Basic chemical industry. Geography of the Russian chemical industry

The chemical industry report will briefly tell you a lot of useful information about the industry, which provides other types of industries with raw materials and products.

"Chemical industry" message

The chemical industry influences other industries such as construction, automotive, and agriculture. Its products and goods are actively sold on the world market and are on par with mechanical engineering.

It is worth noting that the chemical industry complex is characterized by high science intensity. He uses a large amount of raw materials to make his products. Particularly expensive are plastics, soda, rubber, and fertilizers. In addition to raw materials, water, fuel and electricity are needed. In addition, the chemical industry sector is labor intensive, which requires special skills and knowledge of qualified specialists.

Chemical substances are divided into 2 classes - inorganic and organic. Organic compounds are basically carbon atoms that are bonded to hydrogen atoms and other elements. In the production of organic substances, the main source (up to 90%) is natural gas and oil, which replaced coal, as well as raw materials of animal and plant origin. Chemical inorganic substances are mainly produced from mineral sources. For example, sulfur is obtained from ores or native sulfur, and chlorine is obtained from table salt.

Products produced by the chemical industry can be divided into 3 groups, which correspond to the main degrees and stages of processing:

• The main products of inorganic and organic synthesis, obtained in large volumes, are processed into other chemical products.
• Offal. They are obtained from those chemical products that are further processed or are themselves solvents.
• Final chemical products. They are obtained as a result of processing intermediate products. Some of them are used to make soaps, medicines, cosmetics, while others are used as plastics, chemical fibers, pigments and dyes, which are further processed.

Chemical industry products

The chemical industry produces products such as:

1. Initial products of organic synthesis for the production of synthetic resins, plastics, synthetic rubbers and fibers.
2. Raw materials and solvents for detergents.
3. Alkalis, salts and acids, gases (nitrogen, oxygen, acetylene) which are actively used in other industries.
4. Pesticides and fertilizers (fungicides, herbicides, insecticides).
5. Synthetic resins, plastics, synthetic and cellulose fibers, synthetic rubber.
6. Varnishes, enamels and paints.
7. Medicines and medications.
8. Soaps, cosmetics, perfumes, personal care products.
9. Explosives, adhesives, polishes, photographic preparations and inks.

The chemical industry ensures the development and introduction of STP (scientific and technological progress) achievements. It helps promote production in the country. Its peculiarity is the focus of products and knowledge-intensive production key structures on meeting human needs.

Production characteristics

Non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, thermal energy, construction, food industry, pharmaceuticals and oil refining are based on the operation of chemical processes. The products of this industry influence the promotion of other industries.

Another important characteristic is the voluminous raw material base, which includes products of the mining and chemical complex, for example, salts, sulfur, and phosphorites. Its largest suppliers of feedstock products are the wood chemical, coke-chemical, gas chemical and petrochemical industries. The main achievement of the chemical industry is the transition to the use of oil and gas products, since these raw materials are considered the main base for the manufacture of industrial products.

What areas does the chemical industry include?

• Mining and chemical industry (extraction of phosphorites, salts, sulfur and other mining chemical resources).
• Production of polymer products - resins, plastics, rubber and so on.
• The basic chemical sphere that produces inorganic substances - soda, acids, fertilizers, and so on.

As you can see, the chemical complex specializes in the production of products and materials for all sectors of the economy.

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Russia and includes chemical and petrochemical industry, subdivided into many industries and industries, as well as the microbiological industry. It provides the production of acids, alkalis, mineral fertilizers, various polymer materials, dyes, household chemicals, varnishes and paints, rubber-asbestos, photochemical and chemical-pharmaceutical products.

The chemical and petrochemical industries are characterized by features, the combination of which makes these industries unique in the breadth of economic use of their products. On the one hand, the complex’s products are used as raw materials in all industries (medical, microbiological, radio engineering, space, woodworking, light), in agriculture and transport. On the other hand, the process of processing chemical and petrochemical raw materials into the final product includes a large number of technological stages of processing, which determines a large share of intra-industry consumption.

The volume of goods shipped by type of economic activity “Chemical production” in 2007 amounted to 67% of the output of manufacturing industries. There are 7.6 thousand enterprises in the industry, employing more than 500 thousand people.

The volume of investments in fixed capital of the chemical complex from all sources of financing has increased 6.7 times since 2000. External investments during this period exceeded $3.7 billion, although the payback period for a large chemical project is 13-26 years.

The current location of the chemical complex has a number of features:

• high concentration of enterprises in the European part of Russia;
• concentration of chemical industry centers in areas that are deficient in water and energy resources, but concentrating the bulk of the population and production potential;
• territorial discrepancy between the areas of production and consumption of chemical industry products;
• the raw material base of the industry, which is differentiated depending on the natural and economic specifics of individual regions of the country.

The chemical industry plays the most important role in the economy of the Volga region, the Volga-Vyatka region, the Central Black Earth Region, the Urals and the Center. The industry is even more important in the economy of individual regions, where it serves as the basis for the formation of the economy of these territories - in the Novgorod, Tula, Perm regions and Tatarstan.

Products of the Russian chemical complex are in great demand abroad. In 2007, the volume of exports of chemical and petrochemical products amounted to $20.8 billion, or 5.9% of the total exports of the Russian Federation.

The development and location of the chemical complex is determined by the influence of a number of factors

Raw material factor has a huge impact on the location of all sectors of the chemical complex, and is decisive for the mining and chemical industry and the production of potash fertilizers. In the cost of finished products, the share of raw materials for individual production ranges from 40 to 90%, which is due either to high consumption rates or to their value.

Energy factor is especially important for the polymer materials industry and certain branches of basic chemistry. The chemical complex consumes about 1/5 of the energy resources used in industry. The production of synthetic rubber, phosphorus by electric sublimation and nitrogen fertilizers by water electrolysis is characterized by increased electrical capacity, and the soda industry is characterized by significant fuel consumption.

Water factor plays a special role when locating enterprises of the chemical complex, since water is used both for auxiliary purposes and as a raw material. Water consumption in the chemical industry varies from 50 m3 in the production of chlorine to 6000 m3 in the production of chemical fibers.

Consumer factor taken into account when locating, first of all, branches of basic chemistry - the production of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers, sulfuric acid, as well as highly specialized enterprises producing varnishes, paints, and pharmaceutical products.

Labor factor influences the location of labor-intensive industries of the chemical complex, which include the production of chemical fibers and plastics.

Environmental factor until recently, was not sufficiently taken into account when locating enterprises of the chemical complex. However, this particular industry is one of the main environmental polluters among industrial sectors (almost 30% of the volume of polluted industrial wastewater). Therefore, the main and determining factor for the further development and placement of the industry is the transformation of traditional technologies into low-waste and resource-saving ones, the creation of closed technological cycles with full use of raw materials and not generating waste beyond their scope.

Infrastructure factor, which involves the preparation and arrangement of the territory for industrial development, is especially important when locating industrial enterprises, mainly in areas of new development.

Composition of the chemical complex

As part of the chemical complex, one can distinguish the mining and chemical industry associated with the extraction of primary chemical raw materials, basic chemistry, which ensures the production of mineral fertilizers, sulfuric acid and soda, and the polymer materials industry (including organic synthesis).

The mining and chemical industry ranks third in terms of production volume and includes the extraction of apatites, phosphorites, potassium and table salts, native sulfur, boron, chalk, etc. The reserves of chemical raw materials in Russia, which are raw materials for the production of mineral fertilizers, are significant - in terms of potash resources salts and phosphate raw materials (apatites and phosphorites), the country ranks first in the world. The main reserves of chemical raw materials are concentrated in the European part of the country. No large and profitable deposits have yet been identified in the Eastern zone.

The structure of phosphate raw material reserves is dominated by apatite ores, where the Khibiny group in the Murmansk region plays the main role. Almost 90% of the country's proven reserves of potassium salts are concentrated in the Verkhnekamskoye deposit in the Perm Territory, where the extraction of this raw material is entirely carried out in Russia. Table salts are represented in the Volga region, the Urals, Western and Eastern Siberia, the Far East, deposits of sulfur and sulfur pyrites are in the Urals.

Fertilizer production

Basic chemistry occupies a leading place in the chemical complex in terms of production volume. Its main industry is the mineral fertilizer industry, which includes the production nitrogen, phosphate and potassium fertilizers. In the structure of production of mineral fertilizers, approximately the same share (more than 2/5) is accounted for by potassium and nitrogen fertilizers, and 1/6 by phosphate fertilizers. In the cost of production of mineral fertilizers, the costs of feedstock, natural gas, electricity and transport account for approximately 70-80%.

The territorial organization of mineral fertilizer production has not undergone any changes over the past decade. As before, more than 95% of the production of mineral fertilizers is concentrated in the Western zone of the country, where the importance of the Urals has increased even more (2/5 of all-Russian production) against the backdrop of a reduction in the role of the Center, the North-West, the Volga region, and the Volga-Vyatka region.

Modern nitrogen industry is based on the synthesis and subsequent processing of ammonia, in the cost of which almost 50% of the costs come from natural gas (as raw materials and fuel). At the same time, the determining factor in location is either the presence of gas resources in the area (Nevinnomyssk in the North Caucasus), or consumers of finished products - agriculture - and enterprises are located along the routes of main gas pipelines (Novomoskovsk in Central, Novgorod in North-West, Dzerzhinsk in Volgo-Vyatka areas). When using coke oven gas, which is formed during the coking of coal, as a raw material, enterprises for the production of nitrogen fertilizers are built either in coal basins (Kemerovo, Angarsk) or near full-cycle metallurgical plants (Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Tagil, Lipetsk, Cherepovets).

Potash fertilizers Produced at mining and chemical industry enterprises, they combine the extraction and enrichment of potash ores. On the basis of the Verkhnekamsk deposit, potash fertilizers are produced at two large enterprises in Solikamsk and Berezniki in the Perm Territory.

Production phosphate fertilizers based on the acid processing of phosphate raw materials (phosphorites and apatites) and is carried out at 19 enterprises located in almost all European regions of the country, including the Urals. The determining factor in location is the presence of a consumer, so enterprises are built mainly in agricultural areas: Kingisepp (North-West), Voskresensk, Novomoskovsk (Center), Uvarovo (Central Black Earth Region), Balakovo (Volga Region), Krasnouralsk (Ural).

The sulfuric acid industry produces products that are widely used, especially in the production of phosphate fertilizers. Sulfuric acid production is concentrated in the European part of the country; the main regions remain the European North, the Urals and the Center, which provide almost 2/3 of the total Russian output, slightly less - 1/5 - are provided by the Volga region and the North-West.

A distinctive feature of the soda industry is its attraction to raw materials - deposits of table salt. The production of caustic and soda ash is material-intensive (up to 5 m3 of salt brine is consumed to produce 1 ton of finished product), auxiliary materials are widely used here (about 1.5 tons of limestone per 1 ton of finished product) and fuel and energy resources. The leading areas of concentration of the soda industry are the Volga region, the Urals, Eastern Siberia and the Volga-Vyatka region, which account for over 9/10 of the all-Russian production of caustic and soda ash.

The polymer materials industry ranks second in the chemical complex in terms of production volume and includes organic synthesis (production of hydrocarbon raw materials based on oil, gas and coke chemistry), polymer chemistry developing on its basis (production of synthetic rubber, synthetic resins and plastics, chemical fibers ), as well as processing of polymer products (production of rubber products, tires, plastic products).

The development and deployment of organic synthesis is due to a significant and widespread raw material base, which removes territorial restrictions for the industry. Initially, organic synthesis relied on raw materials of wood and agricultural origin, coal, and was introduced in Kuzbass, the Moscow region, the Urals, as well as in European regions that consumed finished products. Now the determining factor is the availability of oil and gas raw materials.

Among the branches of polymer chemistry, the largest in scale is the industry of synthetic resins and plastics, which suffered less than others during the period of market transformations of the economy; its production volume decreased by 1/5. The availability of hydrocarbon petrochemical raw materials determines the location of the industry and production approaches petrochemical plants located in oil production areas or along oil and gas pipeline routes.

The expected shifts in the location of the industry in the Eastern zone did not occur. Over the past 15 years, the share of eastern regions in the all-Russian production of synthetic resins and plastics has decreased from 31 to 26% and the role of the Volga region (Novokuibyshevsk, Volgograd, Volzhsky, Kazan) and the Urals (Ufa, Salavat, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Tagil) has increased, which in 2007 provided the production of more than 2/5 of the industry's finished products. The situation remains stable in the largest consumption area - Central, where large enterprises operate in Moscow, Ryazan, Yaroslavl.

Chemical fiber industry and threads ranks second in terms of the volume of polymer chemistry products produced and includes the production of artificial (from cellulose) and synthetic fibers (from petroleum products).

The industry of chemical fibers and threads is characterized by high consumption rates of raw materials, water, fuel and energy and is focused on the textile industry regions - Central (Tver, Shuya, Klin, Serpukhov), Volga region (Balakovo, Saratov, Engels). In the east, large enterprises operate in Krasnoyarsk, Barnaul, Kemerovo.

The synthetic rubber industry occupies a special place, since the world's first enterprises based on food raw materials were built in the early 1930s of the twentieth century. in Central Russia. The transition to hydrocarbon raw materials led to the construction of new plants in the Volga region, the Urals, and Western Siberia.

In addition to high material intensity, the industry is characterized by significant electrical intensity (almost 3 thousand kW/h per 1 ton of synthetic rubber) and is characterized by a certain territorial dispersion. Almost 2/3 of synthetic rubber production occurs in the European part, where the Volga region (Kazan, Tolyatti, Nizhnekamsk) remains the leading region. Production volumes are significant in the Central (Moscow, Yaroslavl), Central Black Earth (Voronezh) and Ural (Ufa, Sterlitamak, Perm) regions. In the east, Omsk (Western Siberia) and Krasnoyarsk (Eastern Siberia) remain major producers of synthetic rubber.

• The center, where polymer chemistry predominates (production of synthetic rubber, plastics, chemical fibers), is distinguished by the production of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, sulfuric acid, dyes and varnishes;
• the Urals, where all types of mineral fertilizers, soda, sulfuric acid, as well as synthetic alcohol, synthetic rubber, plastics from oil and associated gases are produced;
• North-West supplies phosphate fertilizers, sulfuric acid, polymer chemical products (synthetic resins, plastics, chemical fibers) to the all-Russian market;
• The Volga region produces a variety of polymer products based on organic synthesis (synthetic rubber, chemical fibers);
• The North Caucasus is developing the production of nitrogen fertilizers, organic synthesis, synthetic resins and plastics;
• Siberia (Western and Eastern) is characterized by the development of the chemistry of organic synthesis and polymer chemistry, and the production of nitrogen fertilizers.

The chemical industry produces products using chemical methods for processing raw materials and materials. In its industrial structure, two large groups of industries are distinguished: basic (inorganic) chemistry and the organic synthesis industry.

The basic chemistry group consists of the mining chemical industry, which extracts chemical raw materials, and basic chemistry itself, which produces mineral fertilizers (nitrogen, potassium, phosphate), sulfuric acid, soda, and the like. The group of organic synthesis industries includes: chemistry of organic synthesis (production of organic

semi-finished products - ethylene, acetylene, benzene, ethyl alcohol, acetic acid, etc.); production of polymers (synthetic resins, rubber, plastics, chemical fibers); polymer processing (production of plastic products, tires, rubber products).

In addition to the main large groups, there is a group of other branches of the chemical industry: paint and varnish, photochemical industry, production of chemical reagents, etc.

The chemical industry is significantly inferior to mechanical engineering in terms of the share of products and employees in the industry, but is one of those industries that ensures scientific and technological progress.

Raw material base

Chemical industry characterized by an extremely wide raw material base. It uses non-metallic mineral (chemical) raw materials from the bowels of the earth (potassium and kitchen soda, phosphorites, apatites, sulfur), fuel mineral resources (oil, natural gas, coal, shale), waste from ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, forestry, food and light industry . Using raw materials from other industries, the chemical industry combines and cooperates with them. It is also characterized by the concentration of production, carried out by merging enterprises or increasing the capacity of technological lines;

Geography of individual branches of the chemical industry

Areas of the chemical industry in general are material-intensive. Therefore, the main factors for locating chemical industry enterprises are raw materials, fuel and energy, consumer, water, and environmental factors.

The most important areas of the mining and chemical industry are the Carpathian region (mining potassium salts in Kalush and Stebnyk, sulfur in Yavorov and Novy Rozdol) and Donbass (mining rock salt in Artemovsk and Slavyansk).

Basic chemistry in Ukraine specializes in the production of soda ash and caustic soda in Slavyansk and Lisichansk, mineral fertilizers, and sulfuric acid.

Potash fertilizers are produced in Kalush at the Lukor concern and at the Stebnitsky potash plant. factory

Phosphorus fertilizers from imported apatites are produced in beet growing areas (Vinnitsa, Sumy), and in the centers of sulfuric acid production - Odessa and Konstantinovka.

The Nitrogen-Tukova industry uses coking and natural gas (Dneprodzerzhinsk) to produce nitrogen fertilizers. Therefore, its largest enterprises are located in Dneprodzerzhinsk on the Dnieper region, Torlivtsi, Severodonetsk in the Donbass, as well as in areas of fertilizer consumption (Rivne, Cherkassy) on gas pipelines.

The production of sulfuric acid, due to its poor transportability, gravitates towards areas of product consumption, that is, enterprises producing phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers. Practically in each of the centers for the production of these fertilizers, the production of sulfuric acid has been established.

Chemistry of organic synthesis provides a large share of chemical industry products. Synthetic materials create a new raw material base for industry and construction. Mostly they are cheaper and of better quality than natural ones, although they have worse hygienic properties.

The chemistry of organic synthesis covers plants producing intermediate products for the production of polymers (Lisichansk, Severodonetsk, Gorlovka, Dneprodzerzhinsk, Zaporozhye). The industry uses mainly oil and gas raw materials.

The location of enterprises producing polymers depends primarily on the availability of hydrocarbon raw materials, as well as fuel, electricity, and water. For some sub-sectors, an important location factor is labor resources. Synthetic resins and plastics are produced mainly at petrochemical plants, nitrogen-fertilizer and chlorine plants, that is, they are combined with the production of other chemical products. The centers of production of synthetic resins and plastics are Donetsk, Severodonetsk, Zaporozhye, Dneprodzerzhinsk, Pervomaisk, etc. Artificial (from cellulose) and synthetic (from synthetic resins) chemical fibers are produced by enterprises in Chernigov, Kyiv, Cherkassy, ​​Sokal (Lviv region).

The most important of the enterprises processing polymers is the production of tires, which is established at the Dnepropetrovsk Tire Plant and the Belotserkovsky Plant of Tires and Humoasbestos Products.

Among other branches of the chemical industry, the most important are the paint and varnish industry (Dnepropetrovsk, Lvov, Odessa, etc.), the industry of synthetic dyes (Rubezhnoye in the Lugansk region), chemical-pharmaceutical (Kyiv, Kharkov, Odessa, Lvov), photochemical (Shostkinsky PA "Svema" in Sumskaya region and Kiev factory "Foton").

The main areas where a large number of chemical enterprises are located in Ukraine are the Donbass, the Dnieper region, the Carpathian region, and the Black Sea region.

Problems and prospects for development. The high concentration of the chemical industry in large and medium-sized industrial centers and certain four regions of the country, the insufficient development of production with low-waste or non-waste technologies, modern waste treatment systems, as well as the residual principle of financing nature conservation and rational environmental management have led to the emergence of a difficult environmental situation in many cities and towns. regions of Ukraine. Among them, first of all, is the Lisichansk-Rubezhansky industrial hub, as well as the North Crimean, Cherkasy, Kola, Odessa and others.

In the future, the development of the chemical industry in Ukraine will occur primarily due to

reconstruction and technical re-equipment of enterprises already operating today. They are widely introducing energy- and resource-saving and low- and non-waste technologies, closed-cycle water use schemes, and industrial waste treatment systems.

The chemical industry is one of the most important sectors of the world economy, thanks to which the full-fledged operation of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, construction, agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and the food industry is ensured. In the modern world, the importance of the chemical industry is very great, since its achievements significantly make people's lives easier.

general characteristics

The chemical industry is based on the processing of raw materials by chemical methods. The basic materials used in this industry are oil and various minerals. Thanks to it, people have the opportunity to use plastic and plastic products, fertilizers for agriculture, medicines, household chemicals and cosmetics, and much more in their everyday lives.

Rice. 1. Household chemicals.

Many industries need chemical products, thanks to which the industry is actively developing. The chemical industry is of particular importance for agriculture, automotive industry and construction.

The beginning of the development of the chemical industry is considered to be the beginning of the 17th century, when the industrial revolution took place. Before this, chemistry - the “science of substances” - developed extremely slowly, and only when people learned to apply their knowledge in practice, everything changed. The very first product of the chemical industry was sulfuric acid, which still remains the most important component in the chemical industry.

Rice. 2. Sulfuric acid.

This industry is characterized by the following features:

• Using a large amount of raw materials to make products. This especially applies to rubber, plastic, soda, and fertilizers.
• Chemical industry materials are very diverse.
• High level of energy costs.
• Low labor intensity combined with the need for highly qualified specialists.
• Large capital investment. The operation of chemical enterprises is impossible without complex structures and mechanisms.
• Complex industry structure.
• Environmental problems associated with the manufacture of chemical products.

Chemical industries

The global chemical industry includes many different areas. Currently, there are more than two hundred different sub-sectors and industries, and the range of its products reaches one million types.

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The main branches of the chemical industry are:

• Mining and Chemical - extraction, processing and enrichment of sulfur, phosphorites and various salts.
• Basic - production of inorganic substances (fertilizers, acids, soda).
• Polymer materials industry - based on organic synthesis and includes production and processing of various polymers (plastic, resin, rubber).

During the era of the scientific and technological revolution, the greatest development in the chemical industry was the production of polymer materials. Semi-finished petrochemical products are used as raw materials for these products. Polymers are an essential component of industry and construction.

Rice. 3. Plastic production.

Ecology conservation

The active development of the chemical industry has led to the construction of a large number of production facilities in large and medium-sized settlements around the world.

At the same time, only a small number of enterprises are equipped with low-waste or completely waste-free technologies and modern treatment facilities. All this has led to the emergence of a difficult environmental situation, especially in developing countries where little attention is paid to environmental protection.

To improve the environmental situation in the technological processes of the chemical industry, it is necessary to timely introduce the following techniques :

• reduction and oxidation using oxygen and nitrogen;
• membrane technology, thanks to which gas mixtures are separated from liquids;
• biotechnology;
• electrochemical methods.

What have we learned?

While studying the topic “Chemical Industry”, we learned how much influence the chemical industry has on the development of many important industries. We found out what main features it has and what industries it consists of.

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CHEMICAL INDUSTRY

CHEMICAL INDUSTRY

one of the most dynamic sectors of modern heavy industry (mining chemical, basic chemical, mineral fertilizers, polymer materials, synthetic dyes, etc.). Main regions of X. p.: USA, foreign Europe, Japan, CIS countries. The production of complex high-tech chemical products is concentrated in the USA, Western. Europe, Japan. X-ray industry is developing rapidly in countries rich in oil and gas resources (Saudi Arabia, Mexico, Venezuela).

Concise geographical dictionary. EdwART. 2008.

Chemical industry

one of the most important branches of heavy industry. The chemical industry includes the mining chemical industry (extraction, enrichment and primary processing of raw materials), basic chemistry (production of salts, acids, alkalis, mineral fertilizers), synthesis of polymer materials (production of synthetic resins and plastics, chemical fibers, synthetic rubber and etc. and products made from them), pharmaceutical industry, rubber industry, production of chemical reagents and highly pure substances, synthetic dyes, varnishes, household chemicals and other chemicals. The specifics of the industry include a wide variety of raw materials used, equipment and technology used. The raw material base is all types of combustible minerals (gas, oil, shale), mineral raw materials (potassium, table and other salts, phosphorites, apatites, sulfur), air (nitrogen, oxygen), as well as many types of waste from ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy and the chemical industry itself. The industry's production (especially pharmaceuticals and plastics) is growing rapidly. International trade is carried out mainly. between industrialized countries. In terms of exports of chemical products, Germany (1st place in the world), the USA, Great Britain, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, and Japan stand out. All large companies in the chemical industry are the largest transnational corporations in the world (Bayer, BASF, Hoechst - Germany; Dow Chemical, DuPont - USA; IKI - Great Britain, etc.).

Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M.: Rosman. Edited by prof. A. P. Gorkina. 2006 .

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