Entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation is federal. Small, medium and large businesses: concepts and main features

Entrepreneurial activity in the Russian Federation is developed and therefore it is quite difficult to introduce something new. For successful development Business entrepreneurs attract investors to their activities. Thanks to investments, any business has a chance to win the competition in the Russian markets.

According to the legislation of the Russian Federation, an entrepreneur can be a legal entity or individual(individual entrepreneur). To resolve relationships that arise in the process of conducting entrepreneurial activity, Law No. 209 “On the Development of Small and Medium Enterprises” was created, which will be discussed below.

Description of Federal Law-209 “On the development of small and medium-sized businesses”

the federal law No. 209 “On the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the Russian Federation” was adopted by the State Duma on July 6, 2007, and approved 5 days later of the same year. Last changes were made on July 26, 2017. The law contains one chapter and 27 articles.

Federal Law No. 209 was created to regulate relations between:

Physical and legal entities;
State bodies Russian authorities;
State bodies authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
Local government bodies working on the development of medium and small businesses.

Article 3 of this Federal Law on enterprises and entrepreneurial activities lists the following concepts in detail:

Small and medium-sized businesses;
Subject support infrastructure;
Forms and types of support.

Federal Law No. 209 contains articles on the basis of which statistical data is collected on the activities of medium and small businesses. The collected statistics are sorted into monthly and quarterly reports. If a small business has not yet developed, but continues to operate, then the heads of the organization must provide data to the statistics bureau every 12 months. Sometimes random samples are taken statistical observations on business activities by decision of the Government of the Russian Federation.

Download the law on private entrepreneurship of the Russian Federation

To develop business activities in the Russian Federation, a separate state policy is applied, which is implemented by local authorities. It is aimed at achieving the goals and principles established by Federal Law No. 209.

State policy goals:

Formation competitive environment in the economy of the Russian Federation;
Providing favorable conditions for conducting activities of small and medium-sized businesses;
Ensuring competitiveness;
Providing assistance to business entities in the field of promotion of goods and services;
Increasing the number of medium and small businesses;
Increasing the share of taxes paid by business entities.

Principles of public policy:

Division of responsibilities between government authorities when providing assistance to medium and small businesses;
Responsibility of federal state bodies. authorities for correct management business. Creation necessary conditions For economic development business entities.

To download the Federal Law as amended and supplemented, go to.

Changes in the Law on Entrepreneurship Development

The latest changes to the Federal Law were made on July 26, 2017. It's about on Article 4 of Law No. 209.

P 2 Article 4

Paragraph 2 talks about the number of employees in small enterprises. IN similar organization can employ up to 100 employees. The management of a micro-enterprise can employ up to 15 people. The number of employees in medium-sized enterprises should not exceed 200 people.

P 2.1 of Article 4

P 2.1 of Article of the Federal Law “On the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the Russian Federation” states that deputies of the State Duma can independently set the maximum threshold for the number of employees at the enterprise.

Part 3 of Article 4

This part describes the rules by which the category of medium and small business is determined. If an individual or legal entity (citizen as an individual entrepreneur) during the previous year did not employ other citizens of the Russian Federation for labor activity, then the category is determined based on the amount of profit for the previous year. Other categories of entities are determined depending on the number of employees at the enterprise.

The category of a business entity may be changed if changes have been made to the sorting indicators. If an individual entrepreneur registers again in state register, then the category of the subject remains the same.

All Federal Laws on business activities in the Russian Federation

Federal laws mean legislative acts that contain norms and rights governing relations arising between entrepreneurs or directly with their participation in business activities.

List of Federal laws regulating business activities:

— describes the state of the market on the territory of the Russian Federation;
— describes the legal status of entrepreneurial activity;
- describes the legal provisions that govern individual species entrepreneurial activity;
- contains correct order conducting business activities.

Despite a considerable number of Federal laws, not a single legislative provision contains principles of interaction between the state and business. In the articles of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, as rules on trade turnover, there is an indication that the state cannot interfere in private business affairs without any reason.

But if the law contained principles of interaction between the state and business, there would not be any contradictions between several federal laws.

To download changes and additions to this Federal Law No. 209 “On the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the Russian Federation”, go to .

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Comparison of Russian small and medium-sized businesses with foreign ones

If we compare data from Russia, Europe and the USA, it will become obvious that the number of small enterprises in our country is much smaller than outside the border. For example, in Europe, tax revenues from small businesses replenish state coffers by almost 50%.

Despite the positive dynamics of growth in the number of small enterprises in Russia, their indicators still lag behind foreign ones. Let's look at the numbers: in our country there are approximately 12 enterprises per thousand people, in European countries - from 37 to 70. The comparison in terms of the number of employees is also not in our favor - 22% versus 70%. As for GDP, the figures here are disappointing: 18% in Russia and almost 70% in the West.

The main difference between the development domestic business from Western economically more developed countries is that it is mainly focused on the service sector, and the number of enterprises involved in the processing industry or mining is negligible.

Many factors are responsible for such a significant difference between the number of small and medium-sized enterprises. The success of small and medium-sized businesses in the West is primarily due to state support - numerous programs regulating taxation, systems preferential lending and other incentives stimulate the development of entrepreneurship.

Problems of small and medium businesses

Domestic business, despite the constant attempts of the state to help in its development, still faces a huge number of problems - first of all, imperfection tax system, interference by criminal structures that control income, pressure from the government.

The only way out of the situation can be the adoption of special loyalty programs by the government.

Lending to small and medium-sized businesses

It is impossible to start your own business without investment, starting capital. And if “finance sings romances,” the only option is either to find investors or take out a loan from a bank to develop your business.

The simplest and most cost-effective option is to apply for financial assistance to friends. If you're very lucky, you might get the required amount no collateral, no checks and no interest. But if this is not possible, commercial financing remains.

Money to start a business

Another way is to turn to future “colleagues”, current large entrepreneurs. Perhaps some of them will be interested in your well-written business plan. The only “BUT” is that your payment for such help will be a share in the enterprise, and quite a significant one.

Well, the last option is to register as an individual entrepreneur and cooperate with a bank that issues loans to medium and small businesses.

Today, many banks have programs to support individual entrepreneurship.

In Sberbank, for example, you can get all the necessary advice, and on a special portal information resources for private entrepreneurs, which was created with the support of SME Corporation JSC, use the business navigator to calculate all expenses, draw up a business plan, find premises, find out whether you can count on government support.

Some types of business activities can count on receiving subsidies for the purchase of fixed assets from the state in an amount not exceeding 500 thousand rubles. To do this, you will have to invest at least half of your own money, implement state registration. The enterprise should not specialize in trade - neither wholesale nor retail.

Now in some regions of Russia the financing of so-called business incubators is being carried out. These programs provide a good chance to save, for example, on rent, which is a good help - in major cities and in the capital, more than half of the enterprise’s revenue has to be paid for it. Upon receipt of such a state benefit, a novice entrepreneur will be able to save additional funds to repay the loan.

Planning and organization of medium and small businesses

Strategic planning of your business is one of the main functions of its management, which is a clear designation of the main goals of the organization and ways to solve them. This is the basis that helps you accept everything management decisions, since it is a kind of “model of the future” of the company, determines the prospects for its development in a comprehensive competitive market.

Strategic planning - important stage creating a business

In our country similar tactics strategic planning medium and small businesses are not yet very widespread, but market relations are developing, competition is intensifying, and this is adding more and more relevance to it. The methods that were used before are already outdated and work very poorly. This makes business owners nervous, complaining that everything is to blame for poor management, force majeure situations, and a poor level of specialist training. But in fact, the problem most often lies in the fact that the entrepreneur simply does not see the strategy promising development your business for the near future, and even more so its long-term prospects. To do this, you need to calculate everything - the tactics of competitors, the needs and demands of the consumer, possible market changes.

The development of small and medium-sized businesses can be influenced by many completely unpredictable factors, and not giving them importance and due attention means deliberately driving yourself into a hopeless situation. Therefore, the key task is planning and developing tactics and strategies for behavior in the market, taking into account all circumstances - both internal and external.

Forecasting in small and medium-sized businesses and its features

Unlike a large business, in which all plans and strategic developments are carried out by representatives of senior management, and the project team can consist of from twenty to a hundred people, and their project documents number a hundred or two pages, in small and medium-sized businesses this phenomenon can rather be called enterprise development program for a certain period of time. For the most part, such a plan is not even transferred to paper, and is solely a figment of the imagination of a private entrepreneur and his personal opinion regarding the “survivability” of the business for the next couple of years. But such a plan also includes very specific tasks associated with a specific time period, based on analysis, understanding of the market, “feeling” for one’s own business, studying its strengths and weaknesses, the possibility of confronting competitors, determining the prospects in this industry.

Analytics helps to conduct a small audit of the current situation of the company and set key priorities for its activities. These priorities are presented as tasks - precise, coordinated with each other, with clear deadlines and indicating resources. The quality of formulation of such tasks has a great influence on the success of their implementation, so simple and effective tools, for example, setting specific goals according to the SMART system, could be a good help for the business owner.

What is very important to remember at the initial stage of developing your business?

The first thing you need to “get into your head” is that you need to constantly monitor the execution of all tasks. Mistakes are not forgiven here, because the slightest inaccuracy can ruin your business in the bud. A good solution would be to place control points at minimal intervals from each other. In fact, at the very beginning of the formation of a small and medium-sized business, its management is unitary - everything is controlled by the director of the company and his assistants, they make the necessary adjustments and so on. But good decision It would be better to turn to temporary, hired personnel for help - usually their qualifications are higher, which is a definite plus.

How to set goals correctly?

At the very beginning of the implementation stage, some entrepreneurs are faced with the fact that the quality of execution is either poor or non-existent. In 90% of cases, this is not even connected with the qualifications or motivation of its performer, but with unclear and foggy planning, when the goal is not clearly fixed, is not tied to anything, and is not time-determined. Just for comparison: “our goal is to increase product sales” and “our main goal is to increase sales by 30% by January 2018” with a clear definition of performers, resources, and so on. The latter option has a much higher chance of being successful as it is more accurate and matches the success criteria outlined above.

Main points of strategic planning

It is important for a business owner to understand that for it to be successful, a simple mental representation of the development of events is not enough - they must be documented.

With such clearly defined tasks, which are divided into stages, it is possible to track the stages of the company's development, successfully synchronize all personnel, eliminate possible misunderstandings, and also minimize the risk of bottlenecks.

Stages of strategic planning

A strategic plan helps set the main guidelines for the company’s development and allows for a sober and objective assessment of its internal resources and development opportunities in the market. Of course, its presence cannot guarantee one hundred percent success of your enterprise, because no one is immune from errors, force majeure and other factors. But such visualized planning of goals, their description, and tracking allows us to create the most favorable conditions for expanding the company’s influence, its growth, internal effective allocation of resources and strong strengthening in the market.

Ideas for small and medium-sized businesses without large initial investments

First of all, you need to clearly determine the location of your “gold mine” - you must agree, it is unlikely that a business selling antique paintings and jewelry will be successful in the provinces. The most popular objects of small and medium-sized businesses among potential clients may be service and small trade enterprises. This area may include, for example, on-site computer diagnostics of cars, a cleaning company, a mini-bakery or a grocery store. An excellent solution would be to become the owner of a payment terminal that allows you to pay public utilities, fines, telephone bills - you definitely can’t go wrong, because this is what people will always do.

Summarize. If you have two components - a great desire and even a small initial capital - you can organize an excellent business plan that will open the gates to your future great entrepreneurial activity!

Small and medium-sized businesses in Russia: systems of lending, guarantees and guarantees (video)

In life, an appeal is a description of the qualities of the addressee. The assistant obtains an opinion about the signatory, who has invested his motives in perceiving the document and its contents. In cases where the decision opens up from an emotional decision, this can be very influential. It will cost a lot to produce the correct form. Because the absence of defects is not easy work, not possible without experience.

Development of small and medium-sized businesses in the Russian Federation from the outside state power maximum attention is paid, which is confirmed big amount legislative documents aimed at regulating legal relations in this area. The activities of legal entities are regulated by the law on individual entrepreneurship However, if this activity is classified as a small enterprise, then it is carried out in accordance with the norms of Federal Law No. 209 - Federal Law of July 24, 2007 “On the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in the Russian Federation.” In addition, this area is regulated Civil Code Russian Federation, tax and administrative legislation of the Russian Federation.

Download the law on the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the Russian Federation

On the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the Russian Federation

Article 7. Features of legal regulation of the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the Russian Federation

In order to implement state policy in the field of development of small and medium-sized businesses in the Russian Federation, federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation may provide for the following measures:

1) special tax regimes, simplified rules of conduct tax accounting, simplified tax return forms for certain taxes and fees for small businesses;

2) simplified management system financial statements for small enterprises carrying out certain types of activities;

3) a simplified procedure for the preparation of statistical reporting by small and medium-sized businesses;

4) preferential payment procedure for state and municipal property privatized by small and medium-sized businesses;

5) features of the participation of small businesses as suppliers (performers, contractors) for the purpose of placing orders for the supply of goods, performance of work, provision of services for state and municipal needs;

6) measures to ensure the rights and legitimate interests of small and medium-sized businesses in the exercise of state control (supervision);

7) measures to ensure financial support for small and medium-sized businesses;

8) measures to develop infrastructure to support small and medium-sized businesses;

9) other measures aimed at ensuring the implementation of the goals and principles of this Federal Law.

The development of small and medium-sized businesses in the Russian Federation is given maximum attention by the state authorities, which is confirmed by a large number of legislative documents aimed at regulating legal relations in this area. The activities of legal entities are regulated by the law on individual entrepreneurship. however, if this activity is classified as a small enterprise, then it is carried out in accordance with the norms of Federal Law No. 209 - Federal Law of July 24, 2007 “On the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in the Russian Federation.” In addition, this area is regulated by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. tax and administrative legislation of the Russian Federation.

The Law on the Development of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in the Russian Federation directly regulates the relations that arise between individuals and legal entities, state authorities of the Russian Federation, constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments in the field of development of small and medium-level entrepreneurship, and also defines the infrastructure for supporting such businesses, its types and shapes. The law in its structure contains exclusively articles, a total of 27.

Articles 1-2 establish the subject of regulation of the law and the normative legal regulation of the development of entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation. The main concepts used in the area under discussion and their detailed definitions are listed in Article 3 of the document. Thus, definitions are given to the following concepts:

Small and medium-sized businesses;

Federal programs for the development of small and medium-level businesses;

Regional programs for the development of small and medium-level businesses;

Municipal programs for the development of small and medium-level businesses;

Support for such businesses.

The categories of small and medium-sized businesses are listed in Article 4 of the Federal Legislative Act, federal statistical observations carried out over the activities of the entities are in Article 5. Articles 6-13 regulate the basic principles and goals of state policy in this area, features of legal regulation and registers of recipients support for small and medium-sized businesses. In addition, the articles define the powers of government bodies of the Russian Federation, constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local self-government in the field of development of medium and small businesses, the interaction of bodies and advisory and coordinating bodies in this area.

Support for business entities by state authorities and local self-government is carried out in accordance with Article 14 of the law, while the support infrastructure, forms, conditions and procedure for its implementation are regulated by Articles 15-16 of the document. Articles 17-20 regulate the provision of financial, property, information and consulting support to small and medium-sized businesses, articles 21-25 - in the field of training and advanced training, innovation and industrial production, handicraft, foreign economic and agricultural activities. Articles 26-27 of the law on the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the Russian Federation are the final provision of the document; they are brought in accordance with legislative act separate documents and set the date for the law to come into force.

Article 8. On amendments to the Federal Law "On the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the Russian Federation"

Make the following changes to the Federal Law of July 24, 2007 N 209-FZ “On the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the Russian Federation” (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2007, N 31, Art. 4006; N 43, Art. 5084):

1) Article 9 shall be supplemented with paragraph 16 as follows:

“16) formation of infrastructure to support small and medium-sized businesses and ensuring its activities.”;

2) Article 13 is supplemented with part 5 with the following content:

"5. Decisions of federal executive authorities, executive authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments on the creation of coordination or advisory bodies in the field of development of small and medium-sized businesses are subject to publication in the media mass media, as well as posting on the official websites of the relevant state executive authorities, local governments on the Internet.";

3) in article 18:

a) part 4 should be stated as follows:

"4. Federal authorities executive authorities, executive authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments have the right to approve lists of state property and municipal property free from the rights of third parties (with the exception of property rights of small and medium-sized businesses). State and municipal property included in these lists can only be used for the purpose of providing it for possession and (or) use on a long-term basis (including at preferential rental rates) to small and medium-sized businesses and organizations forming a support infrastructure small and medium-sized businesses. These lists are subject to mandatory publication in the media, as well as posting on the Internet on the official websites of the state executive authorities and local governments that approved them.";

b) add parts 4.1 and 4.2 as follows:

"4.1. The procedure for the formation, maintenance, mandatory publication of the lists specified in part 4 of this article, as well as the procedure and conditions for providing lease (including benefits for small and medium-sized businesses engaged in social significant species activities) of the state and municipal property included in them are established according to regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, municipal legal acts.

4.2. State and municipal property included in the lists specified in part 4 of this article is not subject to alienation in private property, including the ownership of small or medium-sized businesses renting this property."

President of the Russian Federation D. Medvedev