Landscape in visual arts. Lesson "Landscape"

Svetlana Vasilyeva
"What is landscape"

Target: Introduce children to landscape as a genre of fine art. Develop creative imagination and aesthetic feelings. To develop artistic thinking, initiative, and independence. Evoke an emotional response to the paintings, cultivate a sense of beauty. Enrich your vocabulary children: scenery, landscape painter.

Material: Didactic games "Assemble a picture", "Make up scenery» , reproduction of a painting by Shishkin I. I. « Ship Grove» , magnetic boards, tape recorder, recording sounds of nature.

The Artist enters.

H. - Hello, guys!

D. - Hello!

Kh. – I am an Artist. Do you know who such an artist?

Children's answers.

H. – An artist is a person who draws or paints pictures. But I’ll find out what your name is now. I will extend my palms to you, you will touch them and say your names.

Do you want to become an artist?

Kh. - Then I invite you to the school of young artists. Each school has its own emblem. Our school is the same. I have prepared such an emblem for each of you and invite you to choose and wear it.

Children take badges and put them on.

H. - Guys, to get the title « Young artist» You need to complete several tasks and answer questions. Here is my first task for you. Please put the parts together into pictures (children are given envelopes). Here the children whose emblem is depicted on a blue background will collect, and here those whose emblem is depicted on a red background.

Children go to the magnetic boards and complete the task.

Kh. - What beautiful pictures you turned out. Take a closer look at them. What do the guys with the red emblems have? (children's answers) What do the guys with the blue emblems have? (children's answers) How can we call this in one word? (children's answers) It can also be called landscape.

Translated from French scenery denotes the area. Most often it is an image of nature. If the artist depicted a city or city street, scenery called urban. Forest spaces are... forest scenery, mountains - ... mountain, sea - ... sea. Guys, the artist who writes landscapes, called - landscape painter. So what such a landscape? What is the name of the artist who depicts scenery? Guys, scenery is a type of fine art.

Well done, you have taken the first step towards the title of young artist.

Kh. - To become young artists you need to be able to compose landscapes. Here is my next task, I suggest you try to compose it yourself scenery.

A game "Make up scenery» (children lay out trees on an A3 sheet of paper, which shows the background, creating scenery)

Children do the task at the tables.

H. – How interesting you got the landscapes. Please tell me why you decided to compose a winter scenery? Why did you decide to make a summer scenery?

I congratulate you, you have taken the second step towards the title of young artist.

Music is playing

H. -And now we are going to the forest. But this is not an ordinary forest, but a magical one. I invite you to become little seeds. The seeds fell into the ground (children crouch). The rain poured on them, the sun warmed them and they began to sprout (children slowly stand up, raise their hands up). The trees grow taller and taller, small shoots turning into strong young trees. The breeze caresses them, and they begin to sway quietly. And birds sit on the branches and sing. Let's listen to them.

Children sit down on the carpet and a recording of birdsong sounds.

Kh. – The Russian land has always been rich in forests. People went into the forest to pick mushrooms, berries, and hunt. They built houses from logs from felled trees, heated their homes with firewood, and made wooden furniture. Spoons were carved from wood. They tore the bast from the linden trees and wove bast shoes. The forest fed and warmed people.

And so the Russian forest waited for its artist.

In the small town of Yelabuga, a boy was born into a merchant’s family. They named him Vanya. He was supposed to help his father conduct trading business. But Vanya did it so reluctantly and ineptly that he was soon left alone. The father was very happy when his son showed interest in art, and sent him to Moscow to study. When Vanya grew up and learned, he became a real artist. He truly, deeply loved nature. When I came to the forest, I found the most a nice place, sat down on a stump, set up an easel and began to write. In his paintings, trees, grass and bushes look as if they were alive. For this he was nicknamed - "King of the Forest". It was the great artist Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin (portrait showing)

Music is playing

Let us also come closer to and admire one of the works of the great artist. This is a reproduction from a painting by Shishkin "Ship Grove"- the largest in size in his work. (children examine the reproduction independently)

What is shown in the picture

Do you think the artist depicted a cool or warm day?

Would you like to be in this forest?

Look carefully at the picture and Tell: where in the forest can you bask in the sun, where can you hide in the shade? Do you want to run through the water barefoot, put your palm on stones: what are they - cold or warm?

Would you like to find yourself at the top of one of the pine trees? Why?

Why is the grove named "ship"?

If the children find it difficult to answer, the teacher will explains:

Obviously, this is due to the fact that pine trees are tall and straight, like masts, and their branches moving in the wind look like sails. Or maybe it will take a little time. And many of these giants will turn into mighty ships and see the vast expanses of the earth.

Kh. - Tell me, please, what type of fine art did you become acquainted with? What are these artists called? Which there are landscapes?

Kh. - For the fact that you completed all my tasks, answered all the questions correctly, I present you with certificates that you have been awarded the title "Young Artist" (issue of certificates, applause). And new meetings with artists and their paintings await you.

H. - Goodbye, guys!

In the 17th century, a division of painting genres into “high” and “low” was introduced. The first included historical, battle and mythological genres. The second included mundane genres of painting from Everyday life, For example, everyday genre, still life, animal painting, portrait, nude, landscape.

Historical genre

The historical genre in painting does not depict a specific object or person, but a specific moment or event that took place in the history of past eras. It is included in the main genres of painting in art. Portrait, battle, everyday and mythological genres are often closely intertwined with the historical.

"Conquest of Siberia by Ermak" (1891-1895)
Vasily Surikov

Artists Nicolas Poussin, Tintoretto, Eugene Delacroix, Peter Rubens, Vasily Ivanovich Surikov, Boris Mikhailovich Kustodiev and many others painted their paintings in the historical genre.

Mythological genre

Tales, ancient legends and myths, folklore- the depiction of these subjects, heroes and events has found its place in the mythological genre of painting. Perhaps it can be distinguished in the paintings of any people, because the history of each ethnic group is full of legends and traditions. For example, such a plot of Greek mythology as secret romance The god of war Ares and the goddess of beauty Aphrodite are depicted in the painting “Parnassus” by an Italian artist named Andrea Mantegna.

"Parnassus" (1497)
Andrea Mantegna

Mythology in painting was finally formed during the Renaissance. Representatives of this genre, in addition to Andrea Mantegna, are Rafael Santi, Giorgione, Lucas Cranach, Sandro Botticelli, Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov and others.

Battle genre

Battle painting describes scenes from military life. Most often, various military campaigns are illustrated, as well as sea and land battles. And since these fights are often taken from real story, then the battle and historical genres find their intersection point here.

Fragment of the panorama “Battle of Borodino” (1912)
Franz Roubaud

Battle painting took shape during the times Italian Renaissance in the works of artists Michelangelo Buonarroti, Leonardo da Vinci, and then Theodore Gericault, Francisco Goya, Franz Alekseevich Roubaud, Mitrofan Borisovich Grekov and many other painters.

Everyday genre

Scenes from everyday, social or privacy ordinary people, be it urban or peasant life, is depicted in the everyday genre in painting. Like many others genres of painting, everyday paintings are rarely found in their own form, becoming part of a portrait or landscape genre.

"Musical Instrument Seller" (1652)
Karel Fabricius

The origin of everyday painting occurred in the 10th century in the East, and it moved to Europe and Russia only in XVII-XVIII centuries. Jan Vermeer, Karel Fabricius and Gabriel Metsu, Mikhail Shibanov and Ivan Alekseevich Ermenev are the most famous artists household paintings during that period.

Animalistic genre

The main objects of the animalistic genre are animals and birds, both wild and domestic, and in general all representatives of the animal world. Initially, animal painting was part of the genres of Chinese painting, since it first appeared in China in the 8th century. In Europe, animal painting was formed only during the Renaissance - animals at that time were depicted as the embodiment of human vices and virtues.

"Horses in the Meadow" (1649)
Paulus Potter

Antonio Pisanello, Paulus Potter, Albrecht Durer, Frans Snyders, Albert Cuyp - the main representatives of animal painting in fine arts.

Still life

The still life genre depicts objects that surround a person in life. These are inanimate objects combined into one group. Such objects may belong to the same genus (for example, only fruits are depicted in the picture), or they may be dissimilar (fruits, utensils, musical instruments, flowers, etc.).

"Flowers in a Basket, Butterfly and Dragonfly" (1614)
Ambrosius Bosshart the Elder

Still life as an independent genre took shape in the 17th century. The Flemish and Dutch schools of still life are especially distinguished. Representatives of the most famous people wrote their paintings in this genre. different styles, from realism to cubism. Some of the most famous still lifes painted by painters Ambrosius Bosschaert the Elder, Albertus Jonah Brandt, Paul Cezanne, Vincent Van Gogh, Pierre Auguste Renoir, Willem Claes Heda.

Portrait

Portrait is a genre of painting, which is one of the most common in the fine arts. The purpose of a portrait in painting is to depict a person, but not just his appearance, but also to convey the inner feelings and mood of the person being portrayed.

Portraits can be single, pair, group, as well as a self-portrait, which is sometimes distinguished as a separate genre. And most famous portrait Of all times, perhaps, is the painting by Leonardo da Vinci entitled “Portrait of Madame Lisa del Giocondo”, known to everyone as the “Mona Lisa”.

"Mona Lisa" (1503-1506)
Leonardo da Vinci

The first portraits appeared thousands of years ago in Ancient Egypt- these were images of pharaohs. Since then, most artists of all times have tried themselves in this genre in one way or another. Portrait and historical genres of painting can also intersect: the depiction of a great historical figure will be considered a work historical genre, although at the same time it will convey the appearance and character of this person as a portrait.

Nude

The purpose of the nude genre is to depict the naked human body. The Renaissance period is considered the moment of the emergence and development of this type of painting, and the main object of painting then most often became the female body, which embodied the beauty of the era.

"Rural Concert" (1510)
Titian

Titian, Amedeo Modigliani, Antonio da Correggio, Giorgione, Pablo Picasso are the most famous artists who painted nude paintings.

Scenery

The main theme of the landscape genre is nature, environment- city, rural or wilderness. The first landscapes appeared in ancient times when painting palaces and temples, creating miniatures and icons. Landscape began to emerge as an independent genre in the 16th century and has since become one of the most popular genres. genres of painting.

It is present in the works of many painters, starting with Peter Rubens, Alexei Kondratyevich Savrasov, Edouard Manet, continuing with Isaac Ilyich Levitan, Piet Mondrian, Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque and ending with many contemporary artists of the 21st century.

"Golden Autumn" (1895)
Isaac Levitan

Among landscape paintings, one can distinguish such genres as sea and city landscapes.

Veduta

Veduta is a landscape, the purpose of which is to depict the appearance of an urban area and convey its beauty and flavor. Later, with the development of industry, the urban landscape turns into an industrial landscape.

"St. Mark's Square" (1730)
Canaletto

You can appreciate city landscapes by getting acquainted with the works of Canaletto, Pieter Bruegel, Fyodor Yakovlevich Alekseev, Sylvester Feodosievich Shchedrin.

Marina

A seascape, or marina, depicts the nature of the sea element, its grandeur. The most famous marine painter in the world is perhaps Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky, whose painting “The Ninth Wave” can be called a masterpiece of Russian painting. The heyday of the marina occurred simultaneously with the development of the landscape as such.

"Sailboat in a Storm" (1886)
James Buttersworth

Katsushika Hokusai, James Edward Buttersworth, Alexey Petrovich Bogolyubov, Lev Felixovich Lagorio and Rafael Monleon Torres are also famous for their seascapes.

If you want to learn even more about how painting genres in art arose and developed, watch the following video:

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The term " scenery"in Russian comes from the French "paysage" - "pays" - "country", "locality". For example, in English, the term "landscape" comes from the Dutch word "landschap", which originally meant "area", "piece of land", but acquired the meaning as "a picture of a natural landscape" in the early 1500s. The development of this term in the Netherlands was logical because the country was one of the first places where the genre became popular for painters. At this time, Protestantism was growing middle class, its representatives made new demands on objects of art. It was the landscape that helped satisfy these needs.

But this genre still needed to gain recognition from the authoritative art academies of Italy and France. Historical painting on classical, religious, mythological and allegorical themes prevailed over all others. The portraits genre paintings, still lifes, landscapes were at a lower level in the “hierarchy” of genres. Even when landscape became a more or less independent genre in the 17th century, it was still used as a secondary subject for biblical, mythological or historical scenes.

XVII century is considered the period of birth of the classical landscape. In the paintings of this period one can see the influence of antiquity and the desire to depict an ideal landscape reminiscent of Arcadia - a legendary place in Ancient Greece, known for its quiet pastoral beauty, which was written about by the Roman poet Virgil.

In a classical landscape, all objects should be in positions where each tree, stone or animal should create a harmonious, balanced and timeless impression. The classical landscape was improved by the French artists Nicolas Poussin and Claude Lorrain. Both artists spent most of their creative life in Rome, taking inspiration from the Roman countryside. Italy at that time was the favorite place to work for many artists. Poussin, who early years dedicated his creativity historical painting, later came to the conclusion that landscape can evoke emotions as strong as human drama in history painting. From this point on, he worked to give the landscape genre a higher status.

Jacob van Ruisdael. River Bank (1649)

Nicolas Poussin. Landscape with Two Nymphs and a Snake (c. 1659)

Claude Lorrain. Landscape with the Abduction of Europa by Jupiter (between 1615 and 1682)

In the 18th century Italy continued to be a source of inspiration for landscape painters, while France and England became new centers of landscape art. But the ideals of the 17th century. classical Dutch and Italian landscapes were preserved. Although landscapes were gaining popularity, European academies still did not attach much importance to this genre. In particular, the Royal Academy in France is an incredibly powerful organization that sets standards for the training of painters and the choice of themes for their work.

Pierre-Henri de Valenciennes was able to turn the situation around late XVIII V. Like Nicolas Poussin, he worked to convince the Academy and his contemporaries of the merits of landscape painting. In 1800, he published a book on the subject of landscape painting, Eléments de perspective practique (literally, “Essentials of Perspective Practice”). The book emphasized the importance of the "historical landscape", which should be based on the study of real nature. The subsequent generation of French landscape painters benefited from Valenciennes' efforts. Among them was Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot, whose development as an artist was largely influenced by the historical landscapes of Valenciennes and travels in Italy.

Pierre-Henri de Valenciennes. Ulysses begs for help to Nausicaä (1790)

Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot. Reminiscence of Morthefontaine (1864)

XIX century became a new stage in the development of landscape gardening art. The Industrial Revolution changed the traditions of rural life. Throughout Europe and North America landscape acquired new status. Representatives of the Barbizon school, such as Theodore Rousseau, Charles-François Daubigny and others, moved away from the idealized, classical landscapes and focused on painting from life, known as plein air painting. In the 19th century Landscape photography was born, which significantly influenced the choice of landscape compositions.

Theodore Rousseau. Market in Normandy (1845-1848)

Charles-Francois Daubigny. Harvest (1851)

French painter Gustave Courbet pushed the boundaries of landscape painting even further. Gustave Courbet's radical painting methods and independent spirit paved the way for the next generation of Impressionist artists. Artists such as Claude Oscar Monet, Camille Pissarro, Auguste Renoir, Alfred Sisley and many others devoted most of their work to plein air painting. The painting of Gustave Courbet, his colors and the structure of the landscape significantly influenced the works of Paul Cézanne and Vincent van Gogh, as well as many artists of the 20th century.

Gustave Courbet. Storm Wave (1869)

Claude Oscar Monet. Boulevard of the Capuchins (1873)

Camille Pissarro. Fading plum tree. Eragni (1894)

Auguste Renoir. Palm tree (1902)

Alfred Sisley. Bridge at Villeneuve-la-Garenne (1872)

Paul Cezanne. Swimming pool at Jas de Bouffan (1876)

Vincent van Gogh. Pink peach tree. Arles (1888)

At the beginning of the 20th century. landscape has ceased to be just a genre in fine art. Once photography gained recognition as an art form, artists were quick to take advantage of it. Also, the artists, in their conceptual manner, were able to convey the dangers of industrialization, the threat of global destruction and environmental disasters. In the second half of the 20th century. the definition of landscape included the concept of urban, cultural, industrial landscapes and landscape architecture. Landscape photography continues to evolve. Today, landscape is a way to convey an attitude towards the nature that surrounds us, the place where we live, and the human impact on the planet.

A brief excursion into the history of the development of the landscape genre

Translated from french word"landscape" (paysage) means "nature". This is the name given to a genre in fine art whose main task is to reproduce natural or man-made nature.
In addition, a landscape is a specific work of art in painting or graphics that shows nature to the viewer. The “hero” of such a work is a natural or natural motif invented by the author.

"Seaport", 1st century, painting from Stabiae

Elements of the landscape can be found already in rock art. In the Neolithic era, primitive craftsmen schematically depicted rivers or lakes, trees and boulders on the walls of caves. On the Tassilin-Ajer plateau in the Sahara, paintings with scenes of hunting and herd driving were discovered. Next to the figures of animals and humans, the ancient artist schematically drew a simple landscape, which does not make it possible to specify the location of the action. In the art of the Ancient East and Crete, the landscape motif is a fairly common detail in wall paintings. Thus, not far from the village of Beni Hassan in Middle Egypt, rock tombs of ancient Egyptian rulers who lived in the 21st-20th centuries BC were found. One of the many frescoes that covered the walls of the burial chambers depicts a wild cat hunting in dense thickets. Among the paintings in the halls of the famous Knossos Palace on the island of Crete, a painting was discovered that researchers called “Partridges in the Rocks.”
In the ancient Roman city of Stabia, destroyed, like Pompeii, during the eruption of Vesuvius, among other paintings found in one of the patrician houses, the fresco “Seaport” stands out, representing a real seascape.
Landscape appeared as an independent genre already in the 6th century in Chinese art. The paintings of medieval China convey very poetically the world. The spiritual and majestic nature in these works, executed mainly in ink on silk, appears as a vast universe that has no boundaries. The traditions of Chinese landscape painting had a great influence on japanese art. Unfortunately, the scope of our publication does not allow us to talk in detail about the landscape painters of China and Japan - this is a topic for a separate book.
In Europe, landscape as a separate genre appeared much later than in China and Japan. During the Middle Ages, when only religious compositions had the right to exist, the landscape was interpreted by painters as an image of the characters’ habitat.

P. de Limburg. "The Month of March", 15th century, from the "Luxury Book of Hours of the Duke of Berry"

European miniaturists played a major role in the formation of landscape painting. In medieval France, at the courts of the Dukes of Burgundy and Berry in the 1410s, talented illustrators, the Limburg brothers, worked - the creators of charming miniatures for the Book of Hours of the Duke of Berry. These graceful and colorful drawings, telling of the seasons and associated field work and entertainment, show the viewer natural landscapes, executed with a masterful sense of perspective for the time.
A pronounced interest in landscape is noticeable in painting Early Renaissance. And although artists are still very inept at conveying space, cluttering it with landscape elements that do not match each other in scale, many paintings testify to the painters’ desire to achieve a harmonious and holistic image of nature and man. This is the painting “Procession of the Magi” (first half of the 15th century, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York) by the Italian master Stefano di Giovanni, nicknamed Sasetta.
A significant step forward in the development of landscape painting was made by the 15th-century Swiss artist Konrad Witz, who showed a specific area in his composition on a religious subject - the shore of Lake Geneva.
Landscape motifs began to play a more important role during the High Renaissance. Many artists began to carefully study nature. Abandoning the usual construction of spatial plans in the form of scenes, a heap of details inconsistent in scale, they turned to scientific developments in the field of linear perspective. Now the landscape, presented as a whole picture, becomes the most important element artistic subjects. Thus, in altar compositions, which painters most often turned to, the landscape looks like a scene with human figures in the foreground.

Stefano di Giovanni. "Procession of the Magi", first half of the 15th century, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Despite such obvious progress, until the 16th century, artists included landscape details in their works only as a background for a religious scene, genre composition or portrait. The clearest example of this is famous portrait Mona Lisa (c. 1503, Louvre, Paris), painted by Leonardo da Vinci.
The great painter with remarkable skill conveyed on his canvas the inextricable connection between man and nature, showed harmony and beauty, which for many centuries have made the viewer freeze in admiration in front of the La Gioconda.
Behind the young woman’s back, the boundless expanses of the universe open up: mountain peaks, forests, rivers and seas. This majestic landscape confirms the idea that human personality as multifaceted and complex as the natural world. But people are unable to comprehend the numerous secrets of the world around them, and this seems to be confirmed by the mysterious smile on the lips of Gioconda.

Leonardo da Vinci. "La Gioconda", approx. 1503, Louvre, Paris

Gradually, landscape went beyond other artistic genres. This was facilitated by the development easel painting. In the small-sized paintings of the Dutch master I. Patiner and the German artist A. Altdorfer, the landscape begins to dominate the scenes shown in the foreground.
Many researchers consider Albrecht Altdorfer to be the founder of German landscape painting. Small human figures on his canvas “Forest Landscape with the Battle of St. George” (1510, Alte Pinakothek, Munich) are lost among the mighty tree trunks, the powerful crowns of which shield the ground from sunlight.
The later "Danube Landscape" (c. 1520-1525, Alte Pinakothek, Munich) and "Landscape with Werth Castle" (c. 1522-1530, Alte Pinakothek, Munich) indicate that now the image of nature is the main and probably , the only task of the artist.

A. Altdorfer. "Danube Landscape", ca. 1520-1525, Alte Pinakothek, Munich

Giorgione. "Thunderstorm", approx. 1506-1507, Galleria dell'Accademia, Venice

El Greco. "View of Toledo", 1610-1614, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Dark Day, 1565, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna

In the 17th century, many national schools appeared, new genres and their varieties were formed. This time was very successful for the further development of the landscape genre.
Bruegel's traditions in the field of landscape painting were picked up by representatives of the Dutch school.
Dutch bourgeois revolution(1566-1609) revived the cultural life of the country and contributed to creative progress. The 17th century saw an extraordinary flowering Dutch painting and all its genres, the most common of which is landscape.
Dutch landscape painters were able to capture on their canvases a comprehensive picture of the world in all its manifestations. Works by such artists as H. Averkamp, ​​E. van der Poel, J. Porcellis, S. de Vlieger, A.G. Cape, S. van Ruisdael and J. van Ruisdael, convey a person’s pride in his land, admiration for the beauty of the sea, native fields, forests and canals. The feeling of sincere and boundless love for the world around us is felt in all the works of Dutch landscape painters.

Hendrik Averkamp_Winter Landscape, Pinacoteca Ambrosiana, Milan

Jan van Goyen, Fishermen

With subtle lyricism, he conveys roads with trees along the sides and alleys in the forest. wonderful artist Meindert Hobbema. main feature landscapes of another Dutch master, Albert Cuyp, - connecting the landscape with animalistic genre. His paintings delight the viewer with their rich and sonorous colors.

J. Wermeer of Delft. "Street", before 1660, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam

Jacob van Ruisdael - “The Mill at Wijk” (c.1670).

In 17th-century Holland, cosmopolitan landscapes were very popular, the authors of which specialized in creating imaginary landscapes in the Italian style. But it was not they, but the canvases with motifs of modest Dutch nature that made Dutch painting such a significant phenomenon of world culture.
The realistic art of Spain, Italy and France also played a role in the development of landscape painting. In the work of Diego Velazquez there are landscapes that reflect the subtle observation of the great Spanish master ("View of the Villa Medici", 1650-1651, Prado, Madrid). Velazquez masterfully conveys the freshness of greenery, warm shades of light sliding over the leaves of trees and tall stone walls.
Velazquez's paintings testify to the birth of plein air painting: leaving the workshops, the artists went to work in the open air in order to better study nature.

D. Velasquez. "View of the Villa Medici", 1650-1651, Prado, Madrid

In the 17th century, the principles of creating an ideal landscape emerged in the art of classicism. The classicists interpreted nature as a world subject to the laws of reason.
The French painter Nicolas Poussin, who worked in Italy, became the creator of the heroic landscape. Poussin's paintings, showing the grandeur of the universe, are populated by mythological characters, heroes who cultivate sublime feelings in the viewer. The artist, who believed that the main goal of art is the education of man, believed main value order and rational structure of the world. He wrote works with a balanced composition, clearly built spatial plans, and distributed colors according to strict rules. Poussin did not make the audience a participant in his paintings. Spectators looking at his landscapes had to be content with the role of contemplatives, enjoying the images and improving their minds.

N. Poussin. "Landscape with Polyphemus", Hermitage, St. Petersburg

P.P. Rubens. "Landscape with a Rainbow", Hermitage, St. Petersburg

P.P. Rubens. Landscape with Sten Castle. Circa 1635, National Gallery, London

Emotionally expressive landscapes that reflected Baroque traditions were created by the Italian master of the early 17th century, Alessandro Magnasco. There is nothing idyllic in his paintings. Full of anxiety, they show the complexity of the world order. On the canvas “Seashore” the viewer sees a chaotic accumulation of details. Stormy sea waves beat against the shore, on which the artist placed many human figures. These are gypsies, robbers, peasants, hermits, traders.
It's hard to understand what these people are doing. The romantic landscape is equally mysterious: the agitated sea, trees with curved trunks, gloomy fortresses with towers and high gray cliffs on the horizon.
In the 18th century, the veduta, a type of landscape genre that emerged in Venetian painting, became widespread. It originates from the urban, or architectural, landscape, elements of which appeared in the art of the Middle Ages. Remarkable masters of vedata were Francesco Guardi, Antonio Canaletto, Bernardo Bellotto.
In the 18th century further development Landscape painting also gained popularity in French art. Antoine Watteau, who was called the “painter of gallant holidays,” painted dreamy scenes against the backdrop of wonderful parks. His landscapes, painted with delicate and reverent colors, are very emotional, they convey various shades of mood ("Pilgrimage to the Island of Cythera", 1717, Louvre, Paris).

Antoine Watteau, Pilgrimage to the Island of Cythera, 1717, Louvre

A prominent representative of Rococo art was the French artist Francois Boucher, who created landscapes full of sensual charm.

Francois Boucher, Bridge

As if woven from blue, pink, silver shades, they seem to be delightful magical dreams (“Landscape in the vicinity of Beauvais”, Hermitage, St. Petersburg). Boucher studied with another French artist who worked in the Rococo style, Jean Honore Fragonard, whose colorful landscapes, permeated with air and light, convey the freshness of the air, the warmth of the sun's rays, the tremulous movement of foliage on the trees ("Gardens of the Villa d'Este", Wallace Collection , London).

Fragonard, Grand Cascade at Tivoli, 1760, Louvre

Joseph Mallord William Turner, The Rising of Carthage, 1815, National Gallery, London

John Constable, Hay Wagon. 1821, National Gallery, London

Theodore Rousseau, The Little Fisherman, 1849

Close to the art of the Barbizonians is the painting of Camille Corot, who sought to convey the reverent air environment with the help of valers. Camille Corot was considered his predecessor french impressionists. The plein air landscapes of Claude Monet, Camille Pissarro, and Alfred Sisley reflect the artists’ deep interest in the changing light-air environment. Impressionist works show not only rural nature, but also a living and dynamic world modern city.

Claude Monet, White water lilies, 1899, Pushkin Museum im. A.S. Pushkin, Moscow

Apfred Sisley, Path on the shore in the evening near Sauyur in Normandy, 1894, Rouen. Museum of Fine Arts

Post-impressionist artists used modified impressionist traditions in their painting. From the standpoint of monumental art, Paul Cézanne represents the majestic beauty and power of nature. The landscapes of Vincent van Gogh are full of gloomy, tragic feelings. The sun's glare on the surface of the water, the trembling sea air and the freshness of the greenery are conveyed by the canvases of Georges Seurat and Paul Signac, made in the divisionist technique.
In the 20th century, representatives of a wide variety of people turned to the landscape genre artistic directions. Bright, intensely sonorous pictures of nature were created by the Fauvists: Henri Matisse, Andre Derain, Albert Marquet, Maurice Vlaminck, Raoul Dufy and others.

R. Delaunay. "Eiffel Tower", 1926-1928, Solomon Guggenheim Museum, New York

The Cubists (Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, Robert Delaunay, etc.) created their landscapes using dissected geometric forms. The landscape genre was of interest to surrealist artists (Salvador Dali) and abstractionists (Wassily Kandinsky, Helen Frankenthaler), who painted decorative compositions in which the main thing is the impression of direct improvisation in conveying images of nature.

Salvador Dali, The Persistence of Memory, 1931

V. Kandinsky. "Murnau - mountain landscape with church", 1910, Lenbach House Museum, Munich

Representatives of realistic movements (Rockwell Kent, George Wesley Bellows, Renato Guttuso) also remained recognized masters of landscape painting in the 20th century.
Landscape occupies a special place in Russian painting. For the first time, landscape motifs, depicted schematically, appeared in ancient Russian icon painting. Figures of Christ, the Virgin Mary, saints and angels on ancient icons were depicted against the backdrop of a conventional landscape, where low hills symbolized rocky terrain, rare trees, the species of which could not be determined, symbolized the forest, and buildings devoid of illusory volumes represented temples and chambers.
The first landscapes that appeared in Russia in the 18th century were topographical views of magnificent palaces and parks. During the time of Elizaveta Petrovna, an atlas of engravings with views of St. Petersburg and its environs was published, based on the drawings of M. I. Makhaev. But only with the appearance of the works of Semyon Fedorovich Shchedrin can we say that landscape as a separate genre was formed in Russian painting.

Semyon Fedorovich Shchedrin, View of the Gatchina Palace from Silver Lake. 1798. Gouache

Shchedrin’s contemporaries, M.M., made their contribution to the development of the landscape. Ivanov and F.Ya. Alekseev. Alekseev’s painting influenced young artists - M.N. Vorobyova, S.F. Galaktionova, A.E. Martynov, who dedicated their art to St. Petersburg: its palaces, embankments, canals, parks.

M.N. Vorobyov, Seaside view in Italy, 1840

M.N. Vorobyov trained a whole galaxy of wonderful landscape painters. These included brothers G.G. and N.G. Chernetsov, K.I. Rabus and others. A number of wonderful lithographic watercolor landscapes with views of the surrounding areas of St. Petersburg was completed by A.P. Bryullov, brother of the famous K.P. Bryullov, who later became an architect.

Alexander Pavlovich Bryullov, View of the Castel Sant'Angelo in Rome. 1823-1826

But the works of these masters fade next to the paintings of Sylvester Feodosievich Shchedrin, who captured the bright beauty of Italian nature on his canvases.
TO mid-19th century in Russian landscape painting, certain principles of aesthetic perception of nature and methods of displaying it were formed.
They come from Vorobyov's school romantic traditions adopted by his students. Among them is M.I., who died early. Lebedev, L.F. Lagorio and I.K. Aivazovsky, main theme whose art was a sea.

I.K. Aivazovsky, Brig Mercury, after defeating two Turkish ships, meets with the Russian squadron

M.K. Klodt. "On the arable land", 1872, Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow

In the second half of the 19th century, such famous artists as I.I. made a serious contribution to the development of Russian landscape. Shishkin, F.A. Vasiliev, A. Kuindzhi, A.P. Bogolyubov, I.I. Levitan.

Shishkin, In the wild north, 1891

Shishkin, Forest wilderness, 1872

Kuindzhi, Elbrus, 1908

The traditions of Levitan's lyrical landscape were picked up by those who worked on turn of XIX-XX centuries by painters I.S. Ostroukhov, S.I. Svetoslavsky, N.N. Dubovsky.
Landscape painting of the 20th century is associated with the names of I.E. Grabar, A.A. Rylova, K.F. Yuona. P.V. created their landscapes in the spirit of symbolist art. Kuznetsov, N.P. Krymov, M.S. Saryan, V.E. Borisov-Musatov.

A.A. Rylov, Sunset, 1917

K.F. Bogaevsky, Dneprostroy, 1930

N.M. Romadin, Winter landscape, 1961

This is where I will probably end this short excursion, which can be continued endlessly. Its purpose was to briefly highlight the main directions of the landscape genre, I hope that to some extent I succeeded.

Materials used in preparing the message http://artclassic.edu.ru/catalog.asp?ob_no=13142&cat_ob_no=13079 , http://www.fondart.ru/history_painting/istorija_pejjzazha/ , http://www.artgorizont.com/articles.php?id_article=1188 ,
http://www.newclassics.ru/reviews/346/ and some others.

Fine art is a genre that is created to please the eye. Naturally, the painters first of all sought to depict what they themselves admired. This is how the landscape appeared - the beauty of nature, transferred to canvas with the help of brushes and paints.

Artists began depicting nature even before the onset. However, in those days such an image served as a background, or part of the picture. Considering that most of the works were tied to religious themes, the depiction of nature was rather sketchy.

Landscape originated in the works of Dutch painters. The nature of their country was very peculiar - swampy shores, overhanging skies, sparse vegetation. However, the Dutch were able to discern a unique flavor in this and convey it on canvas. The first landscapes were small and intended to decorate the walls of village houses.

In the process of the formation of painting, the landscape continued its development. Over time, artists came up with a lot of unusual techniques that helped to depict plants and landscapes in detail, convey unusual combinations of light and shadow, and achieve unusual color solutions.

Appeared different kinds landscape. Among them, the most striking are urban and rural landscapes, architectural landscapes and “marina” - canvases that depicted the sea.

"Ocean" - I.K. Aivazovsky (view of the “marina” landscape)

Several trends in landscape painting emerged. - where nature was depicted with maximum accuracy and realism. - an attempt by artists to express their feelings through the depiction of natural beauties. Impressionism is “airy” painting, where nature and the word come to life.

Despite the fact that artists learned to paint the world around them with maximum accuracy, the essence of the landscape was completely different. This genre is a reflection inner world artist, an attempt to express his vision of the world through images of nature painted on canvas. That is why the landscapes are so diverse.

A.K. Savrasov

There were many different schools of landscape painting. Among them, Russian landscape masters stand out, whose works have become famous throughout the world. This is A.K. Savrasov, I.V. Levitan, A.I. Kuindzhi, V.D. Polenov and many others. At different times, these artists drew inspiration from the extraordinary beauty of Russian nature, and achieved perfection in depicting it on canvas.