The concept of the literary process. Modern literary process

111. The concept of the literary process

112. Continuity

113. Literary interactions and mutual influences

111 The concept of the literary process

The basic law of life is its constant development. This law is also observed in the literature. In different historical eras her condition was constantly changing, she had achievements and losses. Works. Homer. Aeschylus. Sophocles. Yes ante. Shakespeare. Cervantes. Pushkin,. Shevchenko. Franco. Lesya Ukrainian. Nicholas. Khvylovy, Vinnichenko. Tychina. Rylsky. Gonchar give grounds to talk about the progressive development of literature. However, the literary process is not only advancement, progress, evolution. B-I. Antonich rightly noted that the concept of “development” was transferred mechanically to the area of ​​art in the natural sciences; the concept of “development”, “progress” must be used carefully. Of course, when the history of art is perceived as continuous progress, then the works of modern writers should be considered perfect from the works of past eras and more complete than the works of bygone eras.

The term “literary process” arose at the turn of the 20s and 30s of the 20th century and began to be widely used starting in the 60s. The concept itself was formed during the 19th-20th centuries. In the 19th century, the term "literary evolution" was used. literary life""IN modern literary criticism a view on the history of literature as a change in types of artistic consciousness was established: mythopoetic, traditionalist, individual-author. This typology takes into account structural changes in artistic thinking and structural changes in artistic thinking."

Literary process- an important subject in the history of literature. Cyst classes, romantics, and supporters of the biographical method studied best works geniuses. Literary criticism second half of the 19th century In the wake of selective research in the study of literature, the subject of his research was all the works of writers, regardless of the level of artistry and ideological orientation.

Scientists of the 20th century G. Pospelov. M. Khrapchenko opposed both the transformation of literary criticism into the “history of generals” and the history of literature “without names”

The term "literary process" notes. V. Khaliseva, “denotes the literary life of a certain country and era (in the totality of its phenomena and facts) and, secondly, the centuries-old development of literature on a global, worldwide scale. The literary process in the second meaning of the word is the subject of comparative historical literary criticism and literary studies.” .

The literary process consists not only of masterpieces, but also of low-quality, epigone works. Viy includes literary and artistic publications, literary criticism, development of trends, directions, styles, genera, types, genres in, epistolary literature, memoirs. There have been cases in the history of literature when significant works were underestimated and mediocre ones were overestimated. Soviet literary criticism, for example, underestimated early lyrics. P. Tychina and overestimated works like “The Party Leads”, “Song of the Tractor Driver”, but underestimated the works of modernists, avant-garde artists, and writers of the diaspora. There is often a disproportion between the popularity and cultural and aesthetic significance of works. The works of writers sometimes come to the reader after a long period of time; over many decades, works have been hushed up. Elena. Teligi,. Oleg. Olzhich. Ulasa. Samchuk. Yuri. Maple,. Oksana. Lyaturinskaya,. Ivana. Irlyavskogurinskaya, Ivan Irlyavsky.

The development of literature is influenced by the socio-economic characteristics of society. Economic relationships can promote or harm the arts. However, one cannot directly connect the development of literature on m with material production. The history of literature knows examples when, during periods of decline in socio-economic relations, outstanding works of art. During the period of social political crisis V. Russia ( late XVIII- early 19th century) created. O. Pushkin. M. Lermontov; an era of deep political crisis times. Alexander III (XIX century) was a period of development of creativity. P. Tchaikovsky, and. Levitan. V. Surikova; in feudal reforms. Germany second half of the XVIII creativity developed. Goethe and. Schiller; The defeat of the Ukrainian national revolution of 1917-1920 coincided with creativity. P. Tychyny. M. Rylsky. Nicholas. Wow. M. Kulisha. O. Dovzhenko. Lesya. Kurbas. As we see, the connection between literature and reality is not direct, but complex and contradictory. Vulgar sociologists, in particular. V. Shulyatikova. V. Fritsche,. V. Pereverzev and the Proletkultists exaggerated the importance of material factors of life in the development of literature. They believed that art is completely dependent on material, socio-economic reality and directly reflects it. Socialist realists focused their attention on the socio-political meaning, underestimating the significance artistic form works. Guided by the vulgar sociological method. V. Koryak identified the following periods in the history of Ukrainian literature and Ukrainian literature:

1) a day of family life;

2) the day of early feudalism;

3) Ukrainian Middle Ages;

4) the day of commercial capitalism;

5) the day of industrial capitalism;

6) day of financial capitalism

A reaction to vulgar sociologism was the concept of art for art's sake, according to which art does not depend on reality and is not connected with it. The theory of “pure art” found implementation in the works of the “Young Muse” writers and avant-garde writers.

Aesthetic and stylistic approach to periodization fiction offered. D. Chizhevsky. He identified the following periods in the history of Ukrainian literature:

1. Old folk literature (folklore)

2. Day of monumental style

3. Time of ornamental style

4 crossings per day

5. Renaissance and. Reformation

6. Baroque

7. Classicism

8. Romanticism

9. Realism

10. Symbolism

Aesthetic and stylistic periodization accurately reflects the development of literature. The style of the day combines the ideological, historical-sociological and aesthetes of the copoeta-cal facets of the existence of literature

Literature has its own laws of development. It is influenced by philosophy, politics, religion, morality, law, science, mythology, folklore, ethnography, as well as the mentality of the people. The philosophy of rationalism, for example, was based on classicism, the philosophy of sensualism - on sentimentalism, and existentialism - on works. Camus. Sartre. Stefanika. Vinnychenkoka.

Each national literature has its own laws of development. The heyday of humanism in Italian literature occurred in the 15th century, in English - in the 17th century. Classicism in. France actively developed in the mid-17th century. Russia - in the second half of the 18th century.

Play an important role in the development of literature internal factors, in particular continuity, mutuality, traditions, innovation

1. The central place is given to the symbol*
2. The desire for a higher ideal prevails
3. A poetic image is intended to express the essence of a phenomenon
4. Characteristic reflection of the world in two planes: real and mystical
5. Sophistication and musicality of verse

The term "literary process" in domestic literary criticism arose in the late 1920s, although the concept itself was formed in criticism back in the 19th century. Belinsky’s famous reviews “A Look at Russian Literature of 1846” and others are one of the first attempts to present the features and patterns of literary development of a particular period Russian literature, i.e. features and patterns of the literary process.

The term “literary process” denotes the historical existence of literature, its functioning and evolution both in a certain era and throughout the history of a nation.”

Chronological framework The modern literary process is determined by the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries.

· Literature of the end of centuries uniquely sums up the artistic and aesthetic quests of the entire century;

· New literature helps to understand the complexity and debatability of our reality. Literature in general helps a person clarify the time of his existence.

· With his experiments he outlines the prospects for development.

· The uniqueness of SLP lies in multi-level, polyphony. There is no hierarchy in the literary system, since styles and genres exist simultaneously. That is why, when considering modern literature it is necessary to move away from the usual attitudes that were applied to Russian literature of past centuries. It is important to feel the change in the literary code and imagine the literary process in an ongoing dialogue with previous literature. The space of modern literature is very colorful. Literature is created by people different generations: those who existed in the depths of Soviet literature, those who worked in the underground of literature, those who began to write more recently. Representatives of these generations fundamentally different attitude by the way, to its functioning in the text.

Writers of the sixties(E. Yevtushenko, A. Voznesensky, V. Aksenov, V. Voinovich, V. Astafiev and others) burst into literature during the thaw of the 1960s and, feeling a short-term freedom of speech, became symbols of their time. Later, their destinies turned out differently, but interest in their work remained constant. Today they are recognized classics of modern literature, distinguished by their intonation of ironic nostalgia and commitment to the memoir genre. Critic M. Remizova writes about this generation like this: “ Characteristics This generation is characterized by a certain gloominess and, oddly enough, a kind of sluggish relaxation, conducive more to contemplation than to active action and even a small act. Their rhythm is moderato. Their thought is reflection. Their spirit is irony. Their cry - but they don’t scream...”

Writers of the 70s generation– S. Dovlatov, I. Brodsky, V. Erofeev, A. Bitov, V. Makanin, L. Petrushevskaya. V. Tokareva, S. Sokolov, D. Prigov and others. They worked in conditions of creative lack of freedom. The writer of the seventies, in contrast to the sixties, linked his ideas about personal freedom with independence from official creative and social structures. One of the notable representatives of the generation, Viktor Erofeev, wrote about the features of the handwriting of these writers: “From the mid-70s, an era of hitherto unprecedented doubts began not only in the new person, but in man in general... literature doubted everything without exception: love, children , faith, church, culture, beauty, nobility, motherhood, folk wisdom...". It is this generation that begins to master postmodernism; the poem by Venedikt Erofeev “Moscow - Cockerels” appears in samizdat, the novels by Sasha Sokolov “School for Fools” and Andrei Bitov “ Pushkin House", fiction of the Strugatsky brothers and prose of the Russian Abroad.

With “perestroika” another numerous and bright generation writers- V. Pelevin, T. Tolstaya, L. Ulitskaya, V. Sorokin, A. Slapovsky, V. Tuchkov, O. Slavnikova, M. Paley, etc. They began to work in an uncensored space, were able to freely master the “various routes of literary experiment." The prose of S. Kaledin, O. Ermakov, L. Gabyshev, A. Terekhov, Yu. Mamleev, V. Erofeev, the stories of V. Astafiev and L. Petrushevskaya touched upon previously forbidden topics of army “hazing”, the horrors of prison, the life of homeless people, prostitution, alcoholism, poverty, struggle for physical survival. "This prose has revived interest in" little man”, to the “humiliated and insulted” - motives that form the tradition of a sublime attitude towards the people and people’s suffering going back to the 19th century. However, unlike literature of the 19th century century, the “chernukha” of the late 1980s showed folk world as a concentration of social horror accepted as an everyday norm. This prose expressed a feeling of total trouble modern life...,” write N.L. Leiderman and M.N. Lipovetsky.

At the end of the 1990s, another generation of very young writers appeared– A. Utkin, A. Gosteva, P. Krusanov, A. Gelasimov, E. Sadur, etc.), about whom Viktor Erofeev says: “Young writers are the first generation in the history of Russia free people, without state and internal censorship, singing random advertising songs under their breath. New literature does not believe in “happy” social change and moral pathos, in contrast to the liberal literature of the 60s. She was tired of the endless disappointment in man and the world, the analysis of evil (underground literature of the 70-80s).”

First decade of the 21st century- so diverse, multi-voiced that you can hear extremely opposing opinions about the same writer. For example, Alexey Ivanov - the author of the novels “The Geographer Drank His Globe Away”, “The Dorm-on-Blood”, “The Heart of Parma”, “The Gold of Revolt” - in the “Book Review” he was named the most brilliant writer to appear in the Russian literature XXI century." And here is the opinion about Ivanov expressed by the writer Anna Kozlova: “Ivanov’s picture of the world is a section of the road that a chain dog sees from his booth. This is a world in which nothing can be changed and all you can do is joke over a glass of vodka in the full confidence that the meaning of life has just been revealed to you in all its ugly details. What I don’t like about Ivanov is his desire to be light and glossy... Although I cannot help but admit that he is an extremely gifted author. And I found my reader.”

· Despite the flourishing of various styles and genres, society is no longer literary-centric. Literature of the late XX beginning of the XXI almost loses its educational function.

· Changed the role of the writer.“Now the readers have fallen away from the writer like leeches and given him the opportunity to be in a situation of complete freedom. And those who still ascribe to the writer the role of a prophet in Russia are the most extreme conservatives. In the new situation, the role of the writer has changed. Previously, this workhorse was ridden by everyone who could, but now it itself must go and offer its working arms and legs.” Critics P. Weil and A. Genis accurately defined the transition from the traditional role of “teacher” to the role of “indifferent chronicler” as “zero degree of writing.” S. Kostyrko believes that the writer found himself in a role unusual for the Russian literary tradition: “It seems to be easier for today’s writers. Nobody demands ideological service from them. They are free to choose their own model of creative behavior. But, at the same time, this freedom complicated their tasks, depriving them of obvious points of application of forces. Each of them is left alone with the problems of existence - Love, Fear, Death, Time. And we need to work at the level of this problem.”

· Search new hero.“We have to admit that the face of a typical hero modern prose distorted by a grimace of a skeptical attitude towards the world, covered with youthful fluff and his features are rather sluggish, sometimes even anemic. His actions are frightening, and he is in no hurry to decide either on his own personality or on his destiny. He is gloomy and pre-irritated by everything in the world; for the most part, he seems to have absolutely nothing to live for.” M. Remizova

Plus, tell us about the works you read, plus your presentations on modern writers, plus notes in the margins. Whoosh!

©2015-2019 site
All rights belong to their authors. This site does not claim authorship, but provides free use.
Page creation date: 2017-06-12

The term “literary process” can confuse a person unfamiliar with its definition. Because it is not clear what kind of process this is, what caused it, what it is connected with and according to what laws it exists. In this article we will examine this concept in detail. Special attention Let's focus on the literary process of the 19th and 20th centuries.

What is the literary process?

This concept means:

• creative life in the totality of facts and phenomena of a particular country in a particular era;
• literary development in a global sense, including all centuries, cultures and countries.

When using the term in the second meaning, the phrase “historical-literary process” is often used.

In general, the concept describes historical changes in the world and national literature, which, as they develop, inevitably interact with each other.

In the course of studying this process, researchers solve many complex tasks, among which the main one is the transition of some poetic forms, ideas, trends and directions to others.

Writers' influence

Writers are also included in the literary process, who with their new artistic techniques and experiments with language and form change the approach to describing the world and people. However, the authors do not make their discoveries out of nowhere, since they necessarily rely on the experience of their predecessors, who lived both in his country and abroad. That is, the writer uses almost everything artistic experience humanity. From this we can conclude that there is a struggle between new and old artistic ideas, and each new literary movement puts forward its own creative principles, which, while relying on traditions, nevertheless challenge them.

Evolution of directions and genres

The literary process, therefore, includes the evolution of genres and trends. So, in the 17th century French writers instead of baroque, which welcomed the willfulness of poets and playwrights, they proclaimed classicist principles that presupposed adherence to strict rules. However, already in the 19th century, romanticism appeared, rejecting all rules and proclaiming the freedom of the artist. Then realism arose, expelling subjective romanticism and putting forward its own demands for works. And the change in these directions is also part of the literary process, as are the reasons for which they occurred and the writers who worked within their framework.

Don't forget about genres. So, the novel, the largest and popular genre, has experienced more than one change in artistic movements and trends. And in every era it has changed. For example, shining example The Renaissance novel “Don Quixote” is completely different from “Robinson Crusoe”, written during the Enlightenment, and both of them are unlike the works of O. de Balzac, V. Hugo, and Charles Dickens.

Russian literature of the 19th century

Literary process of the 19th century. presents a rather complex picture. At this time, evolution occurs and representatives of this direction are N.V. Gogol, A.S. Pushkin, I.S. Turgenev, I.A. Goncharov, F.M. Dostoevsky and A.P. Chekhov. As you can see, the work of these writers is very different, however, they all belong to the same movement. At the same time, literary criticism in this regard speaks not only about the artistic individuality of writers, but also about changes in realism itself and the method of knowing the world and man.

At the beginning of the 19th century, romanticism was replaced by “ natural school", which already in the middle of the century began to be perceived as something preventing further literary development. F. Dostoevsky and L. Tolstoy begin to give everything higher value psychologism in his works. This became a new stage in the development of realism in Russia, and the “natural school” became outdated. However, this does not mean that the techniques of the previous movement are no longer used. On the contrary, the new absorbs the old, partially leaving it in its original form, partially modifying it. However, we should not forget about the influence foreign literature into Russian, as well as, indeed, domestic literature into foreign.

Western literature of the 19th century

The literary process of the 19th century in Europe included two main directions - romanticism and realism. Both of them became a reflection historical events this era. Let us remind you that at this time factories are opening, construction railways etc. At the same time, the Great French revolution, which led to uprisings throughout Europe. These events, of course, are reflected in literature, but completely with different positions: romanticism strives to escape reality and create its own ideal world; realism - analyze what is happening and try to change reality.

Romanticism, which arose at the end of the 18th century, gradually became obsolete around the middle of the 19th century. But realism, which was just emerging at the beginning of the 19th century, was gaining momentum by the end of the century. The realistic direction emerges from realism and declares itself around the age of 30-40.

The popularity of realism is explained by its social orientation, which was in demand by the society of that time.

Russian literature of the 20th century

Literary process of the 20th century. very complex, intense and ambiguous, especially for Russia. This is connected, first of all, with emigrant literature. Writers who found themselves expelled from their homeland after the 1917 revolution continued to write abroad, continuing the literary traditions of the past. But what is happening in Russia? Here, the motley variety of directions and trends, called the Silver Age, is forcibly narrowed to the so-called socialist realism. And all attempts by writers to move away from it are brutally suppressed. However, works were created but not published. Among such writers are Akhmatova, Zoshchenko, and from later antagonist authors - Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Venedikt Erofeev, etc. Each of these writers was a successor literary traditions the beginning of the 20th century, before the advent of socialist realism. The most interesting in this regard is the work “Moscow - Petushki”, written by V. Erofeev in 1970 and published in the West. This poem is one of the first examples of postmodern literature.

Until the end of the existence of the USSR, practically no works were published that were not related to socialist realism. However, after the collapse of the power, the dawn of book publishing literally began. Everything that was written in the 20th century but was prohibited is published. New writers appear, continuing the traditions of literature Silver Age, prohibited and foreign.

Western literature of the 20th century

The Western literary process of the 20th century is characterized by close connection with historical events, in particular the first and second world wars. These events greatly shocked Europe.

In the literature of the 20th century, two major trends stand out - modernism and postmodernism (emerging in the 70s). The first includes such movements as existentialism, expressionism, and surrealism. It developed most brightly and intensively in the first half of the 20th century, then gradually losing ground to postmodernism.

Conclusion

Thus, the literary process is the totality of the works of writers and historical events in their development. This understanding of literature makes it possible to understand by what laws it exists and what influences its evolution. The beginning of the literary process can be called the first work created by humanity, and its end will come only when we cease to exist.

Literary process. Basic aspects of studying the literary process. Modern concepts of the literary process.

The literary process is, firstly, the literary life of a certain country and era; secondly, the centuries-old development of literature on a global, worldwide scale.
The literary process in the second meaning of the word is the subject of comparative historical literary criticism. The stages of the literary process are usually thought of as corresponding to those stages of human history that manifested themselves most clearly and completely in Western European countries and especially clearly in the Romanesque countries. In this regard, ancient, medieval and modern literatures are distinguished with their own stages.
The literary process is a change in literary directions.
Conrad said that all nations follow the same literary path.
The literary process is a complex concept. The term itself appeared relatively recently, already in the 20th century, and gained popularity even later, only starting in the 50s and 60s. Before this, attention was paid to some individual aspects of literary relationships, but the literary process was not comprehended in its entirety. In the full sense of the word, it has not been comprehended even today; only the main components of the literary process have been identified, and possible research methodologies have been outlined. Summarizing various views, we can say that understanding the literary process involves solving several scientific problems:

1. It is necessary to establish connections between literature and the socio-historical process. Literature, of course, is connected with history, with the life of society, it reflects it to some extent, but it is neither a copy nor a mirror. At some moments, at the level of images and themes, there is a rapprochement with historical reality, at others, on the contrary, literature moves away from it. Understanding the logic of this “attraction-repulsion” and finding transitional links connecting historical and literary processes is an extremely complex task and hardly has a final solution. As such a transitional link “from life to literature,” either religious-symbolic forms or social stereotypes were considered (or, in the terminology of A. A. Shakhov, “ public types"), which are formed in society in a certain period and are embodied in art; then the socio-psychological atmosphere in society (in the terminology of Yu. B. Kuzmenko - “social emotions”); then the structure of the aesthetic ideal, reflecting both ideas about a person and aesthetic traditions (for example, this approach is typical for the works of N. A. Yastrebova), etc. There were a lot of concepts, but the mechanism for transforming historical reality into works of art remains a mystery . At the same time, attempts to find this transitional link stimulate the emergence of interesting research, unexpected and original concepts in both domestic and foreign aesthetics. Let’s say, it is the search for these links, both concretely historical and “transhistorical” (in the terminology of P. Bourdieu), that is, of the same type for any moment in history, that gives rise to the concept of “new historicism” - one of the most popular methodologies in modern Western European science. According to the theory of Pierre Bourdieu, the author of this concept, it is useless to “impose” any general laws on history based on today’s coordinate system. You need to start from the “historicity of the object,” that is, every time you need to enter into the historical context of a given work. And only by comparing the multitude of data obtained in this way, including the historicity of the researcher himself, can we notice elements of commonality and “overcome” history. P. Bourdieu’s concept is popular today, but, of course, it does not solve all the questions. The search for an adequate methodology continues, and definitive answers are hardly possible.

2. In addition to “external” connections, that is, connections with history, psychology, etc., literature also has a system of internal connections, that is, it constantly relates itself to its own history. Not a single writer of any era ever begins to write “with clean slate", he always consciously or unconsciously takes into account the experience of his predecessors. He's writing a certain genre, in which centuries-old literary experience has been accumulated (it is no coincidence that M. M. Bakhtin called the genre “the memory of literature”), he searches for the genre of literature that is closest to himself (epic, lyric, drama) and inevitably takes into account the laws adopted for this type. Finally, he absorbs many of the author’s traditions, correlating his work with one of his predecessors. From all this, internal laws of development of the literary process are formed, which do not directly correlate with the socio-historical situation. For example, the genre of an elegiac poem, permeated with sadness and sometimes tragedy, can manifest itself in different sociohistorical situations, but will always correlate itself with the genre of elegy - regardless of the desire and will of the author.
Therefore, the concept of “literary process” includes the formation of generic, genre and style traditions.

The need to “keep track” of the slow development of architectural forms of literature stretched over centuries gave rise to the large-scale historicism of historical poetics. This science has developed the most generalized picture of the literary process to date and identified 3 large stages in the development of world literature.
Veselovsky called the first stage in the history of poetics the era of syncretism. By modern ideas, this tradition lasts from the ancient Stone Age to the 7-6th century BC. e. in Greece and the first centuries AD. e. in the East.
Veselovsky proceeded from the fact that the most obvious and simple and at the same time the most fundamental difference between archaic consciousness and modern consciousness is its indivisible nature, or syncretism. It permeates everything ancient culture, starting from the direct sensory perceptions of its carriers to their ideological constructs - myths, religion, art.
In general, the poetics of the era of syncretism - and this is its very special place in the history of art - is a time of slow development of the basic and primary principles of artistic thinking, subjective forms, figurative languages, story archetypes, genera and genres, everything that will be given by subsequent stages of development of literature as ready-made forms, without which everything further would be impossible.
The second major stage of the literary process begins in the 6th-5th centuries. BC e. in Greece and the first centuries AD. e. and lasts until the middle - second half of the 18th century. in Europe and the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries. in the East. A generally accepted name for this stage has not been established; its most common definition is rhetorical (others: the era of reflective traditionalism, canonical, eidetic).