Forecast for corners and yellow cards. Review of the statistics service for football referees WorldReferee - statistics of issued yellow and red cards, penalties assigned by the referee

This material has been asking for a long time.

Over the course of many seasons of playing fantasy football, regulatory issues regarding disqualifications were very often raised in tournament chats or in comments under various posts.

Why in the Championship or Premier League does someone miss a game for 5 zh.k., while someone continues to play? What are the principles for disqualification in France? In which countries? are added up for the championship and cup? You will receive answers to these and other questions below. Detailed Items Of course, I won’t give any regulations. I will try to present everything in an easy, accessible form, which is necessary for the needs of fantasy.

RFPL

4 residential complexes

k.k. (2 housing units per match)

10 housing complex- second Sunday in April;

15 housing complex- until the end of the season.

examples:

Let’s assume that by December 28 (a round or cup game) some player had accumulated 4 housing units. If he receives 5 zh.k., then he misses next game. If the same player played a round without any warnings, and in the next round, taking place on January 1 or 2, received his total 5 zh.k., then he will no longer miss the next next game, but will wait for the accumulation of 10 zh.k. . until the second Sunday in April.

Important to remember!

k.k. (2 housing units per match)

Serie A

5 residential complex 4 residential complexes, then after 3 residential complexes. and so on;

k.k. (2 housing units per match)- missing the next match in the championship. For gross violations, additional sanctions may be imposed in the form of missing several matches.

Cards in the championship and cup are counted separately for these tournaments and are not cumulative.

La Liga

5 residential complex- missing the next match in the championship;

k.k. (2 housing units per match)- missing the next match in the championship. For gross violations, additional sanctions are possible in the form of missing several matches;

Cards in the championship and cup are counted separately for these tournaments and are not cumulative.

Bundesliga

5 residential complex- missing the next match in the championship;

k.k. (2 housing units per match)- missing the next match in the championship. For gross violations, additional sanctions are possible in the form of missing several matches;

Cards in the championship and cup are counted separately for these tournaments and are not cumulative.

Ligue 1 France

France has specific regulations on disqualifications. I absolutely cannot tell you it. I will give just a few of my observations, as well as the statements of some experienced fantasy artists I know.

The main feature is that decisions on discs are made by the French football committee. A player can get 3-4 JC, play the next match, and only then miss the game. I have also heard the opinion, and sometimes observed it myself, that if a player receives 3 zh.k. in a period of 10 matches, he misses the game. But it is not entirely clear whether the next one or whether it will again await the committee’s decision.

Eredivisie

5 residential complex- missing the next match in the championship;

k.k. (2 housing units per match)- missing the next match in the championship. For gross violations, additional sanctions are possible in the form of missing several matches;

Cards in the championship and cup are counted separately for these tournaments and are not cumulative.

Liga NOS Portugal

Disqualification occurs after receiving 5 residential complex, the next one comes after 4 residential complexes;

k.k. (2 housing units per match)- missing the next match in the championship. For gross violations, additional sanctions are possible in the form of missing several matches;

Cards in the championship and cup are counted separately for these tournaments and are not cumulative.

English Championship

Disqualification occurs after accumulating 5, 10 and 15 warnings in the season. There are time limits for receiving disciplinary sanctions as a result of accumulated warnings.

10 housing complex- second Sunday in March;

15 housing complex- until the end of the season.

To make it easier to understand, I will give examples:

Let's assume that by November 28 (a round or cup game) a player had accumulated 4 housing units. If he receives 5 JK, he misses the next game. If the same player played a round without any warnings, and in the next round, taking place on December 1 or 2, received his total 5 zh.k., then he will no longer miss the next next game, but will wait for the accumulation of 10 zh.k. . until the second Sunday in March.

Important to remember! Cards in the championship and cups are summed up. A player who receives a disqualification misses the next game in any tournament.

k.k. (2 housing units per match)- missing the next match in the championship. For gross violations, additional sanctions may be imposed in the form of missing several matches.

2 k.k., 3 k.k. in the season - missing 2 and 3 matches, respectively.

In England, decisions on warnings may be reviewed. They can either remove the disc or, conversely, increase the ban.

Super League Türkiye

4 residential complexes- missing the next match in the championship;

k.k. (2 housing units per match)- missing the next match in the championship. For gross violations, additional sanctions are possible in the form of missing several matches;

Important to remember! Cards in the championship and cup are summed up. A player who receives a disqualification misses the next game in any tournament.

Eurocups (UCL + LE)

The player who deleted from the field, automatically receives disqualification for the next match in club tournaments under the auspices of UEFA. The UEFA control and disciplinary body may tighten this punishment.

Regarding disqualifications for yellow cards , then the player misses the next match in the tournament, receiving 3 warnings in three different matches, as well as after each subsequent odd warning(fifth, seventh, ninth, etc.).

Single warnings and disqualifications are always carried forward either to the next stage of the competition or to another UEFA club competition in the same season.

As an exception all yellow cards or pending suspensions due to too many warnings are canceled at the end of the playoff round (note: qualifying games). They are no longer taken into account in the group stage. Yellow cards or pending suspensions due to too many warnings in European competition are canceled at the end of the season.

Yellow cards received since the start of the group stage, burn out after the quarterfinals, that is, they are not transferred to the semifinals.

On the eve of the resumption of games in the Russian Premier League, I propose to get acquainted with the statistical indicators of Russian referees and clubs.

Based on the results of 20 rounds of RFPL games, 19 referees worked as chief referees. The most trusted person in the federation was Roman Galimov, who officiated in 13 matches. 12 games on the account of Vladimir Moskalev and Sergei Lapochkin. On average, Premier League referees showed 3.68 yellow cards and 0.11 red cards to players. At the same time, the hosts received 1.68 JK, and the guests 2 JK for the match.

Top 3 yellow card judges:

  1. Igor Fedotov – 6 games, 30 JK (5.0 JK average)
  2. Alexey Matyunin – 5 games, 22 JKs (4.4 JKs on average)
  3. Artyom Chistyakov – 6 games, 26 JKs (4.3 JKs on average)

Two more referees show the players just over 4.0 LCD. These are Mikhail Vilkov (10 games) and Evgeniy Turbin (8 games). It is worth noting Sergei Kulikov, who showed 15 LCDs over three games, however, with such a number of matches, one should not yet conclude that the referee is a fan of mustard plasters. The rest of the referees show less than 4.0 JK per match. At the same time, the lowest figure in the championship belongs to Sergei Lapochkin, who warned players only 30 times in 12 games, which corresponds to 2.5 LCs per match.

Top 3 judges for red cards

Here there were three referees who removed the players from the field 2 times. Among them are Mikhail Vilkov (remember the 90th minute of the August game Zenit - Spartak?), Sergei Ivanov (matches Amkar - CSKA and Arsenal - Krasnodar) and Alexey Eskov (Spartak - Lokomotiv and Anzhi - SKA-Energia).

Among the judges who have more than 10 games under their belt in the season, in terms of red cards, or rather the lack thereof, one can single out the same Roman Galimov, who, having officiated the most matches of the RFPL 2017/2018, did not dare to send anyone off the field.

In order to accept the right decision When betting on cards in games of the Russian Premier League, it is necessary to take into account the statistical indicators of the clubs themselves.

RFPL leaders in yellow cards (average per match):

  1. Akhmat - 2.4 residential complex
  2. Amkar – 2.25 LCD
  3. Ufa – 2.15 residential complex

The most disciplined RFPL clubs based on yellow cards:

  1. Dynamo Moscow – 1.35 residential complex
  2. FC Krasnodar – 1.4 residential complex
  3. Anzhi, Lokomotiv – 1.45 LCD

As for red cards, only two clubs have three deletions in 20 games - Moscow Spartak and Tosno. Football players from Akhmat, CSKA and Rubin left the field early twice. Never once have the referees removed players from five teams at once from the green lawn - Arsenal, Rostov, FC Ufa, Lokomotiv and Dynamo Moscow.

What to bet on Friday?

As a bonus to the material, there is a forecast for the match that will open the spring part of the Premier League. Let me remind you that tomorrow Rubin will be visiting Kaspiysk, where he will meet at the Anzhi Arena with local Anzhi.

The match between Anzhi and Rubin was entrusted to refereeing by Muscovite Alexei Eskov, who, despite being in the top 3 referees who sent off players from the field the most this season, does not particularly like to give out warnings. Over 9 matches played, Eskov gave out an average of 3.1 JK.

As noted earlier, Anzhi is a disciplined team (1.45 JK), but the Kazan team is a rougher team, because its players on average receive almost two yellow cards from the referee. As a result, we get less than 3.5 warnings between us. Considering that Eskov gives players a little more than three mustard plasters, we can assume that there should definitely not be 5 ZhK in the match.

Bookmakers form bets on different episodes. In addition to the classics (to win), bets on corners and yellow cards (YC) are also popular. Not a single match in football goes without fouls, but not every foul is seriously punished. What is worth knowing to maximize your chance of hitting the jackpot?

It all starts with properly assessing the available data. Below are some observations to help guide you:

  • Defenders foul much more often than forwards.
  • There are always a couple of unrestrained players who earn warnings with enviable regularity.
  • The state of the tournament table affects game process. For example, outsiders due to the threat of relegation from major league and pressure from coaches and fans often act very aggressively and constantly ignore the rules.

It is also advisable to study all the events and understand which one is most suitable for you.

Main bets on yellow cards

Most bookmaker clients like to bet on LCDs, although this requires a diligent statistical review of the predicted event. The players compare a bunch of information. Only with an adequate analysis of the situation can you claim a win.

Exodus

This involves predicting the initial number of “mustard plasters” shown during the match. Their number is determined by many factors, which are discussed below.

Participants in tournaments have an unequal degree of preparedness. The levels of tactical and technical equipment differ. For beginners, it's best to concentrate on matches where these standards vary greatly. Typically, in such fights, standard situations arise for “mustard plasters”. A poorly prepared team often disregards the rules. Lack of skill guarantees an abundance of fouls. Repeated and frankly gross violations are invariably punished. Moreover, the team often includes owners of several residential complexes per season.

The coefficients may be specially reduced. This happens if statistics indicate a predicted outcome. In this case, you can bet a small amount with a negative handicap.

Total

TB or TM are also very popular among visitors to bookmaker sites. With this type of forecast, the number of residential complexes per meeting is calculated. You can bet separately on your opponents’ totals and for each half.

When making a forecast, you need to carefully review previous meetings. If you don't have time, you can get by short reviews. It is necessary to fully assess the situation, the presence of existing “mustard plasters”, and the psychology of the team. Does the final score have no practical meaning? This means there will be relatively few violations. In other scenarios, you can witness very violent and rapid attacks. In this case, a lot of fighting is expected and, as a result, more LC.

In derbies, irreconcilable clubs usually fight. There are an order of magnitude more violators here. But keep in mind that here the coefficients for TB are low, and the risk for TM is high.

A separate total is also offered. Here we consider the probability of a team receiving a certain number of LCDs. If one of the opponents is obviously not in the best in better shape, then it’s better to put it on TB. If there is no tournament component and no fight is expected, it is recommended to provide a TM.

All relevant details must be examined. The judiciary cannot be discounted either.

Who will be shown first?

It is necessary to predict which team representative will be awarded the LC first. For such events, the odds practically do not change. This is due to the fact that receiving the first “mustard plaster” is difficult to predict.

One can only assume that the weaker opponent will get the residential complex first. An experienced opponent will continuously attack. With inept defense, the possibility of punishment increases significantly.

Players

Particularly tough ones, as a rule, have a significant supply of warnings at the end of the season. If they meet strong opponents, then this factor may come into play. The odds for this episode are traditionally high. This is explained by the fact that in such fights great importance acquires an emotional component. The nerves of both actively defending defenders and attackers may fail. Here it would be appropriate to take into account the condition of the opponents. Is the defender noticeably inferior to the attacker? In all likelihood, he will earn LCD. In principled games, the role of the referee increases significantly.

Warning time

This bet is for a period, say, the last 15 minutes. If during this period one of the players receives an LCD, then the player will win. It is recommended to put it on the ending. It is during this period that a surge in violations is observed.

Other types

  • Even/odd bets on yellow cards are very difficult to calculate everything. 50/50 chance.
  • By halves. You have to guess whether more LCDs will be shown in the first or second half.
  • Who will earn the next residential complex. It is necessary to determine who will receive the LCD in the near future (live mode only).
  • Who will receive the first/last residential complex.
  • Time of the first/last LCD.
  • How many residential complexes will one of the teams earn in a row?
  • Pre-match forecast.

Features of betting on yellow cards in football

What to focus on?

Judges

Newcomers are often exposed to information that relates exclusively to opposing clubs. But decisions on the field are made by the referee, not the players. If he intends to show a lot of LCD, then this will happen even with a calm game. For this reason, it is necessary to make a forecast by studying the statistics of the judiciary.

Compound

One way or another, specific football players receive housing complexes. When deciding where to bet on yellow cards, do a player-by-player analysis. It is recommended to view replays of meetings or detailed reviews. At the same time, it is advisable to notice the style of the players. All tournaments have their own “bonebreakers”. They get LCD almost every time they take the field. If they are starting, choose TB. If absent, then TM is better.

Football clubs

It is not a fact that a weak team will have more residential complexes. There are cases when famous clubs face strong resistance and earn a lot of housing complexes. This happens due to emotional breakdowns. Participants try with all their might to get to the goal and score a goal. At the same time, they forget about the rules and act carelessly.

Previous games

Find out the number of LCDs shown by the referee in past matches. Is their number higher than the average judge? This means that for subsequent games you can choose TM. Otherwise, you have to count on TB.

Conclusion

Does the strategy of betting on yellow cards pay off? Quite if a person analyzes well. It is necessary to select one of the events presented and consider any factors that in one way or another influence the outcome. A positive result depends on many circumstances. It is necessary to carefully monitor the statistics of matches, as well as the capabilities and characters of the players. With a competent comparison of factual knowledge and intuition, you can count on victory.

In many bookmakers' football bets there are so-called "Card Markets", where players are asked to guess how many yellow cards will be shown in the match, whether there will be a removal, or more/less than a certain number of cards. This is all well and good, but how do we know this information?

As you might guess, in addition to the status and possible intensity of the match, the number of cards in the match can also be influenced by the referee. It is not for nothing that one often hears that this or that referee allows play (rarely whistles for minor violations), or is tough with the players (hands out cards “right and left”). This is exactly the information that the English-language World Referee service provides, which we will talk about in today’s review.

World Referee (http://worldreferee.com/) - unique service, existing since 2005. It contains statistics on thousands of football referees from around the world since the beginning of the 20th century! The service’s data base is replenished by both moderators and ordinary users (registration is available). In addition, there is additional information on matches of various teams and national teams (by the number of cards received by players, penalties).

note- only referees who officiated at tournament and cup games are presented here!

How to use the service .

Go to the main page of the service. The “Latest” section contains information about the latest changes added. On the left are the most popular referees in certain cups and tournaments for the current season. Click on any of them (I chose the Hungarian referee Viktor Kassai).

To see full statistics on matches judged by the selected referee, you need to click on the button "Palmares".

Information about all games judged by the selected referee is displayed in the form of a convenient table, which lists (from left to right): Tournament name; Teams played; Match score (score); Yellow cards (yellows); Red Cards (reds); Penalties; Date of the event (date).

If there is a number in parentheses next to a value, this means the number of the home and away teams. For example, 3 penalties were awarded in the match, and (2-1) is indicated in brackets, this means that 2 penalties were awarded against the home team, and 1 penalty against the away team.

You can also click on any of the teams in the table - on the page that opens there will be the same table, which will list all the team’s games in cups and tournaments, scores, number of cards and penalties, as well as the referee who judged each match.

Now the most important thing is how to find the right referee . For example, on the website Championat.com we select any tournament game that we want to bet on at the bookmaker (I chose the Champions League match Anderlecht - Benfica, the referee in this match is Daniele Orsato). Now let's move on to the search - to do this, go to the profile of any judge on home page, and move on to his “Palmares”. There will be a window on the right "Other Ref"

Yellow cards in football: successful strategies rates

Bets and strategies on yellow cards in football

In addition to the previously discussed strategy for betting on corners, let's consider another option for the game - on yellow cards in football. This type of bet also has a completely predictable basis. It is not for nothing that many players successfully play on yellow cards in football.

can help players achieve profits.

In the ocean of a wide variety of statistical data, for which quotes are accepted at various bookmakers (in the line for football events), traditionally stand out betting on yellow cards. In fact, in a considerable number of matches in game No. 1, we continually see gross and not always justified violations of the rules, disruption of a variety of attacks, many simulations and other events beyond the letter of the law. For such offenses, arbitrators often issue so-called “mustard plasters”, that is, cards yellow color. Some bettors even choose a narrow “direction” and “specialization” for themselves, playing exclusively on the “yellow color” and betting only on such indicators. In this text, we will try to find out whether it is possible to successfully predict the number of “mustard plasters” and what specific options for betting on the color yellow in football are best made in practice.

First, let's look at an example of offers that bookmakers give for options with yellow cards. What bets are open to our eyes?.. These are options such as the opportunity to win by the number of yellows, the choice to win with a handicap according to this indicator, there is also a total total by the number of “mustard plasters” (both “over” and “under” ) and, finally, individual totals.

There are also bookmakers who accept quotes for the fact that this or that football player will definitely write down a yellow card in his liability. And these are definitely specific proposals. True, it also cannot be said that such options are completely hopeless.

Among other things, you can also bet on the mustard total specifically for forty-five minutes; there are quotes for even or odd yellow totals. Options are also offered for which of the clubs participating in the match will receive a warning first, for the “issuance” of LCDs at time intervals... In many ways, such proposals are adventurous, to say the least - frankly delusional options. Largely thanks to such markets, bookmakers try to sow doubt in the player, scatter his concentration, lead the bettor off the right “path” when making a choice, awaken unjustified, artificial excitement, and also, what is most sad in such situations, is to multiply the player’s score by zero...

In this conversation of ours, we will try to discuss much more realistic, in relation to the possibilities of such a “science” as forecasting, betting on yellow cards.

Bets on yellow cards in football – for victory

In this case, various bookmakers accept bets on which of the teams participating in the match will earn large quantity yellow. You need to understand that a draw in the LCD is not considered here in principle, because predicting such a scenario is as difficult (or even impossible) as the scenario of an equal number of corners taken...

How to correctly predict which club will be able to record the largest number of “mustard plasters” in its liabilities?

You don’t need to be a rocket scientist to understand that the number of “mustard plasters” shown by the referee always directly depends on how many fouls are committed and how many times the teams participating in the match break the rules. If a lot of fouls occur in the game, and these violations increase in their rudeness and obvious harshness and even cruelty, which ultimately leads to the fact that the match referee takes yellow cards out of his pocket.

When one of the clubs, which has fast and technical players, attacks more, then the opponent of such a team, if he is more slow, plays strong, athletic, football, will inevitably foul more and will definitely “collect” a larger number of warnings. In fact, in every championship and competition there are teams that, to a greater or lesser extent, are, as they say, “predisposed” to playing rough, committing fouls and, as a result, collecting a “harvest” of yellow cards. Of course, among the players of such clubs there are always so-called “tough guys” - football players who play especially hard and receive more cards than their teammates. If we turn to the study of statistics (and this must be done without fail), and to the ratio of the “chances” of opponents in a particular match, players are often able to correctly predict the “triumphant” based on the number of yellow cards received.

Options for betting on victory by the number of warnings, taking into account the handicap

If you see such, at first glance, a simple situation in terms of the number of violations and LCDs, as the looming advantage of one of the teams in terms of warnings, then it is no wonder that the level of the coefficient for victory in terms of the number of “yolks” received will not be very high. Do not forget that almost every bookmaker has its own analytical centers, and they do not sleep and carry out their work invariably high level. For an ordinary player, find a good option, the advantage over the offered line, that is, what is called the value bet, is not so simple. Therefore, if the level of the quote to “win” by the number of cards shown is not very high, it can be increased if you take such a victory with a minus handicap (handicap). Of course, as the level of the coefficient increases, the risks also increase. But when a player has great confidence that a particular team will ultimately significantly surpass its more technical opponent in the number of yellow cards received, then such options are worth taking even with handicaps.

Options for betting on totals using mustard plasters

Another promising option for betting on statistical indicators is the total on yellow cards as such. Choosing such a bet assumes that the total number of yellow cards that will be recorded as the liability of both teams will be greater or less than the predetermined total value.

If you decide to predict the total on the LCD, you must definitely calculate the “degree” of intransigence of the clubs participating in the match, their mood for a tough fight, and a rough fight at that. In order for your scenario to come true, the teams that take part in the selected game must be almost perfectly able to go on the attack very quickly, but at the same time, the defense of such teams cannot be blameless. It is better for the defense of such clubs to commit a considerable number of violations in order to stop the opponent’s quick attacks.

Of course, among other things, you also need to evaluate and predict the plot of the match for which you want to choose the total based on yellow cards. So, such teams, undoubtedly, must have one or another, but certainly high, subject of motivation. If it is not very obvious and is not high in general, then any player has no reason to be rude to his counterpart and break the rules more often than “usually”, tearing off certain limbs of each other. If you have such a fight in front of you, then in this case you need to seriously consider the option of betting on TM on the LCD.

If you are “attracted” by TB, you must definitely select several matches that will meet the following criteria. This should be a derby or a game in which clubs from the same region oppose each other, teams whose fan groups have been at odds for several days. These kinds of fights, even if the teams lack tournament motivation in them, are often replete with tough fighting, gross violations on the part of both teams and, of course, warnings in each direction.

Bets on individual team totals based on yellow cards

If we talk about the topic of housing complexes as such, then, in fact, the player is faced with the task of assessing the prospects of a particular club (or clubs) for receiving (in in some cases- vice versa, we're talking about about not receiving), this or that number of “mustard plasters”. When a conditional team plays in a rough manner, and the counterpart is quite fast and technical, it’s definitely worth trying such an option as TB. But there are also cases when this or that team plays “cleanly” on the field and one cannot expect an exorbitant degree of intensity. Such a “scenario” automatically means that it is better to try the individual total on the LCD, and - for “less”.

Of course, if you want to predict the totals on the LCD successfully and make a good “bank” on it, you definitely need to improve your knowledge of the “life” of teams and analyze the statistical indicators of the teams participating in the match. At the same time, it is also important that you should look not only at the numerical indicators of clubs in terms of statistics, but also take into account a third party - this means the match referees.

We all know that there are referees who are generous in “issuing” more cards, and there are servants of the football Themis who are stingy in this regard. Therefore, if in one fight all the “stars” come together, and you are sure that the game will be dominated by incredible struggle, rudeness expressed on both sides, constant disruption of attacks, and this game is also served by a stern referee... In a word, take TB and don't overthink it.

At the same time, we cannot stress enough: do not underestimate the factor of the referee as such! His work may be the most important aspect the result of the game in relation to the number of cards. After all, it happens that even in the scenario of a very rough game on the part of both teams, individual judges, who can be called “liberals,” hand out “mustard plasters” very reluctantly. Therefore, in some cases, you can and should make a choice in favor of good quotes for yellow TMs. At the same time, it is worth taking the statistics of the referee in his previous games as the “basis”.

In addition, before you start betting on yellow cards in football, you need to be sure to familiarize yourself with the rules of the bookmaker that you “liked”. The fact is that there are many discrepancies in the topic of LCD, up to completely unexpected interpretations. For example, many bookmakers, when a player is sent off the field for two yellow cards, count only one...

On the principles of betting strategy on mustard plasters

How to achieve maximum results when betting on residential complexes? It is impossible not to highlight several main aspects that will definitely help in this matter. If you want to choose and place correctly, then yellow card betting strategy should become a kind of “guiding star” for you.

There are many players who first pay a lot of attention to individual, in their opinion, “special” teams. This is not a correct point of view. Even if you follow one club and place bets on it, you will gradually find that it makes no difference which team is playing. Much more important is who the match referee is. If the referee is an incorrigible “bad cop” who likes to wave cards left and right, then such a guy will certainly find something to “get into”, even in a harmless, maximally correct game. Therefore, always begin your analysis regarding a particular match by familiarizing yourself with the statistical indicators of the referee who was appointed to the match. Nowadays, finding detailed statistics on this or that “man in black” is no longer a problem.

Another important point is as follows. If you decide to bet on yellows with a higher total, and this is, for example, an indicator of 3.5, remember the following. If the referee of this match, as a rule, is used to showing, on average, five “mustard plasters” per match, then this does not at all mean that your bet will “go through”. It happens that such referees most often take two or three cards out of their pockets, but in a separate game this guy suddenly burst into thunder and showed as many as 12 mustard plasters. Accordingly, this referee's statistics were significantly "skewed." In order to understand whether you are on the right track, you need to count the number of “entries” of the total you need. If you bet on an indicator equal to TB3.5, count the number of times this particular total “entered” as a percentage. In order for an arbitrator to meet the necessary “criteria,” the pass must be greater than 50 percent. In this case, the coefficient should be approximately 2.

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