Fernando Botero Angulo(Spanish: Fernando Botero Angulo; born 04/19/1932) is a Colombian master of grotesque painting, a sculptor who calls himself “The most Colombian of Colombian artists.” On his paintings, kitsch, grotesque, naive primitivism, folk color, italian renaissance and colonial baroque.
The master’s “trick” is to depict fat people; everyone is fat – people, furniture, animals and even apples. The master became famous after winning first prize at the Exhibition of Colombian Artists in 1959.
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Biography
Fernando Botero was born on April 19, 1932 in the family of a businessman, in the city (Spanish: Medellín;). When the boy was 4 years old, his father died and the family lost their fortune. As a child, the future painter had no access to works traditional art exhibited in museums and galleries, he became acquainted with works of world art through reproductions from books. The boy studied at the Jesuit school and dreamed of becoming a bullfighter; in 1944 he even attended a matador school for several months. At the age of 15, unexpectedly for his family, he decided to become an artist, which did not fit into his lifestyle his conservative family, where art was not considered a profession, but only a hobby. In 1948, as a 16-year-old teenager, he first published his illustrations in the local newspaper El Colombiano, and used the money to pay for tuition at the Lyceum Mariniua de Antioquia (Spanish: El liceo Mariniua de Antioquia).
Then, dreaming of expanding his horizons, he traveled outside his homeland for the first time - he traveled around Spain (1952). In Madrid, the aspiring artist entered the art school San Fernando.
In the period from 1953 to 1954. Fernando studied at the Academy of San Marco (Italian: Accademia San Marco; Florence), where he studied fresco techniques and became acquainted with Italian Renaissance art. At that time, he did not have enough funds, but he had plenty of fire in his soul. “I spent my last money on museums and art albums, forgetting about food. Admiration for the great Italian masters changed my life overnight”.
His first paintings were significantly influenced by the works of such masters as Paul Gauguin, Diego Rivera, Jose Clemente Orozco and others. Upon returning to his homeland, a personal exhibition was held in the Leo Matiz gallery (Spanish: Leo Matiz gallery; Bogota), paintings by Fernando Botero were so heterogeneous that visitors believed that they were the works of several painters.
The artist developed his characteristic style in the second half of the 1950s. Until 1955, he had not yet discovered the “fat girls”, who later brought the author worldwide fame. “Puzans”, which became the “highlight” of the painter, appeared thanks to the case when one day in the work “ Still life with mandolin» the instrument was depicted as exaggeratedly large. From that moment F. Botero found his theme. He does not hide his predilection for overweight figures; obesity has become for him a measure of beauty, his creative credo.
“With three-dimensional forms I try to influence... people’s sensuality.” Incredibly, the bulky images are not without a certain sophistication; they seem to float in space. “Extremely enlarged bellies are my style! – the author admits. “Bellies best convey the charge of sexuality that I want to put into my creations.”
The master manifests especially hypertrophied volumetric forms in nudes. female images, it is these massive figures with exaggeratedly powerful legs and hips that evoke the strongest emotions in the viewer: from hostility to admiration.
The painter's career rapidly took off in 1958, when he received Grand Prize with the work “By the Sea” at the “Salon nacional de artistas” in .
In 1964, Botero married Gloria Zea (Spanish: Gloria Zea), former minister culture, which gave birth to 3 children one after another. The family moved to Mexico, where they experienced great financial difficulties.
After the divorce, he moved to New York and often visited Paris. He worked hard, setting himself the goal of being accepted into the Marlborough Gallery, which allows young artists to demonstrate their talent and become famous, which happened in 1970. Soon F.B. returned to Europe in triumph, and in 1983 he moved to the quiet Italian town of Pietrasanta (Italian: Pietrasanta; north-west of the Tuscany region).
At the turn of the 20th – 21st centuries, he became the most famous Latin American painter of his generation. Since 1973, he has been actively engaged in sculpture, embodying in it the same exaggeratedly lush, comically swollen images of people and animals. The ideal materials for Botero's heavy figures are bronze and marble. These unique sculptures decorate many cities around the world (Bogota, Medellin, Lisbon, Paris, Yerevan, etc.). Several solo exhibitions were held in Washington and New York with unprecedented success. The first painting by a Colombian to be acquired by the Museum contemporary art New York, became a picture "Mona Lisa at 12".
The works of the Colombian artist - paintings, sculptures and graphics - are easily recognizable; after seeing the works once, it is impossible to forget them.
Artistic works and sculptures Fernando Botero are rated very highly in the world, they are recognized as one of the most expensive in the world and are sold for enormous amounts of money.
For example, the work " Breakfast on the grass"(1969) is an adaptation of the famous painting of the same name by Edouard Manet, the founder of impressionism. Only there the men are dressed and are in the company of naked ladies, while in Botero a naked man lies on the grass next to a fully clothed woman. At the Sotheby’s auction, the canvas was purchased for $1 million. Taking advantage of the demand, the author produces a huge number of paintings, turning to similar topics, which is why “growth in skill” is not visible in his works: paintings painted 10-12 years apart look like they were created in the same year.
Today creative heritage the master's work is incredibly large - almost 3 thousand paintings, more than 200 sculptures, as well as countless watercolors and ink drawings. In Russia there is a work by the artist “ Still life with watermelon"(1976-1977), donated by the author to the St. Petersburg Hermitage Museum.
In general, the Colombian's generosity has become legendary. For example, the Museum fine arts The author of Bogota donated a collection of paintings from the 19th-20th centuries, which is estimated at $60 million, and hometown The Medellin artist donated his works: 18 sculptures and almost 100 paintings. In total, his gift to Colombian museums exceeded $100 million.
Perhaps it was spiritual generosity that determined creative manner master, his special vision of art, where the world appears in blooming splendor, in an excess of strength and enthusiasm. In Colombia, his paintings, made in a unique style and indicating the originality of the author’s thinking, are called “Boteros”.
Although the painter most often turns to genre portraits, in his work he also touches on the theme of military conflicts, crime and violence in the world, and his characteristic gentle humor at times gives way to sharp satire: for example, the work “ Dead Bishops"(1965, Munich) or " Official portrait of the military junta"(1971). The author in his work always reflects what is happening in the world. After the events in Iraq, for example, he created a series of paintings “Abu Ghraib”, telling about the cruelty of American soldiers and the abuse of prisoners in the dungeons of an Iraqi prison.
Giovanni Botero(Italian: Giovanni Botero; 1533, Bene Vagienna, Piedmont, Italy - June 23, 1617, Turin) - Italian political writer, specialist in political geography, lawyer, traveler, Counter-Reformation figure, Jesuit (from 1581).
Biography
Born into a poor family. Thanks to his uncle, the Jesuit Giovenale Botero, in 1559 he entered the Jesuit College in Palermo. A year after the death of his uncle, he continued his studies at the Roman College.
In 1560-1569 he studied and then taught rhetoric at the Jesuit colleges in Amelia and Macerata.
In 1565, Botero was sent to teach philosophy and rhetoric at the Jesuit colleges in France, in particular in Billaume and Paris. Due to the Huguenot Wars and after he showed himself too zealously in anti-Spanish protest, he was recalled from France.
From 1569 to 1580 - he lectured at the collegiums of Milan, Genoa and Turin, then again in Milan.
In 1574 he was ordained a priest.
In December 1580, due to loosely interpreted doctrinal teachings, Botero was summoned for questioning by the papacy and expelled from the Jesuit order. For some time he served as vicar in Luino. In 1582 he received a theological education at the University of Pavia.
Subsequently, in 1582-1584, he was surrounded by the Archbishop of Milan, Cardinal Carlo Borromeo, and was a member of the congregation founded by this cardinal. Carlo Borromeo introduced his minister to the church administration, which was in close contact with the nobility of northern Italy.
In 1585, on behalf of the Duke of Savoy, Charles Emmanuel I, made a diplomatic trip to France. After its completion, he moved to Milan. There he became the tutor of the young Count Federico Borromeo, nephew of Carlo Borromeo. In September 1586, accompanying his pupil, he left for Rome.
In 1587-1598 he was Federico Borromeo's secretary when he became a cardinal. In this capacity, he carried out a number of diplomatic trips to various Italian states.
In 1599 Botero returned to the Savoy dynasty, where he remained tutor to the three sons of Charles Emmanuel II.
He spent 1603-1606 at the Spanish court, where he was sent by the Duke of Savoy. Visited Madrid, Barcelona, Burgos, Valencia, Aranjuez and Tordesillas.
As secretary and adviser to Cardinal Federico Borromeo, D. Botero was a participant in four conclaves. This helped him in writing the treatise “The Office of the Cardinal” (“Dell’ufficio del Cardinale”) (1599) on the mechanisms of exercising power.
Since 1610 he gradually stopped participating in political activity, got busy literary activity, wrote treatises.
Proceedings
D. Botero is the author of the influential work “State Welfare” (“Della ragion di Stato”, 1589), which reflected a new point of view on princely power and in which he was the first to introduce the concept of “state interest”, where he argued that princely power should in one form or another be consistent with the needs of the subjects, and that princes should make every effort to win the love and respect of the people. The idea of such justice arose in Botero's mind as a result of familiarization with Thomist thought, based on the ideas of Thomas Aquinas and with natural law, prevalent in the Jesuit college system, which was strongly influenced by the Dominican theologian Francisco de Vitoria and the scholastic philosopher Domingo de Soto. In this work, Botero opposed the immoral political philosophy associated with Machiavelli's The Prince. Botero was thus a forerunner of the ideas of later liberal philosophers such as John Locke and Adam Smith.
In 1588, he first published Delle cause della grandezza delle citt, a work that anticipated the works of Thomas Malthus.
Botero’s greatest fame and popularity came from the historical geographical work “Universal Relations” (“Relazioni Universali”), which, in fact, was a description of the entire then known world. Written between 1591 and 1595, the four parts were published as one book in 1596. It went through many reprints and translations. Its Polish translations in 1609 and 1613 became more popular than Marcin Bielski's Chronicle of the World. In the descriptions of countries, I tried to critically analyze data on the population and its distribution. In his theoretical ideas about population, Botero proceeded from the broad ability of the population to reproduce, which, in his opinion, was restrained by epidemics, wars and famine. attached great importance colonies, the possibility of outflow of population to them. Based on information gleaned from messages from ambassadors, missionaries and other travelers, Botero compiled short description The Moscow state and its population at the end of the 16th century.
Literature
- Demographic encyclopedic Dictionary. - M.: Soviet encyclopedia. Editor-in-Chief D.I. Valentey. 1985.
- 1 2 data.bnf.fr: open data platform - 2011.
- 1 2 3 German National Library, Berlin state library, Bavarian State Library, etc. Record #118942824 // General regulatory control - 2012-2016.
Comments on date of birth:
Place of Birth:
Bene Vagienna, Italy
Religion: Religious figures
Society: Public figures
Art: Writers
Comments on the date of death:
Geography of life:
Occupation:
Writer, religious and social activist
Botero, Giovanni (c. 1544, Bene Vagienna, Italy - 1617) - Italian Jesuit, church leader, political writer and moralist. As a young man, he joined the Jesuit order (Compagnia di Gesù), and studied at Jesuit colleges in Palermo, Rome, Amelia and Macerata. In 1565 he was invited to France, where he taught rhetoric. Four years later he returned to Italy, lived in Milan, Padua, again in Milan and finally in Turin. From 1581 he was the secretary of Carlo Borromeo, whom he served until the latter's death in 1584, and after his death he was the secretary of his young nephew Federico (1564-1631), the future cardinal and archbishop of Milan and a great scientist. From the second half of the 80s until the end of the 90s he lived in Rome and during this Roman period of his life he created his main works: "Delle cause della grandezza e magnificenza delle città" (1588), "State good" (« Della region di stato» , 1589, in 10 books; about the political tasks of the Catholic monarch; Philip II of Spain ordered the translation of this work into Spanish), "Reports about different countries peace and sovereigns" ("Relazioni universali", publ. 1591-1596). In 1599, Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, invited him to the court in Turin as tutor to his sons Philip Emmanuel, Vittorio Amedeo and Emmanuel Philibert. From this time until his death, Botero was closely associated with the House of Savoy. In 1603-1606. he accompanied his pupils during their long journey to Spain. During his mentoring period, for the edification of young princes, he wrote a series of biographies of famous people ( « I prencipi» , 1600) and Catholic rulers of Europe ( « Prencipi christiani» , in 2 parts, 1601 and 1603). For his many years of faithful service to the House of Savoy, Botero was granted the abbey of San Michele della Chiusa (in 1604), and later he was appointed Councilor and First Secretary of the Duchy of Savoy. Other writings: "De regia sapientia"(Milan, 1583), Aggiunte alla Ragion di Stato(Venetia, 1598; addition to "Ragion di Stato"), "Relazione della repubblica veneziana"(Venice, 1605), "I capitani"(Turin, 1607), « Memorable sayings famous of people» ("Detti memorabili di personaggi illustri", Turin, 1608), "La primavera" (1607), "Rime spirituali" (1609), "Carmina selecta" (1615). Political theory Botero, which he expounded in his book The Public Good, is directed against Machiavellianism.
And the already mentioned Giovanni Botero(http://www.filosofia.unina.it/ragiondistato/botero.html)
in his book he simply and clearly writes that Moscow in the 16th century. was elective center three republican
formations: Volodymeriya(=Vladimir Rus, aka “Nizovskie cities” between the Oka and Volga rivers), Novogorodiya (+Nizhny Novgorod– Yaroslavl – Tver – Bely – Novgorod – Pskov) and actually Muscovy(=Zamoskovo cities - from Vyazma and Mozhaisk to Serpukhov and Kolomna) and that is why it was until the second half of the 16th century. third possession, and not by the cunning intent of Ivan Kalita...
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And the kingdom of Muscovy 1613 - 1645. Strictly speaking, it cannot be called. And the reader, I hope, will still be surprised to see title page book by John Mayr of 1630, on which is written in black and white " Republic of Muscovy and Cities"! (These are the same "cities" discussed above!)
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Book cover image "Respublica Moscovia et urbes" 1630 The year of publication could not be found online, although it is given in the book by Yaroslav Kesler. But references to this book were found in the 1837 catalog of the Loganian library (see) and in the 1861 catalog of the University of Michigan Astor Library (see). Both catalogs can be viewed in their entirety or downloaded ( PDF). |
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The real Troy has been found. Here are the "ancient Greek" policies! Apart from “ancient Egypt,” it was impossible to send the immediate past further. Besiege one city for 10 years? 100 thousand warriors and 1186 ships? Admiral Nelson's squadron consisted of 30 ships, and the Invincible Armada of forty. This is still a lot. The following quotes are taken from the Trojan War article on Wikipedia. " In addition to the historical explanation of the tales of the Trojan War, there have been attempts to interpret Homer allegorically: the capture of Troy was not recognized as an event from history ancient Greece, but an allegory invented by the poet for other historical events." "...
the legend about the ten-year siege and the silence of the Homeric Iliad about the capture of Troy indicate that in reality the colonialists did not manage to take possession of an alien country for a long time." See also the description of the Trojan War on the Chronos project website page, and the page on the websiteAntiqua. The correct question is: who and why financed Schliemann, who dug up a “city” the size of the Danilovsky market? It's hard to get rid of the thought that Our wise and careful ancestors often speak to us in the language of symbols. Guess who owns the coat of arms, which depicts THREE objects, and one of them is crowned with a crown resting on a sword? |
The Italian political theorist Giovanni Botero, in a treatise on government, published in 1589 in Venice, wrote:
"Famous species precaution is to sow as much discord as possible in enemy or neighboring countries. It is necessary to maintain connections with advisers, nobles, military leaders and people who have influence with the ruler. The purpose of this is to persuade them not to take up arms against us, or to turn them in another direction, rendering them harmless by the slow progress of their intentions, or even to induce them to help us by communicating their plans. After all, the blow that you expect when it hits causes less harm. And if the intrigues turn out to be so bold that they give the actions (in another country) the character of rebellion, treason or rebellion, then so much the better. We can be more confident of peace at home if we disrupt the peace of our enemies. The method that we must use against the enemies of the faith is the same one that Elizabeth, claiming the title of Queen of England, used against the Catholic King of Flanders (i.e., Philip II. - E. Ch.) and the most Christian King of France. By fanning as far as she could the hostility and heresy that arose in their countries, and by providing assistance with advice and money, she kept the fire away from her own home. Thus, by giving support in Scotland to persons dissatisfied with Queen Mary or ill-disposed to the French party or infected with heresy, she not only secured herself in relation to the Scottish kingdom, but actually took possession of it."
Giovanni Botero was born ca. 1544 in the northern Italian principality of Piedmont. He studied at the Jesuit college in Palermo until he was 15 years old. A year later, Botero transferred to Roman College. In 1565 he was sent to teach philosophy and rhetoric at Jesuit colleges in France, first in Billom, then in Paris.
During the second half of the 16th century, religious wars in France tore it apart, and Botero acutely felt the consequences of the split within the country while staying in Paris in 1567-1569. After he showed himself too zealously in an anti-Spanish protest, Botero was recalled to Italy. In the 1570s, he rushed from one Jesuit college to another. In 1580, because of his loosely interpreted doctrinal teachings, Botero was summoned for questioning by the papacy and expelled from the Jesuit order.
Giovanni became personal assistant to Bishop Carlo Borromeo in Milan. The bishop introduced his minister to the church administration, which was in close contact with the nobility of northern Italy. After Carlo's death in 1584, Botero continued to serve under Federico, Carlo's nephew. However, Giovanni spent most of 1585 in France on behalf of Charles Emmanuel I.
In 1588, he first published "On the Causes of the Greatness of Cities" ("Delle cause della grandezza delle città"), a work that anticipated the works of Thomas Malthus.
A year later, Botero finished his most famous work, "The Reason of State" ("Della ragion di Stato" / "State Welfare"), where he argued that princely power must in one form or another be consistent with the needs of his subjects, and that princes must make every effort to win the love and respect of people. The idea of such justice arose in the mind of Botero as a result of his acquaintance with Thomist thought and with natural law, prevalent in the Jesuit college system, which was strongly influenced by the Dominican theologian Francisco de Vitoria and the scholastic philosopher Domingo de Soto ).
In the 1590s, Botero continued to remain in the service of Federico Borromeo, who became Archbishop of Milan in 1595. Giovanni, moving during this period in the high society of Rome and Milan, wrote another famous work of his, "Relazioni Universali", published in four volumes in 1591-1598. The fifth volume was published at the end of the 19th century.
His work for Federico Borromeo came to an end in 1599, and Botero returned to the Savoy dynasty, where he remained tutor to the three sons of Charles Emmanuel. Giovanni went on three trips to Spain from 1603 to 1607, during which, no doubt, he communicated with close advisers of Philip III, who conveyed his ideas to the closest person to Philip IV. , Count-Duke of Olivares (Conde-Duque de Olivares).
Best of the day
Olivares probably used Botero's The Reason of State to outline overall strategy to save spanish empire in its famous work"Memorial on the Union of Arms". There is evidence that Duke Maximilian of Bavaria, one of the staunchest political supporters of Catholic reform and a leading figure in the Thirty Years' War, discussed "The Reason of State" with his advisors.
Giovanni Botero died in 1617.
