The answer to the question, what is solar radiation, is the entire spectrum of light emitted by the sun. It includes visible light and all other radiation frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum. Compared to familiar energy sources on Earth, the Sun emits enormous amounts of energy. The type of radiation emitted by the sun is a product of its heat, which is caused by nuclear fusion within the sun's core. Solar radiation is studied by scientists because the influence of the Sun on the human body and the planet as a whole is very enormous.
Only a small fraction of solar radiation ever reaches Earth: most of it is radiated into empty space. However, the fraction that actually reaches the Earth is much larger than the amount of energy consumed on Earth by sources such as fossil fuels. The enormous amount of energy emitted by the sun can be explained by its large mass and high temperature.
Types of solar radiation
Total solar radiation, often called global radiation, is the sum of direct, diffuse, and reflected radiation. The solar radiation available to us is always a mixture of the above three components.
Types of solar radiation
Direct radiation
Direct radiation received from sun rays, moving from the sun to the earth directly. The direction of radiation is also called beam radiation or direct beam radiation. Since direct radiation is the sun's rays moving in a straight line, shadows of objects that appear in the path of the sun's rays are formed. Shadows indicate the presence of direct radiation.
In sunny areas and during the summer, direct radiation accounts for almost 70-80% of the total radiation. Solar installations use solar tracking to absorb most of the direct radiation. If a solar tracking system is not installed, valuable direct radiation will not be captured.
Diffuse radiation
Direct radiation has a fixed direction. Diffuse radiation does not have a fixed direction. When the sun's rays are scattered by particles present in the atmosphere, these scattered sun rays account for diffuse radiation.
As pollution increases, the amount of diffuse radiation also increases. In hilly areas and during winter, the percentage of diffuse radiation increases. Maximum amount Scattered radiation is captured by solar panels when they are held horizontally. This means that with solar panels that are angled to track most of the direct radiation, the amount of stray radiation captured by the panels will be reduced. The greater the angle that solar panels make with the ground, the less will be the amount of scattered radiation captured by the panels.
Reflected and global radiation
Reflected radiation is the component of radiation that is reflected from surfaces other than air particles. Radiation reflected from hills, trees, houses, bodies of water reflects reflected radiation. Reflected radiation usually makes up a small percentage of global radiation, but can contribute up to 15% in snowy areas.
Global radiation is the sum of direct, diffuse and reflected radiation. Solar radiation is a combination of ultraviolet and infrared waves. Each of these components affects the body in its own way.
The influence of solar radiation on the human body
Speaking about the effect of the sun on the human body, it is impossible to determine exactly. What impact does it have on human health, harm or benefit? The sun's rays emit ultraviolet and infrared radiation. The rays of the sun are like kilocalories obtained from food. Their deficiency leads to emaciation, and in excess they cause obesity. So it is in this situation. Moderate amounts of solar radiation have positive influence on the body, while excess ultraviolet radiation provokes burns and the development of numerous diseases. Influence
Positive effects of infrared radiation
The main feature of infrared rays is that they create a thermal effect, which has a positive effect on the human body. The heating element helps to dilate blood vessels and normalize blood circulation. Heat has a relaxing effect on the muscles, providing a slight anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect. Under the influence of heat, metabolism increases and the processes of assimilation of biologically active components are normalized. Infrared radiation from the sun stimulates the brain and visual apparatus.
Interesting! Thanks to solar radiation, it synchronizes the biological rhythms of the body, starting with sleep and wakefulness. Treatment with infrared rays of the sun improves skin condition and eliminates acne. Warm light lifts the mood and improves a person’s emotional background. They also improve sperm quality in men and potency.
Positive effects of ultraviolet radiation
Despite all the controversy about the negative effects of ultraviolet radiation on the body, its absence can lead to serious problems with health. This is one of the most important factors of existence. And the lack of ultraviolet light in the body brings the following changes:
Firstly, it weakens the immune system (primarily the effect is on cells in the body). This is due to impaired absorption of vitamins and minerals, metabolic disorders at the cellular level.
The sun replenishes the lack of vitamin D There is a tendency to develop new or exacerbation of chronic diseases, complications most often occurring. Lethargy, syndrome noted chronic fatigue, decrease in efficiency level. Lack of ultraviolet light for children prevents the formation of vitamin D and causes a slowdown. However, you need to understand that excessive solar activity will not benefit the body.
Negative effects of the sun
Exposure time to infrared and ultraviolet waves must be strictly limited. Excessive solar radiation:
- may provoke a deterioration in the general condition of the body (so-called thermal shock due to overheating);
- negatively affect the skin, they can cause permanent changes;
- impairs vision;
- causes hormonal disturbances in the body;
- may provoke the development of allergic reactions;
- may provoke Negative influence on the human genome and the structure of human DNA;
- negatively affects the fetus;
- negatively affects the human psyche.
The effect of the sun on the skin
Excessive amounts of solar radiation lead to serious skin problems. In the short term, you risk burns or dermatitis. This is the smallest problem you may encounter when enchanted by the sun on a hot day. If this situation is repeated with enviable regularity, solar radiation will stimulate the formation of malignant tumors in skin melanoma.
In addition, ultraviolet irradiation dehydrates the skin, making it thin and sensitive. But permanent place Living under direct rays accelerates the aging process, causing the appearance of early wrinkles.
Negative impact on vision
Effect sunlight on a visual device is huge. Indeed, thanks to the rays of light, we receive information about the world around us. Artificial lighting can be an alternative to natural light in some ways, but in terms of reading and writing using lamp light, it increases eye strain.
When talking about the negative effects on humans and visible sunlight, this means eye damage from prolonged exposure to the sun without sunglasses.
Due to the discomfort you may experience, you may experience eye pain, redness, and photophobia. The most serious damage to the retina is burning. It is also possible to dry out the skin and form wrinkles.
The effects of radiation on the human body in space
Space radiation is one of the main health hazards from space flight. It is dangerous because it has enough energy to change or destroy DNA molecules, which can damage or kill cells. This can lead to health problems ranging from acute effects to long-term exposure.
Acute effects, such as changes in the blood, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, are mild and recover. Other effects of acute radiation are much more serious, such as damage to the central nervous system or even death. Such exposure should not result from exposure to cosmic radiation, unless the astronaut is exposed to solar particles, such as a solar flare, which produces high doses of radiation.
A person cannot live without the sun's rays. The sun gives us joy and helps us stay healthy. Sun rays affect the production of serotonin, which improves mood and performance. They are necessary for the synthesis of vitamin D3, which is important for bones, without which calcium cannot be absorbed in the body.
As a matter of fact, what is considered the “sun” in our minds is actually just not the largest part of it. Human eye capable of distinguishing only 40% of the sun's rays. The “invisible” Sun is infrared radiation (50%) and ultraviolet (10%).
Types of sun rays:
1. Ultraviolet (UVC, UVB, UVA)
I) UVC - do not reach the Earth’s surface and are completely absorbed by the upper layers of the atmosphere.
II) UVB - do not pass beyond the epidermis, causing a lasting tan.
III) UVA - penetrate the dermis, causing an “instant tan” that appears immediately after exposure to the sun and quickly disappears.
2. Infrared (IR-A, IR-B, IR-C) - thermal radiation from the Sun. IR-A rays are able to penetrate the hypodermis and subcutaneous fat.
Do you remember the rhyme about “Every hunter wants to know where the pheasant sits”? Violet (“pheasant”) is the last visible part of the solar spectrum, followed by ultraviolet. Red (“every”) is the first color of the solar spectrum accessible to our vision, preceded by invisible infrared rays.
Different types of sunlight differ from each other in an important physical characteristic - wavelength, which determines their properties.
- UVB rays are practically unable to penetrate ordinary glass. UVA and IR rays penetrate glass easily. Therefore, sitting near a closed window on a hot day cannot get a tan, but you can get heatstroke.
- Infrared rays are unable to penetrate water. 60% of UVB and 85% of UVA rays penetrate to a sufficient depth. Therefore, when we are in a pond, we do not feel the heat, but we can get a sunburn.
Doctors do not recommend staying long time in the sun without using solar cosmetics. It is needed not only during a trip to the sea or an excursion in the desert, but also when you are simply in the fresh air for a long time: working in the garden, taking a walk, skiing or cycling. Solar cosmetics will save you from troubles that can come from the sun's rays.
UVB rays can cause burns and pigment spots on the skin. UVA rays damage collagen and elastin fibers, causing the skin to lose firmness and elasticity.
Infrared A-rays for a long time were considered harmless. However, research conducted at the University of Dusseldorf in 2003 showed that IRA rays, when exposed to human skin, lead to the formation of free radicals that destroy collagen fibers, leading to premature aging. Ladival was the first to use a patented formula with antioxidants in solar cosmetics to protect against the harmful effects of IRA rays. Its effectiveness has been clinically proven.
5 facts about the Sun:
1. The word "Sun" in English language is an exception: it has the form of a personal pronoun and belongs to the masculine gender - “He”.
2. Lack of sunlight can cause a mental disorder - winter depression (Seasonal Affective Disorder). Its symptoms are drowsiness, lethargy, irritability, a feeling of hopelessness, and anxiety.
3. The mass of the Sun is 99.85% of the mass of the solar system. The share of its remaining objects accounts for only 0.15%.
4. About 1 million Earth-sized planets could fit inside the Sun.
5. The force of gravity on the Sun is 28 times greater than the force of gravity on Earth: a person on Earth weighs 60 kilograms on the Sun would weigh 1680 kilograms.
What if we collected all the visible radiation from the Sun into a laser-type beam with a diameter of a meter and sent it to Earth?
Max Schaefer
Here's what Max described:
If you find yourself in the path of the beam, you will, of course, die quickly. And not even “from something,” as usually happens, you will simply turn from a biological phenomenon into a physical one.
When a beam of light reaches the atmosphere, it will heat the air at the point of impact to millions of degrees in a fraction of a second. [ 1 ] . ↲Fahrenheit, Celsius, Rankine or Kelvin - it doesn't matter at all.↳ This air will turn into plasma and begin to dissipate heat in all directions in the form of x-rays. They will heat the surrounding air, turning it into plasma, which will emit infrared light. It's like an explosion hydrogen bomb, but much more intense.
This radiation will evaporate everything around, turn the nearest region of the atmosphere into plasma and begin to devour the surface of the Earth.
What if you find yourself on the other side of the planet? You won't survive anyway - in this situation, the Earth is doomed. But from what exactly you will die?
The size of the Earth is enough to protect people for back side from Max's beam, although not for long. Seismic waves from destruction will also not immediately pass through the planet. But they won't kill you anyway. The earth is not a perfect shield.
Twilight will destroy you.
It's dark at night [ ], because the Sun shines on the other side of the planet [ ] . But the night sky is not always dark absolute. Before dawn and after sunset, a glow is visible because the atmosphere bends the light of the hidden Sun.
If our beam hits the Earth, a range of radiation from X-rays to heat will be released into the atmosphere, so it's worth understanding how different types of light interact with the air.
Speaking of ordinary light, you may have heard of Rayleigh scattering as the answer to the question “why is the sky blue?” The explanation is generally correct, but the answer “because the air is blue” is perhaps even better. Of course it's blue for a variety of physical reasons, but All has color for many physical reasons [2]. ↲To the question “why is the Statue of Liberty green?” we will answer something like “the statue is covered with copper and was once copper in color, but over time due to oxidation a layer of copper carbonate has formed, which is green.” We will not say “what makes a statue green is the scattering and absorption of light of certain frequencies by surface molecules.”
When the air heats up, electrons lose connection with the nuclei of atoms - plasma is obtained. The radiation flow from the beam passes through it, so you need to find out how transparent this plasma is to various types of radiation. Here I want to recall an article by Harris L. Meyer from 1964 Transparency calculations. Past and future, its introductory paragraph is the best of any physics paper I've seen:
The prerequisites for this work appeared several billion years ago. Once stars began to form, transparency became one of the basic parameters determining structure. physical world, in which we live. And in Lately, with the development of nuclear weapons operating at intrastellar temperatures, transparency is also becoming one of the basic parameters that determine the processes from which we can all die.
Plasma transmits X-rays better than air. They will pass right through it and heat it up thanks to the Compton effect and pair production. But the rays will quickly stop as soon as they come into contact with the non-plasma air outside. But the plasma sphere will constantly expand thanks to X-rays from the superheated air around the beam. The new plasma at the edges will add infrared radiation to the stream that is scorching everything in its path.
A ring of heat and light will spread across the planet, heating the air and earth. As the air heats up, plasma and radiation will spread further and further beyond the horizon. In addition, part of the atmosphere will be knocked out by the beam into space and from there will reflect light back to the planet.
Accurate The speed at which radiation travels around the Earth depends on various characteristics atmospheric scattering, but it is unimportant if the Moon is at quarter all this time.
When Max's device turns on, the Moon will not be visible - the sunlight illuminating it will be concentrated in a beam. After it touches the atmosphere, the quarter moon will appear.
When the beam from Max's device touches the Earth's atmosphere, the light from the point of contact will illuminate the Moon. Depending on the satellite's position and your location on the planet's surface, the reflected moonlight alone could easily incinerate you...
...and twilight, having shrouded the planet, will bring with it the last sunset [3]. ↲This picture is convenient to annoy certain groups of people:
One subtlety could save the Earth from complete destruction. Is Max's mechanism capable of holding at gunpoint? moving target? If not, the planet will be out of harm's way in just three minutes. People, however, will still be fried, the atmosphere and surface will become noticeably smaller, but the bulk of the Earth will continue its path in orbit like a charred block.
Deep space will open to our solar death ray. If years later it reaches another planetary system, it will be too diffuse and will not be able to incinerate anything, but its brightness will certainly be enough to heat the surfaces of local planets.
Max's scenario may have doomed the Earth, but - if it's any consolation - we won't necessarily die alone.
The text of the work is posted without images and formulas.
Full version work is available in the "Work Files" tab in PDF format
Goal of the work
Purpose of the work: To establish the positive and negative effects of solar insolation on the human body, to identify the importance of the sun for the human body, to formulate the basic rules for sunbathing, and also to determine the tactics of behavior of people with tumors on the skin.
2. Introduction
Subject practical work in biology I chose “The influence of sunlight on the human body.” This topic is of great interest to me due to the fact that recently people have begun to spend more time in the sun. We began to visit solariums and began to vacation in southern countries more often. A tanned person looks more beautiful and successful, so we began to use more cosmetics to attract a tan.
I analyzed the literature (including medical literature), used Internet resources, and conducted a sociological survey to study the level of awareness of my friends, acquaintances, and relatives about the effects of ultraviolet rays on the human body. This is what I got out of it:
3. What is solar insolation?
Solar energy is the source of life on Earth. This is light and warmth, without which a person cannot live. At the same time, there is a minimum level of solar energy at which human life is comfortable. Comfort in this case means not only the presence of natural light, but also the state of health - a lack of sunlight leads to various diseases. In addition, the energy of the sun can be used not only to ensure the comfortable existence of living beings (humans, plants, animals) with light and heat, but also to generate electrical and thermal energy. A quantitative indicator when assessing the flow of solar energy is a value called insolation.
Insolation - irradiation of surfaces sunlight(solar radiation), the flux of solar radiation to the surface; irradiation of a surface or space with a parallel beam of rays coming from the direction in which it is visible in this moment center of the solar disk. Insolation is measured by the number of units of energy falling on a unit surface per unit of time.
The amount of insolation depends on:
From the height of the Sun above the horizon;
From the geographical latitude of the place;
From the angle of inclination of the earth's surface;
From the orientation of the earth's surface in relation to the sides of the horizon;
The insolation rate affects many areas of our lives, from living comfort to energy.
3.1 Types of ultraviolet radiation.
The sun emits three types of ultraviolet rays. Each of these types affects the human body differently. Ultraviolet rays vary in wavelength.
Ultraviolet rays A.
These rays have a lower level of radiation. Previously, it was generally believed that they were harmless, however, it has now been proven that this is not the case. The level of these rays remains almost constant throughout the day and year. They even penetrate glass.
Ultra-violet rays A penetrate the skin, damage the skin structure, destroy collagen fibers and lead to the appearance of wrinkles. They also reduce the elasticity of the skin, accelerate premature aging of the skin, weaken the skin’s protective system, making it more susceptible to infections and, possibly, cancer.
Therefore, when purchasing photoprotective products, you must definitely look for the presence of protective factors against type A rays in this cosmetic product.
Ultraviolet rays B.
This type of rays are emitted by the sun only at certain times of the year and hours of the day. Depending on the air temperature and latitude, they enter the atmosphere between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m.
Ultraviolet rays type IN cause more serious damage to the skin because they interact with DNA molecules found in skin cells. IN- rays damage the epidermis, which leads to sunburn. Ultraviolet rays lead to tanning, but lead to premature aging of the skin and the appearance of pigment spots on it, make the skin rough and rough, accelerate the appearance of wrinkles, and can provoke the development of precancerous diseases and skin cancer.
Ultraviolet rays C.
C-rays have the greatest destructive power for the skin. However, the Earth's ozone layer, found in the Earth's atmosphere, prevents these rays from reaching the Earth's surface. But if the ozone layer of the Earth's atmosphere is destroyed or there are holes in it, then we will fully feel the damage that these rays cause to the skin.
3.2 The Earth's ozone layer is a protective layer of the stratosphere.
The ozone layer is part of the stratosphere at an altitude of 20 to 25 km, with the greatest content ozone, formed as a result of the action of ultraviolet radiation from the Sun on molecular oxygen.
The more ozone there is in the atmosphere, the more ultraviolet radiation it can absorb. Without protection, the radiation will be too intense and can cause significant damage and thermal burns to all living things, and can lead to skin cancer in humans. If all the ozone in the atmosphere were evenly distributed over an area of 45 square kilometers, its thickness would be only 0.3 cm.
Damage to ozone on the surface of the planet.
When exhaust gases and industrial emissions react with the sun's rays, photochemical reactions produce ground-level ozone. This phenomenon usually occurs in megacities and major cities. Inhaling such ozone is dangerous. Since this gas is a strong oxidizing agent, it can easily destroy living tissue. Not only people suffer, but also plants.
Destruction of the ozone layer.
In the 70s, during research, it was noticed that freon gas, used in air conditioners, refrigerators and cans, destroys ozone at a tremendous speed. Rising to the upper layer of the atmosphere, freons release chlorine, which decomposes ozone into ordinary and atomic oxygen. At the site of such interactions, an ozone hole is formed.
The first large ozone hole was discovered over Antarctica in 1985. Its diameter was about 1000 km. Subsequently, another large hole (smaller in size) was discovered over the Arctic, and now scientists know hundreds of similar phenomena, although the largest one is still the one that appears over Antarctica.
There are many reasons for the appearance of ozone holes, but the most important of them is human pollution of the natural environment. Nuclear tests have no less impact on the ozone layer. It is estimated that from 1952 to 1971 alone, nuclear explosions released about 3 million tons of harmful substances into the atmosphere.
Jet airplanes also contribute to the formation of ozone holes.
Another reason for the destruction of the ozone layer is mineral fertilizers, which, when introduced into the ground, react with soil bacteria. In this case, nitrous oxide enters the atmosphere, from which oxides are formed.
That is why environmentalists are now sounding the alarm and trying to take all necessary measures to protect the ozone layer, and designers are developing environmentally friendly mechanisms (airplanes, missile systems, ground transport), emitting less nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere.
What does the ozone layer protect from?
Ozone holes are ubiquitous, but as many factors change, they are covered by ozone from neighboring layers of the atmosphere. Those, in turn, become even more subtle. The ozone layer acts as the only barrier to the destructive ultraviolet and radiation radiation of the sun. Without the ozone layer, the human immune system would be destroyed. Scientists estimate that a decrease in the ozone layer by just 1% increases the likelihood of cancer by 3-6%. A decrease in the amount of ozone in the atmosphere will unpredictably change the climate on the planet. Since the ozone layer traps heat that dissipates from the Earth's surface, as the ozone layer depletes, the climate will become colder, which will lead to natural disasters.
4. Pigment-forming function of the skin.
Being the outer covering of the body, the skin has specific properties aimed at protecting the body from various external influences. Light is an indispensable and obligatory part of the world around us, a source of heat and energy. Intense ultraviolet irradiation of the skin is accompanied by a response in the form of redness of the skin with further formation of pigmentation in the skin. The pigment-forming function is to produce the pigment melanin. In addition to melanin, the iron-containing blood pigment hemosiderin can be deposited in the skin, as well as trichosiderin in red hair, and carotene.
Protective function of the skin.
The skin largely protects the body from radiation exposure. Infrared rays are almost entirely blocked by the stratum corneum, ultraviolet rays are partially blocked. Penetrating the skin, ultraviolet rays stimulate the production of a protective pigment - melanin, which absorbs these rays. In people of the Negroid race, almost all ultraviolet radiation is absorbed big amount melanin in the skin, which provides protection from high doses of radiant energy characteristic of those areas globe where these races live. Therefore, people living in hot countries have darker skin than people living in temperate countries.
4.1 Formation of moles on the human body.
Many people are interested in the nature of the origin of moles on the human body. And this is not surprising, because at birth the baby’s skin is clean and does not have such features. No one can say for sure where the next mole will appear, or explain why they may appear and disappear.
The reasons for their appearance are different, but they are mainly formed under the influence of a special hormone - melanotropin. U different people it is found in different anatomical zones and not in the same quantity. Experts have found that the level of melanotropin in the body determines the number of moles in specific areas.
Medical experts have made some discoveries and shed light on the mystery of the occurrence of moles.
One of the common causes of moles on human skin is harmful influence direct rays of the sun, namely the ultraviolet radiation it contains. The bottom line is that under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, the skin begins to produce a pigment - melanin, which is the basis of all moles. It is therefore not surprising that people who are exposed to the sun for long periods of their lives may notice their moles increase in size over time. Thus, most new moles appear in hot weather. summer period when a person sunbathes in the sun and spends a vacation by the sea. There is an opinion among medical professionals that an excessive number of moles on the human body can cause skin cancer - melanoma. When exposed to the sun, some groups of moles can develop into a malignant tumor.
Dermatologists identify other reasons for moles popping up on the body:
Damage to the body by a viral infection, X-ray and radiation radiation, microtraumas of the skin, as well as long-term non-healing foci of diseases on the integument trigger the processes of grouping and movement of pigmented cells to the outer layer of the epidermis.
Liver pathologies.
Belonging to the light skin type.
Irrational distribution of energy in the body.
Hormonal changes in human life.
4.2 When should you see a doctor about moles?
When many moles appear on the body, it is necessary to learn to distinguish them according to the criterion of the danger of degeneration into a malignant tumor. Dermatologists divide all pigmented lesions into groups such as:
Melanoma-dangerous, posing a threat in terms of transformation into melanoma.
Melanogenous elements are harmless to the body, but cause discomfort in Everyday life due to frequent trauma (during daily shaving or constant friction against clothing).
How to understand that a mole is dangerous?
Doctors from the American Academy of Dermatologists have developed for laymen, that is, people without medical training, how to detect early signs of melanoma. They popularize enough effective technique self-diagnosis: the danger of a mole can be previously assessed personally, and in case of suspicion, you can contact a dermatologist directly. Use it to check how dangerous moles on your body are! The ABCDE test, developed by specialists from the United States, helps identify signs of a mole degenerating into any type of skin cancer, including melanoma. This method does not require any special tools and does not take much time. In this case, not only moles or other new growths on the skin, but also the slightest spots that cause even a shadow of suspicion can be checked using this simple test. It's also worth taking note of any new moles or growths. The ABCDE test is recommended to be carried out every month, completely examining the entire body.
A symmetry: half or part of a mole is not similar to the other half. If the two halves are not identical, such a mole is considered asymmetrical, and this is already a warning sign!
Border: boundaries birthmark have irregular shape, blurred, vague and poorly defined. A benign mole has smooth, even borders, unlike a malignant one.
C olor (color) The vast majority of benign moles on the entire surface are painted the same color and have a tint Brown. The presence of three colors on the surface of a mole is an unfavorable prognostic sign.
D iameter (diameter): Benign moles usually have a smaller diameter than malignant ones.
E volving (development): Common, harmless moles look the same over time. Be alert when a mole begins to develop or changes one of its characteristics described above in a short time!
Oncologists recommend seeking medical help if the slightest changes in the shape, size and structure of a mole are detected. Delaying a visit to a medical facility or ignoring signs of malignant transformation is fraught with advanced stages and death.
In Izhevsk, over the past 5 years, specialists from the Republican Dermatovenerologic Dispensary, together with oncologists, have been holding a “Melanoma” day in May. On this day, any resident of Udmurtia can have an appointment with qualified specialists and show all their moles, as well as ask all the questions that interest them. During the consultation, patients are given competent recommendations on existing moles or patients are sent for further mole removal modern methods treatment.
4.3 Methods for examining and removing moles in modern conditions.
At modern development technology, the examination and removal of moles has become a fast and practically safe procedure. One of the main methods for studying moles, in addition to visual examination, is the dermatoscopy method. Dermatoscopy is an examination of skin tumors for malignancy using a special device. This study is very simple. It only takes a few minutes - and the doctor will be able to examine in detail the structure and other characteristics of the questionable formation. This method is used by specialists of the Republican Dermatovenerological Dispensary when examining patients with moles.
A person’s desire to part with moles arises only for very compelling reasons. Firstly, for aesthetic reasons, when, due to the presence of moles in certain places, the patient begins to experience self-doubt.
Very often, moles that rub and cling to clothing, are damaged during shaving and interfere with walking: along the collar line, under the hair, etc. are also removed. This is especially true for large convex moles, damage to which is extremely undesirable.
If the benignity is beyond doubt, removal of moles on the face and body can be done by any of the methods available today. You can verify the absence of abnormal cells only on the basis of a dermoscopic examination. Therefore, before removal, consultation with a dermatologist or oncodermatologist is necessary. Based on the study, the method and depth of impact on the tumor is also determined. After removal of the mole, a histological analysis of the excised tissue is performed. Today, there are the following methods for removing moles: surgical, cryodestruction (removal of moles with nitrogen), electrocoagulation, and also using a CO2 laser. The correctly chosen method of treatment guarantees the best result, so the removal of moles on the face and body should be trusted to professionals.
Laser mole removal.
Despite the variety of different treatment methods, laser mole removal is considered the most effective modern method. Thanks to the adjustable depth of exposure and small diameter, the laser beam works very precisely, causing minimal damage to surrounding tissue. This is important when removing moles, for example, on the face and other visible areas.
Laser mole removal is performed under local anesthesia; with the help of modern lasers, the surface of the mole is gradually processed, evaporating one layer after another. High accuracy is ensured by the ability to control the beam diameter and impact depth.
Laser mole removal has a number of advantages:
100% removal after the first procedure.
Fast healing (5-7 days).
No bleeding.
Low percentage possible complications(pigmentation, scars after mole removal).
Laser mole removal is a completely painless method that takes a few minutes, provided it is performed by a qualified specialist. Removing moles is a responsible step, so they need to be removed in specialized clinics by competent specialists.
4.4 How to sunbathe correctly so as not to harm the skin.
Summer is a time for relaxation and a pleasant time on the beach near various types reservoirs. Under the influence of direct sunlight, our skin receives a lot of not only beneficial enzymes, but also negative ones. How to avoid large amounts of ultraviolet and infrared rays, which dry out the skin, provoke premature aging of cells, and contribute to burns? To do this you need to tan correctly.
It is known that the most dangerous sun is from 12 to 14 hours, when its rays are directed almost perpendicular to the surface of the Earth. At this time, it is better to stay indoors or in lacy shade (shadow cast by trees, bushes, umbrellas). It is recommended to stay in the sun before 11 am or after 3 days, and be sure to apply sunscreen to the body.
You can’t sunbathe for a long time on the first day. It is best to gradually increase the amount of time you spend in the sun. 2 hours a day is the maximum allowable time.
Sunscreen should not be neglected.
The effectiveness of a sunscreen is determined primarily by the level of sun protection it provides. This is indicated by the abbreviation SPF (sun protection factor), which is necessarily indicated on the packaging. The degree of protection varies from 2 to 100 units. This index indicates how long safe sun exposure will last. That is, by treating your skin with a cream with sun protection factor 15, you can be sure that you will not get sunburn within 75 minutes. If the SPF index is 30 units, then the estimated time increases to 125 minutes. If the product is not water-resistant, it will need to be reapplied after each entry into the water.
Modern sunscreens must be labeled UVA/UVB, which means they contain protection factors against both types of rays (ultraviolet A and B rays).
If you have many moles on your body, sunbathing is not recommended at all.
Vitamin-forming effect of ultraviolet rays on the human body.
Sunlight is a powerful therapeutic and prophylactic agent that is extremely important for maintaining health. No wonder the old proverb says: “Where the sun rarely shines, there the doctor often comes.” The effect of magical ultraviolet rays on the body varies and depends on the wavelength. Some of them have a vitamin-forming effect - they promote the formation of vitamin D in the skin. The vitamin-forming effect of ultraviolet radiation is primarily associated with its effect on the synthesis of vitamin D (calciferol). The presence of this vitamin is necessary to maintain a constant level of calcium in the blood. If there is a lack of calcium in the blood, it is “sucked out” from the bone tissue, leading to its deformation and osteoporosis. Children may develop a well-known disease - rickets, which subsequently leads to severe skeletal deformities and other adverse consequences. To prevent such consequences, it is necessary that the body’s physiological need for vitamin D is satisfied. It is 20-30 micrograms per day. However, it is difficult to provide it only through food, since even the main food sources of vitamin D have relatively little of it. The Sun and its Ultraviolet component can help in this situation. It turns out that sebum, secreted by the surface layer of the skin, contains a chemical precursor to vitamin D. Under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, it is converted into vitamin D, compensating for its “short supply” from food.
Lack of sunlight shortens life, say scientists from the College of Medicine (USA). They conducted a major review of the latest research, which made it clear that people with the lowest concentrations of vitamin D in their blood risk dying earlier than others. Their risk of early death is 26% higher. According to scientists, a lack of vitamin D contributes to a rise in blood pressure, disrupts sugar metabolism, and causes a tendency to obesity.
Also for residents major cities it must be remembered that polluted air and smog reduce the amount of sunlight that is necessary for the formation of the “Sun Vitamin”, that is, vitamin D. Therefore, in the summer, city children should spend more time outside the city, where there is clean Fresh air and more sun.
6. Disinfectant (bactericidal) effect of the sun.
Many microorganisms surround humans. There are beneficial ones that live on the skin, mucous membranes and in the intestines. They help digest food, participate in the synthesis of vitamins and protect the body from pathogenic microorganisms. And there are a lot of them too. Many diseases are caused by the activity of bacteria in the human body. Bactericidal action is the ability to destroy the cell wall of bacteria and thereby cause their death.
The following have a bactericidal effect:
ultraviolet rays, radioactive radiation.
antiseptic and disinfectant chemical substances, for example: chlorine, iodine, acids, alcohols, phenols and others.
chemotherapeutic drugs with antibacterial action for oral administration.
UV rays increase the body's resistance to infectious and viral diseases. The percentage of antibodies in the blood increases. The formation of antibodies gives the body additional strength to resist viral diseases such as chickenpox, rubella and smallpox. Experiments carried out on a large scale in factories and schools have shown that UV rays can reduce the incidence of flu, colds and rheumatism by one third.
This irradiation has a detrimental effect on most types of pathogenic bacteria, many viruses and fungi, and therefore is widely used to disinfect the air in operating rooms and other hospital rooms, as well as in medical practice.
7. The sun is the main source of human joy.
Starting from the beginning human civilization, the role and significance of the Sun attracted special attention of people. The population of all ancient communities deified the Sun and gave it miraculous properties.
A study conducted by scientists from the School of Medicine showed that basking in the sun is not only not harmful, but also beneficial, since this activity prolongs our life. By reducing the risk of heart disease and diabetes, the sun's rays allow you to live longer and stay healthy, scientists say. But the same scientists warn that the sun should be dosed and should not be abused.
In addition to the above, the sun's rays stimulate the production of special substances - endorphins, which raise mood levels and generally have a positive effect on health. emotional condition. A deficiency of natural solar radiation (due to climatic conditions, age, various diseases, forced long-term stay in confined spaces) is associated with adverse consequences. It has a detrimental effect on a person’s general well-being, his neuropsychic tone, reduces mental and physical performance, resistance to infectious and other diseases, increases the risk of fractures and other lesions of the musculoskeletal system, and slows down recovery and recovery processes.
8. Practical part. Conducting a survey among the population regarding their attitude towards the sun, knowledge of means of protection against the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation and
After analyzing the literature and studying materials on the computer, I decided to find out what information our population has regarding the sun’s effects on the human body. To do this, I compiled a short questionnaire and offered to answer my questions to those around me. 30 people aged from 12 to 76 years took part in the survey. And this is what came out of it:
The diagram shows that 90% percent of respondents believe that the sun's rays are beneficial to the body, and only 10% percent (3 people) believe that the sun is harmful to the body.
The diagram shows that 20% of respondents have heard about such tools and use them. And 80% have heard of it, but don’t use it.
The survey revealed that most respondents do not know what a sun protection factor (SPF) is and what function it performs.
The diagram shows that the majority of respondents imagine the harmful effects of the sun and the possibility of the formation of malignant diseases on the skin.
The diagram shows that only one respondent regularly (once a year) visits the doctor and shows him his moles.
Despite the fact that everyone sunbathes and has a positive attitude towards tanning, not all respondents understand that tanning, as a skin reaction to the action of ultraviolet radiation, is useful in limited quantities, and an excess of the influence of ultraviolet radiation from the sun is as dangerous as solarium radiation.
Contradictions have also been identified in understanding the benefits and harms of solar insolation on the human body. On the one hand, respondents believe that ultraviolet radiation is harmful to the human body, and on the other hand, that it is not harmful, but even beneficial. But most respondents could not say what the benefits or harms of the sun were.
Also, not everyone understands the need to use sunscreen in the summer and has absolutely no idea what a sun protection factor is and what it is needed for.
And the majority of the population rarely seek medical advice before sunbathing.
9. Conclusion:
During my practical work, I learned about the positive and negative impact ultraviolet rays on the human body. She developed a questionnaire and conducted a survey, and after analyzing it, she concluded that the population is not sufficiently informed about the dangers and benefits of ultraviolet rays.
Although ultraviolet rays in a reasonable amount have a beneficial effect on the human body (promote the formation of vitamin D in the skin, affect calcium-phosphorus metabolism, as well as the nervous processes occurring in the human body). At the same time, if you neglect the rules of sunbathing, the harm of ultraviolet rays on the human body increases.
The work discusses preventive measures to protect the skin from adverse effects sun, as well as ways to eliminate this impact. I also found out that if you deprive yourself of ultraviolet radiation, this also leads to various diseases - from a general decrease in immunity (in adults) to rickets (in children).
Considering the low level of education of our population, I believe that my work will be interesting to others. We need to tell people more about this and it’s better to start at an early age. How earlier child If he finds out, the less harm the sun will cause him, and he will only receive health from solar radiation.
10. List of references.
“Internal Diseases” F.V. Kurdybaylo; B.I. Shulutko; N.N. Shastin; V.N. Shestakov; A.N. Shishkin; S.A. Boldueva; THEM. Skipsky.
“Guide to Skin Diseases” edited by Yu.K. Skripkina.
"Great Soviet Encyclopedia".
Mizun Yu.G., Mizun P.G. Space and health. - M Knowledge, 1984;
Mizun Yu.G., Mizun P.G. Magnetic storms and health. - M., 1990;
Mizun Yu.G. Processes in the biosphere. - M.: Knowledge, 1988
Medical geography and health: Sat. scientific tr. L.: Nauka, 1989;
Moiseeva N.I., Lyubetsky R.E. Impact of helio-geophysical factors on the human body. - L.: Science, 1986.
Pleshakova, Kryuchkova " The world 4th grade".
UV is that part of the sun's radiation that gives the skin a pleasant brown tint and helps the body produce vitamin D, which is necessary for bones. This vitamin is also involved in the regulation of cell division and even to some extent prevents the development of colon and stomach cancer. Under the influence of sunlight, the so-called “pleasure hormones”, endorphins, are produced.
The human body knows how to protect itself from harmful compounds produced under the influence of sunlight. DNA damage is quickly repaired thanks to a special system that controls its integrity. And if a change does occur in the cell, it is recognized by the immune system as foreign and destroyed. Unfortunately, sometimes the body cannot cope with this damage, especially since UV suppresses the activity of the immune system. That is why, having come from warm countries, a person often catches a cold.
At the same time, suppression of the immune system is the main mechanism for treating diseases such as atopic dermatitis and some other skin diseases using ultraviolet light.
UV is divided into three spectra depending on wavelength. Each spectrum has its own characteristics of impact on the human body.
- Spectrum C has a wavelength from 100 to 280 nm. This is the most active range; the rays easily penetrate the skin and cause a destructive effect on the cells of the body. Fortunately, such rays practically do not reach the surface of the Earth, but are absorbed by the ozone layer of the atmosphere.
- Spectrum B (UVB) has a wavelength of 280-320 nm and makes up about 20% of all UV radiation hitting the Earth's surface. These rays cause redness on the skin during sun exposure. They quickly cause the formation of active compounds in human skin, affecting DNA and causing disruption of its structure.
- Spectrum A, whose wavelength is 320-400 nm, accounts for almost 80% of the UV radiation that reaches human skin. Due to their longer wavelength, these rays have 1000 times less energy than UVB, so they cause almost no sunburn. They contribute significantly less to the production of biologically active substances that can influence DNA. However, these rays penetrate deeper than UVB, and the harmful substances they produce remain in the skin much longer.
Tanning is primarily damage to the skin.
The damaging effects of the sun gradually accumulate in the body, and can make themselves felt many years later in the form of skin cancer.
Parents, please note: if a child receives a sunburn that causes blisters, especially if this happens more than once, the risk of developing melanoma in the future increases several times!
People are protected differently from the harmful effects of sunlight. People with dark skin have more strong defense, and people with red hair or blondes with blue eyes are more susceptible to the damaging effects of the sun's rays than others.
UV can sometimes contribute to the development of itchy rashes. With solar urticaria, itchy rashes resembling a nettle burn develop between 30 minutes and two hours after exposure. Polymorphic light rash - after 1-2 days. This disease also appears as itchy rashes at the site of radiation, but they go away more slowly than solar urticaria and look different. There are other diseases for which UV is a stimulus for development. For example, lupus erythematosus, rosacea, pellagra (vitamin B3 deficiency), and others.
Many medications taken orally can cause skin rashes when exposed to sunlight. There are some herbs that cause severe redness and blistering when exposed to the skin in the sun. First of all, these are plants from the umbrella family, among which the strongest is hogweed. In addition, celery, parsley, lime, parsnips and others can cause such dermatitis.
How to protect yourself from the harmful effects of the sun, and at the same time get the benefits and pleasure from it?
The answer is simple: you need to use sunscreen. It is not at all necessary to take a cream with maximum protection (SPF 50+). A product with SPF 15 already provides 80% protection from sun rays. This means that part of the UVB will reach the skin and have its positive effect. For sun protection creams to be effective, it is recommended to apply them 20 minutes before sunbathing and reapply them as recommended, usually every 2 hours. But be careful, using these drugs does not mean that you can stay under the sun indefinitely. It was this mistake that at one time led to a sharp increase in the incidence of melanoma - due to the absence of obvious sunburn thanks to the protective cream, some tanned for too long.
Scientists have discovered that in order for the body to produce the amount of vitamin D it needs, it is enough to “show the sun” to the face and hands for 10-15 minutes a day.
Specialists at the EMC Dermatovenereology and Allergology-Immunology Clinic will be happy to give detailed recommendations on sun protection for you and your entire family.
