A representative of some youth subculture. Characteristics of individual subcultures

Social sciences understand a subculture as a part of a culture that differs from the generally accepted one: a system of values, the appearance of representatives, language. A subculture, as a rule, seeks to oppose itself to society and isolate itself from its influence.

The concept itself was formulated in the 1950s in America. The article will examine the youth subculture, its types, and ideology.

History and modernity

In the middle of the 20th century, the first informal youth associations appeared, based on musical preferences. The development of rock and roll, its new directions led to the emergence of such types of subcultures as beatniks, hippies, rockers, punks, goths and others. In one form or another, these movements have retained their relevance.

In the 21st century, the basis of informal movements is not only musical tastes, but also various types of art, sports hobbies, and Internet culture.

If several decades ago belonging to one single movement was unambiguous, now fragmentary entry into one or another informal society does not cause rejection and conflicts among young people.

Among modern species Subcultures are distinguished by the following areas:

• musical;
• sports;
• industrial;
• Internet cultural.

Art subculture

Art subculture refers to informal movements associated with creative self-expression and hobbies. This includes graffiti, underground art, role-playing games, and anime.

Graffiti is the most recognizable type of art subculture. It refers to inscriptions and drawings on the walls of buildings, entrances, and metro stations. The modern graffiti movement originated in New York.

Many street artists in their works reflect acute social or political topics, someone creates real masterpieces on the walls of houses, and popular ones in last years 3D paintings on city streets amaze with their realism.

Graffiti as a type of subculture is quite popular among Russian youth. In the mid-2000s, an international festival of this direction was held in St. Petersburg.

Roleplayers are inhabitants of two worlds

Role-players or historical reenactors are another direction of the art subculture.

The role-playing movement is based on a passion for fantasy or history. Each participant in the role-playing game is transformed into a certain character and acts according to the script. Games can be based on: historical events, as well as the plots of works in the fantasy style.

Participants try to replicate living conditions, costumes, crafts, and battles of a particular era as faithfully as possible. Vikings, Ancient Rus' or medieval knightly battles are popular among roleplayers.

A separate direction of the role-playing movement are Tolkienists - fans of J.R. Tolkien. Participants in this subculture transform into characters from his books: elves, orcs, gnomes, hobbits, acting out scenes from the universe invented by the writer.

IN ordinary life Participants in the role-playing movement may not stand out from the crowd, but many prefer unusual jewelry and clothing that is stylistically close to the character’s costumes; many create accounts on social networks in the name of their hero.

Role-playing games are a form of escapism, a way to escape reality. For some it is a break from the daily routine, for others it is an alternative and more preferable reality. Among role-players you can meet both teenagers and older people.

Anime fans and cosplayers

Another type of youth subculture is otaku. It is based on a love of Japanese animation and manga (Japanese comics). Participants in this movement not only passively watch cartoons, but also create their own, organize festivals and cosplay competitions.

Cosplay is the transformation into a specific character from an anime, manga, film or computer game. This is not only an authentic costume and hairstyle, many people use art makeup to achieve a complete resemblance to the chosen hero.

Representatives of this type of subculture can be recognized by their bright hair and paraphernalia with their favorite characters. But again, not everyone copies the appearance of their favorite heroes in everyday life.

The otaku movement in Russia is characterized by specific slang based on the use of Japanese words. These can be both common phrases - “arigato” - “thank you”, “sayonara” - “goodbye”, and specific ones: “kawaii” - “cute”, “lovely”, or “nya” - expressing a huge range of emotions.

The age composition of anime fans is diverse - these include 15-year-old teenagers and people 20-30 years old.

Musical subcultures

In the concept of subculture, types are inextricably linked with the development of musical genres. The first musical movement is considered to be rock and roll fans of the 50s of the 20th century - rockabilly. Bright and daring, they challenged social norms, winning their right to self-expression.

With the development of rock music in the 60s, hippies appeared, advocating a world without wars, for love of nature and harmony with it. “Flower children” preferred to live in communes, wore long hair, indulged in soft drugs and studied Eastern philosophy. Self-knowledge and the discovery of one's mental abilities, love of nature and non-violence form the basis of the hippie subculture.

In the 70s, a variety of rock music genres gave the world punks and metalheads. In the 80s, the goths appeared. In the 90s of the 20th century, the development of electronic music led to the emergence of ravers.

What various musical subcultures have in common is a love for a particular genre, an appearance that copies popular musicians, and the philosophy and values ​​inherent in a particular genre of music.

Punks are anarchists who challenge social norms

In the mid-70s of the 20th century, the punk movement was born. Its participants opposed themselves to society and expressed dissatisfaction with the political system.

The flagships of punk rock are the Sex Pistols, The Stooges (Iggy Pop), Ramones. The music is characterized by dirty guitar sound, provocative lyrics and shocking behavior of the musicians on stage, on the verge and even beyond the bounds of decency.

Iggy Pop, one of the brightest representatives of the punk scene, largely laid down the behavior of the musicians of this genre.

Punk as a subculture declares complete personal freedom, rejection of generally accepted rules, the desire to rely on one’s own strengths and not be influenced.

Nihilism, nonconformism and outrageousness are the features that define representatives of the punk movement.

You can recognize a punk by torn jeans, an abundance of metal jewelry, pins, rivets, chains, brightly colored hair, a mohawk or shaved temples, and a leather biker jacket.

Despite the fact that the punk movement originated in the distant 70s, it remains relevant in modern realities. A protest against social injustice, a call for personal freedom - this is what makes punk popular among young people.

Gothic - aestheticization of death

In the 80s of the 20th century, on the wave of post-punk, a new musical direction appeared - gothic rock. It gives rise to a new type of subculture.

Goths do not protest so vehemently against social injustice; they move away from an imperfect world, plunging into mystical romance and the aestheticization of death. They can be compared with adherents of the decadence of the literary and artistic movement in turn of XIX-XX centuries.

Melancholic, dressed, as a rule, in all black, Goths see beauty where ordinary people do not notice it. Cemeteries and ancient cathedrals, grotesque graphics filled with mystical meaning, poems glorifying decline, thrillers and horror films are an incomplete list of hobbies of representatives of this type of subculture.

Goths are distinguished by their refined taste and high level of aesthetic needs. They can be called rock music snobs.

Black clothing of the Victorian era or more modern looks made of latex and leather, makeup, the basis of which is a bleached face, on which black-painted eyes and lips stand out, are the hallmarks of a goth.

Gothic rock underwent changes, branching into several directions, and the entire subculture changed and expanded along with musical genre. From the classic The Sisters Of Mercy, Bauhaus, The Cure to London After Midnight, Dead Can Dance, Clan of Xymox, Lacrimosa.

In countries such as UK, Germany, USA, countries Latin America Gothic has remained popular for several decades; in Russia, the peak of popularity of this subculture occurred in 2007-2012.

Industrial subcultures

Industrial subculture, its types and their characteristics are discussed below.

Industrial subcultures include:

• diggers;
• stalkers.

Diggers are explorers of underground military or civil structures, abandoned or active. These can be either bomb shelters or abandoned bunkers inaccessible to metro station passengers.

This subculture is characterized by its own slang, which will be difficult for the uninitiated to understand.

Stalkers prefer to explore all sorts of abandoned objects, both civilian and military, and ghost towns. The object of their interest may also be existing industrial zones that are closed to citizens.

Stalkers are attracted to industrial landscapes and the special atmosphere of abandoned buildings. Many people combine their passion for stalking with photography or graphic art.

Representatives of this subculture are particularly secretive; most do not advertise the exact coordinates of the objects they visit, and try not to post personal photos of objects on the Internet.

Internet subculture

The spread of the Internet has led to the emergence of such subcultures as “bastards” and the blogosphere.

The emergence of such an Internet phenomenon as “bastards” is associated with the site “Udaff.ru”. It was its founder who first began to promote communication on the Internet using specially distorted, misspelled words. Expressions such as “aptar zhot” quickly spread throughout the Runet.

“Bastards” are characterized not only by violating the norms of the Russian language, but also by a particularly cynical attitude towards everything that happens, ridiculing and devaluing even significant events.

The blogosphere as a direction of Internet subculture brings together people running various blogs. These can be YouTube channels, LiveJournal diaries, and partly public pages and communities on social networks. Bloggers cover a variety of topics: some cover the latest in cinema, music, literature, some write about politics, some write a beauty blog.

A short list of subcultures

List of types of subcultures most common in Russia:

Musical subcultures:

• punks;
• metalheads;
• Goths;
• rappers;
• folkers;
• skinheads.

Art subcultures:

• graffiti;
• role players;
• otaku;
• underground.

Industrial subcultures:

• diggers;
• stalkers;
• cyber goths;
• rivetheads.

Internet subcultures:

• "bastards";
• blogosphere;
• demoscene.

Subcultures allow a teenager to find like-minded people and better understand their inner world, but at the same time it is a kind of escape from reality.

The world is colorful, diverse and unpredictable. In every era, there were those who were opposed, who went perpendicular to the majority and challenged. In the last century, communities of such individuals were called subcultures.

Youth subcultures were initially hermetic communities that opposed themselves to the majority and were reluctant to assimilate into mass culture and were equally reluctant to accept people from the outside.
However, nothing stands still. Once marginalized groups that the Soviets official language informal youth associations were called, and gradually ceased to be something alien. Such processes are easiest to track at the level of accessories and elements of external style. Mohawks, bangs, wristbands and tunnels, which once caused consternation, sidelong glances, scandals and fights, now in one form or another happily exist on the streets, in offices, on catwalks and are no longer a cause for noise. And even questions.

Youth subcultures list

Punks are the most well-known and odious of subcultures. Over the history of its existence, an innumerable variety of varieties have grown within punk culture, which differ strikingly: both in the sense of external surroundings and in part ideological content. Nowadays, many attributes of the punk subculture have become popular and are no longer considered something out of the ordinary, even when exploited by representatives of pop culture. However, punk culture is alive - thanks to ideological adherents, for whom punk is not a fashion of the day, but a way of thinking.

Modern youth subcultures

Visual Kei - “Our answer” to the glam rock culture that originated in Japan. If KISS had not performed at Tokyo's Nippon Budokan Stadium in 1977, visual kei would probably not exist at all. However, this event caused a surge in the popularity of glam rock and related genres, and then the formation of a local subculture.
In visual-kei, the image component seems to have become even more important than in its Western predecessor...

The history, features and list of modern youth subcultures around the world are in our “Subcultures” section!
Don’t forget to check in regularly - and our experts will tell you not only about goths and role-players, but also about many exotic trends in culture. You will be surprised!

Chkalovskaya secondary school No. 1

North Kazakhstan region

Yaroshinskaya Svetlana Edmundovna

History and Social Studies Teacher

“The influence of subcultures on the spiritual and moral development of youth”

Content:

2. Features of youth subcultures, conflict of youth subcultures.

3. The influence of subcultures on the spiritual and moral development of youth.

6. Interview with representatives of youth subcultures, a youth affairs specialist.

List of usedliterature.

1. What is a youth subculture? Main features.

The increased role of youth subcultures in modern society can be explained by understanding the role that subculture plays.

youth subculture - this is the culture of a certain young generation that has a common lifestyle, behavior, group norms, values ​​and stereotypes. Youth subcultures can be defined as a system of meanings, means of expression, and lifestyles. Created by groups of youth, subcultures reflect attempts to resolve contradictions associated with a broader social context. Subcultures are not some kind of foreign formation; on the contrary, they are deeply accelerated in the general socio-cultural context. Entering adolescence, an individual moves away from his family and looks for a new company that allows him to undergo socialization. Official youth organizations group teenagers of the same age, but often claim only “social (public) life”, without affecting personal life. That is why young people prefer not the official structure, but the youth subculture, where they have the opportunity to realize themselves at the level of social communications in their social environment. Participation in a subculture is“a game of adulthood”, where young people construct some semblance of life situations and learn how to behave in them.

Subculture is a system of values, behavior patterns, and lifestyle of a social group, which is an independent integral formation within the framework of the dominant culture.

Subcultures change so quickly and are so diverse in one single period of time within one large space that sometimes it is not even possible to name them.

In fact, the main thing in the concept of subculture is the prefix sub-, which denotes a naked structural confrontation directed against the phenomena of the larger culture

Representatives of a subculture have their own culture, their own so much so that, having a common spoken language with the larger culture, they put into the same words other sensations, other concepts, behind all this there is a fundamentally different symbolism.

Under subculture should be understood Main characteristics social values, norms and preferences of adolescents, reflected in the social position and other forms of self-realization of the individual. Thus, any subculture is a way of expressing the individuality of young people.

According to modern point of view subculture is a special area of ​​culture . Let's just say it's education within culture, which is distinguished by its own values ​​and customs. This is the culture of a certain young generation that has a common lifestyle, behavior, and group norms. If a young man develops an unusual style of clothing, behavior, or statements - all of these may be signs of belonging to a certain subculture. Of course, each subculture keeps its own “secret”, hidden, intended exclusively for initiates. In many of its features, the youth subculture simply repeats the television subculture, which molds a convenient viewer for itself.

2. Features of youth subcultures, conflict between them.

There are features that characterize the youth subculture as a whole. Scientists characterize one of these features as alienation from the older generation, its cultural values ​​and ideals. It did not arise today and looks like a lack of meaning in life. Against this background, it is increasingly obvious that the youth subculture is turning into a counterculture with its own ideals, fashion, language and art.

Leisure increasingly becoming the main sphere of life activity of young people. True life for her begins beyond the threshold of school. Young people go into leisure as if into a protective shell, where they are truly free. The main elements of leisure are: rest, active physical activity, entertainment, self-education, creativity, reflection, celebration. The communicative, aesthetic, emotional, cognitive, and entertainment functions of culture and leisure are most fully realized.

One of the specific features of the youth subculture is “ Westernization" (Americanization) of cultural needs and interests. The values ​​of national culture are being replaced by examples of Western mass culture. Accordingly, the value palette of teenage consciousness changes, where the main roles are played by pragmatism, cruelty, and an immoderate desire for material success. Accordingly, highly revered values, such as politeness and respect for others, are squeezed out of the value set of young people. In choosing cultural idols, modern youth often follows the requirements of a group environment (party) and fashion trends, rather than their own choice or the advice of their parents. Those who disagree with the group risk joining the ranks of “outcasts,” “not interesting,” and “not prestigious” people.
Thus, youth subculture- this is the culture of a certain young generation that has a common lifestyle, behavior, group norms, values ​​and stereotypes.

The subculture to which mainly young people belong is definite choice what clothes to wear, what music to listen to, what values ​​to believe in, and most of all, what group to belong to. In a big city, young people can choose from many such groups. They arise even within national communities.
The huge variety of youth associations entails certain conflicts, which are mainly personal in nature and result in confrontation between young people who consider themselves to be different subcultural associations.
Any youth subculture has certain rules, sometimes “unwritten” traditions, values, even views on the same situations or incidents of several subcultures can differ radically, and each subculture considers its opinion the most correct, accurate and relevant. The main difference between conflicts in youth subcultures and conflicts occurring among adults is that the older generation is able to be more tolerant and correct in their attitude towards outside opinions, or at least only respond verbally to the identification of any obvious contradictions or differences in views ( debate and seek compromise). Young people react more temperamentally to such manifestations of “otherness” of someone directly from their social group and try with all their might to change this, but, encountering opposition and the reluctance of the opposite side to submit, they try, again thanks to youthful egocentrism, to solve such a problem with physical force . It is from such situations that youth conflicts, intergroup showdowns, determination of right, wrong, guilty and victims arise.
Conflict within a culture always has a subordinate place, since it destroys the traditional mechanisms of its self-preservation and sustainable development. There is also a possible conflict here between the cultural and civilizational foundations of society, represented by different social groups. In particular, between different subcultures.
3. The influence of subcultures on the spiritual and moral development of youth.

Adolescence, especially from 13-15 years old, is the age of formation of moral beliefs, principles that a teenager begins to guide his behavior. At this age, interest in ideological issues appears, such as the emergence of life on Earth, the origin of man, and the meaning of life. Forming in a teenager a correct attitude to reality and stable beliefs must be given paramount importance, because It is at this age that the foundations of conscious, principled behavior in society are laid, which make themselves felt in the future.

A teenager’s moral beliefs are formed under the influence of the surrounding reality. They may be erroneous, incorrect, distorted. This occurs in cases where they develop under the influence of random circumstances, the bad influence of the street, and unseemly actions.

IN close connection with the formation of moral convictions of young people, their moral ideals. This makes them significantly different from younger schoolchildren. Research has shown that adolescents' ideals come in two main forms. In a teenager younger age The ideal is the image of a specific person, in whom he sees the embodiment of qualities that he highly values. With age, a young person experiences a noticeable “movement” from images of close people to images of people with whom he does not directly communicate. Older teenagers begin to make higher demands on their ideal. In this regard, they begin to realize that those around them, even those they love and respect very much, are for the most part ordinary people, good and worthy of respect, but are not the ideal embodiment of the human personality.

In the development of young people’s knowledge of the surrounding reality, a moment comes when the object of knowledge becomes a person, his inner world. It is in adolescence that a focus on learning and assessing the moral and psychological qualities of others arises.

Along with the growth of such interest in other people, adolescents begin to form and develop self-awareness, the need to understand and evaluate their personal qualities.

By analyzing, we can generalize and identify the following age characteristics characteristic of adolescence:

The need for energy discharge;

The need for self-education; active search for an ideal;

Lack of emotional adaptation;

Susceptibility to emotional contagion;

Criticality;

Uncompromising;

Need for autonomy;

Aversion to care;

The importance of independence as such;

Sharp fluctuations in character and level of self-esteem;

Interest in personality traits;

The need to be;

The need to mean something;

The need for popularity.

Teenagers have a desire to study their “I”, to understand what they are capable of. During this period, they strive to assert themselves, especially in the eyes of their peers, to get away from everything childish. They are less and less family oriented and turn to them. Teenagers who have lost their bearings and have no support from adults try to find an ideal or role model. Thus, teenagers join one or another informal organization. A feature of informal associations is the voluntariness of joining them and a stable interest in a specific goal or idea. The second feature of these groups is rivalry, which is based on the need for self-affirmation. A young man strives to do something better than others, to get ahead of even the people closest to him in something. This leads to the fact that within youth groups they are heterogeneous and consist of a large number of microgroups united on the basis of likes and dislikes. It is in the space of informal communication that a teenager’s primary, independent choice of his social environment and partner is possible. It is generally accepted that the main thing for teenagers in informal groups is the opportunity to relax and spend free time. From a sociological point of view, this is wrong: “bullshit” is one of the last places on the list of what attracts young people to informal associations - only a little more than 7% say this. About 5% find an opportunity to communicate with like-minded people in an informal environment. For 11%, the most important thing is the conditions for developing their abilities that arise in informal groups.

4.Acquaintance with types of subcultures.

The study of youth subcultures has long been an important area of ​​sociology of youth. Youth movements can be divided into the following groups:
- Music-related, music fans, followers of the culture of musical styles: rockers, metalheads, punks, goths, rappers, trance culture.
- Distinguished by a certain worldview and way of life: goths, hippies, Indianists, punks, Rastafarians.
- Related to sports: sports fans, roller skaters, skaters, street bikers, bikers.
- Associated with games, escape into another reality: role-players, Tolkienists, gamers.
- Related to computer technology: hackers, users, gamers.
- Hostile or antisocial groups: punks, skinheads, RNE, Gopniks, Lubers, Nazis, periodically: football fans and metalheads.
- Religious associations: Satanists, sects, Hare Krishnas, Indianists.
- Contemporary art groups: graffiti artists, break dancers, contemporary artists, sculptors, musical groups.
- Elite: majors, ravers.
- Antique subcultures: beatniks, rockabilly.
- Subculture of the masses or counterculture: gopniks, rednecks.
- Socially active: societies for the protection of history and the environment, pacifists.

1
.Emo.V Lately The emo trend is becoming very popular among young people. But not everyone knows what it is! If we talk about emo as a concept, then we can say that emo is not just a trend, but a special way of life and thinking of people. The word emo comes from the word emotion. Emo people live only by emotions, regardless of whether they are positive or negative. For people in this category, expressing feelings through emotions is not a sign of weakness, but a completely natural state. Emo kids in a crowd are as easy to spot as goths. To fully express their emotions and feelings, emo kids write poetry and songs, and are fond of photography and drawing. Who is this emo kid? If we literally translate each word, it turns out that emo is emotions, and kid is a child. Together we get an emotional child. But in the Emovian direction this is
teaches that each of us remains a child at heart. Emo kids, how children perceive the world. They find joy in some little things, and even the most insignificant loss or failure can greatly upset them. But there is another type of emo kid. E then those who do not hide their emotions and perceive the world in a special way only because they simply want to join the company of emo people. Such a peculiar shell is just an image, or just an empty picture with nothing behind it. Basically, the emo craze among emo kids goes away very quickly. They are not afraid of the opinions of others and easily demonstrate their feelings. Emo kids often rush from one emotional extreme to another: from grief to happiness, from sadness to joy, etc. These are the features that make emo stand out from other subcultures. There is a stereotypical idea of ​​emo as whiny boys and girls. First of all, for representatives of this subculture, the main values ​​are: reason, feelings, emotions. The ability to combine these 3 components is the main essence of emo. The emo kid is a vulnerable, depressed person who really dreams of pure and happy love. Representatives of this movement, as a rule, wear black or pink hair, oblique bangs covering half of the face (a symbol of the fact that the emo kid is only half open to the world), and at the back short hair, sticking out in different directions. Girls can have childish, funny hairstyles - two small ponytails, bright hairpins on the sides, bows and hearts. Black and pink clothes mean mixed feelings (i.e. black means depression, and pink means joy and other positive emotions.) Also, emo kids heavily line their eyes with black pencil and paint their nails with black polish, regardless of gender. More distinctive feature A representative of emo is piercing, which means no fear of pain. It is mainly done on the face. Also the presence of bright badges and multi-colored bracelets and beads. Typical emo shoes are sneakers. Emo music appeared in the 80s of the twentieth century in the USA - as one of the branches of hard rock. Love and death is the favorite scenario of emo musicians, who are also characterized by romanticism, sophistication and feelings and a pure, childish perception of the world.

2. Goths.

Also, there is such a movement as goths. They replaced the punks in 1979 in the UK. This subculture has outlived many of its peers and continues to develop. Its figurative system and cultural preferences clearly demonstrate the connection with the ideals of literature gothic style, dating from the nineteenth century.

G It is common for fathers to wear black clothes, as well as hair color and makeup. Clothing styles can range from punk to medieval. In addition, here you can find outfits from the Victorian era. Girls wear corsets, leather skirts or long dresses, while Gothic men prefer black cloaks or camisoles with a black raised collar. The general trend lies in sad, sometimes even mournful, mystical motives and appearance. The Goths have a strange attraction to everything dark and mysterious. Their style is distinguished by dark colors, mourning, sometimes combined with eroticism. The typical Goth look includes black hair, black nails, and bright black eyeliner. Hairstyle plays a huge role. Basically it is long straight hair, or a large bun, lifted up with gel. The Goths prefer jewelry made of silver, in the form of various symbols of death. Decorations with skulls, coffins, crosses, etc. The Goths also have a love for cemeteries, tombstones and crypts. Purely Gothic symbols include bats, vampires and similar images.

3. Rockers.

E Other representatives of the black color are rockers. The word rockers originally served to define British youth in Britain in the sixties of the last century. They allowed themselves to cross the roads on motorcycles in a very disrespectful manner. Their movement appeared in the fifties, during the era of rock and roll. However, the first rockers were united by only one principle - the manner of riding a motorcycle, and only then the concept of style appeared. These guys could drive at 160 kilometers per hour on London's ring roads.

The rocker style was born out of necessity and practicality. Rockers wear leather motorcycle jackets, abundantly decorated with buttons, patches, stripes and pins. The rocker's hairstyle can, in principle, depend on personal preference, but it is often described as a smoothed or, on the contrary, enhanced pompadour hairstyle that characterizes the representatives of rock and roll of the fifties.

The main segment of the rocker subculture in the USSR was music. But besides the positive attitude towards music, there is another side to rocker culture. This is the abuse of drugs, alcohol, cigarettes. Unlike other subcultures, this particular subculture tends to promote things that destroy health. Ideally, a rocker is well-read person who understands the social situation, knows how to think independently and draw conclusions, which he sets out in appropriate texts set to music. We associate Viktor Tsoi, Vyacheslav Butusov, Andrey Makarevich and others with such rock legends. Russian rock is a separate concept that has no analogues, but is very respected in the rest of the world.

4. Skinheads.

Also, I would like to tell you about the skinhead subculture, which has spread throughout Europe in the last decade, North America and other continents. Skinheads got their name from their appearance: namely, their spherical and shaved heads. These are representatives of the working class, whose subculture was founded in Great Britain in the sixties of the last century.

The main external sign of skinheads is their hairstyle. The hair is cut very short, or some areas of the head are shaved. Skinheads are dressed in thick leather jackets in black or green. The feet are wearing heavy military-style boots, often with titanium plates. Representatives of this trend hold tattoos in high esteem. Just like all subcultures, skinheads have their own music, for example ska, reggae.

5. Gopniks. Gopnik is a representative of a subculture that was formed as a result of the infiltration of criminal aesthetics into the working environment. Close to the hooligans. Gopnikov is distinguished by the use of thieves' jargon, a very low level of intellectual and spiritual development, a penchant for violence, and a disdainful attitude towards law and order in general, as well as towards the police and law-abiding citizens. Unlike most informal groups and youth associations, Gopniks did not assign any names to the rest of the population and did not identify themselves as a separate group relative to the entire population. Thus, Gopniks do not recognize themselves as a subculture. Gopniks themselves do not call themselves gopniks, they call each other “boys.” They spend most of their time outside, with favorite places including parks, squares, bus stops, garages and courtyards at kindergartens. Gopniks, as a rule, are children from dysfunctional families. Also, our state contributes to the cultivation of gopniks, a means mass media and popular culture in general. For example, watching television series about bandits, films with violence and cruelty, and much, much more. They are usually dressed in tracksuits, a cap or baseball cap, and cheap sneakers.

The following main features of subcultures are identified:

1) Informal groups do not have official status.

2) Weakly defined internal structure.

3) Most associations have weakly expressed interests.

4) Weak internal connections.

5) It is very difficult to identify a leader.

6) They do not have a program of activities.

7) They act on the initiative of a small group from the outside.

8) They represent an alternative to government structures.

9) Very difficult to classify in an orderly manner.

Young people name the following reasons for “going underground”:

1) Challenge to society, protest.

2) Challenge to the family, misunderstanding in the family.

3) Reluctance to be like everyone else.

4) The desire will establish itself in the new environment.

5) Attract attention to yourself.

6) The area of ​​organizing leisure time for young people in the country is underdeveloped.

7) Copying Western structures, trends, culture.

8) Religious ideological beliefs.

9) Tribute to fashion.

10) Lack of purpose in life.

11) Influence of criminal structures, hooliganism.

12) Age hobbies.

In the course of working on the project, we found material that provides the necessary conditions for the success of social and pedagogical assistance to high school students - representatives of unofficial youth subcultures: the nature of the interaction between the teacher and the high school student; constructive dialogue presupposes:

- the presence of an agreement as a cultural mechanism regulating the relationship between a teacher and a high school student,

- communication is based on the unconditional acceptance of the student, no matter what ideas he shares or promotes,

- consulting the pupil about the possibilities of the social environment and institutions in resolving socialization problems;

- emotional support for both the act itself and the principle of freedom of choice.

- equipping pupils with the missing means of self-understanding.

An important condition for the effectiveness of social and pedagogical assistance to high school students - representatives of youth subcultures is the creation of a club community based on youth subcultural practices, which promotes:

- emancipation, self-acceptance by the pupil,

- the student’s mastery of various options for self-presentation in socially acceptable forms,

- the student’s mastery of ways to solve communicative problems (including constructive dialogue with adults and representatives of other subcultures).

The organization of experimentation and self-expression in the sphere of youth subculture is carried out through the construction of unique “carnival” platforms, where, during various kinds of fun, games, competitions, processions, participants can experiment with their appearance, try on the attributes of representatives of a particular subculture. At carnival sites, an important role is played by the socio-psychological atmosphere of looseness, which is ensured by the protection of schoolchildren from sanctions from subjects of social education and agents of subcultures. For full experimentation and self-expression of students in the field of youth subculture, the teacher must accept the style of the subculture as a model of students’ self-realization.

The methodology for providing social and pedagogical assistance to high school students - representatives of youth subcultures requires a combination of group and individual forms of work.

The appearance of the teacher should correspond to the main fashion trends in order to attract and win over students, however, elements of clothing should not express a preferential attitude towards any of the subcultures. The ability to attune a person to oneself through words and actions is an important component of the image.

The teacher’s activities in providing social and pedagogical assistance in group work can be revealed through a list of pedagogical tasks aimed at:

- creating a positive emotional climate in the group;

- the teenager gaining experience of constructive interaction with others;

- expanding knowledge about ways and options for expressing and presenting oneself to others;

- gaining experience of self-expression in this group;

- mastering ways of discussing, comprehending and understanding the meanings of symbols and meanings inherent in various subcultures, awareness of one’s individual characteristics.

Creating a positive emotional climate in the group is important so that schoolchildren feel comfortable, treat each other tolerantly, are not afraid to talk about themselves, and do not hesitate to experiment.

A young man needs to determine the boundaries of his real capabilities, find out what he is capable of, and establish himself in society. This can be confirmed by the following quote from Erikson: “The young man must, like an acrobat on a trapeze, in one powerful movement, lower the bar of childhood, jump over and grab the next bar of maturity. He must do this in a very short period of time, relying on the reliability of those he must let go and those who will receive him on the other side."

6. Interview with representatives of youth subcultures, a youth policy specialist.

Interview with representatives of the “emo” youth subculture.

Samigatova Galia:
“My name is Samigatova Galia. I study in 9th "A" grade. When I became interested in the Emo subculture, I was 14 years old.

What I liked most about this subculture was the brightness and style of clothing. They are very emotional, but secretive, somewhere alone. I was just tired of this monotony and wanted to change something. And suddenly my friend became emo. This is what pushed me to become emo.

Of course, every subculture influences the moral values ​​of every person.

At first I didn’t even look like an emo, then I started getting into it. In the summer, when I went to Astana, I went to gatherings and was not even different.

Then I became sadder, my thoughts darker. I felt lonely. I was constantly haunted by the feeling that life would soon end. I started swearing obscenely, I wanted to die. Even now there are such moments in life, but it’s still not like that.

I'm most attracted to this moment Anime subculture. I watch animated series such as “Vampik”, “Death Note” and others.”

Mordas Alina:

“My name is Alina Mordas. I study in the 9th "A" class of Chkalovsk secondary school No. 1. I became emo at the age of 13.

What attracted me to this subculture was the clothing style, isolation, pink and black colors.

I joined Emo because of life circumstances. In all areas of my life I was surrounded by problems. Constant quarrels with friends, with parents. Studying at that time didn’t make me happy either. I wanted to close myself off from everyone, withdraw into myself, but not hold back my emotions. I wanted to create my own little universe where no one would bother me. I just wanted to hide from everyone in my inner, spiritual corner and not leave it, as my crystal, pink dreams were shattered against the cast-iron forehead of reality.

The Emo subculture has long attracted my attention. I couldn’t plunge into it headlong: “Emo is not only bright clothes, tears and disheveled hair. Emo is a state of mind."

After I became a representative of this subculture, my friend followed me. This outraged me. I still hold a grudge against her. It hurt me. It was as if she had invaded my life without my consent. small world, which I came up with just for myself.

Emo definitely influenced me. I became withdrawn. I was haunted by strange thoughts that I don’t want to remember. I'm spoiled. Do I regret being an emo... Maybe to some extent, “yes.” But the subculture has not only a negative, but also a positive impact on a person. As they say: “I learn from mistakes!” I learned to appreciate everything I have, everyone who is near me. I learned who my true friend is and learned to appreciate life.

Now I am a representative of the “Ulzzang” subculture. This Japanese subculture welcomes positive emotions, bows and rosy cheeks.

Here, my little story about how I was Emo."

Interview with a goth (who did not want to give his name):

-When did you decide to become a goth? At what age and why?

This started for me in 7th grade, now I’m in 11th. I really love the color black, I love something extraordinary, and the movie “ father's daughters"! In this film, my idol was Nastya Sivaeva, who played the role of Daria. I saw myself in her, we have a little similar characters. And I decided to become like her. I started reading a lot about goths and changed my wardrobe.

-What kind of music do you prefer to listen to?

- Gothic, gothic metal, classical. Specifically: “Lacrimosa”, “To Die For”, “Death Stars”, “The 69 Eyes”Andmuchother.

-What are your ideals of spiritual morality?

Many people believe that Goths are “non-humans”. That we love death and so on. The essence of our ideology is the savoring of pain and suffering, so death must still be suffered. The Goth enjoys reveling in his misfortune, real or imagined. I consider myself an ordinary goth who looks at life simply (we are all mortal), does not look into the past, and loves dark colors in clothes. I also love my family and wish them happiness. I just want them to accept me for who I am.

- Do Goths often get together?

In everyday life - no, more often in chats. In general, Goths are loners.

- Why would they even meet in real life then?

Goths are the same ordinary people, and they, like everyone else, need communication (at least occasionally). And they are looking for “their kind.”

Interview with youth policy specialist Satymgaliyeva Almagul Islambekovna:

The nature of our research determined the method of studying the problem; we interviewed a specialist in the youth policy department

-How do you assess the general cultural development of our youth?

- In my opinion, our level of cultural development is very low. I would like to immediately cite statistics: the majority of teenagers of high school age consider all types of bad habits acceptable, and in combination with sports. Nowadays, it has become popular to take as an example the main characters of the series: “Brigade”, “Boomer”, set them as ideals and try to imitate them. Also, many young people are susceptible to this opinion: “Everything will be decided for us and they will do without our opinion.” I would like to clarify. This means that a modern teenager is passive and adheres to this opinion because he believes that his view of any problem or task is not interesting to anyone and is absolutely invaluable. This is what everyone thinks, and as a result, our youth practically do not participate in the life of the city at all.

-What are the main goals of youth policy in the village of Chkalovo?

First of all this:

Improving the regulatory framework in the field of youth policy;

Creating conditions for the effective involvement of youth in the socio-economic and socio-political development of the city, region and country as a whole;

Instilling in young people the ideals of citizenship and patriotism;

Prevention of socially negative phenomena and creation of conditions for successful social adaptation of young people.

Formation among youth of a respectful attitude towards traditional family values, support for a young family.

Thus, in this work I examined the concept of youth subculture, the history of the term and concept itself, as well as the origins of the emergence of youth subcultures, and the significance for the modern functioning of society. In general, the phenomenon of subcultures has now become firmly established in everyday life. Due to the peculiarities of telecommunications, it is currently creating a stratification of our society according to interests.

The majority of students in the village of Chkalovo view modern youth as kind, sympathetic and positive people. These young people believe that charity, spirituality, and love for family and friends occupy a central place in their souls. Main reasons for joining groups– this is loneliness and misunderstanding of parents, as well as indirect ones: isolation, imitation, grouping, freedom, emotional richness of communication, the desire to compensate for shortcomings in the family and school. Character Traits They Like in Gang Teens – this is the ability to stand up for oneself, courage and independence.

Today we need to help people who are striving, albeit in an unusual way, to show their civic position and express their own opinion. In order to judge whether a group or association is acting for the benefit or harm of its members and society as a whole, you need to study their activities and make contact with them.

List of used literature

1. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya K.A. "Life Strategy". M., 1996.

2. Gatskova E.I. Youth and modernity. M. "Infra". 2001.

3. Levikova, S. I. Youth subculture: textbook. allowance / S. I. Levikova. – Moscow: Grand: Fair Press, 2004

4. Olshansky D.V. “Informals: group portrait in the interior” - M: Pedagogy, 1990.

5. Rakovskaya O.A. Social guidelines for youth: trends, problems, prospects / M.: “Nauka”. – 1993.

6. Nikolsky D. Sociology of youth (Youth extremism and youth subculture)/http://www.romic.ru/referats/0703.htm
7. Yaroshevsky M.G. “Social education”. M. 1997.

Electronic resource

Electronic resource

ANNEX 1.

Questionnaire for surveying youth and students.

Topic: “Attitude of youth and students to youth subcultures, including informal ones”

Dear friends!

This sociological questionnaire is devoted to studying the attitudes and awareness of young people about various youth subcultures. Your answers will help identify possible risks when joining various youth organizations, and determine the reasons that encourage young people to join the ranks of adherents of informal movements.

Floor:  M

 F

2. In your opinion, the youth subculture is ( 1 answer option):

 form of leisure;

 temporary hobby;

 lifestyle of modern youth.

3. What do you think is an informal youth association? ( 1 answer option)

 a group of people who violate public order living contrary to the rules of behavior and morality accepted in society;

 a group of young people united by common non-standard hobbies and interests;

 a group of young people expressing protest to society with their unusual behavior, appearance and specific views on life;

4. Have you had experience communicating with representatives of informal subcultures?

 Yes

 No

5. How do you feel about different youth subcultures?

 negative;

 I don’t care, I’ve never thought about it;

 positive.

6. Do you agree that the existence of youth subcultures poses a threat to the public?

 yes;

 I believe that NOT all youth subcultures pose a danger to society;

 no.

7. Are any areas of youth subcultures interesting to you?

 No;

 I don’t care;

 Yes;

 I don’t know anything about them.

8. Are there any youth movements whose views, ideas and hobbies you like?

 No;

 Yes.

9. What do you think motivates young people to join various youth organizations? ( 1 answer option)

 the desire to stand out from the crowd and express your protest against the established foundations and orders;

 common non-standard interests and views;

 desire for self-realization.

10. Do you think that joining youth organizations is fraught with negative consequences?

 of course (drugs, physical injuries, psychological problems);

 I don’t think that all youth associations are so dangerous;

 no, I’m sure it’s completely harmless.

11. How would you feel if one of your loved ones (relatives, friends) joined representatives of the youth subculture?

 sharply negative;

 I have nothing against youth associations, but I would not like my loved ones to join them;

 I think it all depends on which youth movement they decide to join;

 I don’t care, it’s their business;

 positive.

12. Should the state exercise any control over youth organizations and movements?

Appendix 3.

The study of youth subcultures is an important area of ​​youth sociology. Since the 60s of the twentieth century, leading sociologists have addressed this issue. different countries peace. In domestic sociology, the analysis of youth subcultural phenomena until the end of the 80s was carried out within a very narrow framework. To a certain extent, this was explained by the fact that these phenomena, due to established scientific paradigms, were perceived as a social pathology. In the process of formation and development of youth subcultures, the following types were formed:

• - politicized subcultures - actively participate in political life and have a clear ideological affiliation;
• - ecological and ethical subcultures - are engaged in the construction of philosophical concepts and fight for environment;
• - non-traditional religious subcultures - mainly a passion for Eastern religions (Buddhism, Hinduism);
• - radical youth subcultures - characterized by organization, the presence of older leaders, and increased aggressiveness;
• - lifestyle subcultures - groups of young people forming their own way of life;
• - subcultures based on interests - young people united by a common interest - musical, sports, etc.;
• - the subculture of “golden youth” - typical for capital cities - is focused on leisure activities (one of the most closed subcultures). Belsky V.Yu., Belyaev A.A. "Sociology", M., "INFRA - M", 2005. - 399 p.

Analysis of various types of youth subcultures shows that this phenomenon is dynamic and developing, manifesting itself through many forms. They differ in their origin and internal organization; at different historical times, some are of greater relevance than others.

Subcultures of the 30s-60s

One of the most vibrant and well-known subcultural communities are youth movements associated with certain genres of music. The image of musical subcultures is formed largely by imitation of the stage image of performers popular in a particular subculture. The formation and development of subcultures occurred quite a long time ago. The most striking period in the formation of subcultures was the beginning of 1930 - 1940.

Swingjugends. In 1939, an informal movement called the Swingjugends appeared in Germany. The most developed was mainly in Hamburg, Frankfurt and Berlin. “Swinging youth” - as a rule, these were children from bourgeois families - high school students, students, young musicians. They were fond of American jazz and swing dancing. The appearance of the “swinging youth” was the antipode to the official image of the “correct” German youth. "Swing-Boys" dressed "American style". They wore long double-breasted jackets with checkered or "tennis" stripes, with huge shoulders, wide trousers with large cuffs, and boots with thick soles. Ties and scarves, like clothing in general, were supposed to be as bright as a “jungle fire.” Young fashionistas had to make do in order to be stylish in conditions of military shortages - jackets were altered from their fathers', old rubber soles were glued to boots. The swing youth walked with a deliberately slouchy gait, the obligatory cigarette hanging from the corner of their mouth, and held dance parties where they played American and English music. In the end, the authorities banned swing dancing.

Bikers. Bikers and the biker subculture, like many other things, came from America. This is one of the oldest subcultures, formed back in the 1940-1950s. The appearance of bikers is quite recognizable: leather, jeans, metal accessories - this is not a complete list of components of a biker style. Musical preferences include rock in all its forms, although some also listen to pop music. These days there are a huge number of music festivals where the vast majority of spectators and listeners are bikers. Such festivals are distinguished by a fun entertainment program, plenty of beer and rock and roll. There are also various rock clubs where bikers like to gather. Such clubs can always be identified by the motorcycles parked at the entrance. There, in the parking lot, they not only await their owner, but also attract the attention of others with their impressive appearance. Every biker pays great attention not only to the technical equipment of his steel horse, but also to its visual appeal. In addition to freedom, bikers value their biker brotherhood and are always ready to help each other.

Teddy fights. The Teddy Boy subculture originated in 1953 in London and quickly spread throughout the UK. Teddy boys dressed in tapered trousers or trousers, long jackets, fitted coats, double-collared frock coats, and bow ties. So they tried to be like dandies and “golden youth”. The Teddies were mostly from working class backgrounds. Teddy boys are the first youth culture in England that differentiates itself by having its own dress code and certain hobbies, and as a result adjusts the market to suit itself. It was with the advent of Teddy that the first youth clothing stores and youth television programs appeared. For Teddy Boys, appearance and clothing are important - this is what makes them stand out from the crowd. They were distinguished by rather hooligan behavior, which shocked the older conservative generation, and the newspapers usually “inflated” the hype around them even more, exaggerating and adding fuel to the fire.

Fashion. Mods are a British youth subculture that formed in the late 1950s. in the London environment petty bourgeoisie and reached its peak in the mid-1960s. Mods replaced teddy boys, and later the skinhead subculture was formed from among the most radical mods. Fashion people chose motor scooters as their mode of transport. Mods typically met in clubs and seaside resorts. The fashions were not united, they did not have some kind of connecting idea where the ideas of brotherhood and unity were promoted. They were just young people who got together at night and had fun until the morning. And yet, they left a mark on history with their bright appearance and unique tuning of their scooters. Initially, the preference for clothing was tailored suits, later - just suits from Italian and British brands. The language is extremely limited. They use drugs - pills and dark beer. In the second half of the 60s. The mod movement waned and has since been revived only sporadically.

Skinheads. The first mentions of skinheads in the press and music were found in England in the late 60s of the 20th century. Skinheads of the 60s had common features style with the mod subculture. The subculture was completely apolitical from the very beginning. Neither left nor right politics prevailed. These were tough guys who equally hated young bourgeois majors and relaxed hippie drug addicts. The ideology of “White Power” has emerged - White Power, which must maintain racial balance not only in Europe, but throughout the world. Real skinheads do not call for the destruction of other races, they simply say that everyone has their own home, their own homeland, the land of their ancestors. The skins cut their collars, narrowed their trousers, took off their badges, and put heavy construction boots on their feet. This is how the canon of skinhead clothing was established. Everything about this clothing is strictly functional, adapted for a street fight. Nothing superfluous: no glasses, badges, no bags, shoulder straps, nothing that prevents you from dodging the enemy’s hands. Instead of black laces, white laces appeared in the boots, as a symbol of the fact that the skins are fighting for the White Race.

Hipsters. Hipsters are a youth subculture in the USSR, which became widespread in large Soviet cities from the late 1940s to the early 1960s, having a predominantly American way of life as a standard. Hipsters were distinguished by their deliberate apoliticality, a certain cynicism in their judgments, and a negative attitude towards certain norms of Soviet morality. Western cinema played a major role in the development of the dude subculture. In the first years of the existence of this phenomenon, the appearance of the dudes was rather caricatured: wide bright pants, a baggy jacket, a wide-brimmed hat, brightly colored socks, the notorious “fire in the jungle” tie. Later, the dress code of Soviet dudes underwent significant changes: the famous pipe trousers, a whipped “cock” on the head, an elegant jacket with wide shoulders, a narrow herring tie, and an umbrella-cane appeared. Among the shoes among Soviet fashionistas, pointed-toe high-top boots were popular rubber soles. For a girl who positioned herself as a representative of the “stylish” culture, it was enough to wear bright makeup and wear a “crown of the world” hairstyle. Tight skirts, tightly fitting the girl’s hips, were considered especially chic. In their musical preferences, dudes gravitated more toward jazz and rock. n-roll. Favorite dances were boogie-woogie, rock and roll, and later twist and shake. Stylish were distinguished not only by their special clothes, music, dances and manners, but also by their specific slang, partially borrowed from jazzmen V. T. Sociology of youth. M. 1996, p. 54.

In addition to the previously discussed subcultures, in the 30-60s of the last century, such cultures as Edelweiss Pirates, Rockabilly, Ore-boys and Hipsters appeared.

Subcultures of the 70-80s of the XX century

Hip-hop. The hip-hop subculture began in 1974 in the African-American and Latino neighborhoods of the Bronx. Clothing style in the hip-hop subculture. Freedom of action presupposes loose clothing. Therefore, the hip-hop style is characterized by men's T-shirts, tank tops, sweatshirts, hoodies and hoodies. The colors of clothing were initially dark and gray, but over time this convention was overcome in favor of more positive shades. On their feet, hip-hop fans prefer to wear wide trumpet jeans, often with a low waist. They are usually worn in such a way that part of the underwear becomes visible. We can call this a form of disregard for the norms of culture and ethics accepted in society. Hip-hop style shoes are 100% sporty. In addition to attributes of a purely sporting nature, such as bandanas, wristbands, baseball caps, which are worn by almost all representatives of the movement, the hip-hop style also includes jewelry, typical for those whose financial capabilities are significantly above average. Ponomarchuk V.A., Tolstykh A.V. Secondary education: two critical points modern school.// Socis 12/94 p.54

Ravers. Ravers are usually classified as musicians. At the heart of this subculture there is: an easy, carefree attitude to life, the desire to live for today, to be dressed in the latest fashion. The ravers subculture emerged in the 80s. in the USA and UK. It has been spreading in Russia since the early 90s. An integral part of the raver lifestyle is night discos with powerful sound and laser beams. Ravers' clothing is characterized by bright colors and the use of artificial materials. The development of the rave subculture went in parallel with the spread of drugs, in particular amphetamines. Taking stimulants and hallucinogens for the purpose of “expanding consciousness” has, unfortunately, become an almost integral part of the raver subculture. At the same time, many youth culture figures, including DJs - key figures in the rave subculture - have expressed and continue to express an extremely negative attitude towards drug use.

Punks. A youth subculture that emerged in the late 1960s and early 1970s in the UK, USA, Canada and Australia, characteristic features which are a critical attitude towards society and politics. The philosophy of punk is mainly about the fight against dullness, aggression and monotony. Punks have a colorful image. Many punks dye their hair bright, unnatural colors, comb it and fix it with hairspray, brilliantine, gel or beer so that it stands up straight. In the 1980s, the mohawk hairstyle became fashionable among punks. They wear ripped jeans tucked into heavy boots and sneakers. “Dead style” predominates in clothing. Punks put skulls and signs on clothes and accessories. Punks also wear various attributes of rocker subcultures: collars, wristbands, bracelets, mostly leather, with spikes, rivets and chains. Many punks get tattoos.

Goths. Goths are representatives of a youth subculture that emerged in the late 70s of the 20th century in the wake of post-punk. The Gothic subculture is quite diverse and heterogeneous. The main elements of the Gothic image are the predominance of black in clothing, the use of metal jewelry with the symbols of the Gothic subculture, and characteristic makeup. Typical attributes used by the Goths are the ankh, the ancient Egyptian symbol of immortality, skulls, crosses, upright and inverted pentagrams, the bats. Makeup is used by both men and women. It is not an everyday attribute, and is usually applied before visiting concerts and gothic clubs. Makeup usually consists of two elements: white powder for the face and dark eyeliner around the eyes. Hairstyles in gothic fashion are quite varied. During the post-punk era, the main hairstyle was medium-length tousled hair. But in the modern subculture, many people wear long hair, or even mohawks. It is typical for Goths to dye their hair black or, less commonly, red. Some Goths prefer clothes styled after the fashion of the 18th-19th centuries. with the corresponding attributes: lace, long gloves and long dresses for women, tailcoats and top hats for men. The normal state for Goths is "angst" - a fairly comprehensive term that describes the usual Gothic state. The humor of the Goths is quite specific - it is purely black humor.

Hippie. One of the first musical youth subcultures of our time were hippies. Hippie is a philosophy and subculture that originally emerged in the 1960s in the USA. The movement flourished in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Initially, hippies protested against the Puritan morality of some Protestant churches, and also promoted the desire to return to natural purity through love and pacifism.

Hippies believe:

• - that a person should be free;
• - that freedom can be achieved only by changing the internal structure of the soul;
• - that beauty and freedom are identical to each other and that the realization of both is a purely spiritual problem;
• - that everyone who thinks differently is mistaken. Shchepanskaya T.B. System: texts and traditions of subculture. M., 2004

The hippie culture has its own symbols, signs of belonging and attributes. Representatives of the hippie movement, in accordance with their worldview, are characterized by the introduction of ethnic elements into their costumes: beads, woven beads or threads, bracelets, “baubles” and so on.

In the 70-80s, other subcultures appeared such as Metalheads, Freaks and Glamor.

Subcultures 1990-2000

Cyber ​​Goths. Approximately, the origins of the Cyber ​​Goth subculture originate in 1990. It is worth noting that an exact classification and definition of this informal trend does not yet exist; of course, there are certain features that distinguish this trend from others, but according to the deep misconception of many, they have nothing in common with the usual Gotha subculture. The origins themselves were taken precisely from the Gothic movement, but in a short time they were completely reoriented. Like most subcultures, Cyber ​​Goths were formed due to musical trends. The main directions of Cyber ​​Ready's musical preferences were the sounds of the guitar and standard rock songs. The main hairstyles used are: dreadlocks - hair dyed in different colors, often found among representatives of this movement and mohawks, but they have nothing in common with the punk subculture. The color range ranges from green to black, but bright ones are predominantly used. Clothing is mainly made of leather or synthetic material. The design included elements of microchips, showing Cyber ​​Ready's passion for computers. This is the distinguishing feature of Cyber ​​Ready from Goths. Shchepanskaya T.B. System: texts and traditions of subculture. M., 2004.

Grangers. One of the oldest subcultures is grunge; they arose under the influence of the grunge musical movement, from where they actually emerged as a separate culture around 1990-1991. Its founders, the Nirvana group, who were able to promote not only their style to the masses, but also gave birth to a whole generation of their followers. By their appearance, Grangers can be easily distinguished from representatives of other subcultures; they are distinguished by a checkered shirt, sneakers and long hair - these three elements completely form the image and image. Moreover, preference is given to worn-out clothes. Often, such things to create an image, style and image are bought at second-hand stores. In their existence, they are completely harmless to others. Among musical styles, priority is naturally given to Grunge. The grunger subculture is also distinguished by its conservatism, its reluctance to change its ways of life, norms, philosophy or value system. The fashion for grunge ended around 2000-2005, but even now only those people who are not indifferent to this trend adhere to this subculture. It is worth noting that it was from the Granger direction that an element of clothing was later adopted - a T-shirt or sweatshirt with black and red colors. As for age, there are no restrictions. Among the grungers you can meet both 15-year-olds and fully formed and established people.

Alternatives. The Alternative subculture was formed in the first half of the 90s. It included representatives of rappers, metalheads and punks. Of all youth music styles, they stand out for their friendliness towards representatives of any subcultures. Unlike everyone else musical movements, The alternative combined several styles at once, which made it possible to create a completely separate subculture. The HardCore style was taken as a basis. As for the musicians, and not the followers, they tried to make a breakthrough in music, rejecting existing standards. The main contribution that has been made to world music is the combination of rap and rock. Closer to the turn of 2000, the new style entered the mainstream and began to spread en masse throughout the world. The appearance of the Alternatives immediately catches the eye. They are easy to distinguish from representatives of other subcultures. They wear loose clothing and piercings. The peak of Alternative's popularity came in 2005. This subculture did not have a special ideology; everything rested on a musical experiment, which radically changed the development of world music.

During this period, such a subculture as Tolkienists appeared.

Subcultural discourse appeared in domestic science in the late 1980s. This period is characterized by significant pluralism methodological concepts of youth research related to the growing liberalization of Soviet society. The Western lifestyle, especially consumer practices, were still positioned as alien to Soviet youth, but cultural influence for the younger generation during perestroika was no longer questioned.

At the end of the 1980s. numerous youth subcultures, many of which have already passed in the West full cycle of its existence - hippie, punks, metalheads, bikers etc., as well as domestic youth associations - “ Mitki", Moscow rock laboratory, Leningrad, Sverdlovsk, Riga rock clubs, amateur song clubs (ASC), etc. Researchers of this period come to realize the real diversity of youth identities, and accordingly, interest in specific sociocultural practices increases.

Soviet researchers, avoiding the term “subculture”, used the concept “ informal youth association "(NOM). In the works of S.N. Ikonnikova, V.T. Lisovsky, I.V. Bestuzhev-Lada, A.I. Kovaleva, V.F. Levicheva, P.S. Gurevich, I.K. Kuchmaeva, V.A. Lukov explores the cultural, sociocultural, socio-psychological aspects of the functioning of such associations.

Alternatives- a youth subculture that emerged in the early 1980s, subsequently brought to Russia in the 1990s. Formed by a mixture of metalheads, punks and rappers . New wave subcultures alternativeists is one of the most popular subcultural phenomena of our time and fully corresponds to the characteristics of the type. For this fairly massive target audience In Russia today there are many Internet sites, nightclubs, shops and even a cable TV channel.

Alternative Also is And youth movement, uniting both separate specific subcultures ( emo), as well as many informals who do not identify themselves with one or another subculture, but implement everyday life strategies within the framework of an alternative movement. The unifying feature of the movement is a passion for music in the style of alternative, metalcore, hardcore, etc.

We consider it possible to include a subculture emo within the framework of the alternative movement due to the common style, socio-demographic, value and behavioral characteristics of their representatives, as well as the genesis of the emocore musical style within the alternative scene. Alternatives use paraphernalia similar to emo style, but avoiding androgynous elements: loose-fitting pants and T-shirts, sneakers, often dreadlocked hairstyles and abundant piercings. We can say that they prefer a “unisex” style in clothing and behavior.

Goths- representatives of the youth subculture that emerged in the late 70s of the 20th century in the wake of post-punk. They appeared in Russia in 1990. The Gothic subculture is very diverse and heterogeneous, but to one degree or another it is characterized by the following features: a gloomy image, interest in mysticism And esoterics, love for gothic music.

Initially, fans of gothic music were called goths, but later the subculture spread to literature, cinema, and painting. But still main role This subculture carries a unique worldview, a special perception of the surrounding world, death as a fetish, which can be considered one of the signs of belonging to the Goths. But we should not forget that gothic appeared thanks to music, and to this day, it is the main unifying factor for all goths.

Goths have their own recognizable image, which has recently undergone significant changes. No matter how it develops Gothic, two unchanged basic elements remain: the predominant black color of clothing (sometimes with elements of other colors), as well as exclusively silver jewelry - gold is not used in principle, since it is regarded as a symbol of ordinary, hackneyed values, as well as the color of the sun.

Hairstyle also plays a very important role in the image of goths of both sexes. It can be just straight long hair, or it can be lifted with gel or collected in large buns. Iroquois are occasionally seen. Hair is often dyed black, red, purple and white colors, it is also possible to dye with strands of one color against the background of another. Make-up remains one of the main signs of belonging to the subculture: a dense layer of white powder on the face, black eyeliner and lips.

Metalheads(metalheads or metallers) is a youth subculture inspired by metal music that appeared in Russia in the 1980s. The metal subculture is devoid of a clearly defined ideology and is focused mainly around music. The lyrics of metal bands promote independence, self-reliance and self-confidence, the cult of " strong personality"Attitudes towards religion vary, but it is traditionally believed that metalheads are not religious.

Appearance of metalheads:

Long hair for men

Leather biker jacket, leather vest.

Black T-shirts or hoodies with the logo of your favorite metal band.

Wristbands - leather bracelets

Stripes on clothes and other surrounding objects

Heavy shoes - camelots, grinders, short boots with Cossack chains.

Jeans (usually blue or black), leather pants.

Belt chains

Punks- a youth subculture that emerged in the mid-70s in the UK, USA, Canada and Australia; in Russia, this subculture appeared a little later, in the 1980s. Punks adhere to different political views, but for the most part they are adherents of socially oriented ideologies and progressivism. Punks are characterized by a desire for personal freedom and independence, the principles of “not selling out”, “relying on yourself”.

Punks have a colorful, shocking image: many punks dye their hair bright, unnatural colors, comb it and fix it with hairspray, gel or beer so that it stands up straight. In the 80s, the mohawk hairstyle became fashionable among punks. Punks put skulls and signs on clothes and accessories. They wear wristbands and collars made of leather with spikes, rivets and chains. Many punks get tattoos. They also wear torn, frayed jeans (which they specially cut themselves).

Rockers appeared as a subculture in the fifties and early sixties during the era of rock and roll, the representatives of the music and style of which were Chuck Barry, early Elvis Presley. Rockers wear leather motorcycle jackets, abundantly decorated with buttons, patches, stripes and pins. They often wear quite fashionable leather caps on their heads. They usually ride a motorcycle wearing an open-face helmet. Every rocker's wardrobe includes jeans, leather trousers, high-top motorcycle boots, military T-shirts and boots. Another side of rocker culture is the abuse of alcohol, drugs, and cigarettes.

Hip-hop- a youth subculture that appeared in the mid-1970s among African Americans and Latinos. It is characterized by its own music (also called hip-hop, rap), its own slang, its own hip-hop fashion, dance styles (breakdancing), graphic art (graffiti) and its own cinema. By the early 1990s, hip-hop had become part of youth culture in many countries around the world, as well as in Russia. Hip-hop music consists of two main elements: rap (rhythmic recitative with clearly defined rhymes) and the rhythm set by the DJ, although compositions without vocals are not uncommon. On stage, musicians are often accompanied by a dance ensemble. Currently, hip-hop is one of the most commercially successful forms of modern entertainment music.

Hip Hop Lovers Style: Most wear tube jeans and tight shirts or sports T-shirts, jewelry stylized in rap culture. Plus size clothing is welcome. Hats, “baseball caps” turned backwards, backpacks to the waist, chains, sports jackets, T-shirts are the obligatory attributes of representatives of this subculture.

Youth who are part of this subculture can be classified as quite specific and extraordinary. Hip-hop fashion will continue to influence the next younger generations of consumers, and artists and their fans will find new ways to develop the subculture. Emo- a youth subculture formed on the basis of fans of the musical style of the same name. Like most modern subcultures, emo originates in the USA in the mid-80s. In Russia, this subculture became known only at the beginning of the 21st century.

Expressing emotions is key a rule for those who consider themselves to be part of the emo subculture. They are distinguished by: self-expression, opposition to injustice, a special, sensual perception of the world. Often an emotional and depressed person. He stands out from the crowd with his bright appearance, looks for like-minded people and dreams of happy love.

Emo characterizes a fundamentally infantile view of the world based on the aesthetics of beauty, introversion, and an emphasis on internal experiences.

The traditional emo hairstyle is considered to be oblique, torn bangs to the tip of the nose, covering one eye, and short hair sticking out in different directions at the back. Preference is given to coarse, straight black hair. Girls can have childish, funny hairstyles. To create these emo hairstyles, they use cans of fixing hairspray. Emos often pierce their ears or make tunnels. In addition, an emo may have piercings on her face (for example, in the lips and left nostril, eyebrows, bridge of the nose). The eyes are heavily lined with pencil or mascara, making them look like a bright spot on the face. Nails are covered with black varnish.

Emos wear pink and black clothing with two-tone patterns and stylized badges. The main colors in clothing are black and pink (purple), although other shockingly bright combinations are considered acceptable. The most typical clothes for them are skinny jeans, sneakers with bright or black laces, a black or pink belt, and a checkered scarf around the neck.

Glamor- one of the most controversial subcultures. The fact is that this movement took shape in our subculture quite recently, although before that it was present in everything connected with club and social life. Encyclopedias still do not define this word as a cultural movement, although it has become increasingly active since the beginning of the new millennium. Almost all musical styles received the prefix “glam”: glam gothic, glam garage, glam rock and even glam punk. In world culture, for example in Great Britain, the emergence of the glamor subculture dates back to the seventies and eighties, but due to certain circumstances it remained underground for a long time.

Originally from Lyubertsy: Lubers

The Lubers are a well-known youth group with pronounced aggressive behavior. Initially, it was a spontaneous association of teenagers who fought for the “improvement” of society: they “re-educated” homeless people, prostitutes, alcoholics, etc., persecuting and beating them. They appeared in different cities of Russia, always ready for a surprise attack.

This practice of spontaneous beatings somewhat later became a “model” for skinheads and Barkashovites - groups with a more organized structure, also consisting mainly of teenagers.

Skinheads. Their distinctive symbol is swastika, a sign that doesn’t even speak, but screams for itself. It is worn by our contemporaries, who were born much later than the victory over fascism. They call themselves fascists and are proud of it. Someone is even familiar with individual statements and works of Nietzsche and Spengler. The majority follow a simple guideline: “the bulk of the “subhumans” must be destroyed, and the rest turned into slaves.” As an established youth movement, skins appeared in Russia in the early 90s of the twentieth century. Mainly among the supporters of fascist ideology are young people under 21, although in their ranks there are also people 22-26 years old.

Skinny teenagers stand out from the crowd with their shaved heads, black clothes, and trousers tucked into their boots. Sometimes there is an image of a pit bull on the clothes. IN in public places They try to appear in groups. You can meet them mainly in the evening, when it is “their” time. They try to hang out in different places, and when they meet, they can discuss the “chronicle of the day.” And if there is one less non-Nazi... then this news will bring great joy.

Subcultural phenomenon Gopniks is purely Russian. The essence of the worldview of representatives of this subculture is an aggressive denial of basic public values: high level of education, interethnic tolerance, morality, work, desire for self-improvement. Gopniks are a fundamentally marginal movement, where ideas about social, moral, and legal norms are blurred. The main means of leisure for representatives of gop culture is petty robbery and street fights.

Crimes are always committed by a large “gang” against a single victim or a significantly smaller group. Most often, informal youth are attacked by gopniks - from metalheads to rappers. The word “gopnik” is not used by representatives of the subculture for self-identification. A person who shares the values ​​of gop culture is called a “kid” or a “normal kid” within the group. The choice of the word “boy”, which in Russian is synonymous with the words “boy”, “young man”, seems interesting.

If, for example, informals with their name emphasize non-compliance with the standard, difference from others, then gopniks show that they are ordinary, normal, the way everyone should be - “normal”, and not deviants. Gopnik communities are heavily influenced by the criminal subculture. This is manifested, in particular, in language, ideas about norms and values, and behavioral characteristics; however, it would be wrong to identify these two subcultures. Without a doubt, Gopniks stand out from the crowd by their appearance and clothing. Initially, a tracksuit and a cap were the only clothes the family could afford.

Now gop culture is gradually losing its association with poverty, and social differentiation is also observed among gopniks. Mode invariance with respect to social status indicates that the totality of indicators describing the social group of gopniks is not just characteristics of poor, poorly brought up, uneducated youth, it can claim to be considered as a special subculture. The current level of spread of gop culture leads to a confusion in the minds of young people of ideas about the “norm” and deviation, the expansion of gopnik “values” into many other social groups.

Fans. Football fans are considered a subculture close to criminal. This is aggravated by the fact that fans are one of the most active teenage groups in Russia. What is typical for fans is that, as a rule, they do not even know the history of the teams, but are “up to date” with recent events and upcoming matches. For them great importance has emotional release, the ability to yell, rage and mix different attitudes and lifestyles. However, these associations also differ greatly. For example, the group of Spartak fans “Gladiators” avoids fights, but protects the “younger” (newcomers). They are physically well developed and promote a “clean lifestyle”. However, among such groups there is also one such as “Koldir Boy-Front” (“Koldir” is slang for “drunkard”). As you might guess, these are alcoholic fans. Their age category is 17-18 years old, but there are also older ones.

Environmentalists. Such youth movements protecting the environment are unpopular and small in number in Russia (only 4%), even in Chernobyl. Shares of the Russian " Greenpeace"are mostly ineffective and imitate the West. It is convenient to form such movements within official structures: they cannot exist independently due to material difficulties and legal obstacles.

Bikers vs Motorcyclists. Moms and dads of modern teenagers probably remember how a new direction in music spread in the mid-80s - heavy metal. And then there were long-haired guys, on motorcycles and in leather jackets, who didn’t even think about following the traffic rules. They began to be called bikers. A narrow circle of “their own” accepted new recruits only after selection, and only those who could defend their beliefs with their fists.

Strength and training were cultivated, muscles were built up, and the appearance became more and more intimidating. Many bikers were indeed metalheads, and even acted as voluntary security at concerts. The Confederate flag became a symbol of absolute biker freedom. However, in order to imitate the bikers of the West, you need to have good material wealth. In addition, having motorcycles, their owners cannot fix basic breakdowns. But the ability to put your “horse” in order is an integral element of the subculture. Now the biker movement in Russia has taken on a different meaning. Young people who adhere to the biker lifestyle have no ideological basis.

This movement has not yet fully formed among children from families with low incomes. But it is no longer biker. These are small groups without any attributes or even a name. They no longer associate themselves with bikers. And the congresses to the motorcycle festival in Maloyaroslavets demonstrate a completely different lifestyle of young people. Festival participants assemble or modify their own motorcycles. Teenagers can literally move into a garage for a few months or set up a workshop right in the apartment. After completing the work, they ride motorcycles around the city in groups, observing all traffic rules and not setting any goals for themselves.

Ravers. In the English-Russian dictionary you will quickly find the translation of the word “rave”, meaning “to rave”, “nonsense”. Having rummaged around on the Internet, you can come across another definition in T. Thorne’s Dictionary of Modern Slang: “rave” - “a wild party, dancing or a situation of desperate behavior.” The last definition most accurately describes the behavior of the emerging youth subculture in Russia and the nocturnal lifestyle that has developed among the teenagers. Because ravers are usually visitors to nightclubs, and, it should be noted, not cheap ones. It is not surprising that this group is small compared to those whose hobbies require less investment.

This type of subculture belongs to ravers, which emerged in the 1990s. and associated with the emergence of specific club music techno and trance. Rave culture revived the drug-psychedelic experiments of the times of the main ideologist of ecstasy, Timothy Leary, i.e. counterculture of the 1960s, representing a unique form of neo-hippism, no longer operating in an urbanized space, but in the narrow confines of club nightlife.

Rave, according to some researchers, can be considered a reaction to information boom modernity, expressed in protest against rationalistic values ​​and propaganda of inner freedom, individualism, the search for the mystical, sacred meaning of life, etc. However, such a characteristic is applicable only to the era of the emergence of rave culture. Today, this subculture does not require complete identification and is a form of organizing the recreational practices of youth, loving music techno and trance.

In everyday life, an individual’s subcultural affiliation may not manifest itself in any way. Despite the fact that rave has now lost its countercultural pathos, it has significantly influenced the emergence and development of some modern youth subcultures and subcultural trends. Thus, elements of the ravers' style (fluorescent fabrics, luminous costume elements, T-shirts with psychedelic designs, artificial hair extensions) were borrowed from freak culture and cybergothic.

Diggers. They are attracted by the mystery of underground passages, the dangers of the underground world... The secrecy of this society, which does not like to advertise its actions and its existence in principle, attracts young people. There are many such associations throughout Russia. They unite in small groups and do not like to accept anyone else into their ranks. Diggers have something in common with ecologists: constantly “communicating” with underground communications, they warn about subsidence of the foundation and environmental problems that may be fraught with the earth’s bowels.

Hackers (computer geeks)- For the first time, thanks to Hollywood, the world learned about the “hacker” and his capabilities. Some young people picked up artistic image, as opposed to adult society, and turned its gaze (and “wallet”) to the rapidly developing industry of information technology. Hundreds of amateur teenagers appeared who tried to become “hackers”, to embody the first image of the “rebel hero” created by Hollywood. However, these are mainly students of technical faculties of universities, high school students of schools with a physics and mathematics focus. It is also difficult to determine the exact number of hackers because they communicate primarily through computer networks. In addition, not all computer fans recognize themselves as a kind of community with their own values, norms, and specific style.

Although ravers are usually classified as musicians, and rollers - as sports subcultures, the commonality basic values underlying these subcultures: an easy, carefree attitude to life, the desire to live for today, to be dressed in the latest fashion - a sufficient basis for their convergence during typologization.

Subculture Rastafarians represents a version of the Jamaican religion Rastafarianism, adapted for youth. The first Rastafarians appeared in Jamaica in the 1930s. They worshiped the former Emperor of Ethiopia Haile Selassie (who received the name Jah Rastafari from them) and considered him a messenger God. The non-traditional religious association transformed into a subculture in the 1960s, when reggae music appeared. Today, Rasta culture exists all over the world, including in Russia, based on special attributes (hairstyles made of natural dreadlocks, bright loose-fitting clothes, tricolor hats), reggae music and smoking ganja (hemp) in honor of the once existing god Jah.

Emergence indie culture in the mid-1970s. is a kind of turning point in the youth subcultural environment: the final death of the counterculture represented by punks and the emergence of an alternative culture of “silent protest” to the pop scene, fashion and consumerism. Along with the flow post-punk, giving rise to gothic culture, indie protest was escapist and did not involve committing illegal or shocking actions. The indie music scene (from the English "independent" - independent) was created as an opposition to the mainstream and assumed complete freedom to experiment with sound. The image of representatives of this subculture is completely borrowed and in its modern version is discernible only to connoisseurs.

In Russia, indie culture has become a passion for “advanced” metropolitan youth, tired of glamor. Its representatives today are usually called hipsters, although initially this name belonged to a subculture that existed in the USA in the 40-50s. XX century Indie music currently continues to be released on independent labels, but the subculture itself has organically fit into popular culture(for example, such popular publications as Afisha focus on it).

Rollerballs called roller skaters. They prefer sportswear in bright colors; They can also be identified by multi-colored patches on their knees. They not only roller skate, but tumble and perform incredible pirouettes and somersaults. Roller skaters love to compete. Single roller skaters appeared in Russia in the early 90s.