Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….
Performing Hajj………………………………………………………………………….
Pilgrimage in Islam. Mecca and Medina……………………………………………..
Other pilgrimages in Islam. Holy places of Sunnis, Shiites………………..
Religious Muslim monuments Central Asia and Russia………………………
Middle Asia………………………………………………………………………………..
Mosques of Uzbekistan………………………………………………………………………………………
Mosques of Kazakhstan………………………………………………………………………………………
Mosques of Russia……………………………………………………………………………………….
Bibliography………………………………………………………………………...

Introduction.

Islam prescribes five basic duties to its adherents: the belief that there is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah (shahadah); five times daily prayer (salat); almsgiving to the poor (zakat); fasting in the month of Ramadan (saun); a pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina, performed at least once in a lifetime.

Hajj is an unusual event in the life of Muslims. The purpose of this work is to reveal what such a Muslim duty as hajj is, how it takes place, what Mecca and Medina are, other types of pilgrimage in Islam, as well as Muslim religious monuments in Central Asia and Russia.

Performing Hajj

The fifth pillar of Islam is hajj Commitment hajj It is somewhat different from fulfilling the other four duties of a Muslim in that for this the believer needs to completely renounce his personal, familiar life for some time. Hajj(Arabic for "travel with a purpose") is a pilgrimage to Mecca - holy city of Muslims. Every adult, financially secure Muslim is obliged to make a pilgrimage at least once in his life. If a Muslim is unable to pay all the expenses associated with the pilgrimage, or is burdened with a large family, then he is exempt from the obligation to perform hajj Some Muslims commit hajj several times, but nowadays such zeal is not encouraged, because the huge crowd of pilgrims causes tangible difficulties.

Anyone wishing to make the pilgrimage again is advised to do so at a different time. Such a pilgrimage is called “small”, or "died. True hajj takes place at a time strictly defined by the Muslim calendar, in the month called Dhul-Hijjah, fourth after Ramadan.

Commitment hajj requires very significant effort and diligence from the believer. Some people living in distant countries take months or even years to reach Mecca.

Sometimes believers, in the hope of committing hajj, They save money all their lives, but, having finally accumulated the required amount, they find out that they are too old or sick for such a pilgrimage. Any Muslim who is unable for one reason or another to commit hajj, can send a “deputy” in his place, paying all expenses associated with the pilgrimage. Sometimes even a family or community can make a joint effort to find the funds necessary to send at least one of its representatives on pilgrimage.

Pilgrimage in Islam. Mecca and Medina

Among the five “pillars” of Islam, pilgrimage is the only order that is not strictly obligatory. However, any adult Muslim (male or female) who does not suffer from mental or contagious diseases should perform it at least once in his life if he has the means.

The Arabic name for the pilgrimage is hajj, and the one who has completed the pilgrimage bears the honorary title “haji”. The pilgrimage includes visiting holy places in Mecca and Medina; Muslims are strictly prohibited from entering these cities. These are the only cities in the world to which believers of one religion are allowed access.

In Medina, the pilgrim visits the graves of Mohammed and his companions: Abu Bakr, Omar and Othman. Medina (in Arabic - “city”) was a refuge for the prophet after his flight from Mecca in 622. From the date of this flight (in Arabic - “hijra”), Muslims will introduce their chronology. A visit to Medina can be done before or after the main pilgrimage to Mecca.

Mecca, the birthplace of the prophet, is the holiest city in Islam. It is the capital of the Kingdom of God, the mother of cities. The Kaaba temple is located here. This is a black cubic building. It is located in the center of the courtyard of the main mosque. According to legend, the temple was erected on this site by Adam, and Abraham rebuilt it. Thus, we are undoubtedly talking about the most ancient cult place in the world. What is certain is that the Kaaba was a place of pagan worship before Islam, and people went there for great celebrations. Wrestlers, poets and speakers competed there. Mohammed took part in the reconstruction of the Kaaba before he became a prophet.

The Kaaba contains the famous black stone, symbolizing the hand of God, which pilgrims touch with their hand as a sign of fidelity. However, the stone is not an object of worship: this would be contrary to Islam, which is especially strict in relation to idols. However, the stone was removed in the 10th century. Arabs of Oman, and during the 21 years of his absence nothing changed in the habits of pilgrims. In practice, the stone serves mainly to mark the starting point of processions carried out by believers around the Kaaba.

The pilgrimage is carried out in accordance with the rules prescribed by the prophet. In other words, the rituals and order are unshakable.

First of all, the pilgrim must prepare and sanctify himself. There are five places for this purpose, they are located far from the sacred temple. The closest place is Yalamlam, 50 km south of Mecca, intended for pilgrims from Yemen and southern countries. The farthest is Zu el-Khilayfa, close to Medina, 450 km north of Mecca. Depending on their geographical origin, pilgrims begin the Hajj at a precisely designated place and perform ablution. Men, bareheaded, wear sandals and dress in clothes consisting of two pieces of white fabric without seams. This clothing, erasing class differences, symbolizes the equality of people before God. With its whiteness, it resembles the diapers of a newborn and the shroud of the deceased. Women are not required to change their clothes; they remain in their usual clothes.

Having prepared in this way, the pilgrim can perform the ritual pilgrimage in an exalted atmosphere of common, united faith. He heads to the holy mosque Masjed el Haram, tirelessly repeating the prayer - the so-called “Labbayka”.

Part of this route is covered by running. At each transition to Marwah, one must look back at the Kaaba, repeating three times: “Allah Akbar” - and reading other ritual prayers. This “shuttle” route symbolizes the wandering of Adam and Eve, expelled from paradise, as well as the run of Hagar, the Egyptian wife of Abraham, in search of water for her child Ishmael.

The pilgrimage also necessarily includes an evening of reflection on Mount Arafat, in the suburbs of Mecca, where the prophet delivered his famous testamental sermon three months before his death. After sunset, the pilgrim goes to the holy place - Muzdalifah. He collects seven small stones along the way to throw them at the stele, symbolizing the devil.

After several days in Mina, the end of the pilgrimage approaches, and the pilgrim begins to “desacralize”: he sacrifices, as a rule, a ram, shaves his head or cuts his hair, takes a shower and puts on his everyday clothes. Then he returns to Mecca and circles the Kaaba seven times at a normal pace.

The pilgrimage is complemented by a visit to the prophet's mosque in Medina, 450 km north of Mecca, where the graves of Mohammed and his companions - the caliphs Abu Bakr and Omar - are located. This visit can also be carried out before the pilgrimage.

There is a shorter form of pilgrimage (“umrah”), which does not include places located outside Mecca. However, the “sanctification” must be performed outside the city.

The obligatory nature of the Hajj for any Muslim who has the means to do so makes the pilgrimage one of the most impressive mass religious holidays of humanity. The largest number of pilgrims gathers mainly in the last month lunar year- month of Hajj.

There are more than 2 million pilgrims annually, of which 200 thousand are from Saudi Arabia and about 800 thousand from Yemen.

The pilgrimage is also a major commercial undertaking that generates significant income for the people of Mecca. One more detail: it is considered prestigious to put gold crowns on your teeth on the occasion of the Hajj.

Other pilgrimages in Islam. Holy places of Sunnis, Shiites

Although the pilgrimage to Mecca is the only one prescribed by the Quran, Muslims also make pilgrimages to other holy places. In particular, to Jerusalem (el Qod - “shrine” in Arabic) - the third holy city of Islam after Mecca and Medina. There is the El Aqsa Mosque there, and nearby is the rock from where Mohammed ascended to heaven during his vision of the “night of destiny.”

In Sunni Islam, the most widespread, other pilgrimages are considered secondary. Of course, on the occasion of a visit, a pious Muslim will not fail to pray in such prestigious mosques as the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, in Kairouan in Tunisia, or the Blue Mosque in Istanbul, but its veneration is manifested primarily in the cult of marabou - the tombs of holy people, to whom miraculous properties are attributed. In North Africa, for example, in almost every village there is Rabu, to whom superstition attributes such properties as the ability to cure sexual disorders and promote childbirth. Sometimes marabou also plays a political role: Idris is the founder of the first Arab dynasty and the holiday in his honor takes on an official coloring.

In Shia Islam, official pilgrimage sites are numerous. In addition to pilgrimage to Mecca (the pillar of Islam common to all Muslims), Shiites express their piety by visiting the tombs of great people of their religion.

Theoretically the most sacred places are considered: Nad-jaf in Iraq, where Ali, the son-in-law of the prophet, the fourth caliph and the first Shiite imam, killed in 661 in the mosque of Kufa, is buried; Karbala. also in Iraq, where the tomb of Hussein, son of Ali and the second Imam, is located, and finally Samarra in Iraq, where the 12th Imam left the world but will appear again.

However, the centuries-old rivalry between the Arabs and the Persians has always led to the Persians preferring pilgrimage to Iranian soil. Hence the importance attached to the tomb of the 8th Imam Ali Reza, who died in 817 and was buried in Mashhad, in the south of the country. This city competes with another holy city - Kom; Kom is located 150 km south of Tehran and contains the mausoleum of Fatima, the sister of the 8th Imam. The focus on Whom is due in large part to Iran's desire to attract Shia students based in Najaf who, due to school rivalries, did not want to be in Mashhad. It is estimated that more than a million pilgrims visit Koma every year. In addition, several thousand people are buried there. The largest number of pilgrims is observed in the month of Moharram.

). This is one of the five pillars of Islam, the fulfillment of which has become a necessary duty of Muslims (fard) since the 9th year of the Hijra. This is stated in the Quranic verse: “ Verily, the first house that is established for people, the one in Becca, is blessed and a guide for the worlds! There are clear signs for the people - the place of Ibrahim, and whoever enters it is safe. And Allah has an obligation on people to make the Hajj to the house, for those who are able to make the journey to it. And whoever does not believe... then Allah is rich, above the worlds!"(3:96-97). The history of the Hajj goes back to the ancient monotheistic tradition, which was founded by Ibrahim (Abraham) and his son Ismail. However, after some time, their descendants became pagans, filled the Kaaba with idols and perverted the original essence of the Hajj. After the destruction of idols by the prophet Muhammad, original meaning Hajj was restored and this custom again became monotheistic, as it was in the times of Ibrahim and Ismail. Every healthy, adult and free Muslim who has the necessary means for travel is obliged to perform Hajj in the month of Zulhij at least once in his life. Financially needy people, children, and the mentally ill are exempt from performing the Hajj. If a financially secure person, for some objective reason, cannot go on Hajj, then he is allowed to send another person there in his place, paying all the necessary expenses. Women can only go on pilgrimage if accompanied by an immediate male relative whom she cannot marry (such as a brother, uncle or husband). It is permissible to perform Hajj annually in the months of Shawwal, Zulkada and Zulhija (until the 10th of this month).
Pilgrimage outside this period is not Hajj, but Umrah.
1. There are the following types of Hajj:
2. Hajj al-ifrad. The pilgrim intends to perform only the Hajj.
3. Hajj at-tamattu. It is performed after the small pilgrimage (umrah). After completing the Umrah, the pilgrim leaves the ihram, but does not return home. On the 8th of Zulhij, he again puts on ihram and makes a great pilgrimage (Hajj). This type of Hajj is the most preferred.
Hajj al-qiran. The pilgrim intends to perform both Umrah and Hajj at the same time. Before the days of Hajj, he performs an Umrah bypassing the Kaaba (tawaf) and walking (say) between the hills of Safa and Marwa (See Safa and Marwa). After this, without leaving ihram, he repeats these rituals on the days of Hajj. Pilgrims put on special clothing - ihram - immediately upon arrival at the border of the sacred territory (mikat) with the intention of performing the hajj (See Mikat). The ihram consists of two pieces of unstitched material: an izar, which is worn around the waist; and a rida, which is draped over the body. After putting on ihram, the pilgrim is prohibited from performing certain actions, for example: having sexual intercourse, entering into marriage, committing sinful acts, wearing sewn clothes , shave, cut hair, hunt, cut down trees. After entering ihram, pilgrims enter the sacred territory loudly repeating a special prayer-talbiya (See Talbiya). Women repeat this prayer in a whisper. After arriving in Mecca, pilgrims must perform a full ablution (See Ghusl) and prepare to circumambulate the Kaaba. Walking around the Kaaba seven times (See Tawaf) is hajj This rite is performed in a state of ritual purity (See Wudu and Ghusl). Before tawaf, the pilgrim must expose his right shoulder. The detour begins from the side of the Black Stone (See Hajar al-Aswad). At the beginning of each tawaf, it is advisable to kiss the Black Stone. During the walk, it is allowed to read verses of the Koran. After completing the ritual, it is advisable to perform a prayer of two rak'ahs in Makam al-Ibrahim (See Makam al-Ibrahim), as well as drink water from the Zamzam spring, which is located on the territory of the Meccan mosque (See Zamzam). After circumambulating the Kaaba, pilgrims run seven times between the Safa and Marwah hills. Running must start from Safa Hill. Those pilgrims who do not perform this ritual must slaughter a sacrificial animal as atonement. When performing a minor pilgrimage - Umrah, the pilgrim, after running, needs to cut his hair. This is where the small pilgrimage ends. On the 8th day of the month of Zulhija, which is called “Tarwiya,” pilgrims go to the Mina valley (See Mina). This action is highly desirable (sunna), but not obligatory. On the way, they remember Allah, call on Him and say “talbiyyah”. In this valley they perform midday, afternoon, evening and night prayers, and stay there overnight. These prayers are performed in an abbreviated form. On the 9th day of the month of Zulhija, in Mina it is necessary to perform morning prayer and do not leave the valley before sunrise. The ninth day of the month of Zulhija is called "Arafa". On this day, pilgrims go to the area of Arafat. Along the way, they remember Allah and say “talbiya”. This action is a mandatory element of the Hajj. The time of standing there begins at noon on the 9th day of the month of Zulhija, and lasts until dawn on the 10th day of this month. For a pilgrim it is enough to stand only part of this time, either during the day or in the evening. After sunset, pilgrims, saying “talbiya”, slowly rush into the Muzdalifa valley (See Muzdalifa). This action is desirable (sunnah). There they perform evening and night prayers together and remain until the morning, performing prayers. The tenth day of the month of Zulhija is the day of the holiday of sacrifice (Turkish: Kurban Bayram) (See Idain). The sacrificial animal must not have obvious defects and must not be old. You can sacrifice a camel, a cow, or a sheep (See Udhiya). A camel and a cow can be bought equally for seven pilgrims. On the same day, pilgrims perform the symbolic act of stoning Shaitan (the devil). To do this, they throw 7 pebbles into a large pillar (jamrat al-kubra), symbolizing Shaitan. After this, pilgrims leave their ihram. From this time on, they are allowed to perform all activities prohibited during the Hajj period, with the exception of intimate relationships with their wives. This is called the first release. After leaving ihram, they put on ordinary clothes and go to the Masjid al-Haram mosque in Mecca and perform tawaf there. After this tawafa they are allowed to have intimate relationships with their wives. This is called the second release. The next rite of Hajj is an overnight stay in the Mina Valley for 3 days from 11 to 13 Zulhij. On the 11th, in the afternoon, pilgrims throw stones at 3 pillars, symbolizing Shaitan. First, a small pillar is thrown (jamrat al-sugra), then the middle one is jamrat al-wusta, and finally the large one is jamrat al-kubra. After completing all the rituals in the Mina Valley, male pilgrims must cut their hair. Women only shorten them a little. The last rite of Hajj is the farewell circumambulation (tawaf) of the Kaaba seven times - tawaf al-wada. It is obligatory for all pilgrims. After this tawaf, the Hajj ritual is considered completed. Before and after the Hajj, it is considered sunnah (a pious act) to visit the city of Medina, where the tomb of the Prophet Muhammad is located. Muslims often call this city Madinat al-Munawwara - Radiant Medina (See Medina). You must enter the prophet’s mosque in a state of ritual purity and perform 2 rak’at prayers in it. After performing namaz, pilgrims approach the grave of the Prophet Muhammad and greet him. After this, Sunni Muslims approach the graves of the Rightly Guided Caliphs Abu Bakr and Omar and also greet them. In addition to visiting the prophet’s mosque, visiting the Quba and Qiblatayn mosques, as well as the Baki cemetery, where many of the prophet’s companions and prominent figures are buried, is considered a Godly act. early period Islamic history.
Thus, the Hajj is performed in the following sequence:
- Entering ihram in miqat, performing 2 rak'ah prayers, accepting the intention to perform Hajj, saying prayers and talbiyyah.
- Entering Mecca, entering Masjid al-Haram in a state of ritual purity, greeting Hajar al-Aswad, performing tawaf and prayer at Makam Ibrahim, drinking water from the Zamzam spring.
- Performing sai between the hills of Safa and Marwa, arriving in Mina on the 8th of Zulhija, arriving at Arafat on the 9th of Zulhija, traveling to Muzdalifa after sunset, spending the night there and collecting 70 pebbles there. Then, on the 10th of Zulhij, after performing the morning prayer in Muzdalifa, you need to return to Mina and throw stones at the “jamra” pillar there. After this, a sacrifice is made.
- After the sacrifice, the hair is cut. The pilgrims then return to Mecca and perform tawaf. From the 11th to the 13th of Zulhij, pilgrims stay in Mina and throw stones at the “jamra” pillars. After this, they return to Mecca again, perform farewell tawaf and two-rak'ah prayers at Masjid al-Haram, and then go to Medina.

(Source: Islamic encyclopedic Dictionary"A. Ali-zade, Ansar, 2007)

Synonyms:

See what "Hajj" is in other dictionaries:

Hajj, ah, I eat... Russian word stress

hajj- hajj/… Morphemic-spelling dictionary

- [Arabic] pilgrimage to Mecca to Muslim shrines, considered by Muslims to be a feat of piety. Dictionary of foreign words. Komlev N.G., 2006. HAJJ Arabic. hadsch, hadschdscha, go forward. The pilgrimage of the Mohammedans to Mecca to worship the tomb... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

A; m. [Arabic] only units. Pilgrimage to Mecca (considered a religious duty of every Muslim). Do x. * * * hajj hajj (Arabic), Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca (to the Kaaba temple) to perform a sacrifice on the holiday of Kurban Bayram. *... encyclopedic Dictionary

HAJJ, hajj, plural. no, husband (Arabic hagg) (rel.). For Muslims, the pilgrimage to Mecca is considered a feat of piety. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

Pilgrimage, Hajj Dictionary of Russian synonyms. hajj noun, number of synonyms: 2 pilgrimage (6) ... Synonym dictionary

- (Arabic) pilgrimage of Muslims to Mecca (to the Kaaba temple) to perform a sacrifice on the holiday of Kurban Bayram ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

M. The pilgrimage of devout Muslims to Mecca (to the Kaaba temple), to Medina (to the tomb of Muhammad), considered a feat of piety that every true Muslim must perform at least once in his life. Ephraim's explanatory dictionary. T.F.... ... Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language by Efremova

Islamic Studies Kuliev Elmir R

§ 5. Hajj - pilgrimage to Mecca

Mecca is the cradle of Islam. The historical and spiritual center of Islam is the Venerable Mecca. This city, located in Central Arabia, was founded during the time of the prophet Ibrahim. According to tradition, Allah gave Ibrahim a son when he was a very old man. The boy, miraculously born in response to the prayers of the righteous servant of God, was named Ismail. But only one could fit in the heart of the beloved prophet. great love- love of God, and therefore he was ordered to leave his firstborn son Ismail with his mother Hajar in the Arabian desert, where the foundation of the Kaaba was laid.

Ibrahim submitted to the will of Allah, being confident that Allah would not allow Hajar and his son, whom she had not yet torn from her breast, to perish. He left them on a hill where there was no water or people. When Hajar ran out of water and the boy began to writhe with thirst, she ran to the nearest hill and climbed it in the hope of seeing someone. Subsequently, this hill was named Safa. Not seeing anyone, she rushed to a nearby hill, which was named Marwa. She ran between them seven times and suddenly heard a sound. A source of water, called Zamzam, gushed near the baby. Birds flocked to the water, and the first to notice them were people from the Dzhurkhum tribe. They settled near Zamzam and took care of Hajar and her son. Ismail grew up among them, learned Arabic from them, and then married a girl from this tribe.

Many years later, Ibrahim visited his son and conveyed to him the will of Allah: they were ordered to build a mosque. Its foundation was laid before Ibrahim, and the mosque was named Kaaba, which means "cube". According to the Koran, the Kaaba is the first temple on earth intended to serve Allah. There is an opinion that the prophet Adam was the first to build it. Ibrahim, together with his son, erected the walls of the temple, and built the Black Stone, one of the shrines of Islam, into one of its corners. During construction, he climbed a piece of rock, which has survived to this day and is called “Ibrahim’s place” (Maqam Ibrahim).

Over the course of its centuries-old history, the Kaaba was repeatedly partially destroyed as a result of mudflows, restored and rebuilt. Today it retains the appearance it had under the Prophet Muhammad. It is a stone structure fifteen meters high with a base twelve by ten meters. The corners of the Kaaba are located approximately in the direction of the cardinal points. A black stone, enclosed in a silver frame, is embedded in the eastern corner and is located at a height of about one and a half meters. The door to the temple is located in the northeastern wall and rises about two meters above the ground. A semi-circular wall has been built against the north-eastern wall, which fences off a place known as hijri The part of the hijra adjacent to the temple is considered the Kaaba itself, because during the time of the prophet Ibrahim it was part of the structure.

The Kaaba is not a masterpiece of Arabian architecture; it does not have a magnificent facade and is not decorated with bas-reliefs. Her appearance- these are neatly laid out gray stones, usually covered with black brocade, on which verses from the Koran are embroidered (this blanket is called kiswa). Interior decoration The temple is modest: there is no furniture or paintings. Inside there are three columns, lamps painted with enamel hang, and dedicatory lists of the Koran are kept. The absence of a rich interior reminds us that the most important thing for a believer is not earthly beauty and form, but inner world and content. The emptiness inside the Kaaba indicates the presence of an invisible spiritual force there, which attracts the hearts of believers from all corners of the earth.

According to tradition, in response to the prayer of the Prophet Ibrahim, Allah blessed the Kaaba and its surroundings, and therefore in the Koran the entire city is called the Sacred Mosque. Muslims make pilgrimages to Mecca throughout the year to come into contact with the monuments of the spiritual history of mankind, walk around the Kaaba, run between two hills and pray where the greatest of the prophets prayed.

Pilgrimage to Mecca. The Qur'an mentions two types of pilgrimage to Mecca: died And hajj These rituals were well known before Islam and played an important role in economic and religious life Arabians The Prophet did not abolish them, because the history of pilgrimage went back to the prophets Ibrahim and Ismail, but he cleared their rituals of all possible manifestations of paganism and polytheism. According to most scholars, the Hajj was made obligatory in 6 AH.

Umrah is a minor pilgrimage that can be performed at any time of the year. The hadith emphasizes the superiority of Umrah performed in Ramadan, when believers are able to combine the hardships of pilgrimage with fasting during the day and long prayers at night.

The Hajj begins in the month of Dhu-l-Hijjah, but pilgrims are allowed to arrive in Mecca in Shawwal or Dhu-l-Qaad, perform Umrah and remain there until the start of the Hajj. This form of combining two rituals is called interrupted hajj (Hajj at-tpamattu).

Pilgrimage rites begin upon entering the protected area (haram) Mecca. In specially designated places called miqats, pilgrims dress in special clothes consisting of two pieces of white cloth. Wrap the body in one piece from the waist to the knees (izar), and the other is thrown over the shoulders (rida). Before putting on ritual attire, it is advisable to bathe, trim your nails and anoint yourself with incense. Then the pilgrims aloud express their intention to perform both Hajj and Umrah or only one of these rituals. From this moment on, they are in the ritual state of ihram, when they are prohibited from having intimacy with their wife, anointing themselves with incense, putting on clothes that are sewn in accordance with the parts of the body (shirt, T-shirt, trousers, cloak, etc.), putting on a headdress. cleaning, cutting nails and hair, hunting animals and breaking off tree branches. Women do not wear ritual clothing, but they are prohibited from wearing gloves and a veil in ihram. The entry into the vihram is marked by the recitation of the talbiyah - a special formula for praising Allah, which is repeated before the beginning of the circumambulation around the Kaaba (during the Hajj - before throwing stones on the Day of Sacrifice).

Having entered the Sacred Mosque, pilgrims circumambulate the Kaaba. (tawaf). This ritual consists of seven circles, which begin and end at the level of the Black Stone. After tawaf, pilgrims perform a two-rak'ah prayer behind the "place of Ibrahim", drink water from the Zamzam spring and climb Safa Hill. Turning their faces to the Kaaba, they pray to Allah, and then run between Safa and Marwa seven times. Like Ismail's mother, they feel like people who are close to destruction and cannot rely on anyone but Allah. After jogging, one is required to cut one's hair, and at this point the Umrah rituals are completed, and pilgrims are freed from ihram. The only exceptions are those pilgrims who brought sacrificial cattle with them and entered the vortex with the intention of not being freed from it until the completion of the hajj rituals. This form of combining two rituals is called a combined hajj. (hajal-qiran).

The Hajj begins on the 8th of Dhu al-Hijjah, when pilgrims re-enter ihram and travel to the Mina Valley to spend the night there. After sunrise on the 9th of Dhu al-Hijjah, pilgrims head to the Arafat Valley (22 km from Mecca), where the most important of the Hajj rituals is performed - standing at Mount Arafat (wukuf). People say talbiyah and remember Allah until sunset, after which they go to Muzdalifah, a valley located 9 km from the site. They spend the night there, and at dawn the next day, shortly before sunrise, they set off for Mina.

The 10th of Dhu al-Hijjah is one of the busiest days of the pilgrimage. Having reached Mina, pilgrims throw seven pebbles at a large pillar representing Shaitan. Then they make a sacrifice and shave their heads or cut their hair (women only shorten their hair slightly). From that moment on, pilgrims are allowed everything that was forbidden to them in ihram, with the exception of sexual intercourse. Returning to Mecca, they circumambulate the Kaaba and jog between Safa and Marwah. Having completed the run, they are completely freed from ihram and all restrictions are lifted from them.

The next three days, which are called the days of Tashriq (from Arab. sharraka -"to dry meat in the sun"), pilgrims spend in the Mina Valley. After noon on each of these days, they throw seven pebbles at each of the three pillars representing the shaitan. If the pilgrim did not have time to perform the sacrifice on the 10th, then he is allowed to perform it before the afternoon prayer on the 13th of the month of Dhu-l-Hijjah. At this point, the Hajj rituals are completed, and the pilgrims, having made a farewell tour around the Kaaba, return to their homeland.

Feast of Sacrifice. The Festival of Sacrifice, or Eid al-Fitr, is celebrated on the 10th of the month of Dhu-l-Hijjah. This great day connects Muslims with the monotheistic tradition of Ibrahim, who steadfastly went through trials and remained faithful to his covenant with Allah. As on the holiday of breaking the fast, on this day, immediately after sunrise, Muslims gather in mosques and places of prayer to take part in a festive service, consisting of two rak'yats of prayer and a sermon.

After the holiday prayer, believers rush to make a sacrifice, which, however, can be postponed until the 13th of Dhu-l-Hijjah. This ritual came to Islam from the time of the prophet Ibrahim. Allah tested his faith, and he saw in a dream how he sacrificed his firstborn son, Ismail. The dreams of the prophets were prophetic, and it became clear to Ibrahim what was required of him. He told his son about this, and he humbly submitted to the will of the Lord. Loving father was about to sacrifice his son when Allah stopped him and informed him that the test had been passed. Ibrahim was ordered to sacrifice a ram, and since then sacrifice has been a form of worshiping God and drawing closer to Him.

On Eid al-Fitr, sheep (not younger than six months of age), goats (not younger than one year old), cows (not younger than two years old) and camels (not younger than five years old) are sacrificed. The sacrificial animal must not have physical defects, be decrepit or sick. A cow, bull or camel can be sacrificed on behalf of seven families. The meat of sacrificial animals is usually divided into three parts: one part is distributed to the poor, the other to relatives and neighbors, and the third is eaten with the family at the festive table.

The meaning of the sacrifice is not actually the slaughter of an animal or the shedding of blood. The Koran says: “Neither their meat nor their blood reaches Allah. Only your fear of God reaches Him."(Surah 22 “Pilgrimage”, verse 37). This means that the sacrifice should be performed sincerely for the sake of Allah. Animals should not be sacrificed for the sake of glory or human praise, to continue the traditions of the fathers, or as a sign of honor for someone who has died. When making a sacrifice, a Muslim sacrifices his property in the name of saving his own soul, remembering how the prophet Ismail was saved. Looking at the dying animal, he understands that he deserves to die for the sins and misdeeds he has committed, but his repentance will be accepted, and he will live on. He thanks Allah for the blessings given to him and takes care of his relatives and those in need.

Pilgrimage to Medina and Jerusalem. The second shrine to which Muslims make pilgrimage is the Prophet's Mosque in the Radiant Medina. Its construction began immediately after the migration of the Prophet Muhammad in 622. At first it was large: part of the mosque was an open courtyard, and its area was 1060 square meters. After the last expansion, which lasted ten years and was completed in April 1994, the built-up area of the mosque amounted to 82 thousand square meters.

Prayer in the Prophet's Mosque is considered main goal pilgrimage to Medina. The Messenger of Allah said: “The prayer in my mosque is a thousand times better than the prayer in any other mosque except the Sacred Mosque, and the prayer in the Sacred Mosque is a hundred times better than the prayer in my mosque.”

When visiting Medina, they usually visit the grave of the Prophet to greet him and pray for his blessing, the Baqi el-Gharqad cemetery, where the wives of the Prophet and many glorious companions are buried, as well as the burial place of seventy companions who died in the battle of Uhud. Worthy deeds include praying in the first mosque built by Muslims - the Qub Mosque, which is especially noted in the Koran and named "a mosque that was founded on piety from the first day"(Sura 9 “Repentance”, verse 108). The hadith says that visiting this mosque and praying in it is equivalent to a minor pilgrimage to Mecca.

The central part of Medina, located between the Ayr mountains in the south and Saur in the north, is considered a protected area. From the east and west it is limited by two lava fields, which are called harra. As in Mecca, hunting, cutting down trees, and breaking off plant branches is prohibited here. However, the prohibitions regarding the reserved lands of Medina are not as categorical as in Mecca. For example, if a person deliberately killed an animal in Mecca, then as atonement he must perform a sacrifice, feed the poor, or fast. If he committed the same act in Medina, then it is enough for him to repent. In addition, in Medina it is allowed to mow grass or cut down trees if necessary, for example to feed livestock or make tools.

The third shrine to which pilgrimage is allowed is the mosque Al-Aqsa(“Remote”) in Jerusalem (Al-Quds). According to tradition, it was built forty years after the construction of the Kaaba. The Prophet Muhammad was transported to this mosque during his night journey, and there he performed a prayer of two rak'ahs. Al-Aqsa Mosque was the first qibla in Islamic history: Muslims turned to face it during prayers for thirteen years in Mecca and 17 months after the Hijra in Medina.

The Al-Aqsa Mosque is considered a complex of temple buildings with a total area of 114 thousand square meters, located in the southeastern part of Jerusalem. There are about two hundred monuments on the territory of the complex, the most important of which are mosques Al Qibli And Qubbat al-Sakhra("Dome of the Rock") The Al-Kibli Cathedral Mosque is the first structure erected on the territory of the complex in the era of Islam. It received this name because it is located in the southern part of the complex, closest to the Muslim qibla. It is easy to recognize by its dark dome. Some people mistakenly call it the Al-Aqsa Mosque, although in reality it is only part of the complex. It was first built during the reign of Umar bin al-Khattab, in 15 AH (636), when the Muslims conquered Jerusalem. Under the caliphs Abd al-Malik bin Marwan (685–705) and his son al-Walid (705–715), it was enlarged and subsequently rebuilt several times after devastating earthquakes. The Qubbat al-Sakhra Mosque was built during the reign of Abd al-Malik bin Marwan. There is an opinion that it was from the rock over which the golden dome was erected that the Prophet Muhammad was ascended to heaven.

In Islam, it is not customary to make pilgrimages to other mosques or mausoleums. The Prophet said: “Animals can only be harnessed to travel to three mosques: the Sacred Mosque, my mosque and Al-Aqsa Mosque.”

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Muslim Hajj Muslim peoples professing the Islamic faith and influenced by its culture have been making religious journeys called “Hajj” for almost fourteen centuries. According to Muslim tradition, Hajj is the fifth and last

One of the main duties of a Muslim before Allah Almighty is Hajj. On prescribed days, a Muslim, having entered the Ihram (1), visits Baitullah (2), stands on Arafat (3) and performs other duties associated with the Hajj.

To perform this type of worship, the following conditions are necessary:
1) You need to have a certain income.
2) It is necessary to have adequate health so that a person can physically perform it.

Muslim, financially capable And adequate health, obligated to perform Hajj at least once in his life. Thus, we worship Allah Almighty with both our property and our body.

By connecting these two conditions - health and availability material resources - Allah Almighty has obligated us to perform the Hajj only if at that moment we have enough funds to provide for family members for the entire period of the Hajj, and can also fully cover our own travel expenses.

If a person had such an opportunity to make a pilgrimage to Mecca, and he did not take advantage of it, and then fell into poverty, then Demand on the Day of Judgment he cannot escape.

Hajj performed by selling one's own property and falling into extreme poverty because of this is considered highly undesirable. Allah Almighty does not oblige us to such a hajj.

Ghair-i Muslims (non-Muslims), the mentally ill, children, captives, and the poor are not required to perform Hajj.

If a person has enough funds, but is unable to perform the Hajj due to health reasons, and no improvement is expected in the foreseeable future, in this case, he can equip another person at his own expense to perform the Hajj.

Allah Almighty tells us in the verses of the Noble Quran: “Verily, the first house that is established for people is the one in Bekka, blessed and a guide for the worlds! There are clear signs for people - the place of Ibrahim, and the one who entered in it, it is safe. And Allah has an obligation of hajj to the house for those who are able to make the journey to it. And whoever does not believe... then Allah is rich, above the worlds!

How we sometimes rush to take advantage of the invitation of a respected person, a venerable master, or some prestigious organization. Why! We were respected, not forgotten, and singled out from others. We enjoy being around them; It is pleasant to mention our name (may Allah forgive us).

So Hajj is an invitation from the Creator of all things, the Patron of all worlds, Almighty Allah! And, being of sound mind, having material opportunity and sufficient health, a believer in the One Creator must hasten to take advantage of Allah’s invitation and commit hajj.

Step on the ground touched by the foot of the Prophet of all nations, Muhammad, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him. Drink water from the holy spring Zam-Zam, who miraculously gave water to and saved the son of the prophet Abraham, the prophet Ismail; together with believers who arrived from different parts of the world, perform “tawaf” - a circumambulation Kaabas- how beautiful is this type of worship of Allah Almighty!

And here is the Prophet's hadith about the Hajj: "Hajj washes away sins just as water washes away dirt."
Another hadith: “The reward for a Hajj (not mixed with sin) accepted by Allah will be Paradise.”. Allah Almighty annually selects a certain number of people from among the people and instills in them his invitation to the Hajj. The chosen ones, having felt the divine call in their souls, begin to prepare both materially and spiritually. And when the appropriate time comes, they flock to Mecca, some on airplanes, some on camels, and some on foot. All these chosen ones who have embarked on the path of Hajj are driven by love for Allah and Islam.

It is said about them in the Noble Quran: “And proclaim among the people about the Hajj: they will come to you on foot and on all the skinny ones that come from every deep crevice, to testify to what is beneficial to them and to remember the name of Allah on certain days over the animals given to them from livestock : eat them and feed the poor poor man!" (22:27-28)

Another hadith of the Prophet: “Those who perform Hajj are the chosen ones of Allah. Allah invited them, and now they are here. Now they can ask Allah, and Allah will not refuse them.”.

Our holy mother Aisha once asked the Prophet (meib): “It is believed that jihad in war is the strongest worship of the Almighty. But we, women, cannot participate in hostilities, so what should we do?” To which the Messenger (meib) replied: "The best jihad (for women) is the hajj accepted by Allah". People who are unable to perform jihad on the battlefield due to age or health, as well as women, by performing the Hajj receive the same goodness from Allah as those who fought on the battlefield.

Descending Adam (peace be upon him) to Earth, the Almighty told him that together with him he was lowering the sacred house, around which one must walk around in the same way as around the Arsh (4) and perform namaz near it in the same way as near the Arsh. During the flood, during the time of the prophet Nuh (Noah, peace be upon him), this Kaaba was ascended to heaven. While performing the Hajj, the prophets did not know where the Kaaba was located. This place was determined by the Prophet Ibrahim (Abraham, peace be upon him) and, having collected stones from the mountains of Hira, Sebir, Lubnan, Tur and Khair, he and his son Ismail built the building of the Kaaba.

For every step of a Muslim going to Hajj, Allah gives one goodness, the value of which increases with each step. While standing on Arafat, Allah Almighty asks his angels: "What brought them here". The angels answer: “They want Your approval and Paradise.” To which the One Creator says: “I give my word before everything created by Me - I have forgiven them. No matter how many there were - even by the number of days of all eras, even by the number of grains of sand - I have forgiven their sins.”

Dear Muslims, for making a pilgrimage to Mecca, spiritual baggage is even more important than material baggage. And this is love and sincerity. May Allah save you from all strife that does not correspond to these holy places. During the Hajj, it is extremely important to avoid anything that is not in accordance with the spirit of Islam. All this is necessary for a Muslim throughout his life, but during the Hajj one must be especially attentive. Try to understand these words: Love for Allah is, first of all, Love for Neighbors and Sincerity. Al-hamdu lil-lahu Rabbi alemiyin!

Hajj is the fifth pillar of Islam. This means that a Muslim is ordered (fard) to visit Mecca at least once in his life and circumambulate the Kaaba. The next visits will be additional - that is, sunnah. Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, performed the Hajj riding his camel Quswa in the 10th year of Hijri. (On the same camel on which he entered Medina. A mosque was built at the place where Kuswa stopped)

In the book "Durr-ul-mukhtar" Alauddin Haskafi(d. 1088/1677) it is written: “If someone who wants to visit Mecca for the purpose of trade and Hajj, the intention of Hajj is higher than the intention of trade, then in this case he will deserve the goodness of Allah Almighty. He will receive the greater goodness than greater will be his intention to perform the Hajj. If the intention of this person is more inclined to trade or they are equal, then this person will not be able to earn the blessings of performing the Hajj. Even if he fulfills all the conditions of the Hajj, he will only be freed from punishment on the Day of Judgment. not committing mandatory order - farda. Any other types of worship and good deeds are also evaluated. If these worships were performed insincerely, then goodness cannot be expected."

Those who have performed (or are performing) the Hajj are called "Hadji"- pilgrim. We must remember that there is only one Kaaba in the world, which is located in the Most Reverend Mecca. And only those believers who go to Mecca and fulfill all the orders of Allah Almighty can become Hajji.

Before leaving for the Hajj, a Muslim must perform 2 rakats of prayer and then turn to Allah with the words: “Bi-smi l-Lahi tawakaltu alal-Lahi la hawla wa laa quwwata illyaa bi-l-Lahi.”

(The pronunciation of Arabic words must be checked. The article gives only approximate readings in Cyrillic.)

There are 3 types of Hajj:

1.Hajj "Ifrad". - They enter ihram with the intention of performing only the hajj.

2. Hajj "Kiran". - They enter ihram with the intention of performing both Hajj and Umrah. First, before the days of the main Hajj, “tawaf” and “say” are performed with the intention of performing Umrah. After this, without leaving ihram and without taking tonsure, repeated tawaf and sai are performed on the days of Hajj. The blessings for Hajj "Kiran" are higher than for the other 2.

3. Hajj "Tamattu". - They enter ihram during the Hajj season (the months of Shawwal, Zulqaada and the first 10 days of Zulhija) with the intention of performing Umrah. After tawaf and saya, they cut their hair and leave ihram. Without returning home, they re-enter ihram no later than the day of Tarwiyya (8th day of the month of Zulhija) and then perform Hajj "Ifrad." After tawaf, sai is performed again. For those performing Hajj "Kieran" and hajj "Tamattu" It is highly advisable to perform a sacrifice in gratitude to Allah Almighty. If they do not have such an opportunity, then they must fast for 10 days (7th, 8th, 9th day of the month of Zulhija and another 7 days after the Kurban holiday). "Umrah" is performed on any day and month of the Hajj season except for 5 (five) days when the "Hajj" itself is performed. As mentioned above, to perform Umrah, it is necessary to fulfill the following conditions: - ihram, tawaf, sai, shaving or cutting hair. Performing Umrah once in a lifetime according to the madhhab Hanafi and Maliki- sunnah. According to the madhhab Shafi'i and Hanbali - fard.

Determined for the Hajj the necessary conditions. Requirements are divided into mandatory - fard, very close to mandatory - wajib and very desirable - sunnah.

The terms are divided into 2 groups:
Conditions are preliminary.
Conditions required for performing Hajj.

According to the Hanifa madhhab, there are 8 (eight) preconditions:

1 - Be a Muslim.
2 - Anyone living outside an Islamic state should know that Hajj is a mandatory requirement.
3 - Be competent.
4 - Be an adult.
5 - Be a free man(not a slave).
6 - Have the necessary funds to perform the Hajj. These funds should be sufficient to fully provide for dependents for this entire period, if any, and for the entire cycle of the Hajj proper until the return. These funds, every last penny, must be honestly earned! A person who has collected money through dishonest labor should not think about the Hajj, but about how to quickly return this forbidden (haram) money to the true owners! Anyone who performs Hajj with “dishonest” money will not be able to earn the goodness of Allah Almighty. Unless he gets rid of punishment for not committing fard. A person who has enough money to perform Hajj, but is in doubt about whether all the money has been earned properly, can borrow money and go to Hajj. The debt can be repaid from your own money, causing concern. (this fatwa is given by Imam Ali b. Yahya, a scholar of the Shafi’i madhhab).
7 - Completion of Hajj within a certain period. And this is the day of Araf (the day before the Kurban holiday) and 4 holidays - 5 days in total.
8 - You must be in good health.

To perform Hajj, four more conditions must be met:

1) - Is not in prison or under investigation.
2) - Hajj is obligatory if the journey is safe. IN war time, or if there is any other obvious danger on the way, the Hajj is not obligatory. At the same time, individual accidents that occur on the way cannot become a reason for refusing the Hajj.
3) - A woman living further than a 3-day journey from Mecca is obliged to perform Hajj either with her husband or with a very close relative (Mahrem). The relative must be: an adult male, of sound mind, a pious Muslim (Salih). In this case, the woman must pay for the travel of the escort. The husband cannot prohibit his wife from performing the obligatory Hajj accompanied by Mahrem, since he has no right under Sharia to prevent his wife from fulfilling fard - a mandatory order of Allah Almighty. But, an additional Hajj cannot be performed without the permission of the husband.
4) - A divorced woman or widow can perform Hajj only after the period of “Iddah. The period of “Iddah” is calculated as follows:
A) if a woman was pregnant before the divorce or before the death of her husband, then the period ends after childbirth;
b) if a woman was not pregnant before her husband’s death, then her period ends after 4 months and 10 days;
c) for a divorced, non-pregnant woman, the period of “iddah ends after three times purification (3 menstrual cycles); d) for divorced women, free from the menstrual cycle, the period of “iddah ends after 3 months. By the way, the husband must financially provide the living wage of his divorced wife until the end of her period of “iddah.”

As soon as conditions appear in the life of a Muslim that allow him to perform the Hajj, he is obliged to do so in the same year. If he does not perform Hajj in the same year, it will be considered a sin. If a person annually postpones the Hajj until a later time, then there is a danger of becoming wicked - Fasyk. Since with the continued commission of small sins, they (small sins) become one big sin.

If a person dies on the way to Mecca, then the duty of Hajj will be considered fulfilled for him. The heirs will not have to equip another person in place of the deceased, for the money left after him. If a Muslim who has not previously performed Hajj, last years in his life will not be able to do this because of illness, because of old age, if he falls ill on the way to Mecca or is imprisoned, then he can equip another person at his own expense. This person must intend to perform Hajj instead of him, and do it from the country of permanent residence of the guarantor. If, after an order to perform the Hajj in his place and someone else performing it, the guarantor has the opportunity to perform the Hajj himself, then he will need to perform it. It is also possible for a Muslim who has not completed the Hajj to indicate in his will that his heirs would equip someone to perform the Hajj in his place, using the savings he left behind.

It is known that there are 3 types of worship of Allah Almighty:

1 - Worship performed by the body. These include: prayer five times a day (namaz), fasting, reading Holy Quran, dhikr. These types of worship are performed in person. They cannot be entrusted to anyone. And no one can perform these types of worship in place of someone else.
2 - Worship performed by property - donations for the benefit of the poor. These are various forms of zakaat, fitr sadaqa (alms given at the end of the month of Ramadan), helping the poor with food and clothing. These types of worship can be entrusted to another, and not even a Muslim.
3 - Worship performed by both body and property.

This type of worship includes obligatory hajj. If a person is unable to perform the obligatory Hajj in person due to long illness , then he can equip another person with his own money. In order to entrust another person to perform in his place additional hajj, a Muslim is not limited by any conditions. A Muslim who has reached a certain level of income, when it becomes obligatory for him to Zakayat And Hajj, and there is only enough money for one thing, he is obliged to immediately perform the Hajj. Zakayat will pay from the money left over from the Hajj. If he cannot perform the Hajj, he will have to pay zakaat of the entire available amount. A Muslim cannot delay the Hajj any longer from the moment this injunction becomes available to him. compulsory - fard. And, if the time of Hajj has come, he cannot spend the available money on other purposes, such as buying a car or a house and the like. He will be required to perform Hajj. A Muslim can make these purchases only when the time of Hajj has not yet arrived. Since Hajj becomes obligatory only when the time of Hajj arrives.

[Zakayat is paid after one year according to the lunar calendar, from the moment when a Muslim becomes the owner of a certain income (Nisab). Therefore, Muslims pay zakaat at different times. If the time for paying zakat has come before the time of the hajj, then first you need to pay the zakat of the entire amount, and perform the hajj for the remaining amount. If the time for paying zakat coincides with the time of Hajj or comes after this time, then you must first perform Hajj. And zakaat will have to be paid upon returning from Hajj from the remaining amount.]

1 - Ihram. Ihram is not only a vestment Mukhrima(a person entering ihram) in 2 pieces of white calico. This is a state of mind. A Muslim prepares spiritually long before this. One enters ihram with the intention of renouncing a number of things prohibited during the hajj. You need to wrap yourself with one piece of white cloth from the waist down (to the ankle). Another piece of calico is draped over the shoulders. Do not tie in a knot or use twine. Before performing tawaf, we pass one end of the upper part of the ihram under the right shoulder and place both ends on the left shoulder - this is sunnah. Before entering ihram, at the miqat point, 2 rakats of prayer are performed and, accepting the intention of entering ihram, the prayer is read: “Allahumma inni uridul-hassa feyessirhu li wa takabbelhu minni.” Then the Talbiyyah is pronounced: "Labbaik Allahumma labbaik. Labbaik, laa sharika lak labbaik. Innal-hamda van-nimata laka wal-mulk. Laa sharika lak." - Here I am before You, my Allah, here I am before You! Here I am before You, O Allah, and you have no partner, here I am before You! Truly, praise be to You! And mercy and dominion belong to You! You have no partner!

Those wishing to visit Holy Mecca for the purpose of Hajj, Umrah, trade, etc. necessary in places Mikat enter ihram. These places are located around Mecca. If anyone drove or passed this place without entering ihram, he should return to do so. Otherwise, you will have to make an additional sacrifice - qurban. The space between the miqat points and the city of Mecca is called Hill. Travelers passing through the miqat with the intention of staying in the hill, and those who live in the hill, do not have to enter ihram. You can enter the city from the place of hilah without ihram if you do not intend to perform Hajj or Umrah. To perform Hajj, those living in the hill enter ihram there. Those living in Mecca enter ihram in Mecca. When passing through the miqat, one must enter ihram observing all the conditions, saying the necessary prayers. You can enter ihram before miqat, and even from the place of departure for hajj, if the muhrim can keep his ihram clean. For this, the blessings of Allah Almighty increase.

After dressing in 2 pieces of white calico, the pilgrim must comply with certain conditions.

Forbidden in ihram: hunt wild animals; wear sewn clothes; shave any part of the body; copulate. Is not allowed Also argue, swear, fight; use scented products; cut nails; wear any other non-permitted footwear(shoes must be open-topped); wear gloves or stockings; break wild trees, tear up plants, etc. Violators of established prohibitions (no matter whether they knew about it or not) are required to sacrifice a ram. Moreover, violators will not be able to eat the meat of this qurbani, since this sacrifice is a measure of punishment. Whereas in the case of sacrifice during the Hajj Karin and Hajj Mutamatti, the owners of the Qurbani can eat this meat. Here it should be noted that the performer of the Hajj “karin”, in case of violation of the prohibition, is obliged to sacrifice 2 animals - one for Umrah and one for Hajj.

Allowed: wear open-top shoes; pull a tooth out; take a shower (bathe); If there is no white calico, use colored calico for ihram. You can destroy flies, fleas, lice (not on yourself), mice, rats; when wild animals (poisonous snakes, scorpions, wolves, etc.) threaten the life or health of people, kill them. It is allowed to shelter from the sun under an umbrella or the like. (but without touching the head); wear a belt with a wallet, wear a ring (according to the sunnah); pick greens grown by people; carry a weapon in a belt or on a leash to fight bandits or other enemies interfering with the free performance of the pilgrimage to Mecca. Women make the pilgrimage with their heads covered. They are allowed to cover their face, but with the condition that the fabric should not touch the skin of the face. They can wear sewn clothes, seats (shoes that can be wiped off during ablution without taking them off), stockings. They may also wear jewelry, but hidden by clothing.

Having seen the Kaaba, we read Talbiyyah: "Labbayk..." (see above), then "Allahu Akbar. La ilaha illa-l-lahu", then after salavat we read the prayer: "Allahumma zid beytake tashrifan wa taziman wa takriman wa birran wa mekhabatan". Remembering that our prayers and requests are accepted in these places, as far as possible we constantly read them and ask: “Allahumma inni esaluke ridake wal-jannata wa auzu bika min gadabika van-nar.”

2. - Standing on Mount Arafat. Every pilgrim on the day of Arafah (the day before the Eid al-Fitr holiday) must standing, listen to the request to Allah Almighty (dua) of the imam standing in front of him. After the dua, you can sit down and lie down. If he cannot listen while standing, then he listens while sitting or lying down. On the way to Arafat, whoever can, reads the dua: “Allahumma lakal-hamdu kellezi takuulu wa hairan mimma nakul. Allahumma laka salati wa nusuki wa mahyaya wa memati wa ilayka meabi wa laka rabbi turasi...” and then:

1) 100 times "Laa ilaha illa-l-Lahu wahdahu laa sharika lahu. Lahu"l-mulku wa lahu"l-hamdu wa Khuva ala kulli shay"in qadir."
2) 100 times Surah Ikhlas.
3) 100 times "Subhana-l-Lahi wa" lhamdu lil-Lahi wa laa ilaha illa-l-Lahu wa-l-Lahu akbar. Valya havla wala quwwata illyaa bil-Lahi "l-Aliyil-Azim."
4) 10 times “Astagfiru-l-Laha”l-lazi laa ilaha illya Khuva”l-Hayyul-Qayyum wa etubu ilyayh wa as”alukhu”t-tavbata wa”l-magfirata innahu Khuva”t-tawabu”r-Rahim.”
5) 100 times "Allahumma salli alaa Muhammadin wa alaa ali Muhammad." 6) 100 times consecutively No. 1 + No. 5 and further “kama sallayta alaa Ibrahima wa alaa ali Ibrahima innaka hamidun majit”…

3. - Walking around the Kaaba (Tawaf-i Ziyarat). Each pilgrim, called "haji", Must walk around the Kaaba 4 times- this is for him fard. Making 3 more rounds very close to mandatory - wajib. In total you need to make 7 rounds. By Shafi'i madhhab the last 3 rounds are also mandatory (fard). You can go around both behind the well of Zamzam and behind the stone of Ibrahim (peace be upon him). It is not permitted to go outside the Forbidden Mosque.

When making a circumambulation, women are not advised to approach the Kaaba. If there is a high probability of touching while walking around female hand, it is better for the followers of the Shafi'i madhab to accept the intention to commit tawaf according to the madhhab Hanafi or Maliki.

It should also be taken into account that the circumambulation is performed after making the intention, and after standing on Mount Arafat. If when committing bypass or saya the call to prayer will be heard - Azan, everything is left and prayer is read. After the prayer, you can continue with tawaf or sai.

1 - After tawaf performed upon arrival in Mecca, it is necessary to perform Sai - walking between the hills of Safa and Marwah. Without tawaf, the sai is not valid (sahih).
2 - When returning from Arafat, make a stop in Muzdalifa. Here, according to legend, our ancestors Adam and Eve met for the first time.
3 - In the town of Mina for three days three different places to throw pebbles at the shaitan.
4 - Before leaving ihram, you must shave the fourth part of your head or cut off at least 3 centimeters of hair. Those who have no hair and are unable to shave their head (due to illness) pass the razor over their head without touching the wounds. Women do not shave their heads, but only cut their hair slightly.
5 - Hajjis who come from afar, on the last day of their stay in Mecca, make a tour (tawaf-i sadr). Without remla and saya.
6 - After sunset, stay on Arafat for some time (even if ablution is broken). A person who leaves Arafat before sunset must make a sacrifice.
7 - Make 3 more additional rounds around the Kaaba after the 4 mandatory ones. Staying overnight in the Mina Valley after Tawaf-i Ziyarat - circumambulation around the Kaaba, according to the Hanafi madhhab is Sunnah.
8 - During tawaf - circumambulation, the whole body must be in a state of ritual cleansing.
9 - Clothes must be clean.
10 - When walking around, leave space “Hatim” with inside. Hatim is the space between the northern wall of the Kaaba and the semicircular fence on the same side. According to Alauddin Haskafi, in this place are the graves of the prophet Ismail, peace be upon him, and his mother Hajar (Hagar).
11 - When going around, the Kaaba should be on the left.
12 - Perform tawaf before sunset on the third day of the holiday.
13 - When walking around, cover parts of the body that are prohibited from being shown. This point is especially important for women.
14 -Sai must start from the Safa hill (see point 1). From this hill we go down to the Kaaba. Here we say “takbir” - Allahu Akbar; “tahlil” - La ilahi illa-l-lahu and “salawat”. Then, raising both hands to shoulder level and opening our palms to the sky, we make a request to Allah - dua. After this we climb Marwa Hill. In total, you need to make such transitions from Safa to Marwa 4 times, and from Marwa to Safa - 3 times.

When walking between the hills of Safa and Marwa, one reads Talbiyyah- “Labbayk...” From the place where you need to speed up the pace, the dua is read: “Rabbigfir varham wa tejavaz amma ta”lem. Innaka anta"l-eauzu"l-akram". At each approach to Marwa Hill, verse 158 from Surah “Bakara” is read. The same verse is read (towards the Qibla) on the Safa hill. When approaching the Mina Valley or upon arrival, the dua is read: “Allahumma inna haza minan wa haza ma dalaltana alaihi minal-manasiki asaluka en tamunna alaihima bijavamiel-hairi wa bima...”.

15 - After each tawaf, perform 2 rakats of prayer within the “Forbidden Mosque”.
16 - Throwing stones at the shaitan should occur on holidays.
17 - Take tonsure on the first day of the holiday and within the “Forbidden Mosque”.
18 - Perform sai in the form of walking. Between the 2 pillars the men move quickly.
19 - Performers of the “Kiran” hajj and the “Tamattu” hajj make a sacrifice.
20 - Perform a sacrifice on the 1st day of the holiday.
21 - Before standing on Arafat, do not perform strictly prohibited actions (for example, copulation). Otherwise, the Hajj will be disrupted. Not performing other prohibited acts before leaving ihram is wajib.

Violators of the above conditions (regardless of whether they knew about these conditions or not) are obliged to make a sacrifice or give alms fitr sadaqah. It is not considered a violation if the cause of these violations is old age, illness or too large a crowd of people. Women are not allowed to be on the premises during certain "periods" "Forbidden Mosque" and perform tawaf. During this time, they can perform other acts of Hajj. Tawaf can be performed only after purification. A haji who does not have time to perform the next hajj ruknas during the day can perform them that same night.

It is allowed to perform obligatory and additional prayers independently or with the jamaat in the Kaaba. Here you can perform namaz even while standing back to back with the imam. It is not advisable to stand with your back to the imam’s face during prayer, or to perform prayer on the Kaaba. In the case when a congregational prayer is performed while standing around the Kaaba (like a ring), then you can stand closer to the Kaaba than the imam. Except for those who stand to the left and right of the imam.

1 - Muslims living further than the places of “Mikat” (place of entry into “Ihram”), upon arrival in Mecca, must immediately perform "tawaf-i kudum"- preliminary bypass. When you see the Kaaba, immediately say: takbir- "Allahu Akbar" tehlil - "La ilahi illa-l-lahu" and dua - a request to Allah. Men touch the stone "Hajar-ul-aswad" hand and face. But this is possible. If it is difficult to approach, then from a distance they raise their hands and say "B-smi l-Lahi! Allahu akbar!" run your palms over your face. After walking around “tawaf-i kudum” and performing 2 rakats of prayer, say is performed between the Safa and Marwa hills. After this, they remain in Mecca without removing their ihram until the day "Tarviyya" make additional rounds around the Kaaba. Those who intend to perform Hajj Ifrad or Hajj Qiran should take care of ihram, as they will not remove ihram before throwing stones and shaving their heads. For those who are not sure that they can keep their ihram pure, it is better to perform the Tamattu Hajj. By the way, passing in front of those praying in the “Forbidden Mosque” is not a sin.

2 - Walking around the Kaaba - tawaf start and end at the stone "Hajar-ul-aswad". When approaching the stone "Hajar-ul-aswad", raise our hands up and say “Allahu Akbar.” Then, with our hands down, we read: "La ilaha illa-l-Lahu walhamdu li-l-Lahi. Allahumma salli ala Muhammadin wa ali alaa Muhammad." After this, if possible, kiss the stone, or touch the stone with your palm right hand, kiss the palm. If this is also impossible, then, raising their hands up, turn their palms to the stone and read the prayer: “Allahumma imanen bika wa tasdikan bikitabika wa vefaen biahdika wat-tibaan lisunnati nabiyyika Muhammadin sallaa-Llahu taala alayhi wa sallam.”

3 - At the door of the Kaaba we read: "Allahumma inna hazal-baite baytuka. Val-harama haramuka val-amna amnuka. Wa haza makamul-azi bike minan-nari fa harrim lyuhumana wa basharatana alen-nar." After seven times tawaf we ask Allah: “Allahumma innaka ta” lemu sirri wa alaniyati fakbil ma “zirati wa ta” lamu hajati fea “tini su”li. Wa ta "lamu ma fi nafsi fagfir li zunubi. Allahumma inni as" aluka imanan yubashiru kalbi wa yakinan sadikan hatta a "lama annehu la yusibuni illa ma katabta li wa ridan bima kasamta li.". Imam reading the khutbah in 3 places First time on the 7th day of the month of Zulhija in Mecca; Second time - on the 9th day of Arafat before midday and afternoon prayers; And third time - on the 11th day in the Mina Valley. On Arafat, immediately after the khutbah, joint midday and afternoon prayers are read. Those who do not have time for joint prayer read both prayers in the afternoon. After prayers at the Namra mosque, everyone goes to the Mauwkif place, where they perform Waqfa

4 - You need to leave Mecca to visit Arafat on the day of Tarwiyya - the 8th day of the month of Zulhija, after morning prayer. From Mecca you must first go to the Mina Valley.

5 - Stay overnight in the Mina Valley on the nights of the 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th of the month of Zulhija.

6 - From the Mina Valley, go to Arafat after sunrise.

7 - Spend the night on the night of the 9th of the month of Zulhija in the town of Muzdalifa. Upon arrival from Arafat to Muzdalifa, joint evening and night prayers are read one after another before dark. Pilgrims who have already performed the evening prayer at Arafat or on the way are better off repeating this prayer again in Muzdalifah. Those who do not have time for the joint prayer read the evening prayer and immediately after it the night prayer - independently.

8 - After spending the night in Muzdalifa, you need to get up at dawn and, having immediately performed the morning prayer, until full dawn, perform standing - wakf in a place called "Mesh"ar-ul-haram". Immediately, before sunrise, we set off for the Mina Valley. On the way you cannot stop in the town of Mukhassar. This place served as a camp for the Yemeni soldiers, called Ashab-i fil, who went to destroy the Kaaba on the orders of their king Abraha. Arriving in the valley Mine and finding a place called "Jamara-i Aqaba"(it is located in the farthest place from the Masjid-i Khif mosque), large and index finger with our right hand we throw seven (7) pea-sized stones under the wall that indicates the place "Jamara...". You need to stand no closer than two and a half (2.5) meters to this place. Those pebbles that hit the right place by bouncing off a wall or someone are also counted. Throwing stones is allowed until dawn the next day. But it is best to finish before noon - this is the sunnah.

After that, without delay, we leave. For pilgrims who come from afar and perform the Ifrad Hajj, sacrifice is not necessary. Those who perform the Hajj "Kiran" and the Hajj "Tamattu" go to make a sacrifice. After the ritual of sacrifice, the head is shaved or cut and the ihram is removed. Those pilgrims who were in the Mina Valley on the holiday do not perform the holiday prayer. Then, on that day or the next or third day, pilgrims go to Mecca with the intention of Tawaf-i Ziyarat. This tawaf, performed upon returning from the Mina Valley, is also called Tawaf-i Ifada and its performance is obligatory.

Until this time, you can perform tawaf in place of another pilgrim who has lost consciousness, lost his senses, memory, etc. If the pilgrim previously performed sai for this tawaf, then now there is no need to do either sai or remel (a special way of walking during tawaf). If the sai has not been performed previously, then it will have to be performed. For this tawaf, there is no need to do Iztiba - placing both ends of the ihram on the left shoulder, having first passed one end of the ihram under the right shoulder.

After performing tawaf and prayer, the pilgrim goes to Mina. The midday prayer is performed in Mecca or Mina. On the second day of the holiday, after the midday prayer in Mina, the khutbah is read, and then seven (7) stones are thrown at three different places. They start from a place that is closer to the Masjid-i Khif mosque. On the third day, seven stones are also thrown three times. In total, with the first 7 stones, you get forty-nine (7+21+21=49) stones. You can't throw these stones before noon. In any case, it is highly undesirable. On the third day, before sunset, we leave Mina.

Those who wish to earn even greater goodness from Allah Almighty remain on the fourth day in Mina, and from dawn to sunset, at the desired time, throw an additional 21 stones. Attention! If the pilgrim remains in Mina until dawn on the fourth day and leaves without throwing stones, then as punishment he will have to make an additional sacrifice. After throwing stones in the first and second places, the pilgrims raise their arms to shoulder level and, with their palms facing the sky, make a request to Allah Almighty - dua. These 70 stones, the size of a pea, which the pilgrim intended to throw at the shaitan, he collects in Muzdalifa or on the road to Mina. You can throw stones while riding an animal.

After returning to Mecca and circumambulating the Kaaba (this circumambulation is called "Tawaf-i Sadr" or "Tawaf-i Veda"), pilgrims drink water from the Zam-Zam well and read the dua: “Allahumma inni es “aluka ilmen nafian wa rizkan wasian wa shifaen min kulli dain wa sakam”; if possible, kiss the threshold of the Kaaba, touch the chest and right cheek of the wall Kaaba, called "Multazam"(between the door and the stone "Hajar-ul-aswad"). Then, holding the veil of the Kaaba with their hands, they read from the Koran as a memory and state their request to Allah Almighty. The most God-fearing pilgrims then leave the gates with tears in their eyes.

Mina is located east of Mecca. Muzdalifa is east of Mina and Arafat is east of Muzdalifa. The distances on modern asphalt roads between these points are as follows: between Mina and Mecca - 4,5 km.; between Mina and Muzdalifa - 3,3 ; Muzdalifa and Arafat - 5,4 ; between the Safa and Marwa hills - 330 meters (currently - territorial mosque); between the upper tier of the Safa hill and the Kaaba - 70 meters.

9 - Before standing on Arafat, it is necessary to perform a full ritual ablution (Ghusl).

10 - When returning from Mina to Mecca for the last time, you first need to visit the place of Ebtah and stand there for a while. After this we return to Mecca and stay there as much as possible.

11 - Before performing the Hajj, a Muslim needs to ask permission from non-needing parents and people under his care. If parents or wife are not provided with the means of subsistence, then going on pilgrimage is prohibited without their permission or their full support. It is highly advisable to go to Mecca through the Mu'alla gate, and to the Mosque through "Bab-us-Salam" and do it during the day.

Failure to comply with these eleven provisions of the sunnah does not entail punishment and is not a sin. It only entails a decrease in the goodness of Allah Almighty as a whole for the entire pilgrimage. In the event that the day of Arafah (9th day of the month of Zulhija, the pre-holiday day) coincides with Friday, the value of the Hajj insha-al-Lahu increases 70 times!

Muslims, like representatives of other religions, travel to their shrines. However, they have a very special type of pilgrimage - Hajj. This pilgrimage to Mecca is the fifth pillar of Islam, something that every Muslim must do in his life.

The Hajj symbolizes the reunion and forgiveness of Adam and Eve, Abraham's sacrifice of his son Ismail, and the life of Muhammad itself as an example of obedience and humility. A person who has completed the Hajj is called a Hajj, receives the right to wear a green turban and begins to enjoy greater respect due to his higher position in society.

Hajj is a voluntary and individual worship of the One God. During the pilgrimage, believers become guests of Allah, leaving their home. The hardships of travel bestow both external and internal cleansing and connect you with the Almighty.

The Hajj rituals were established by the Prophet Muhammad during his pilgrimage in 623. Sharia law states that to perform Hajj a person must:

Be of legal age;
Remain in a clear consciousness and firm memory;
To be free;
Have the necessary funds for the pilgrimage and maintaining the family left behind;
Have the necessary health;
Know how to protect yourself along the way;
Leave home in advance to perform all the rituals on the seventh day of the month of Dhu al-Hijjah.

During the Hajj, the pilgrim must wear a special robe - ihram. First, he must circumambulate the Kaaba for the first time, then pray on Mount Arafat, and then circumambulate the Kaaba a second time.

The word “ihram” is translated as “dedication” and means a state of spiritual purity. To achieve it, it is necessary to wash the body, special clothing and certain rules. After ablution, women dress in loose white clothes that reveal only their face, feet and hands. Men put on a veil that covers their legs, and another veil thrown over their shoulders. These clothes are a symbol of purity and equality of all pilgrims before God.

During the Hajj, that is, in the state of ihram, you cannot:

trade and engage in other worldly affairs;
engage in any sexual relations, enter into marriage and woo;
to be angry, to offend others;
cause harm to living things (that is, tear off leaves and branches, kill insects and animals, etc.);
Cut your hair, shave, trim your nails;
Smoking, wearing jewelry and using incense.

Any violation of these prohibitions invalidates the Hajj.

On the seventh day of the month of Dhu-l-Hijjah, all pilgrims who arrived in Mecca make a “small pilgrimage” - worship of the Kaaba, the white yacht from paradise, which became black from sins. The Kaaba was given to Adam by Allah when he finally reached Mecca after being expelled from paradise.

After circumambulating the Kaaba, pilgrims run between the hills of Safa and Mavra - this ritual is called sai. Muslims climb Safa, turn to face the Kaaba and pray to Allah for help and protection. Then they go down the hill to the pillar, run to the pillar at the Moor's Hill, climb up this hill and pray again. This run must be repeated seven times. After running, pilgrims first drink from the sacred well and then pour the water over themselves.

On the eighth day of the month, pilgrims take water and travel to Mount Arafat, located 25 kilometers from Mecca through the Mina valley. From the eighth to the ninth day of the month, pilgrims spend the night in the valley, after which the main rite of pilgrimage is performed - wukf, standing at Arafat. The ritual begins at noon and ends before sunset. Pilgrims listen to sermons and loudly pray to Allah repeatedly.

After the sun sets, pilgrims go to the Muzdalifa Valley and all pray together in front of the mosque. Pilgrims spend the night here. This night is considered to be a night of prayer and fasting not only for those who perform the Hajj, but for all Muslims.

Early in the morning of the tenth day of the month, pilgrims again pray and then go to the Mina Valley, where everyone throws seven stones at the last pillar, symbolizing Satan. Then comes the ritual of animal sacrifice, during which the pilgrims themselves eat part of the meat, and part they give to the poor. After the sacrifice, all pilgrims cut their hair short, shave off their beards, and women cut off a lock of hair. All this is buried in the ground, and the pilgrims themselves return to Mecca in order to perform the last round of the Kaaba.

From the 11th to the 13th days of the month, pilgrims perform sacrifices and continue to visit the Mina Valley. On the 14th, all rituals end, pilgrims leave the state of ihram and receive the title of haji.

Many Muslims, after they have completed the Hajj, visit various places in Mecca that are reminiscent of the Prophet Muhammad. The most revered place is the Mountain of Light, in the cave of which Muhammad received the first revelation of the Koran. After this, pilgrims often go to Medina to worship the tomb of the prophet and the graves of his companions. It is also customary to stay in the city of Taif, in which Muhammad hid from the Koreish - Meccan pagans.

Upon returning home, pilgrims who have already received the status of hajj put on long white robes and a green turban, which is a symbol of the hajj. The pilgrim's relatives and friends solemnly greet him, accompanying the meeting with refreshments.

Muslims repeat the Hajj frequently, and some perform it every year or at least several times in their lives.

Pilgrimage to Mecca of the Muslim tradition. What is hajj

Introduction.

Performing Hajj

Pilgrimage in Islam. Mecca and Medina

See what "Hajj" is in other dictionaries: