This page contains beautiful Arabic numerals, which cannot be typed from the keyboard. They can be copied and pasted where the font cannot be changed (on social networks). In addition to the numbers that Europeans use, there are also real ones - those that the Arabs themselves use. And for the kit, let them lie there and Roman numerals and Indian. They won’t ask for food, I hope. They are all from Unicode, you can find out more about them by entering them into the search on the site.

Arabic:

① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑧ ⑨ ⑩ ⑪ ⑫ ⑬ ⑭ ⑮ ⑯ ⑰ ⑱ ⑲ ⑳

❶ ❷ ❸ ❹ ❺ ❻ ❼ ❽ ❾ ❿ ⓫ ⓬ ⓭ ⓮ ⓯ ⓰ ⓱ ⓲ ⓳ ⓴ ⓿ ❶ ❷ ❸ ❹ ❺ ❻ ❼ ❽ ❾ ❿

⓵ ⓶ ⓷ ⓸ ⓹ ⓺ ⓻ ⓼ ⓽ ⓾

¼ ½ ¾ ⅐ ⅑ ⅒ ⅓ ⅔ ⅕ ⅖ ⅗ ⅘ ⅙ ⅚ ⅛ ⅜ ⅝ ⅞ ⅟

⑴ ⑵ ⑶ ⑷ ⑸ ⑹ ⑺ ⑻ ⑼ ⑽ ⑾ ⑿ ⒀ ⒁ ⒂ ⒃ ⒄ ⒅ ⒆ ⒇

⒈ ⒉ ⒊ ⒋ ⒌ ⒍ ⒎ ⒏ ⒐ ⒑ ⒒ ⒓ ⒔ ⒕ ⒖ ⒗ ⒘ ⒙ ⒚ ⒛

𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓 𝟔 𝟕 𝟖 𝟗 𝟘 𝟙 𝟚 𝟛 𝟜 𝟝 𝟞 𝟟 𝟠 𝟡 𝟢 𝟣 𝟤 𝟥 𝟦 𝟧 𝟨 𝟩 𝟪 𝟫 𝟬 𝟭 𝟮 𝟯 𝟰 𝟱 𝟲 𝟳 𝟴 𝟵 𝟶 𝟷 𝟸 𝟹 𝟺 𝟻 𝟼 𝟽 𝟾 𝟿

Roman:

Ⅰ – 1 ; ⅩⅠ - 11

Ⅱ – 2 ; ⅩⅡ - 12

Ⅲ – 3 ; ⅩⅢ - 13

Ⅳ – 4 ; ⅩⅣ - 14

Ⅴ – 5 ; ⅩⅤ - 15

Ⅵ – 6 ; ⅩⅥ - 16

Ⅶ – 7 ; ⅩⅦ - 17

Ⅷ – 8 ; ⅩⅧ - 18

Ⅸ – 9 ; ⅩⅨ - 19

Ⅹ – 10 ; ⅩⅩ - 20

Ⅽ – 50 ; ⅩⅩⅠ - 21

Arabic for Arabs = Indian in Devanagari script = understandable to us

A little history. It is believed that the Arabic number system originated in India around the 5th century. Although, it is possible that even earlier in Babylon. Arabic numbers are called because they came to Europe from the Arabs. First, in the Muslim part of Spain, and in the 10th century, Pope Sylvester II also called for the abandonment of the cumbersome Latin notation. A serious impetus for the spread of Arabic numerals was the translation into Latin language Al-Khwarizmi’s book “On the Indian Account”.

The Hindu-Arabic number system is decimal. Any number is made up of 10 characters. Unicode, by the way, uses hexadecimal numbers. It is more convenient than the Roman one because it is positional. In such systems, the value that a digit denotes depends on its position in the number. In the number 90, the number 9 means ninety, and in the number 951, nine hundred. In non-positional systems, the location of the symbol does not play such a role. The Roman X means ten in both the number XII and the number MXC. Many peoples wrote numbers in a similar non-positional way. Among the Greeks and Slavs, some letters of the alphabet also had a numerical value.

The idea of ​​expressing all numbers in ten signs, giving them, in addition to meaning in form, also meaning in place, is so simple that it is precisely because of this simplicity that it is difficult to understand how amazing it is.

Laplace

Arabic and Roman numerals

Today we use so-called Arabic numbers. It is immediately worth noting that they were not invented by the Arabs at all. This is a common misconception. Notation in the positional decimal system using zero appeared in India, around the middle of the first millennium BC. The inscriptions of 683 and 686, made in Cambodia and Indonesia, clearly used the zero sign. At the same time, the first Arabic manuscripts containing Indian positional notation for numbers date back only to 874-878. From Arab countries these numbers came to North Africa and Spain, and from there this form of recording numbers spread throughout Europe.

Before this, Roman numerals were used in Europe. By the way, despite the name, they were also not invented by the Romans. Until very recently, it was believed that the Greeks did this. However, according to Dr. Stephen Chrisomalis of McGill University in Montreal, the Greeks borrowed these numbers from the Egyptians. But whether the latter invented them themselves, or also adopted them from someone (for example, from the Atlanteans, in whom serious scientists do not believe), is still unknown.

Let us note that the replacement of Roman numerals with Arabic ones was one of the most important steps in the history of our civilization. The genius of the numbers called Arabic is that it is a positional number system, where the position of the number determines its value. The famous French mathematician and physicist Laplace wrote: “The idea of ​​expressing all numbers in nine signs, giving them, in addition to meaning in form, also meaning in place, is so simple that it is precisely because of this simplicity that it is difficult to understand how amazing it is. How difficult it was to arrive at this method, we see in the example greatest geniuses Greek scholarship of Archimedes and Apollonius, from whom this idea remained hidden..."

It is likely that if this number system had not been adopted, our civilization would have developed in a different way; there would have been neither modern physics, nor modern chemistry, nor other sciences using mathematical tools.

Numbers called Arabic.

If you think that the replacement of Roman numerals with Indian-Arabic ones in Europe was easy and simple, then you are mistaken. There was serious resistance to this innovation both from scholastic science and from governments different countries. Thus, in Germany, France and England, new numbers were almost not used until the end of the fifteenth century.

Those who tried to introduce a positional number system at the state level faced all sorts of obstacles. Indicative in this regard is the example of the French church mathematician Herbert, who since 999 has been Pope under the name Sylvester II. His attempts to reform mathematics teaching and introduce new system The reckoning encountered fierce resistance from the Inquisition, which accused Sylvester of having “sold his soul to the Saracen devils.” The reform failed, and soon the mathematician dad also died. But the story didn't end there. For several centuries there were rumors that sulfur smoke was constantly oozing from the marble sarcophagus of Sylvester II and the rustling of devils could be heard.

Finally, in 1648, church authorities decided to open the suspicious tomb to cleanse it of filth and sprinkle it with holy water. But it turned out that the sarcophagus was empty. No one still knows where the embalmed remains of the mathematician dad went.

Life of numbers in Rus'.

Around the beginning of the thirteenth century, a new numbering came to Rus'. And here, too, she was not greeted triumphantly. The Church declared Indian numbers to be witchcraft and godless. Books containing these numbers were banned, and their owners were severely punished. What was the reason for such a rejection of the new? The fact is that in these times there was a struggle between the Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church for influence in the Slavic lands, and in the dissemination of new figures, the Orthodox saw an increase in the influence of Catholicism.

Due to its strongly conservative position Orthodox Church In printed books in Rus', Indian-Arabic numerals first began to be used only in the mid-seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. The first Russian coins with Indian numerals date back to 1654. But already under Peter the Great they completely supplant the Slavic ones that appeared in last time on coins in 1718.

Now it is perfectly clear to us how much the replacement of some numbers by others was a progressive step. But the power of inertia in society has always been there.

It would not be an exaggeration to say that the idea of ​​a positional number system is as ingenious as the taming of fire and the invention of the wheel. What every student now knows primary school, was once the greatest breakthrough of human thought.

To all people with early childhood Familiar with the numbers used to count objects. There are only ten of them: from 0 to 9. That is why the number system is called decimal. Using them you can write down absolutely any number.

For thousands of years, people have used their fingers to mark numbers. Today, the decimal system is used everywhere: to measure time, when selling and buying something, in various calculations. Everyone has eigenvalues, for example, in a passport, on a credit card.

By milestones of history

People are so accustomed to numbers that they don’t even think about their importance in life. Probably many have heard that the numbers that are used are called Arabic. Some were taught this at school, while others learned it by accident. So why are the numbers called Arabic? What is their story?

And it is very confusing. There are no reliably accurate facts about their origin. It is known for sure that it is worth thanking the ancient astronomers. Because of them and their calculations, people today have numbers. Astronomers from India, somewhere between the 2nd and 6th centuries, became acquainted with the knowledge of their Greek colleagues. From there the sexagesimal and round zero were taken. Then Greek was combined with Chinese decimal system. The Hindus began to denote numbers with one sign, and their method quickly spread throughout Europe.

Why are numbers called Arabic?

From the eighth to the thirteenth centuries, Eastern civilization actively developed. This was especially noticeable in the field of science. Great attention was paid to mathematics and astronomy. That is, accuracy was held in high esteem. Throughout the Middle East, the city of Baghdad was considered the main center of science and culture. And all because it was geographically very advantageous. The Arabs did not hesitate to take advantage of this and actively adopted many useful things from Asia and Europe. Baghdad often gathered prominent scientists from these continents, who passed on experience and knowledge to each other and talked about their discoveries. At the same time, the Indians and Chinese used their own number systems, which consisted of only ten characters.

It wasn't invented by the Arabs. They simply highly appreciated their advantages compared to the Roman and Greek systems, which were considered the most advanced in the world at that time. But it is much more convenient to display indefinitely with only ten characters. The main advantage of Arabic numerals is not the ease of writing, but the system itself, since it is positional. That is, the position of the digit affects the value of the number. This is how people define units, tens, hundreds, thousands, and so on. It is not surprising that Europeans also took this into account and adopted Arabic numerals. What wise scientists there were in the East! Today this seems very surprising.

Writing

What do Arabic numerals look like? Previously, they were composed of broken lines, where the number of angles was compared with the size of the sign. Most likely, Arab mathematicians expressed the idea that it was possible to associate the number of angles with the numerical value of a digit. If you look at the ancient spelling, you can see how big the Arabic numerals are. What kind of abilities did scientists have in such ancient times?

So, zero has no angles when written. The unit includes only one acute angle. Deuce contains a pair sharp corners. A three has three corners. Its correct Arabic spelling is obtained by drawing the postal code on envelopes. The quad includes four corners, the last of which creates the tail. The five has five right angles, and the six, respectively, has six. With the correct old spelling, seven has seven corners. Eight - out of eight. And nine, it’s not hard to guess, is out of nine. That is why the numbers are called Arabic: they invented the original style.

Hypotheses

Today there is no clear opinion about the formation of the writing of Arabic numerals. No scientist knows why certain numbers look the way they do and not some other way. What guided ancient scientists when giving numbers shapes? One of the most plausible hypotheses is the one with the number of angles.

Of course, over time, all the angles of the numbers were smoothed out, they gradually acquired the familiar modern man appearance And for a huge number of years, Arabic numerals around the world have been used to denote numbers. It's amazing that just ten characters can convey unimaginably large meanings.

Results

Another answer to the question of why numbers are called Arabic is the fact that the word “number” itself also has Arab origin. Mathematicians translated the Hindu word "sunya" into native language and it turned out “sifr”, which is already similar to what is pronounced today.

This is all that is known about why the numbers are called Arabic. Perhaps modern scientists will still make some discoveries in this regard and shed light on their occurrence. In the meantime, people are content with only this information.

The Roman numbering system using letters was widespread in Ancient Rome and Europe for two thousand years. Only in the late Middle Ages was it replaced by a more convenient decimal system of numbers, borrowed from the Arabs (1,2,3,4,5...).

But, until now, Roman numerals indicate dates on monuments, time on clocks and (in the Anglo-American typographic tradition) pages of book prefaces, clothing sizes, chapters of monographs and textbooks. In addition, in Russian it is customary to use Roman numerals to denote ordinal numbers. The Roman numeral system is currently used to designate centuries (XV century, etc.), AD. e. (MCMLXXVII, etc.) and months when indicating dates (for example, 1. V. 1975), in historical monuments of law as article numbers (Karolina, etc.)

To designate numbers, 7 letters of the Latin alphabet were used (the first letter of the words is five, ten, fifty, one hundred, five hundred, thousand):

I=1, V=5, X=10, L=50, C=100, D=500, M=1000

C (100) is the first letter of the Latin word centum (one hundred)

and M - (1000) - the first letter of the word mille (thousand).

As for the sign D (500), it was half of the sign Ф (1000)

The V sign (5) is the upper half of the X sign (10)

Intermediate numbers were formed by adding several letters to the right or left. Thousands and hundreds are written first, then tens and ones. So the number 24 is written as XXIV

Natural numbers are written by repeating these numbers.

At the same time, if big number stands in front of the smaller one, then they add up (the principle of addition), but if the smaller one is in front of the larger one, then the smaller one is subtracted from the larger one (the principle of subtraction).

In other words, if a sign denoting a smaller number is to the right of a sign denoting a larger number, then the smaller is added to the larger; if on the left, then subtract: VI - 6, i.e. 5+1 IV - 4, i.e. 5-1 LX - 60, i.e. 50+10 XL - 40, i.e. 50-10 CX - 110, i.e. 100+10 XC - 90, i.e. 100-10 MDCCCXII - 1812, i.e. 1000+500+100+100+100+10+1+1

The last rule applies only to avoid repeating the same number four times. To avoid repetition 4 times, the number 3999 is written as MMMIM.

Different designations for the same number are possible. Thus, the number 80 can be represented as LXXX (50+10+10+10) and as XXC(100-20).

For example, I, X, C are placed respectively before X, C, M to indicate 9, 90, 900 or before V, L, D to indicate 4, 40, 400.

For example, VI = 5+1 = 6, IV = 5 - 1 = 4 (instead of IIII).

XIX = 10 + 10 - 1 = 19 (instead of XVIIII),

XL = 50 - 10 =40 (instead of XXXX),

XXXIII = 10 + 10 + 10 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 33, etc.

Note:

Basic Roman numerals: I (1) - unus (unus) II (2) - duo (duo) III (3) - tres (tres) IV (4) - quattuor (quattuor) V (5) - quinque (quinque) VI (6) - sex (sex) VII (7) - septem (septem) VIII (8) - octo (octo) IX (9) - novem (novem) X (10) - decem (decem), etc. XX (20) - viginti (viginti) XXI (21) - unus et viginti or viginti unus XXII (22) - duo et viginti or viginti duo, etc. XXVIII (28) - duodetriginta XXIX (29) - undetriginta XXX (30) - triginta XL (40) - quadraginta L (50) - quinquaginta LX (60) - sexaginta LXX (70) - septuaginta LXXX (80) - octoginta XC (90) - nonaginta C (100) - centum CC (200) - ducenti CCC (300) - trecenti (trecenti) CD (400) - quadrigenti (quadrigenti) D (500) - quingenti (quingenti) DC (600) - sexcenti (sexcenti) DCC (700) - septigenti (septigenti) DCCC(800) - octingenti (octigenti) CM (DCCCC) (900) - nongenti (nongenti) M (1000) - mille (mille) MM (2000) - duo milia (duo milia) V (5000) - quinque milia (quinque milia) X (10000) - decem milia (decem milia) XX (20000) - viginti milia (viginti milia) C (1000000) - centum milia (centum milia) XI (1000000) - decies centena milia (decies centena milia)"