the pre-Pushkin era, travel is a dry inventory of waypoints, dishes on the tables and exotics of near and far countries. Afanasy Nikitin is a rare exception. The journey takes place with half-closed eyes; the letter itself still does not know how to move well.

The golden age of travel in Russian literature is divided into two parts. The years 1800-1830 are characterized by the growth of travel descriptions performed by journalistic and literary means. This is the era of expansion. Previously tongue-tied, Russian literature has found language, voice, color. Simultaneously with the expansion of the territory of the empire, works of literature appeared, exploring new regions and countries. Pushkin set the tone with “Journey to Arzrum”. The conquest of the Caucasus gave rise to a genre of novels and short stories, especially the Caucasian stories of Bestuzhev-Marlinsky. Foreign campaigns of the Russian army 1813-1815. revived the interest of the noble elite in the politics and culture of European countries. It becomes the subject of literary descriptions. Later, novels by Gogol, Turgenev, Dostoevsky, and Goncharov were written (at the same time they described the images of their host countries). A genre of descriptions of travel to the Holy Land (Palestine) arose, which did not become literary events.

The second part of the golden age of travel - 1840-1910s. In the 1840s, Russian literature began to master the richness of travel. The basis was the genre of “physiological” essays on the morals, life of cities and localities in Russia (Lermontov managed to make his mark here with the essay “Caucasian”). Professional essayists and writers appeared who devoted themselves to travel, its “physiology,” the smells of space, etc. One of the pioneers of this genre was the poet, translator and publicist Alexander Rotchev. Classics of the genre - works by V. Botkin (“Letters from Spain”), S. Maksimov, Vlad. Nemirovich-Danchenko, E. Markova. Greatest success reached by the beginning of the 20th century. Vasily Rozanov, whose essays about the Volga (“Russian Nile”), about travels to Italy, Germany, and the Caucasus are still read in one breath. His student at the Yelets Gymnasium, M. Prishvin, was not inferior to him with essays about the Russian North. The genre survived until the 20th century, although it lost its former positions. In Soviet times, K.G. managed to preserve the romance of the genre. Paustovsky.

The golden time of travel in Russian literature is adventure, exoticism, and romance. A number of descriptions were born as a result of dizzying journeys, sometimes unintentional. These are the descriptions of Alexander Rotchev. In the pre-Pushkin era, the merchant Efremov, who was captured in the Kyrgyz-Kaisak steppes, distinguished himself. The “Arabesque”, adventurous style of writing was preserved by Osip Senkovsky in the 1840s, and by the end of the era - by N. Gumilyov, who traveled in Africa and wrote a number of poetic and geographical cycles. Forced travel (link) became the source of descriptions of the snow-covered spaces of Northern Asia. Trips to Siberia, started by Radishchev and the Decembrists, became a cult for writers and essayists.

Around the 1910s comes new era relationship between Russian literature and travel. Now travel means an inner search, an experiment with literary writing, sometimes with own life. Images of travel move into literature: A. Bely, V. Khlebnikov, O. Mandelstam, A. Platonov and B. Pasternak subordinate the literary rhythm to the rhythm of travel. Bely and Mandelstam happily coincided in their descriptions of Armenia. In the notes “Reading Pallas” Mandelstam grasped the structures and foundations of travel writing. Khlebnikov literally put his life on the geographical map - a case of geoliterature. Pasternak's early prose and poetry breathe images of the path. In the novel “Doctor Zhivago,” the poet connected the fate of the heroes with a trip to the Urals. Tradition in the second half of the 20th century. Joseph Brodsky continued. A number of his poems and essays are flowing images of St. Petersburg, Venice, Crimea, England, and America.

How did Russian literature perceive geographical images of travel? In the golden age of travel, she loved them “like a child”: the brightness of landscapes, landscapes, sketches of everyday scenes and customs - this is rather naturalistic painting, ethnographic cinema. They enlivened the picture of comparing the politics and culture of Russia with other countries - especially if the traveler was a Westernizer or a Slavophile (description of London by A.S. Khomyakov). The writer's interest in traveling as an opportunity to comprehend his life and his own country arises. If the writer emigrated, a transformation of interest became simply necessary. Pecherin’s “Grave Notes”, Herzen’s memoirs and letters confirm that their travels in Russia are reflected in their travels in Europe.

By the end of the 19th century. The “childhood love” of Russian literature for travel is passing. Images of travel go back to childhood and youth in memoirs, novels, and stories of Russian writers. While preserving some of the exoticism, the wanderings of childhood and youth evaluate the hero’s life path as if through a magnifying glass. Hence the diversity, “subjectivity,” and post-factum cruelty of travel descriptions. The “photoflash” effect is triggered. Geographical images personify the twists of fate in Gorky’s early stories, Korolenko’s memoirs, Bunin’s “The Life of Arsenyev,” and Paustovsky’s “The Tale of Life.”

Having embraced the images of travel, Russian literature could not help but change. After Khlebnikov, Mandelstam, Platonov, geographical images became a natural literary means of expressing attitudes towards the world. Travel has become a convenient literary device and a powerful literary metaphor. Books by P. Weil and A. Genis, V. Aksenov, A. Bitov and V. Pelevin confirm this. Real areas and countries can be mixed with fictional ones; space and path are often independent heroes and determine plots. Travel itself, as an archetype image, entered literature, becoming the basis of almost all literary genres.

No words about travel can replace the pleasure of the journey itself. Just push him towards him. That's why we've collected 12 inspiring quotes that we hope will inspire you to achieve long-awaited accomplishments.

These are words from people who loved traveling as much as their profession.

“Three things make a person happy: love, interesting job and the opportunity to travel" (I. Bunin)

“My opinion about travel is brief: when traveling, do not go too far, otherwise you will see something that will be impossible to forget later” ( Daniil Kharms)

“Look at the world without glasses and curtains, with greedy eyes grasp everything that is good in our land and what is good in the West” (V.V. Mayakovsky)

“It is not guided tours that come to God, but lonely travelers” (Vladimir Nabokov)

“Here, they say, is a journey - the best remedy educate yourself in everything: the truth, definitely the truth! You will learn so much here" (Nikolai Chernyshevsky)

“Even in the summer, when going on a voyage, take something warm with you, because how can you know what will happen in the atmosphere?” (Kozma Prutkov)

"What could be dearer to my heart a traveler than the first minutes and hours spent in a country where you have never been before and about which you still know nothing?” (I. Ilf, E. Petrov)

"Wanderings - best activity in the world. When you wander, you grow, you grow rapidly, and everything you see is reflected even in your appearance. I recognize people who have traveled a lot right away from thousands. Wanderings purify, intertwine meetings, centuries, books and love. They make us related to the sky. If we have received the as yet unproven happiness of being born, then we must at least see the earth.” (K. G. Paustovsky)

“Going with your wife to Paris is the same as going to Tula with your samovar” (A.P. Chekhov)

“There is nothing more useful for the nerves than to visit where you have never been” (A. Akhmatova)

“In order to truly understand what this or that country or this or that place exists, you need to go there in winter, of course. Because in winter life is more real, more dictated by necessity. In winter, the contours of someone else's life are more distinct. For a traveler this is a bonus” (Joseph Brodsky)

“Everyone believes that life in Rus' is boring with its monotony, and they go abroad from here to have fun, while I affirm and will have the honor to prove to you that life nowhere is so abundant in the most sudden diversity as in Russia. At least I am leaving here abroad precisely to calm down from the kaleidoscopic diversity of Russian life and I think that I am not the only specimen of my kind” (N. S. Leskov)

And literature

MBOU secondary school No. 36

Tomsk - 2012

Goal of the work: consider the features of the travel genre in Russian literature of the 18th and 19th centuries.

Achieving this goal will be facilitated by solving the following tasks:

· analyze the history of the emergence of the travel genre;

· using texts works of art, to identify the features of the travel genre in the works of N. Karamzin, A. Radishchev, M. Lermontov, N. Gogol.

Abstract structure

The abstract consists of an introduction, main part, conclusion and bibliography.

Introduction – p.3 - 4

Main part – p.5 - 12

Conclusion – p.13

References – p.14

Introduction

There are two categories of travel:

One is to set off into the distance,

The other is to sit still,

Flip back through the calendar.

The travel genre was and remains the favorite in Russian literature: “Walking across Three Seas” by Afanasy Nikitin, “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow” by Radishchev, “Journey to Arzrum” by Pushkin. Roads in Russia have always represented more than just the direction of travel. Classic works Russian literature is directly related to the road. Here is a carriage with Chichikov, buying “dead souls”. And officer Pechorin travels along the Caucasian roads on official business. There was a snowstorm on the road, and the newlyweds got lost, which became the basis for Pushkin’s story “The Snowstorm.” In my work, I consider the travel genre in Russian literature, the importance of the genre for revealing the characteristics of the characters, expressing the author’s thoughts.

Journey – literary genre, which is based on a description of the hero’s wanderings. This can be information about the countries and peoples seen by the traveler in the form of travel diaries, notes, essays, and so on.

Since the adoption of Christianity, travel from Kievan Rus to Constantinople and the Christian East, mainly to Palestine, has become more frequent. To the commercial and military interests that guided travelers of the pre-Christian era, the tasks of the Russian church organization were now added. Representatives of the Russian Church went to the East, either for books, icons and other items, or simply in search of church leadership and to strengthen ties with more authoritative church organizations. More than seventy works written in the genre of “walking” are known; they constituted a noticeable part in the reading circle Ancient Rus'. Among the “walks,” the so-called “travelers” are known - short route indicators that contained only a list of points through which the pilgrim’s path from Rus' to the Holy Land lay.

Pilgrimages to “holy places” created in Russian literature a special literary genre of “walkings”, “wanderers”, “travelers” - descriptions of pilgrimage journeys. The most famous works genre of “walking” or “walking” of ancient Russian literature of the 12th-15th centuries are: “Walking” by Hegumen Daniel, “Walking across the Three Seas” by Afanasy Nikitin, a work of the 15th century.

The definition of the travel genre is formulated and included in the “Literary encyclopedic Dictionary"(1987) and "Literary encyclopedia of terms and concepts" (2001). emphasizes that a literary “journey” can take various shapes presentation: “notes, memos, diaries (magazines), essays, memoirs,” and also emphasizes the authenticity of the narrative. .

1) The genre of travel notes has its own specifics, which is manifested in the principles of material selection and the features of the narrative. The genre of travel notes has its own subject of depiction, genre content and form. Travel notes are based on a description of the traveling hero’s movements in space and time, a narration about the events that occurred during the trip, the traveler’s impressions, and his thoughts about what he saw.

2) Travel notes emerge as a genre in late XVIII century based on the evolution of pilgrimage and secular travel.

The golden age of travel in Russian literature is divided into two parts:

years are characterized by the growth of travel descriptions performed by journalistic and literary means. This is the era of expansion. Previously tongue-tied, Russian literature has found language, voice, color. Simultaneously with the expansion of the territory of the empire, works of literature appeared, exploring new regions and countries. Pushkin set the tone with “Journey to Arzrum”. Later, novels by Gogol, Turgenev, Dostoevsky, and Goncharov were written (at the same time they described the images of their host countries).

The second part of the golden age of travel - 1840-1910s. In the 1840s, Russian literature began to master the richness of travel. The basis was the genre of “physiological” essays on the morals, life of cities and localities in Russia (essay “Caucasian”). The greatest success was achieved at the beginning of the 20th century. Vasily Rozanov, whose essays about the Volga (“Russian Nile”), about travels to Italy, Germany, and the Caucasus are still read in one breath.

The central figure, the measure of all things in travel literature, is a man, he wanders, finds himself in unknown states and areas, comprehends their history, geography and ethnography, social order and laws, sees from the inside other people's living cultures, the life of the people, studies languages. That is, he develops spiritually and enriches himself, becomes a citizen of the universe. At the same time, a person on the way comprehends himself, better understands his character, interests, spiritual roots and traditions, his country and his people, and learns everything in comparison. The attractiveness of this genre for writers and its popularity among readers are clear.

Main part

“Journey beyond three seas” by Afanasy Nikitin is of considerable value as a kind of harbinger of essay literature, as an indicator of the high cultural level of the Russian person.

In "Journey beyond the Three Seas" main character Afanasy Nikitin describes his journey. It describes how people live in other countries. He describes the customs of the peoples living in India: “And here Indian country, And simple people they walk naked, and their heads are not covered, and their breasts are naked, and their hair is braided in one braid, and everyone walks with bellies, and children are born every year, and they have many children. From common people the men and women are all naked and all black. Wherever I go, there are many people behind me - they are amazed at the white man.”

The autobiographical nature and lyricism of “Walking across Three Seas,” which conveys the author’s emotional experiences and moods, were new features in ancient Russian literature, characteristic specifically of the 15th century. The personal character of “Walking”, the ability of its author to reveal for us his state of mind, mine inner world- with all these features, Afanasy Nikitin’s diary became a kind of basis for the creation of new works in the “travel” genre.

The main character of the novel N. Karamzin “Letters of a Russian Traveler”, written already in the 18th century, goes on a long-awaited journey and in letters reflects his impressions and emotions evoked during this journey. In the first letter, sent from Tver, the young man says that the fulfilled dream of traveling caused in his soul the pain of parting with everything and everyone that was dear to his heart, and the sight of Moscow receding made him cry. In St. Petersburg, the hero learns that the passport received in Moscow does not give the right to travel by sea, and the hero has to change his route and experience the inconvenience of endless breakdowns of wagons, wagons and carts.

The traveler's cherished dream was to meet Kant. He goes to him on the day he arrived in Konigsberg. Quite quickly he gets to Berlin and hurries to inspect the Royal Library and the Berlin Menagerie, mentioned in the descriptions of the city. Arriving in Dresden, the traveler went to inspect art gallery. He not only described his impressions of the famous paintings, but also added to the letters biographical information about the artists: Raphael, Correggio, Veronese, Poussin, Giulio Romano, Tintoretto, Rubens, etc. From Dresden, the traveler decided to go to Leipzig, describing in detail the pictures of nature visible from the window of a mail carriage or long walks. Leipzig amazed him with the abundance of bookstores, which is natural for a city where book fairs are held three times a year. Switzerland - the land of “freedom and prosperity” - began for the hero in the city of Basel. Later, in Zurich, the author met Lavater several times and attended his public appearances. The events taking place in France are indicated very carefully - for example, a chance meeting with Count D’Artois and his retinue, who intended to go to Italy, is mentioned.

The traveler enjoyed walks in the Alpine mountains, lakes, and visited memorable places. He discusses the peculiarities of education and expresses the opinion that French should be studied in Lausanne, and all other subjects should be studied at German universities.

The village of Ferney was also a place of pilgrimage, where “the most famous writer of our century”, Voltaire, lived. The Traveler noted with pleasure that on the wall of the great old man’s bedroom hangs a silk portrait of the Russian Empress with the inscription in French: “Presented to Voltaire by the author.”

On December 1, 1789, the author turned twenty-three years old, and early in the morning he went to the shore of Lake Geneva, reflecting on the meaning of life and remembering his friends. After spending several months in Switzerland, the Traveler went to France. First French city Lyon was on his way. The author was interested in everything - the theater, Parisians stuck in the city and waiting to leave for other lands, ancient ruins. Ancient arcades and the remains of a Roman aqueduct made the author think about how little his contemporaries think about the past and future, and do not try to “plant an oak without the hope of resting in its shade.” Here in Lyon he saw new tragedy Chenier "Charles IX" and described in detail the reaction of the audience who saw the current state of France in the play. The Young Traveler writes: “Without this, the play could hardly have made an impression anywhere.”

Soon the writer goes to Paris, impatient to meet the great city. He describes in detail the streets, houses, people. Anticipating questions from interested friends about the French Revolution, he writes: “Do not think, however, that the entire nation will participate in the tragedy that is now being played out in France.” The Young Traveler describes his impressions of meeting the royal family, which he accidentally saw in the church. He doesn't go into detail except for one thing - purple clothes.

In Paris, the young Traveler visited almost everywhere - theaters, boulevards, Academies, coffee houses, literary salons and private houses. At the Academy, he became interested in the Lexicon of the French Language, which was praised for its rigor and purity, but condemned for its lack of completeness. He was interested in the rules for holding meetings at the Academy, founded by Cardinal Richelieu. Conditions for admission to another Academy - the Academy of Sciences; activities of the Academy of Inscriptions and Literature, as well as the Academy of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture.

Coffee houses attracted the attention of the author as an opportunity for visitors to publicly speak out about the latest in literature or politics, gathering in cozy places where one can see both Parisian celebrities and ordinary people who wandered in to listen to poetry or prose being read.

The hero leaves Paris and goes to London. The author's very first English impressions indicate a long-standing interest in this country. The first acquaintance with the best English public took place in Westminster Abbey at the annual performance of Handel's oratorio "Messiah", where the royal family was also present. The author immediately drew attention to the fact that well-mannered Englishmen, who usually know French, prefer to express themselves in English. He visited London courts and prisons, delving into all the circumstances of the proceedings and the detention of criminals. He noted the benefits of a jury trial, in which a person’s life depends only on the law, and not on other people. His reasoning about English literature and theater is very strict, and he writes: “I repeat: the English have only Shakespeare! All their newest tragedians only want to be strong, but in fact they are weak in spirit.”

The Traveler's last letter was written in Kronstadt and is full of anticipation of how he will remember what he experienced, “sad with my heart and consoled with my friends!”

A sentimental journey is necessary in order to reveal the spiritual qualities of a person, show weaknesses and strengths, the inconsistency of character and the importance of momentary impressions for its formation.

The main character of the work A. Radishchev “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow” travels from St. Petersburg to Moscow. When choosing his genre, Radishchev consciously relied on the Russian tradition of travel, but put fundamentally new content into the old form. The writer filled it with topical political content; Instead of scattered notes and observations of a traveler, deep in his own thoughts and experiences, occupied only with himself, we find in Radishchev a completely different hero - a Citizen, a Fighter, living in the interests of his people, Russia.

At different stations and in different cities, he meets new people who tell him about their lives. The traveler thinks about their problems and reassures himself that this is not happening to him and that everything is fine with him.

For example, when the hero heads from Tosny to Lyuban, he sees a peasant who was plowing “with great diligence,” despite the fact that it was Sunday. The plowman said that six days a week his family cultivates the master’s land and, in order not to die of hunger, he is forced to work on holidays, even though this is a sin. The hero reflects on the cruelty of the landowners, and at the same time reproaches himself for the fact that he also has a servant over whom he has power.

On the road from Chudov to Spasskaya Polest, a fellow traveler sits down with the hero and tells him his sad story: having trusted his companion in the matter of ransoming, he was deceived, lost his entire fortune and was put on criminal trial. His wife, experiencing what had happened, gave birth ahead of schedule and three days later she died, and the premature baby also died. Friends, seeing that they had come to take him into custody, put the unfortunate man in a wagon and told him to go “wherever his eyes looked.” The hero was touched by the story of his fellow traveler, and he reflects on how to bring this incident to the attention of the supreme authority, “for it can only be impartial.” Realizing that he is unable to help the unfortunate man in any way, the hero imagines himself as the supreme ruler, whose state seems to be flourishing, and everyone sings his praises.

At Podberezye station the hero meets a seminarian who complains about modern training. The hero reflects on science and the work of the writer, whose task he sees is enlightenment and praise of virtue.

In Zaitsev, at the post office, the hero meets an old friend, Krestyankin, who served in the criminal chamber. He resigned, realizing that in this position he could not bring any benefit to the fatherland. A peasant told a story about a cruel landowner whose son raped a young peasant woman. The girl's groom, defending the bride, broke the rapist's head. Together with the groom there were several other peasants, and according to the code of the criminal chamber, the narrator should have sentenced all of them to death penalty or lifelong hard labor. He tried to justify the peasants, but none of the local nobles supported him, and he was forced to resign.

In Kresttsy, the hero witnesses the separation of a father from his children going off to serve. The hero shares his father’s thoughts that the power of parents over children is insignificant, that the union between parents and children should be “based on the tender feelings of the heart” and that a father cannot see his son as his slave.

Through the plot“Travels” is the story of a man who realized his political errors, discovered the truth of life, new ideals and “rules” for which it was worth living and working, the story of the ideological and moral renewal of a traveler. The journey was supposed to educate him. The writer pays great attention to the personality of the traveler. Closely following his hero, he reveals his moral wealth, emphasizing his spiritual delicacy, responsiveness, and merciless demands on himself. An intelligent and subtle observer, he is endowed with a sensitive heart, his active nature is alien to contemplation and indifference to people, he knows how not only to listen, but always strives to come to the aid of those who need it.

After Radishchev, the genre of travel in Russian literature was firmly connected with the theme of Russia. It was the image of the road that made it possible to organize into a single art space endless Russian open spaces and diversity of Russian morals.

Novel structure "Hero of our time" fragmentary, therefore the novel is a system of disparate episodes-narratives, united common hero- Pechorin. Such a composition is deeply meaningful: it reflects the fragmentation of the protagonist’s life, his lack of any goal, any unifying principle. The hero's life passes at crossroads in eternal search meaning human existence and happiness. Pechorin is on the road almost all the time. “This is a world on the road,” Gogol said about “A Hero of Our Time.” The motive of wandering is one of the leading ones in the novel “A Hero of Our Time”. Pechorin calls himself a “wandering officer.” Indeed, in almost every chapter of the novel he appears for a while, and then leaves again, never to return. The only exception is the chapter “Fatalist”.

The novel consists of five parts, in which the action takes place in different time, in different places. Are changing characters, the narrators on whose behalf the story is told change. With this creative technique the author manages to give a versatile characterization of his main character. called this composition of the novel “five paintings inserted into one frame.”

A young officer travels on business to the Caucasus. On the way he stops in Taman. There he meets with smugglers, they rob him and even try to drown him. (Tale "Taman".)
Arriving in Pyatigorsk, the hero encounters a “water society”. An intrigue ensues, which serves as a pretext for a duel. For participating in a duel in which Grushnitsky dies, Pechorin is sent to serve in the fortress. (“Princess Mary.”)

While serving in the fortress, Pechorin persuades Azamat to steal Bela for him. When Azamat brings his sister, Pechorin helps him steal - Karagez, Kazbich's horse. Kazbich kills Bela. (The story "Bela".)
“Once it happened (Pechorin) to live for two weeks in Cossack village"Here the hero tests the theory of predestination and fate in practice. At the risk of his life, he disarms a drunken Cossack, who shortly before killed a man. (The story “Fatalist.”)

Having experienced a lot, having lost faith in everything, Pechorin sets off to travel and dies on the road. (The story “Maksim Maksimych”.)

In each of the parts of “A Hero of Our Time,” Pechorin is shown in a completely different environment, in a different environment: either the free highlanders, accustomed to living according to the harsh laws of nature and patriarchal life (“Bela”), or the world of “honest smugglers” (“Taman” ), then idle secular society, on the Caucasian mineral waters (“Princess Mary”). There is a kind of “wandering” of Pechorin through various layers contemporary author public life Russia. The plot of the novel is structured in such a way that the hero is involved in everything depicted. life spheres, but at the same time is constantly rejected, separated from them, finds himself in the position of a wanderer, a wanderer.

The motif of wandering and wandering in the novel deepens more and more, taking it beyond the specific fate of the central character. And in “Fatalist,” the final chapter of “A Hero of Our Time,” in Pechorin’s bitter reflection, wandering is directly related to the theme of generation. Pechorin, reflecting on himself and on the character of his generation, directly speaks on behalf of this generation, writing the following in his diary: “And we, their pitiful descendants, wandering the earth without convictions and pride, without pleasure and fear, except for that involuntary fear, squeezing the heart at the thought of the inevitable end; We are no longer capable of making great sacrifices, either for the good of humanity, or even for our own happiness, because we know its impossibility, and we indifferently move from doubt to doubt.”

I look sadly at our generation!

His future is either empty or dark,

Meanwhile, under the burden of knowledge and doubt

It will grow old in inactivity.

The travel genre continues with its work "Dead Souls". It was on him that Gogol placed his main hopes. The plot of the poem was suggested to Gogol by Pushkin. Gogol began work on the poem in the fall of 1835. As he writes “Dead Souls,” Nikolai Vasilyevich calls his creation not a novel, but a poem. He had an idea. Gogol wanted to create a poem similar to the Divine Comedy written by Dante. The first volume of Dead Souls was thought of as “hell”, the second volume as “purgatory”, and the third as “paradise”.

Censorship changed the title of the poem to “The Adventures of Chichikov, or Dead Souls” and on May 21, 1842, the first volume of the poem was published.

The purpose of the poem is to show Russia through the eyes of one hero, from which comes the theme of travel, which has become the core and connecting theme in “ Dead souls", since the main action of the main character is travel.

The image of the road serves as a characterization of the images of the landowners whom Chichikov visits one after another. Each of his meetings with the landowner is preceded by a description of the road and estate. For example, this is how Gogol describes the way to Manilovka: “Having traveled two miles, we came across a turn onto a country road, but already two, three, and four miles, it seems, were done, and the two-story stone house was still not visible. Then Chichikov remembered that if a friend invites you to his village fifteen miles away, it means that it is thirty miles away.” The road in the village of Plyushkina directly characterizes the landowner: “He (Chichikov) did not notice how he drove into the middle of a vast village with many huts and streets. Soon, however, he was made aware of this by a considerable jolt produced by the log pavement, in front of which the city stone pavement was nothing. These logs, like piano keys, rose up and down, and the careless traveler acquired either a bump on the back of his head, or a blue spot on his forehead... He noticed some special dilapidation on all the village buildings...”

“Dead Souls” is rich in lyrical digressions. In one of them, located in Chapter 6, Chichikov compares his worldview with the objects around him while traveling.

“Before, long ago, in the years of my youth, in the years of my irrevocably flashed childhood, it was fun for me to drive up for the first time to an unfamiliar place: it didn’t matter whether it was a village, a poor provincial town, a village, a settlement - I discovered a lot of curious things in silent childish curious look. Every building, everything that bore the imprint of some noticeable feature, everything stopped me and amazed me... If a district official walked past, I was already wondering where he was going... Approaching the village of some landowner, I looked curiously at a tall narrow wooden bell tower or a wide dark wooden old church...

Now I indifferently drive up to any unfamiliar village and indifferently look at its vulgar appearance; It’s unpleasant to my chilled gaze, it’s not funny to me, and what would have awakened in previous years a lively movement in the face, laughter and silent speech, now slides past, and my motionless lips keep an indifferent silence. Oh my youth! Oh, my freshness!

The image of the road appears from the first lines of the poem; one might say he stands at its beginning. "At the hotel gates provincial town NN a rather beautiful little spring britzka drove in...”, etc. The poem ends with the image of the road; the road is literally one of last words text: “Rus', where are you going, give me the answer?”

But what a huge difference between the first and last images of the road! At the beginning of the poem, this is the road of one person, a certain character- Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov. In the end, this is the road of the state, of Russia, and even more, the road of all humanity, on which Russia overtakes “other nations.”
At the beginning of the poem, this is a very specific road along which a very specific britzka is dragging, with the owner and his two serfs: the coachman Selifan and the footman Petrushka, drawn by horses, which we also imagine quite specifically: both the root bay, and both harness horses, the forelock and Kaurogo, nicknamed the Assessor. At the end of the poem, it is quite difficult to imagine the road specifically: this is a metaphorical, allegorical image, personifying the gradual course of all human history.

IN lyrical digression about the “three bird” at the end of the poem there are words that fully express author's attitude to the road. For Gogol, the whole Russian soul is on the road, all its simple and inexplicable charm, all its scope and fullness of life: “Eh, troika! bird three! Who invented you? To know, you could only have been born among a lively people...”

Gogol draws an open parallel between the “troika bird” and Russia: “Aren’t you, Rus', like a lively, unstoppable troika, rushing?” Thus, the road for Gogol is Rus'. What will happen to Russia, where does the road lead, along which it rushes so that it can no longer be stopped: “Rus, where are you rushing?”

This was the question that bothered the writer, because in his soul there lived a boundless love for Russia. And, most importantly, Gogol, unlike many of his contemporaries, believed in Russia, believed in its future. Therefore, we can say with confidence that the road in Gogol’s work is Russia’s road to a bright future. Conclusion People have traveled at all times, their journeys were different... But they always loved to listen and read the stories of wanderers, both in ancient times and in modern times. A person goes on a journey in search of happiness, answers to questions, in search of a way out of difficult

1. The “travel” genre is based on a description of the movement of a traveling hero in space, a narrative about the events that occurred during the trip, a description of the traveler’s impressions, his thoughts after what he saw, and a broad information and educational plan. In literary travels, unlike scientific and other types, information material is covered on the basis of the artistic and ideological concept of the author.

2. Literary journey emerges as a genre in the 18th century
the basis of the evolution of “walkings” in travel notes, for further development
The genre is influenced by European examples of literary travel.
Subsequently, in the 19th century, the genre continued to develop in the form of diary
epistolary and memoir travel notes of artistic or
artistic and journalistic nature.

3. Reading works in the travel genre, we can trace how the hero behaves in different situations throughout his entire journey, we can see changes in his character and soul. Travel embodies the idea of ​​spiritual search; the motive of travel becomes one of the ways to reveal the character of the hero.

Literature

1. Literary encyclopedia terms and concepts, ed. . RAS. M.: NPK "Intelvac", 2001

2. Afanasy Nikitin “Walking across Three Seas.” 1466-1472.

3. Karamzin, N. Selected works in two volumes. M.; L., 1964.

4. Lermontov, . Poems. Masquerade. Hero of our time. M.: Artist. Lit., 19 p.

5. Gogol, souls: Poem. M.: Statistics, 19 p.

6. Gogol's works. Meaning and form: Yuri Mann. Moscow, St. Petersburg University Publishing House, 2007.

7. Radishchev, A. Travel from St. Petersburg to Moscow. Liberty. Prose/Note , . L.: Artist. Lit., 19 p.

Internet resources:

8. http:///feb/irl/il0/il1/il123652.htm

9. http:///read. php? pid=10884

10. http:///puteshestviye-radishev

11. http:///nikolaev/205.htm

12. http://dic. /dic. nsf/enc_literature/3857/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5

13. http://palomnic. org/bibl_lit/drev/andr_perets/

Literary genre Journey Has two varieties. 1. These are various descriptions by an eyewitness-traveler of the geographical, ethnographic and social appearance of the countries and peoples he saw, i.e. documentary travel. They, as a rule, have educational and aesthetic value, especially those written in eras when prose had not yet been divided into artistic and scientific, for example, “Walking across Three Seas” by A. Nikitin, created in the Middle Ages.

2. Travel is also a genre of works, the plot and composition of which are presented and constructed as documentary travel. Artistic genre Journey It was formed under the influence of travel stories and records of the travelers themselves. Legends that arose from these stories and records played a significant role in its development. In world and Russian literature, techniques for describing documentary travel in the form of a travel diary and essay are widely used. The motif of wandering has always been common in many genres artistic poetry and prose. Fascinating travel descriptions of the era of great geographical discoveries of the 15th-16th centuries, expeditions of the 17th-18th centuries made travel the most popular in fiction. At this time, pirate and social-utopian novels were created in the form of travel diaries, notes or memories of amazing countries. The genre of educational travel novel has emerged.

Such a novel made it possible to widely introduce modern society its contradictions (“Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow” by N. A. Radishchev). Genre Journey He was attracted to many literary trends.

Sentimentalists mainly used the form of a diary, which most fully conveys the mood and experiences of a “sentimental” traveler, for example, “Letters of a Russian Traveler” by N. M. Karamzin.

Romantic writers often turned to the theme of travel. They developed the genre of lyrical travel essay, in which romantic hero, disappointed in his contemporary society, goes to distant countries. The journey reflects various aspects of the material and spiritual life of people, the author’s lyrical reflections on the history and culture of the country, sketches of morals and customs, and typical everyday scenes.

All this also attracts realist writers, whose works use all varieties of this genre. In the 19th century, numerous adventure travel novels were created.

They also include scientific information. In the 20th century, it became firmly established in the content of works, new variants of the travel essay genre emerged: travel reportage, guidebook, and social themes intensified. Examples of the travel genre in Russian literature are “Travel to Arzrum” by A.S.

Pushkin, “Frigate “Pallada” by I. A. Goncharov, “From circumnavigation» K. M. Stanyukovich, foreign essays by F. M.

Dostoevsky, “Sakhalin Island” by A.P.

Chekhov, “In the Land of Unfrightened Birds”, “Behind the Magic Kolobok” by M. M.

Prishvin, “My Discovery of America” by V. Mayakovsky, “Lessons of Armenia” by A. Bitov, “Cherry Branch” by V. Ovchinnikov, “Dersu Uzala” by V.

Arsenyev and others. From documentary scientific and geographical travels of the 19th century special attention deserve the travel of N. Przhevalsky, N. Miklouho-Maclay. School essay You can write in the genres of a travel essay or travel notes. The topic can be journalistic or related to literary local history.

Sample memo for writing an essay in the genre Journey:- the topic of the essay is formulated; - the goal is determined (to give the reader information, to evoke certain feelings in him: joy, pride in his homeland; to form high moral qualities, the desire to overcome negative phenomena, etc.); - describes what he saw, states facts and events; - express your attitude to what has been stated, you can present other points of view; - the style of presentation is selected (journalistic, artistic or a combination of both, depending on the content).