Works and periodization of ancient Russian literature. Monuments of Old Russian Literature

there are poetic fiction, poeticization of real historical events, allegorism, and figurative expressiveness of the heroes’ speeches - all this is evidence of the presence of an artistic component already at the early stage of our literature At subsequent stages of DRL, all of the above genres continued to function and develop. Their mutual influence, as well as interaction with folklore and literature of other countries, gave birth to new genre varieties. Many works are quite difficult to fit into Procrustean bed
Naturally, not a single lecture course or textbook on the history of culture, literature, or art can ignore “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” - a monument of Kiev-Chernigov literature created by an anonymous author between 1185-1187. (i.e. during the period of feudal fragmentation of the Russian state). But precisely because of the huge amount of information about this work, in my lectures I will only talk about some aspects of the “Lay” - artistic and historiosophical (which, however, are inseparable).
The author of “The Lay” is unknown, the narration is told on behalf of the storyteller Bayan, whose name has become a household name and represents collective image songwriters. The monument has reached us in 2 editions: as part of the Laurentian and Ignatiev Chronicles. The author of the latter was either a direct participant in the events, or one of Prince Igor’s close associates - a man, apparently educated and well acquainted with the native folk tradition and creativity.
According to the outstanding historian, researcher ancient Russian culture, B.A. Rybakova, “The Word” is a poetic monument, a historical study, and a political treatise, i.e.
the narrative has a complex multi-level structure. In “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign,” the historiosophical content is expressed through artistic and poetic content, which also determined the complex narrative structure of this work. The style of “The Word” has absorbed the experience of book culture and folklore traditions of its people - this is common features

, characteristic of medieval epics. In the library of world literature, “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” takes pride of place on a par with “The Song of Roland”, “The Song of the Nibelungs”, “The Song of My Sid”, “The Knight in the Skin of a Leopard” and other early works that influenced not only on the literary process, but also on culture as a whole.
In Novgorod, at the end of X11 - beginning. 111th century, the first hagiographic work is created - the life of Varlaam Khutynsky, the genre of walks becomes widespread: “The Tale of Sophia in Constantinople”, “The Book of the Pilgrim”, “The Tale of the Capture of Constantinople by the Fryags” (crusaders).
Chroniclers-scribes work in Smolensk: Ephraim, who wrote “The Life of Abraham of Smolensk” and Kliment Smolyatich, who became famous for her epistle to the priest Thomas (“Epistle written by the Russian Metropolitan, to Thomas the Prosviter”), compiled in the form of questions and answers regarding the interpretation of the psalter, the interlocutors argue and about Plato and Aristotle.
The solemn “words” of Cyril of Turov are also becoming widespread (8 “words”: for the twelfth holidays and for Sundays the first circle of weeks of the church year, included in the collections “Chrysostom” and “Celebrants”). “Words” by Kirill Turovsky are clearly compositionally organized and contain three parts: introduction, exposition and conclusion.
Metaphors, figurative comparisons and allegories allow the author to organically combine his “words” with church chants and paintings, convey feelings of emotional excitement and delight, transfer the action of the distant past to the present, which is why solemn sermons take on the character of either a victory song or a lyrical poem. Cyril of Turovsky also wrote: “The Parable of the Soul and the Body”, “The Tale of the Beloriztsy and the Imagination”, “The Tale of the Chernoriz Rite”, 30 prayers and 2 canons.
From the literary monuments of southern and southwestern Rus' (Chernigov, Vladimir Volynsky, Galich, Pereyaslavl Yuzhny, Kholm), the Galician-Volyn Chronicle (as part of the Ipatiev Chronicle), consisting of 2 parts, has reached our time: the Galician Chronicle, which tells the events of 1205 -1264, and Volyn, covering the period from 1264 to 1292.
The Galician Chronicle tells in detail about the capture of Kyiv by Batu, about the courage of the defenders of Kyiv, which admired even their enemies.
The Volyn Chronicle tells the story of the reign of Vladimir Vasilkovich and, unlike the Galician Chronicle, is written in the traditional church-book style.
In the northeast of Rus' among the political and cultural centers of the 11th-111th centuries. The capital of Suzdal land, Vladimir, is moving forward. Outstanding monuments of Vladimir-Suzdal literature are “The Word” and “Prayer” by Daniil Zatochnik.
In the “Word” addressed to Yaroslav Vladimirovich, Prince of Novgorod, Daniil Zatochnik raises important social problems, referring to the images of a wise and fair prince and common man(albeit a nobleman, but not a nobleman, boyar or ruler).
Daniil pays great attention to the most important social institution - the family. Family happiness, in his opinion, depends entirely on the woman. Daniel the Sharpener denounces “evil wives” and sees in them the source of all sorts of vices (including male ones), troubles and misfortunes.
The theme of wisdom, as a quality necessary for a ruler, is continued and strengthened in the “Prayer,” in which the panegyric glorification of the prince is emphasized with quotes from the “Song of Solomon.
In the “Prayer,” the condemnation of boyars and monasticism is obvious; Daniel continues, although to a lesser extent, to denounce evil women, focusing on the old and malevolent (“evil-like”).

The Kiev-Pechersk Monastery was of great importance in the cultural life of Rus', from whose walls came famous figures of Christian enlightenment - Leonty and Isaiah of Rostov, Metropolitan Hilarion, Novgorod bishops German and Nifont, Ephraim of Suzdal. These and other names (50 in total) are listed by Bishop Simon of Suzdal, whose correspondence with the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery Polycarp formed the basis of the Kiev-Pechersk Patericon - a monument that began to take shape in the first half of the 111th century. The first edition of the patericon also contained Simon’s “The Tale of the Holy Black Monks of Pechersk” and eleven stories of Polycarp about the exploits of thirty monks.
Subsequently, by 1406, these legends and stories were supplemented by Bishop Arseny of Tver with the “Life of Theodosius of Pechersk” by Nestor, “The Tale of the Monkmen of Pechora”, included in the “Tale of Bygone Years” from 1074. This edition of the patericon went down in history under the name Arsenyevskaya, and in 1460 and 1462, under the leadership of Abbot Cassian, more complete editions were created, called the “Paterikon Pechersk”. One of the most important themes of the DRL is the Tatar-Mongol invasion. “The Tale of the Battle on the Kalka River”, “The Tale of Batu’s Coming to Ryazan”, “The Words” of Serapion of Vladimir, “The Tale of the Death of the Russian Land” and other monuments of the 111th century, which have come down to us mainly in the lists of the 15th–15th centuries, are dedicated to her. ., as well as works of Moscow literature (late 111th–15th centuries): “The chronicle story of Battle of Kulikovo
In Moscow literature from the late 19th century to the beginning.
In the 15th century, a rhetorical-panegyric style began to develop, which is especially obvious in the hagiographic literature of this period.
The revival of the traditions of the solemn words of Cyril of Turov can be traced in “The Life of Peter Metropolitan Cyprian”, “The Tale of the Life of Dmitry Ivanovich”, in the works of Epiphanius the Wise (“The Life of Stephen of Perm” and “The Life of Sergius of Radonezh”) and Pachomius Logothetus (“The Tale of Michael of Chernigov” ", "The Life of Sergius of Radonezh" - a revised "life" of Epiphanius). Lives turn into solemn words - panegyrics to Russian saints. The composition of the life also undergoes changes: a short introduction becomes obligatory, the central biographical part is reduced to a minimum, “lamentations” for the deceased saint and, especially, “praise” to him, which are given the main place in the structure of the narrative, take on the character of inserted works. Thus, an emotionally expressive style is established in Moscow literature. Through hagiography, it penetrates into other genres; in historical narration and journalism, the artistic component plays an increasingly important role - an allegorical description of feelings and artistic fiction.
From the 15th century Moscow was acquiring increasing political importance, but major political and
cultural center Novgorod remained in Rus', Pskov and Tver also rose, the literature of these cities and the corresponding regions developed. which ends in the Novgorod land, where, after traveling from Rome to Jerusalem, the sacred white hood (tall monastic headdress), symbolizing Orthodoxy. “The Tale of the Novgorod White Cowl” reflects the most important ideological problem - the relationship between the church and secular state power, unequivocally resolving it in favor of the “priesthood” and not the “kingdom” - is providentialist in nature and testifies to Novgorod’s claims not only to be a “free city” , but also for the role of the “third Rome”, which Moscow became.
This story was very popular and was distributed in no less than 250 copies of the 15th–11th centuries.
..... The highly developed book culture of Novgorod allowed in the 15th century.
Macarius of Novgorod began work on the collection and unification of all the holy books, “which are found in the Russian land” in the “Great Cheti-Menaia”, which was continued and completed in Moscow in 1554. This significant event was preceded by a difficult period of struggle against the Tatar-Mongol yoke , which ended in 1460, confrontation between church groups (), as a result of which the idea of ​​​​the superiority of the “priesthood” over the “kingdom” was established, which at that time contributed to the strengthening of Rus' as a centralized state. The Christian faith and a single church ideologically united the people.
..... Monuments of literature of this time - “The Tale of Peter and Fevronia”, “The Tale of the Mutyansky governor Dracula”, “The Tale of the Iveron Queen Dinara”, “Walking across the Three Seas” by Afanasy Nikitin, “The Tale of Mohammed Saltan” and etc. - testify to the breakdown of the traditional genre structure of the DRL, first of all, to the evolution of hagiographic literature and genres of historical narration. And although their themes have remained traditional, expressing the features of the Russian nationality and character - perseverance, courage, heroism, patience, the will to win, responsibility for the fate of the Fatherland - an emotionally expressive style is increasingly penetrating into literature, and an obvious interest in the mundane (even everyday) plots, to the world of feelings;

the narrative becomes more and more fascinating - historical documentation gives way to entertainment and fiction. Already under Ivan 111 (even more so under Ivan the Terrible and in the Time of Troubles), literature, like culture as a whole, became increasingly open to Europe, whose influence was obvious especially in the 15th–11th centuries, when the Baroque style was established, and new ones appeared. lyric and poetic genres and drama.

The word "Monument" comes from the word "memory". Most often, monuments are buildings or busts built in honor and glory of a person. For example, many monuments to Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin were created. To perpetuate the memory of the great poet, his grateful admirers erected monuments to him. Monuments in those places where the poet lived and wrote his works are especially dear to us. They preserve the memory of the poet’s stay in these places. Ancient temples and ancient buildings in general are called architectural monuments, because they also preserve the memory of past centuries of native history. www.tracetransport.ru In order for some work to be recognized literary monument

, time needs to pass. An ancient Russian writer who compiled a chronicle, story or biographies of saints probably did not think that he was creating monuments. But after some time, descendants evaluate the work as a monument if they see in it something outstanding or characteristic of the era in which it was created.

Among the outstanding monuments of ancient Russian literature are “The Tale of Bygone Years” by Nestor the Chronicler, “The Tale of Boris and Gleb”, “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”, “The Life of Sergius of Radonezh”, “The Chronicle Tale of the Battle of Kulikovo” and other heroic works of Ancient Rus' . One of the most remarkable monuments of ancient Russian literature is the “Teaching of Vladimir Monomakh to his children,” extracted from the Laurentian Chronicle. Those who study their native history and Russian literature cannot help but turn to all these monuments of ancient Russian literature. We will also turn to them, because they all bear us living testimony about the past of our Fatherland.

Literature is part of reality; it occupies a place in the history of the people specific place and performs enormous public duties. During the period of the 9th - early 13th centuries. serves the purpose of unification, expresses the national consciousness of unity. She is the keeper of history and legends, and these latter were a kind of means of exploring space, marking the holiness or significance of a particular place: a tract, a mound, a village, etc. Historically, legends conveyed historical depth to the country, they were that “fourth dimension” in within the framework of which the entire vast Russian land was perceived and became visible. The same role was played by chronicles and lives of saints, historical stories and stories about the founding of monasteries. All Russian literature was distinguished by deep historicism. Literature was one of the ways to master the surrounding world.

What did ancient Russian literature teach? The secular element of ancient Russian literature was deeply patriotic. She taught active love for the homeland, fostered citizenship, and strived to correct the shortcomings of society.

In essence, all monuments of ancient Russian literature, thanks to their historical topics much more closely interconnected than at present. They can be arranged in chronological order, but as a whole they present one story: Russian and world. Ancient literature by the nature of its existence and creation, it belongs to folklore rather than to the personal creativity of modern times. The work, once created by the author, was then changed by scribes in numerous rewrites, altered, acquired different ideological colors in different environments, was supplemented, acquired new episodes, etc.: therefore, almost every work that has come to us in several copies is known to us in various editions, types and editions.

The first Russian works are full of admiration for the wisdom of the universe, but a wisdom that is not closed in itself, but serves man. Along the path of such an anthropocentric perception of the universe, the relationship between the artist and the object of art also changed. And this new attitude led a person away from what was canonically recognized by the church.

The appeal of art to its creators and to all people became the style-forming dominant of all monumental art and all literature of the pre-Mongol period. This is where the imposing, solemn, ceremonial quality of all forms of art and literature of this time comes from.

“The Tale of Savva Grudtsyn.” The problem of educating the younger generation. Theme of duality
"The Tale of Savva Grudtsyn" is a work created unknown author in the 60s XVII century The work reflected the historical events of the first half of the century and many everyday features of that time. The combination in the "Tale" of a romantic theme with detailed descriptions of the life and customs of Rus' in the 17th century. gave rise to a number of studies...

There is no future without a past. Comparison of “The Life of Arsenyev” and “Cursed Days”
“The Life of Arsenyev,” just like “Cursed Days,” is a reflection on Russia and its special historical destiny. “Cursed Days” is a diary that reflects the reality that surrounded the writer in his last years life at home. The narration in the diary is, naturally, in the first person. The records are dated, Bunin has them in...

Introduction.
Writer Chingiz Aitmatov noted that Chekhov is a kind of “code of communication”: “If I meet a person and find out that he loves Chekhov, then I have found a friend.” Chekhov’s works live in our consciousness, and this alone testifies to their enduring value . The writer helps to find answers to questions that never cease to worry...

Introduction 3
1. Monuments of ancient Russian literature 4
2. Monuments ancient Russian history 7
3. Heritage of ancient Russian philosophy 12
Conclusion 15
References 16

Introduction

At the end of the 10th century, the literature of Ancient Rus' arose, literature on the basis of which the literature of three fraternal peoples developed - Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian. Old Russian literature arose along with the adoption of Christianity and was initially called upon to serve the needs of the church: to provide church ritual, disseminate information on the history of Christianity, and educate societies in the spirit of Christianity. These tasks determined both the genre system of literature and the features of its development.
The relevance of the work lies in the consideration that the adoption of Christianity had significant consequences for the development of books and literature in Ancient Rus'.
The purpose of the work is to study monuments of ancient Russian literature.
Achieving the goal involves solving a number of tasks:
1) consider monuments of ancient Russian literature;
2) characterize the monuments of ancient Russian history;
3) study the heritage of ancient Russian philosophy.
Old Russian literature was formed on the basis of the unified literature of the southern and Eastern Slavs, which arose under the influence of Byzantine and ancient Bulgarian culture. The Baptism of Rus' was an event of enormous historical importance, not only politically and socially, but also culturally. The history of ancient Russian culture began after Russia adopted Christianity, and the date of the Baptism of Rus' becomes starting point reference point for the national-historical development of Russia.

1. Monuments of ancient Russian literature

Writing in Ancient Rus' arose long before Christianity and therefore the appearance of writing could not be the result of borrowing from outside. With the advent of statehood and the development of trade, writing was required. For some time the Slavs used the Greek alphabet. The origin of the Slavic alphabet is associated with the brothers Cyril and Methodius (about 815-885). Slavic writing had two alphabets: Glagolitic and Cyrillic. Science suggests that Kirill first created the Glagolitic alphabet, “verb” - to speak. Later, elements of the Glagolitic alphabet and the Greek alphabet formed new alphabet- Cyrillic alphabet.
Cyril and Methodius translated many books from Greek into Slavic; some surviving ones speak of a respectful attitude towards literacy and bookishness. But not only scribes in Rus' had literacy. Unfortunately, too few ancient Russian books have survived (some books indicate 130, others 150), since numerous fires, disastrous invasions, the rule of the Horde, and careless storage destroyed significant libraries. Even a small portion of what has survived allows us to imagine the contents of the libraries. The most ancient is considered to be the Ostromir Gospel of 1056-1057, written by Deacon Gregory for daily reading, starting from Easter.
Various “Izborniki” were compiled, which contained wise thoughts for all occasions, not only religious, but also Soviet content. The peculiarities of the literature of Ancient Rus' were the combination of works of religious, historical, military, and instructive content. Early Russian literature had one important distinctive feature: it was not just narrative, but instructive.
The “Teaching” of Vladimir Monomakh, addressed to princes and his children, is interesting. From a statement of principles he proceeds to a description own life as a role model. The “Instruction” says that from the age of 13 Vladimir worked, went on campaigns, a total of 69 campaigns are listed. The main place in the Instruction is given to the moral qualities of the ruler; he must be merciful and faithful in his oaths.
As a result of the expansion of economic and political ties of Ancient Rus' with the West and East, a genre appeared in ancient Russian literature - the description of travel. In ancient Russian literature there was a genre of traveler's notes, for example, “The Life and Walking of Danil, the Abbot of the Russian Land.” The author describes the nature of Palestine, the foundations and customs of Jerusalem, inserts legends and tales into the narrative, and expresses his thoughts about the Russian land. “Walking across the Three Seas” by Afanasy Nikitin of the 15th century is “the first description of India in European literature, made with greater observation.”
After the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380, a national upsurge began, a new attitude towards man, faith in reason. The stage begins - the lives of saints in the works of Epiphanius the Wise, depicting the complex variety of human feelings, psychological impulses and experiences. Ivan Peresvetov puts forward the principle of equality of all in the face of the sovereign - against inequality by birth.
The Christianization of Rus' gave a powerful impetus further development writing and literacy. The first literate and scribes were formed in schools that opened at churches, and later at monasteries. There were not only schools for boys, but there was also a school for girls in Kyiv at the St. Andrew's Monastery, where girls were taught writing and women's crafts. Since ancient times, schools in Rus' were spiritual - for the training of clergy, where they taught not only reading, writing and theology, but also studied grammar and rhetoric. Literacy was widespread in the urban environment, among the rich. Not only boys, but also girls were taught literacy.
Christian literature “introduced Russian people to new standards of morality and morality, expanded their mental horizons and provided many information of a historical and geographical nature.”
The system of genres in Ancient Rus' depended on the needs of the church until the 17th century, with the exception of chronicles, with the exception of the “Teachings” of Vladimir Monomakh, “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”, with the exception of “The Prayer of Daniel the Prisoner”, the rest of the stock of books has a narrow cult purpose .
The literature of Ancient Rus' is rich and majestic. Its greatness lies in the intensity of ideological searches and breadth of interests, in the diversity and number of monuments, in the invaluable merits of the huge army of ancient Russian scribes - writers, chroniclers, thanks to whom the history of our people and the people's soul have come down to our descendants.

5. Monuments of Old Russian literature Monuments of Old Russian literature 6. Living evidence of the past Living evidence of the past 1. Old Russian chronicle book Old Russian chronicle book 2. The first Russian libraries The first Russian libraries 3. The book is a witness to history The book is a witness to history 4. How the “Tale” was preserved Bygone Years"? How was The Tale of Bygone Years preserved? Plan Tests

Old Russian handwritten book Handwritten books appeared in our Fatherland in connection with the spread of Christianity, that is, more than ten centuries ago. Ostromir Gospel

Then books began to be written in Rus'. The Tale of Bygone Years says that Grand Duke Yaroslav the Wise gathered many book writers who translated from Greek into Slavic, and they wrote many books. “This Yaroslav loved books and wrote many, and placed them in Hagia Sophia, which he himself created.” Miniature of the Radziwill Chronicle

The printing of books in Rus' began a little over four centuries ago by Apostle Ivan Fedorov and Peter Mstislavets

Many ancient handwritten books were lost during the Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus' and various reasons in the following centuries. A lot of ancient books have been lost in this century. Defense of Ryazan from the Mongol-Tatar hordes of Batu Khan in December 1237

From the 11th century, when the great princes Vladimir the Red Sun and Yaroslav the Wise lived, just over two dozen books have survived. Among the books that have come down to us are the Gospels, several liturgical books, biographies of saints and works of church writers. The book is a witness to history. Ostromir Gospel

In total, about five hundred manuscripts remain from the 11th–13th centuries to our time. Most of them are books for performing church services. Almost all of them are written not on paper, but on parchment. Miniature from Miroslav's Gospel. Izbornik of Svyatoslav

Ostromilovo Gospel, recording by Deacon Gregory at the end of the book. Records and notes were often made on the books, by which one can determine the author of the work or copyist, or the owner of the book, the time of writing, and even find out about events not related to the contents of the book.

The book, which has come down to us from ancient times, itself is a witness to the era when it was created. Therefore, handwritten books of Ancient Rus' will always be an inexhaustible source for studying the history of the Russian people, their language, literature and art.

Nestor was not the first chronicler of Ancient Rus'. But he was the first to compile such a detailed and coherent narrative about ancient Russian history. Settlement of the Eastern Slavs in the second half of the 9th century How was the Tale of Bygone Years preserved?

The first chronicle of Ancient Rus' was the Kiev Chronicle. Later, over the years, it was revised and became part of the ancient Kyiv vault, which was kept at the Church of St. Sophia by order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise. Initial view of the St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv 1034 (reconstruction) Yaroslav the Wise

This code was subsequently also repeatedly processed and rewritten by the monks of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery, until it took its final form and began to be called “The Tale of Bygone Years.” Kiev-Pechersk monastery in the XII-XIII centuries. Graphics card reconstruction

This chronicle that has come down to us describes the events of Russian history up to the 10s of the 12th century. Its first edition was compiled around 1113 by Nestor, a monk of the Kiev Pechersk Monastery, by order of Prince Svyatopolk II Izyaslavich. Grand Duke Svyatopolk II Izyaslavovich Venerable Nestor the Chronicler

The manuscript of “The Tale of Bygone Years,” written by the hand of Nestor the chronicler himself, unfortunately, has not survived, like almost all lists of handwritten chronicles of the 11th–13th centuries. “Askold and Dir grew in this city... and began to reign....” Miniature of the Radziwill Chronicle

But from Kyiv, Nestor’s chronicle began to spread through rewriting to other cities of Rus', where, at the request of the princes or with the blessing of the bishops, Russian chronicle writing continued. The baptism of Princess Olga in Constantinople. Miniature of the Radziwill Chronicle

In 1118, in Pereyaslavl, an unnamed chronicler created the third edition of the Tale of Bygone Years for Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich. Grand Duke Mstislav I Church of the Transfiguration in Pereslavl-Zalessky

Only the Novgorod Chronicle has preserved to this day a more or less complete text of the first edition of the Tale as part of the code of 1118, with amendments by Dobrynya Yadreikovich. Ancient plan of the Novgorod Kremlin

In 1119, Presbyter Vasily, close to Vladimir Monomakh, edited the text of “The Tale of Bygone Years” for the fourth time and it was preserved for us by the Ipatiev Chronicle. The coming of Vladimir Monomakh to reign

Solar eclipse 1236. In the process of repeated correspondence, the text of Vasilyeva’s edition of “The Tale of Bygone Years” became part of the Tver Code of 1305, which came to us in the Laurentian Chronicle of 1377.

In those distant times, the chronicle rewritten by the monk Lawrence was probably not an exceptional phenomenon. Similar chronicles were kept in other large ancient Russian cities. But the manuscript of monk Lawrence turned out to have a special purpose. It is she who has survived to this day, while other chronicles of that time have not been preserved. Page from the Laurentian Chronicle

An ancient Russian writer who compiled a chronicle, story or biographies of saints probably did not think that he was creating monuments. But after some time, descendants evaluate the work as a monument if they see in it something outstanding or characteristic of the era when this monument was created. The legend “On the Writings” by the monk Khrabra, copy of 1348.

Among the outstanding monuments of ancient Russian literature are “The Tale of Bygone Years” by Nestor the Chronicler, “The Tale of Boris and Gleb”, “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”, “The Life of Sergius of Radonezh”, “The Tale of Mamaev's massacre", "The Chronicle of the Battle of Kulikovo" and other heroic works of Ancient Rus'. "The Tale of the Massacre of Mamaev." 17th century list

Question: What event is associated with the appearance of handwritten books in Rus'? 4. With the construction of Hagia Sophia in Kyiv. Read the question carefully and mark the correct answer 2. With the baptism of Rus' by the holy Prince Vladimir. 3. With the creation of the alphabet by the holy brothers Cyril and Methodius. 1. With the start of work of the first state printing house for printing books.

Question: In what year was the alphabet created by Saints Cyril and Methodius? d. Read the question carefully and mark the correct answer g g d.

Question: Scientists have reliably established that the princely and church libraries contained hundreds and thousands of handwritten books. How many manuscripts and their fragments have survived to this day from the 11th-13th centuries? Read the question carefully and mark the correct answer 3. about 100 manuscripts 2. about 500 manuscripts and fragments of manuscripts

Question: In what form has “The Tale of Bygone Years” come to us? Read the question carefully and mark the correct answer 3. In the form of a list in the Vladimir Chronicle of 1305. 4. In the form of a list as part of the chronicle of 1377, which was copied by the monk Lawrence. 1. In the form of a manuscript written by the Monk Nestor the Chronicler in 1113. 2. In the form of a list, which was copied by the monk Sylvester in 1116.

Question: Where is the surviving copy of The Tale of Bygone Years located? Read the question carefully and mark the correct answer 3. In Novosibirsk, in the State Public Scientific and Technical Library. 1. In St. Petersburg, in the State National Library. 2. In Moscow, in the State Russian Library.

Question: Which of the following objects are written historical sources? Read the question carefully and mark the correct answers 3. page from “The Tale of the Massacre of Mamai” 2. Monomakh’s hat 1. page from the “Radzivil Chronicle” 4. wooden utensils 5. weapon of a Golden Horde warrior

Question: Which of the following objects are material historical sources? Read the question carefully and mark the correct answers 5. Monomakh’s hat 3. weapon of a Golden Horde warrior 4. page from the “Radzivil Chronicle” 2. wooden dishes 1. page from “The Tale of the Massacre of Mamai”

Chapter 1. How do you study native history? Lesson 1. Origins and sources Lesson 2. Witnesses and testimonies Lesson 3. Conspiracy traces of the past Chapter 2. At the dawn of Russian history. Lesson 4. Ancient Slavs Lesson 5. Creators of Slavic writing Lesson 6. Byzantium and Ancient Rus' Lesson 7. The beginning of Kievan Rus Lesson 8. Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Princess Olga Chapter 3. Enlightenment of Rus'. Lesson 9. Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince Vladimir Lesson 10. Baptism of Rus' Lesson 11. Yaroslav the Wise and his time Lesson 12. Laws and orders in Rus' during the time of Yaroslav the Wise Lesson 13. The flourishing of culture in Rus' under Yaroslav the Wise Lesson 14. Kiev-Pechersk Lavra Chapter 4. Discord and civil strife in Rus'. Lesson 15. Discord in Rus' under the children of Yaroslav Lesson 16. Vladimir Monomakh Lesson 17. The Word about Igor's Campaign Chapter 5. Expansion of Rus'. Lesson 18. The choice of Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky Lesson 19. An ancient Russian city and its population Lesson 20. The art of Ancient Rus' Chapter 6. The shield and glory of Rus'. Lesson 21. Mister Veliky Novgorod Lesson 22. Sofia of Novgorod Lesson 23. Birch bark letters Lesson 24. Pskov Chapter 7. Trials of the Russian land. Lesson 25. First meeting with the Mongol-Tatar horde Lesson 26. Batu's invasion Lesson 27. Mongol-Tatar yoke in Rus' Lesson 28. Holy Prince Alexander Nevsky Lesson 29. Moscow and the Moscow Principality Lesson 30. Battle of Kulikovo Lesson 31. St. Sergius of Radonezh Chapter 8. Revived Rus' Russia. Lesson 32. Overthrow of the Horde yoke Lesson 33. Unification of Russian lands around Moscow Lesson 34. Unity of Russia

Today it worries all those who are interested in the history and culture of our country. We will try to give a comprehensive answer to it.

Old Russian literature is usually called the monuments of bookishness of Kievan Rus, which appeared at the stage of creation of the state of the Eastern Slavs, called Kievan Rus. Old Russian period in the history of Russian literature, according to some literary scholars, ends in 1237 (during the devastating Tatar invasion); according to other literary scholars, it continues for about 400 years and gradually ends during the era of the revival of the Moscow state after the Time of Troubles.

However, the first version is more preferable, which partly explains to us when and why Old Russian literature arose.

Anyway this fact suggests that our ancestors have reached such a stage social development when they stopped being satisfied folklore works and new genres were required - hagiographic literature, teachings, collections and “words”.

When did ancient Russian literature arise: history and main factors of its emergence

There is no exact date for the writing of the first ancient Russian work in history, but the beginning of books in Rus' is traditionally associated with two events. The first is the appearance in our country of Orthodox monks - Methodius and Cyril, who created the Glagolitic alphabet, and later put their efforts into creating the Cyrillic alphabet. This made it possible to translate liturgical and Christian texts of the Byzantine Empire into Old Church Slavonic.

Second key event was the actual Christianization of Rus', which allowed our state to communicate closely with the Greeks - the bearers of the then wisdom and knowledge.

It should be noted that the question of what year ancient Russian literature arose is also impossible to answer because a huge number of monuments of ancient Russian literature were lost as a result of the devastating Horde yoke, most of them burned in numerous fires that were brought to our country by bloodthirsty nomads .

The most famous monuments of bookishness of Ancient Rus'

When answering the question about when ancient Russian literature arose, we must not forget that the works of this period are quite high level literary excellence. One famous “Tale” about Prince Igor’s campaign against the Polovtsians is worth a lot.

Despite the devastating historical circumstances, the following monuments have survived to this day.

Let us briefly list the key ones:

1. Ostromir Gospel.
2. Numerous teaching collections.
3. Collections of lives (for example, collections of the lives of the first Russian saints from the Kiev Pechersk Lavra).
4. "The Sermon on Law and Grace" by Hilarion.
5. Life of Boris and Gleb.
6. Reading about princes Boris and Gleb.
7. "The Tale of Bygone Years".
8. "Teachings of Prince Vladimir, nicknamed Monomakh."
9. "The Tale of Igor's Campaign."
10. "The Tale of the Death of the Russian Land."

Chronology of Old Russian literature

An expert in the ancient Russian written tradition, Academician D.S. Likhachev and his colleagues assumed that the answer to the question of when ancient Russian literature arose should be sought in the first monuments of Russian literature.

According to these chronicle sources, translated works from Greek first appeared in our country in the 10th century. At the same time, folklore texts of legends about the exploits of Svyatoslav Igorevich, as well as epics about Prince Vladimir, were created at the same time.

In the 11th century, thanks to the activities of Metropolitan Hilarion, the literary works. For example, this is the already mentioned “Sermon on Law and Grace,” a description of the adoption of Christianity by the Russian people, and others. In the same century, the texts of the first selections were created, as well as the first texts of the lives of those who died as a result of the princely strife and were later canonized.

In the 12th century, original works of authorship were written that told about the life of Theodosius, abbot of Pechersk, and the lives of other saints of the Russian land. At the same time, the text of the so-called Galician Gospel was created, and parables and “words” were written by a talented Russian orator. The creation of the text “The Lay of Igor’s Campaign” dates back to the same century. At the same time, a large number of translated works were published that came from Byzantium and carried the foundations of both Christian and Hellenic wisdom.

Consequently, it is possible to answer with complete objectivity the question of in what century Old Russian literature arose in this way: it happened in the 10th century along with the advent of Slavic writing and the creation of Kievan Rus as a single state.