Introduction

Will, the ability to choose an activity and the internal efforts necessary for its implementation. A specific act, irreducible to consciousness and activity as such. Carrying out a volitional action, a person resists the power of directly experienced needs, impulsive desires: a volitional act is characterized not by the experience of “I want”, but by the experience of “need”, “I must”, awareness of the value characteristics of the goal of the action. Volitional behavior includes decision-making, often accompanied by a struggle of motives (the act of choice), and its implementation.

In psychology, concepts of will are divided into heterogenetic and autogenetic.

The relevance of research

The confusion in concepts associated with the definition of will is clearly visible in a number of authors: on the one hand, will cannot be reduced only to volitional effort, and on the other hand, it does not coincide with voluntary action. Nevertheless, the study of volitional processes of personality seems to be a rather urgent task. After all, a person with a strong will knows how to overcome any difficulties encountered on his way to achieving his goal, while revealing such strong-willed qualities as determination, perseverance, endurance and self-control, independence, determination, discipline, courage and courage.

Goal of the work

Consider the mental processes of a person’s personality.

Job objectives

Define will and its characteristics

Assess the elaboration of the problem in works on psychology

Analyze modern performance about volitional processes of personality

Consider the will in the structure of the human personality

Consider the education of human will

Draw conclusions

Object of study – volitional processes of human personality

The subject of the research is the psychological foundations of the formation of volitional processes of the individual and volitional regulation of consciousness

Definition of will, its characteristics and development of the problem in psychology

Views on the phenomenon of will in the works of domestic psychologists

Will is one of the most important qualities of a person’s personality. There is hardly a parent or teacher who would not strive to cultivate this quality in their children. It is this quality that makes a person a free and conscious subject of his own life. It is the will that allows you to set goals and achieve your goals. We can say that the formation of will is the main line of development of the child’s personality.
Almost all the classics agree on this domestic psychology. So, according to L.S. Vygotsky, personality embraces the unity of behavior, which is distinguished by the sign of mastery, and accordingly, personality development is the formation of the ability to control oneself and one’s mental processes. D.B. Elkonin has repeatedly pointed out that the formation of personal behavior is the emergence of voluntary actions and actions. A.N. Leontyev believed that the formation of will and volition is of cardinal, decisive importance for the development of a child’s personality. L.I. Bozovic also emphasized that the problem of will and volition is central to the psychology of personality and its formation.
Despite all the research in this area, the scientific lack of development of this problem is obvious, which is reflected in the practice of raising children. Most currently available methodological recommendations are limited only to advice: to cultivate will and focus, teach self-control, restrain immediate desires, develop the ability to overcome obstacles, etc. But these tips do not provide specific techniques for shaping the child’s will. As a result, educational work aimed at developing the will comes down to the same calls or even demands addressed to children: not to be afraid of difficulties, to complete the task, to restrain one’s desires, etc. It is obvious that even with the best intentions of educators, but without understanding the psychological foundations of the formation of will, the consistent implementation of these requirements not only does not educate, but also suppresses the will of the child. Because of this, the development of scientifically based methods and techniques for the formation of will, starting from early childhood, is extremely important.

To date, several scientific directions have emerged that interpret the concept of “will” in different ways: will as voluntarism, will as freedom of choice, will as voluntary control of behavior, will as motivation, will as volitional regulation. True, as a rule, the attribution of one or another author to one direction or another becomes purely conditional, since in the position he sets out one can encounter points relating to different directions.

I believe that the development of volitional qualities is laid down in preschool age, and it is at this age that their development is especially important, as a kind of foundation that will be very important in the development of volitional qualities in later ages. Also, I believe that it is necessary to develop a person’s volitional qualities by connecting their consciousness, i.e. so that they are aware of what they are doing.

Study of the will in historical aspect can be divided into several stages.
The first stage is associated with the understanding of will as a mechanism for carrying out actions prompted by the human mind in addition to or even contrary to his desires.
The second is associated with the emergence of voluntarism as an idealistic movement in philosophy.

At the third stage, will began to be associated with the problem of choice and the struggle of motives.

On the fourth, will began to be seen as a mechanism for overcoming obstacles and difficulties encountered by a person on the way to achieving a goal.

At this time, there are two opposing currents on the issue and nature of the will.

One of them replaces will with motives and motivation. In accordance with the views of representatives of this trend, to say “against one’s will” means to say “against one’s desire.” Desire comes in different strengths. Respectively. In this case, the power of desire becomes a substitute for “willpower”. Thus, there is a substitution of ideas about mental and physical volitional tension with ideas about the strength of the experience of need. Desires. Will appears here rather as a conscious (motivational) way of regulating human behavior and activity.

Another current connects will only with overcoming difficulties and obstacles, i.e., essentially, makes the concept of “will” synonymous with the concept of “willpower”. This identification of these two concepts in ordinary consciousness probably occurs as follows. A person who can overcome difficulties is considered to have a strong will, and such a person is usually called strong-willed. Imperceptibly, “willpower” has turned into simply “will,” and now will is understood only as a tool for overcoming difficulties, and volitional behavior is viewed primarily as behavior aimed at achieving a goal, despite existing difficulties. In this regard, ideas arise about volitional and non-volitional subjects, i.e. having or not having a will. Will here acts as a characteristic of personality, character.

But if volitional regulation and volitional behavior are associated only with overcoming difficulties, then what can we call conscious regulation and conscious behavior that are not associated with obligatory difficulties? Why then is this regulation also called volitional, voluntary?

The confusion in concepts associated with the definition of will is clearly visible in a number of authors: on the one hand, will cannot be reduced only to volitional effort, and on the other hand, it does not coincide with voluntary action.

Confusion in the use of the terms “voluntary” and “volitional” is also visible in the names of the so-called secondary types of attention. So, speaking about post-voluntary attention, meaning that when interest in an activity arises (for example, reading), the tension of attention that was necessary at the beginning, until the activity aroused interest, is no longer required. But does the conscious, deliberate nature of attracting attention to this activity disappear? Obviously, it would be better to talk about post-volitional, but still voluntary attention.

The first (motivational) direction in understanding the issue of will neglects the study of volitional qualities (here willpower is replaced by the power of motive, need), the second practically excludes motivation from a person’s volitional activity (since all will is reduced to the manifestation of volitional effort).

The reduction of will to volitional regulation, the separation of volitional regulation from motivation, even terminologically, is not very clear. After all, will is not called will because it manifests itself only in volitional qualities, but on the contrary, volitional qualities are called so because they realize the will, because they manifest themselves voluntarily, consciously, i.e. by the will (at the request) of the person himself. Consequently, the concept of “volitional qualities” is derived from the word “will”, and not vice versa.

Reducing the will as a single integral psychological mechanism only to volitional regulation, i.e. to regulation to overcome obstacles, illegally and on the merits. For example, A.Ts. Pugni (1973) speaks of the multifunctionality of the will, meaning not simply the execution by the will of various tasks at different stages of voluntary action, but rather. Diverse volitional qualities, the specific manifestations of which correspond to various functions performed by the will in the process of self-regulation by a person of his behavior and his actions.

In addition, I.M. Sechenov noted that will (as a mechanism for overcoming obstacles) will not manifest itself just like that, without an idea, without some meaning. Volitional regulation and the volitional qualities associated with it require guidance, for which the basis of action, action, i.e., serves. motive. The presence of a motive reflects the conscious and deliberate nature of regulation, called voluntary. It follows that it is impossible to separate volitional regulation from voluntary regulation.

It is possible to understand what will is only if we can bring together extreme points view, each of which absolutizes one of the mentioned sides of the will: motivation, taken for will, in one case, or a volitional effort aimed at overcoming difficulties, to which will is reduced, in another case. The above approaches to understanding the essence of will reflect its various aspects, reflect its various functions and do not contradict each other at all. In fact, will, on the one hand, is associated with a person’s conscious purposefulness, with the objectivity of his actions and actions, i.e. with motivation. On the other hand, the most striking manifestation of will is observed when overcoming difficulties, hence the opinion that will is needed only for these cases. In reality, volitional (or, in other words, voluntary) control includes both.

Therefore, understanding the phenomenon of will is possible only on the basis of a synthesis of various theories, taking into account the multifunctionality of will as a psychological mechanism that allows a person to consciously control his behavior.

For a comparative understanding of volitional action, it is necessary to consider the dynamics of scientific views on this process. Will - both as a concept and as a real factor of behavior - is historical. Antiquity and the Middle Ages are not familiar with the will in its modern understanding. Probably in connection with this, the concept of will arises simultaneously with the concept of personality in modern times.
Existentialism. The absolutization of free will led to the emergence of the worldview of existentialism, the “philosophy of existence.” Existentialism (M. Heidegger, K. Jaspers, J. P. Sartre, A. Camus, etc.) considers freedom as absolutely free will, not conditioned by any external social circumstances. A person in this concept is considered outside of social connections and relationships, outside of social
cultural environment. Such a person is not bound to society by any moral obligations or responsibilities. For him, any norm acts as leveling and suppression.
I.P. Pavlov's theory of will. Of particular interest is the interpretation of will by I.P. Pavlov, who viewed it as an “instinct (reflex) of freedom,” as a manifestation of vital activity when it encounters obstacles that limit this activity. As an “instinct of freedom,” will is no less a stimulus for behavior than the instincts of hunger and danger. Will as an instinct for freedom manifests itself at all levels of the psychophysiological integrity of the individual, performs the function of suppressing some needs and stimulating others, promotes manifestations of character, self-affirmation of the individual from the ability to stand up for oneself to self-sacrifice.
Psychoanalytic concepts of will. Within the framework of the psychoanalytic concept, scientists (from Z. Freud to E. Fromm) have repeatedly made attempts to concretize the idea of ​​will as a unique energy of human actions. Psychoanalysis interprets the source of people's actions in the biological energy of a living organism. For Freud himself, this is the unconscious and irrational “libido” - the psychosexual energy of sexual desire. Freud explained human behavior by the “cultivated” manifestations of this life-affirming force (“Eros”) and its struggle with a person’s subconscious craving for death (“Thanatos”).
The evolution of these ideas in the concepts of Freud's students and followers is indicative. Thus, K. Lorenz sees the energy of will in the initial aggressiveness of a person. If this aggressiveness is not realized in forms of activity permitted and sanctioned by society, it becomes socially dangerous, since it can result in unmotivated criminal actions. A. Adler, K. G. Jung, K. Horney, E. Fromm associate the manifestation of will with social factors. For Jung, these are universal archetypes of behavior and thinking inherent in every culture; for Adler, the desire for power and social dominance; and for Horney and Fromm, the individual’s desire for self-realization in culture.
In fact, various concepts of psychoanalysis are an absolutization of individual, albeit essential needs as sources and primary contradictions of human actions. Objections are also raised by the general interpretation of driving forces aimed solely at “self-preservation” and “maintaining the integrity” of the human individual. A person can act contrary to the interests of his biological integrity and safety, as evidenced by examples of people’s heroism in extreme situations.
In reality, the motives of volitional actions develop and arise as a result of a person’s active interaction with the outside world. Free will does not mean the denial of the universal laws of nature and society, but presupposes knowledge of them and the choice of behavior adequate to their action.
Modern theories of will. Psychological studies of will are currently divided between different scientific directions: in behaviorism the corresponding forms of behavior are studied, in the psychology of motivation the focus is on intrapersonal conflicts and ways to overcome them, in personality psychology the main attention is focused on identifying and studying the corresponding volitional characteristics of the individual. The psychology of self-regulation of human behavior also studies will.
In other words, in the recent period of the history of psychology, these studies have not stopped, but have only lost their former unity, terminological certainty and unambiguity. Now many scientists are making efforts aimed at reviving the doctrine of the will as a holistic one, giving it an integrative character.
Psychological studies of will are currently correlated with the concepts of human behavior: reactive and active. According to the reactive concept of behavior, all human behavior is mainly a reaction to various internal and external stimuli. The establishment of the reactive concept of behavior as the only acceptable scientific doctrine was influenced by research unconditioned reflexes and conditioning (non-operant conditioning). A reflex in its traditional sense has always been considered as a reaction to some stimulus. Hence the understanding of behavior as a reaction.
The task of the scientific study of behavior within the framework of this concept comes down to finding these stimuli and determining their connection with reactions. For such an interpretation of human behavior, the concept of will is not needed.
According to the active concept of behavior, human behavior is understood as initially active, and he himself is viewed as endowed with the ability to consciously choose its forms. The latest physiology of higher nervous activity, research by scientists such as N.A. Bernshtei and P.K. Anokhin, reinforce this concept from natural science. For active understanding of behavior, will and volitional regulation of behavior are necessary.
But reactive concepts of behavior, especially in the most traditional Pavlovian physiology of higher nervous activity, are still strong.
The outcome of the scientific struggle between them and the theory of active volitional behavior will depend on how much psychologists will be able to prove with experimental data the reality of sources of behavioral activity other than stimuli, how convincingly they can explain various types of behavior without resorting to the concept of a reflex. In this regard, great hopes are placed on modern psychology of consciousness and cognitive psychology.

55. Theories of will in psychology

The will was studied very little, but it was found very early. Often the will was identified with the emotional-need sphere, character, and as an independent part it was poorly studied.

3 stages of the formation of will (James identifies a triad of main mental components):

Intelligence

Feeling

The 70s - a failure in the study of will, the 80s - increased interest in will, in particular volitional regulation. In Russian psychology they studied will in sports, in space, and military developments.

Will– a regulatory function of the brain, which is expressed in a person’s ability to control his behavior and abilities, to overcome obstacles on the path and goal (Selivanov).

Will- voluntary control of one’s own movements (Ilyin).

Study of will: there is no direct relationship between the effectiveness of activity and volitional effort; problem of attitude towards research; difficulties associated with the close relationship between emotions and will; problem of the evaluation criterion, the data is contaminated by a number of factors.

Types of methods.

1. Extensive – various types of extensive assessment of volitional qualities, short-term experiment.

2. Experimental

a) natural experiment

b) laboratory experiment (eg, jumping through a flame with your eyes closed).

Theories of will

Autonomous - consideration of will as an independent mental phenomenon

Heteronomous - the will is associated with other mental manifestations or a special case.

Ilyin classification:

1. voluntarism - Scott, Schopenhauer, Gertman - will is an independent force of the psyche, standing above all mental processes

2. will as free choice(Spinoza, Locke, James, Chelpanov)

3. will as voluntary motivation. The founder - Aristotle: proposed to distinguish between actions - under pressure (desire) and those performed voluntarily.

Levin– 2 types of behavior:

1) determined by the field

2) volitional behavior

As a driving need – quasi-needs. There are several variations of this theory:

Identification of motivation and will

Close relationship. Will is a mechanism for choosing motives, as a process serving the motivational sphere (Levin, Kornilov, Myasishchev)

Will and motivation are not connected (Uznadze, Chkhartishvili)

Understanding will as a real factor of behavior has its own history. At the same time, in views on the nature of this mental phenomenon, two aspects can be distinguished: philosophical and ethical and natural science. They are closely intertwined and can only be considered in interaction with each other.

During antiquity and the Middle Ages, the problem of will was not considered from the positions characteristic of its modern understanding. Ancient philosophers considered purposeful or conscious human behavior only from the perspective of its compliance with generally accepted norms. In the ancient world, the ideal of the sage was recognized first of all, therefore ancient philosophers believed that the rules of human behavior should correspond to the rational principles of nature and life to the rules of logic. Thus, according to Aristotle, the nature of the will is expressed in the formation of a logical conclusion - the source of our conscious actions lies in the human mind.

It should be noted that such views on the nature of the will are completely justified and therefore continue to exist today. For example, Sh. N. Chkhartishvili opposes the special nature of will, believing that concepts target And awareness are categories of intellectual behavior, and, in his opinion, there is no need to introduce new terms here. This point of view is justified by the fact that thought processes are an integral component of volitional actions.

In fact, the problem of will did not exist as an independent problem during the Middle Ages. Man was considered by medieval philosophers as an exclusively passive principle, as a “field” on which external forces meet. Moreover, very often in the Middle Ages the will was endowed with independent existence and even personified in specific forces, turning into good or evil beings. However, in this interpretation, the will acted as a manifestation of a certain mind that set itself certain goals. Knowledge of these forces - good or evil, according to medieval philosophers, opens the way to knowledge of the “true” reasons for the actions of a particular person.

It is likely that the independent problem of will arose simultaneously with the formulation of the problem of personality. This happened during the Renaissance, when people began to recognize the right to creativity and even to make mistakes. The opinion began to prevail that only by deviating from the norm, standing out from the general mass of people, could a person become an individual. At the same time, freedom of will was considered to be the main value of the individual.

Subsequently, the absolutization of free will led to the emergence of a worldview existentialism -"philosophy of existence". Existentialism (M. Heidegger, K. Jaspers, J. P. Sartre, A. Camus, etc.) considers freedom as absolutely free will, not conditioned by any external social circumstances. The starting point of this concept is an abstract person, taken outside of social connections and relationships, outside the socio-cultural environment.

This interpretation of will contradicts modern ideas about man.

The absolutization of free will led representatives of existentialism to an erroneous interpretation of human nature.

One of the first natural scientific interpretations of will belongs to I.P. Pavlov, who viewed it as an “instinct of freedom,” as a manifestation of the activity of a living organism when it encounters obstacles that limit this activity. According to I.P. Pavlov, will as an “instinct of freedom” is no less a stimulus for behavior than the instincts of hunger and danger.

Thus, will in the interpretation of I.P. Pavlov is reflexive in nature, that is, it manifests itself in the form of a response to an influencing stimulus. Therefore, it is no coincidence that this interpretation has found the widest distribution among representatives of behaviorism and received support in reactology (K. N. Kornilov) and reflexology (V. M. Bekhterev).

In recent decades, another concept has been gaining strength and is finding an increasing number of supporters, according to which human behavior is understood as initially active, and the person himself is considered as endowed with the ability to consciously choose a form of behavior. This point of view is successfully supported by research in the field of physiology conducted by N. A. Bernstein and P. K. Anokhin. According to the concept formed on the basis of these studies, will is understood as a person’s conscious regulation of his behavior. This regulation is expressed in the ability to see and overcome internal and external obstacles.

In addition to these points of view, there are other concepts of will. Thus, within the framework of the psychoanalytic concept, at all stages of its evolution from Z. Freud to E. Fromm, attempts were repeatedly made to concretize the idea of ​​will as a unique energy of human actions. For representatives of this direction, the source of people’s actions is a certain biological energy of a living organism transformed into a mental form. Freud himself believed that this is the psychosexual energy of sexual desire.

In fact, various concepts of psychoanalysis represent an absolutization of individual, albeit essential, needs as sources of human actions.

In reality, the motives of volitional actions develop and arise as a result of a person’s active interaction with the outside world, and primarily with society. Free will does not mean the denial of the universal laws of nature and society, but presupposes knowledge of them and the choice of adequate behavior.

The study of will and volitional actions in psychology, as well as the creation of psychological theories of will itself, was preceded by a long stage of consideration of this issue within the framework of philosophical knowledge. Philosophical basis for the decision psychological problem will is the answer to one of the most significant and fundamental questions throughout the development of human knowledge - the question of freedom and necessity.

The concept of will as a determinant of human behavior originated in Ancient Greece and was first formulated by Aristotle. He examined the connection of will with ethics, making man responsible for his destiny and well-being. "It's up to us to be good or bad." Voluntariness for Aristotle is, firstly, freedom of choice, and secondly, orientation towards reasonable goals. The embodiment of will is courage, shown not “under the compulsion of a superior.”

The Dutch philosopher B. Spinoza defined will as a conscious necessity, which is subjectively perceived as one’s own voluntary decision, inner freedom. “People are mistaken in considering themselves free. This opinion is based on the fact that they are aware of their actions, but do not know the reasons by which they are determined.”

I. Kant recognized as equally provable both the thesis about free will and the antithesis that the will is not free. Solving the problem of human freedom, Kant subjected to critical analysis both the Christian doctrine of free will and the concept of mechanistic determinism. Insolvency Christian teaching Kant saw about the will that in it the final cause of human actions is not man himself, but God. And since this reason is beyond the power of man, he ultimately remains a weak-willed toy of supernatural forces.

But mechanistic determinism, according to Kant, is a fatalistic doctrine, which, treating man only as a natural being, turns human behavior into a game of puppets. In reality, Kant wrote, man is not a passive-mechanical, but an active-volitional being, since he is able to set certain goals for himself and build his actions in accordance with them. The mistake of the materialists, Kant believed, is that in place of God's omnipotence they put the power of nature, before which man turned out to be as helpless as before God. In both cases, external, alien forces stand over a person.

Striving for a compromise between materialism and idealism, I. Kant put forward the thesis about the duality of man: he is an empirical and intelligible being. As the first, man is subject to the causal connections of the sensory world and does not have freedom. But as an intelligible being with a moral will, he is absolutely free. In contrast to the will, which is determined by sensory impulses, I. Kant called the will originating from reason free will. He believed that the will becomes free when it is subordinated to the moral law.

G. Hegel tried to overcome the dualism of the Kantian concept, according to which a person turns out to be divided into a thinker, on the one hand, and a leader, on the other. According to his figurative expression, a person’s will, if we follow I. Kant, is, as it were, in one pocket, and thinking in another.

Hegel considered freedom of will to be freedom in general, including freedom of speech, religious freedom, etc., transferring the consideration of this issue from the personal aspect to the socio-political one. Freedom, according to Hegel, is will itself; These are essentially identical concepts.

Hegel viewed free will as a necessary prerequisite practical activities person. Content components of human consciousness - goals, aspirations, etc. - themselves exist only in the form of possibility; it is only a person's intentions. And only the will transfers them from possibility to reality. The antipode of the concept of free will in Hegel’s teaching is the concept of arbitrariness. Arbitrariness, according to Hegel, is the lowest stage of development of the will, “negative freedom.” At this stage we are dealing with natural will, the content of which is passions, inclinations, inclinations, etc. A conscious, free person must suppress subjectivist tendencies in himself and cultivate “a sense of the insignificance of self-love.”

In attempts to explain the mechanisms of human behavior within the framework of the problem of will, a direction arose that in 1883, with the light hand of the German sociologist F. Tönnies, received the name “voluntarism” and recognizes the will as a special, supernatural force. According to the teaching of voluntarism, volitional acts are not determined by anything, but they themselves determine the course of mental processes. German philosophers A. Schopenhauer and E. Hartmann declared their will cosmic force, the unconscious first principle from which all human mental manifestations originate. Consciousness and intellect are, according to Schopenhauer, secondary manifestations of the will.

Voluntarism was opposed by physiologists who viewed volitional (voluntary) behavior not only as deterministic, but also as reflexive. This position was first substantiated by I.M. Sechenov in the classic work “Reflexes of the Brain.” Sechenov categorically disagreed with the fact that “since a person is free to act both in accordance with his thoughts and desires, and in defiance of them, it means that between him and his actions there must be a special free force, which is called will.”

Another philosophical worldview rooted in the doctrine of free will is existentialism, the most prominent representatives of which are M. Heidegger, K. Jaspers, J. P. Sartre, A. Camus. Existentialism views freedom as absolutely free will, not conditioned by any external social circumstances. Man is not bound to society by any moral obligations or responsibilities. Therefore, he is self-willed and irresponsible. For him, any norm is a suppression of his personality.

IN late XIX- early 20th century In connection with the emergence of psychology as an independent science, numerous attempts were made to experimentally study will. The best known are the works of H. Axa, L. Lange and O. Külpe, A. Michot and N. Prüm, later - studies carried out in scientific school K. Levin. However, despite the value of the results and conclusions of these studies, due interest has not been shown in them. And today, experimental and theoretical studies of will are not very popular in psychology.

A special place was occupied by the study of will in Soviet psychology, in which will was considered from the point of view and in the context of the activity approach. In this regard, it is worth noting the special contribution of S. L. Rubinshtein, L. S. Vygotsky, A. N. Leontiev, A. R. Luria, D. N. Uznadze, A. V. Zaporozhets, V. A. Ivannikov.

According to A. N. Leontiev, an act of will is a process of struggle between competing motives, which unfolds in the direction of actualizing a motive that is social in origin and ideal in form to the detriment of the biological and visual.

The main mechanism of volitional behavior, according to V. A. Ivannikov, is “change and creation additional meaning actions." Volitional regulation in its developed forms is the connection of a directly unimportant, but obligatory action to the value-semantic sphere of the individual, the transformation of a given action into a personal one, the connection of the required behavior with moral motives and values.

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Introduction

Chapter I. The study of will in psychology

1.1 Definition of the concept of “will”

1.2 Volitional regulation of behavior

1.3 Classification of volitional qualities

Chapter II. Experimental study of schoolchildren's willpower

2.1 Description of the study and analysis of the data obtained

2.2 Conclusions on the chapter

Conclusion

Bibliography

Annex 1

Appendix 2

Introduction

In connection with the general revival of interest in humanitarian, specific human problems psychology in last years there is increased attention to will. Once upon a time, back in the 17th - 19th centuries, this problem was one of the central ones in psychological research. At the beginning of the 20th century. Due to the general crisis situation in this science, research on the will has faded into the background. This problem turned out to be the most difficult of those that had to be posed and solved at the new methodological basis. But it was impossible to ignore it and completely ignore it, since the will is one of those mental phenomena (along with the imagination) that plays a vital role and which does not need to be proven.

One of the essential features of an act of will is that it is always associated with making efforts, making decisions and their implementation. Will presupposes a struggle of motives. Based on this essential feature, a volitional action can always be separated from the rest. A volitional decision was usually made in conditions of competing, multidirectional drives, none of which is able to finally win without making a volitional decision.

Will presupposes self-restraint, restraining some fairly strong drives, consciously subordinating them to other, more significant and important goals, and the ability to suppress desires and impulses that directly arise in a given situation. At the highest levels of its appearance, will presupposes reliance on spiritual goals and moral values, on beliefs and ideals.

Many scientists such as E.P. Ilyin, B.G. Ananyev, A.I. Vysotsky, who studied the psychology of adolescence, drew attention to the predominance of the emotional sphere over the will in minors, which manifests itself, for example, in emotional instability, irritability and even aggressiveness. Since the life experience of adolescents is insufficient, they tend to strive for self-affirmation, to demonstrate their independence. Among their peers, they often strive to assert their position and show themselves as people who know life. This statement is often associated with imitation of antisocial forms of behavior (rejection of educational measures).

For a teenager, willpower as a character trait is one of the first places. Strong-willed people become for him an ideal that he would like to be like. However, it is about teenagers that it is customary to say that their will is weak.

Children of this age have a very pronounced desire to select arguments in favor of emotionally more attractive behavior, at the expense of necessary, required behavior. In other words, in adolescents, strong emotions are much more likely than in adults to block a rational decision.

Parents and teachers influence the formation of a teenager’s personality, and that is why close attention to the issues of formation and education of will in adolescence is an important condition for effectiveness individual approach in educational work.

The central place in the work is occupied by the study of the characteristics of volitional regulation of adolescent children.

The purpose of this work is to study the influence of willpower on the education and development of a schoolchild. The purpose of the work determines the solution of the following tasks:

1. Expand the concept of will in psychology;

2. Study and analyze scientific, educational and methodological literature on the problem under study;

3. Research methods that influence increasing the level of volitional development.

To solve the problems, the following were used research methods and techniques:

theoretical analysis methodological and psychological scientific literature on the analyzed problem;

method of N. N. Obozov “Are you a strong-willed person?»

This work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and a bibliography.

ChapterI. The essence of will and its characteristics

1.1 Definition of the concept of “will”

will psychology regulation teenage

WILL is a person’s conscious, purposeful activity, which involves overcoming external and internal obstacles on the way to achieving a set goal. Having emerged historically in the process of labor and social activity, the will acts as the active side of reason and moral feelings. It is closely related to a person’s character and plays an important role in the process of cognition and transformation of nature, society and himself.

The manifestation of will (more precisely, “willpower”, volitional effort) in various specific situations makes us talk about volitional qualities, personality traits. At the same time, both the very concept of “volitional qualities” and the specific set of these qualities remain very vague, which makes some scientists doubt the actual existence of these qualities.

There are still great difficulties in deriving or identifying concepts denoting volitional activity. Does a child who demands from his parents that they immediately buy him the toy he likes show persistence and perseverance? Do discipline and initiative always characterize willpower? Why do psychologists always mention determination together with courage? Where is the line between moral and volitional quality? Are all volitional qualities moral? These and a number of other questions are of not only theoretical, but also practical interest, since methods for diagnosing volitional manifestations and pedagogical methods development of a specific volitional quality.

Volitional qualities are features of volitional regulation that manifest themselves in specific specific conditions determined by the nature of the difficulty being overcome.

Desire, desire, will are states of consciousness that are well known to everyone, but cannot be defined in any way. We want to experience, have, do all sorts of things that we are not currently experiencing, having, or doing. If with the desire for something we are associated with the awareness that the object of our desires is unattainable, then we simply desire; if we are sure that the goal of our desires is achievable, then we want it to come true, and it comes true either immediately or after we take some preliminary actions.

The only goals of our desires that we realize immediately, directly, are the movement of our body. Whatever feelings we wish to experience, whatever possessions we strive for, we can achieve them only by making several preliminary movements for our goal. This fact is too obvious and therefore does not need examples: therefore, we can take as the starting point of our study of the will the proposition that the only immediate external manifestations are bodily movements. We now have to consider the mechanism by which volitional movements are made.

Volitional acts are voluntary functions of our body. The movements that we have considered so far belonged to the type of automatic, or reflex, acts, and, moreover, acts, the meaning of which is not foreseen by the person performing them (at least by the person performing them for the first time in his life). The movements which we now begin to study, being deliberate and knowingly constituting an object of desire, are, of course, performed with full awareness of what they should be. It follows that volitional movements represent a derivative, and not a primary function of the body. This is the first point that should be kept in mind to understand the psychology of the will. And reflex, and instinctive movement, and emotional essence primary functions. The nerve centers are so constructed that certain stimuli cause their discharge in certain parts, and a being experiencing such a discharge for the first time experiences a completely new phenomenon of experience.

Will as a conscious organization and self-regulation of activity aimed at overcoming internal difficulties is, first of all, power over oneself, over one’s feelings and actions. It is well known that different people have different degrees of expression of this power. Ordinary consciousness records a huge range of individual characteristics of the will, differing in the intensity of their manifestations, characterized at one pole as strength, and at the other as weakness of will. A person with a strong will knows how to overcome any difficulties encountered on the way to achieving a set goal, and at the same time displays such strong-willed qualities as determination, courage, boldness, endurance, etc. Weak-willed people give in to difficulties and do not show determination and perseverance , do not know how to restrain themselves, to suppress momentary impulses in the name of higher, morally justified motives of behavior and activity.

The concept of will, as is known, has many meanings in psychology. We will assume that will is a person's ability to achieve consciousnessAclearly set goal, while overcoming external and internal obstacles. Volitional behavior in this aspect presupposes purposefulness, self-control of behavior, the ability to refrain, if necessary, from certain actions, that is, mastery of one’s own behavior.

The ability to control one’s behavior is an important quality of a mature, adult person. L. S. Vygotsky said that we can only talk about the formation of personality when there is mastery of one’s own behavior.”

First of all, only actions or processes that are goal-oriented can be called an act of will. A goal is understood as some intended conscious result to which an action should lead. And thus, processes can be divided into two groups: involuntary(these include automatic, instinctive, impulsive actions, i.e. actions on direct impulse, actions under the influence of affect, passion) and intentional, arbitrary, i.e. goal-oriented. It is quite obvious that when we talk about will, we intuitively always classify these processes as voluntary.

1.2 Volitional regulation of behavior

The function of volitional regulation is to increase the efficiency of the corresponding activity, and volitional action appears as a conscious, purposeful action of a person to overcome external and internal obstacles with the help of volitional efforts.

At the personal level, will manifests itself in such properties as willpower, energy, endurance, etc. They can be considered as primary, or basic, volitional qualities of a person. Such qualities determine behavior that is characterized by all or most of the properties described above.

A strong-willed person is distinguished by determination, courage, self-control, and self-confidence. Such qualities usually develop somewhat later than the group of properties mentioned above. In life, they manifest themselves in unity with character, so they can be considered not only as volitional, but also as characterological. Let's call these qualities secondary.

Finally, there is a third group of qualities that, while reflecting a person’s will, are at the same time associated with his moral and value orientations. This is responsibility, discipline, integrity, commitment. This group, designated as tertiary qualities, includes those in which the will of a person and his attitude to work simultaneously appear: efficiency, initiative.

A volitional action, a need in a person, arises when an obstacle appears during the manifestation of motivated activity. An act of will is associated with overcoming it. It is necessary to realize and comprehend the essence of the problem that has arisen.

Volitional regulation is necessary in order to keep in the field of consciousness for a long time the object that a person is thinking about, to maintain attention concentrated on it. The will is involved in the regulation of almost all basic mental functions: sensations, perception, memory, thinking, speech. The development of these processes from lower to higher means a person’s recognition of volitional control over them.

Volitional action is always associated with the consciousness of the purpose of the activity, its significance, and the subordination of the functions performed to this purpose. Sometimes there is a need to give some special meaning, and in this case the participation of the will in the regulation of activity comes down to finding the appropriate meaning, the increased value of this activity. In cases where it is necessary to find additional situations of fulfillment, completion of an already started activity, and then the volitional meaning-forming function is associated with the process of performing the activity. In the third case, learning something may appear, and actions associated with the learning acquire a volitional character.

Volitional regulation can be included in an activity through the stages of its implementation: initiation of fundraising activities and methods of its implementation, adherence to the intended plan or deviation from it, control of execution. Finally, volitional regulation of control over the execution of an action consists in the fact that a person consciously forces himself to carefully check the correctness of the actions performed when there is no longer any strength left for this.

1.4 Classification of volitional qualities

At the moment, several approaches to the classification of volitional personality traits have developed in psychology.

For example, F.N. Gonobolin divides volitional qualities into two groups associated with activity and inhibition of unwanted actions and mental processes. He attributes determination, courage, perseverance and independence to the qualities of the first group; the qualities of the second are endurance (self-control), endurance, patience, discipline and organization. True, at the same time, F.N. Gonobolin adds that it is impossible to strictly divide all the volitional qualities of a person into two groups depending on the predominance of the processes of excitation and inhibition. Sometimes, while suppressing some actions, a person becomes active in others. And from his point of view, this is what distinguishes him from his point of view: discipline and organization.

V.I. Selivanov also considers the dynamics of the processes of excitation and inhibition to be an objective basis for distinguishing between various volitional qualities. In this regard, he divides volitional qualities into those that provoke, enhance activity, and those that inhibit, weaken or slow it down. He includes initiative, determination, courage, energy, courage in the first group; to the second group - endurance, endurance, patience.

Another approach to the classification of volitional qualities is based on the idea expressed by S. L. Rubinstein about the correspondence of various volitional qualities to the phases of the volitional process. Thus, he attributes the manifestation of initiative to the very initial stage volitional action, after which autonomy and independence are manifested, and at the stage of decision-making, decisiveness is manifested, which at the stage of execution of volitional action is replaced by energy and perseverance.

This idea of ​​S. L. Rubinstein was developed by M. Brikhtsin. He identified 11 links of mental control and attributed to each of them the manifestation of certain volitional qualities. True, the category of volitional properties included foresight, quickness (dexterity), prudence and other personality characteristics that are difficult to attribute to the actual manifestations of volition.

V.V. Nikandrov proceeds in his classification of volitional qualities from the idea of ​​the presence of spatio-temporal and information-energetic parameters in manifestations of will. Spatial characteristics consists in the direction of volitional action on the subject himself, temporary - in its processuality, energetic - in the volitional effort in which energy is expended, informational - in motives, goals, methods of action and the achieved result. In accordance with this, he classifies independence (independence, determination, confidence) as a spatial parameter, perseverance (persistence, patience, stubbornness, resilience, firmness, integrity, consistency) as a temporary parameter, and determination and self-control (restraint, control) as an energy parameter. , courage, bravery, courage), to information - integrity.

This classification is also not ideal, since many terms duplicate each other (perseverance - firmness, independence - independence, self-control - determination, courage - courage), and, in addition, volitional effort is manifested in all volitional qualities, and therefore and energy, therefore the energy parameter should be attributed to all qualities, and not just to determination and self-control

Among sports psychologists, it is customary to divide volitional qualities according to the degree of their significance for a particular sport. Most often they are divided into general and basic.

The former are related to all types of sports activities, the latter determine performance in a specific sport. To the general volitional qualities of P.A. Rudik, E.P. Shcherbakov attributed the dedication, discipline and confidence of A.Ts. Puni and B.N. Smirnov considers only determination to be a general strong-willed quality.

The main P. A. Rudik and E. P Shcherbakov include perseverance, perseverance, endurance and self-control, courage and determination, initiative and independence.

F. Genov and A. Ts. Puni divide volitional qualities into three groups: those leading for a given sport, those closest to the leaders and those following them (supporting).

Another way to solve the problem of classifying volitional qualities is taken by V.K. Kalin. Based on the functions of volitional regulation, he divides volitional qualities into basal (primary) and systemic (secondary). The first ones he considers are energy, patience, endurance and courage.

During the accumulation of life experience, basal volitional qualities gradually “overgrow” with the knowledge and skills necessary to carry out volitional regulation different ways, compensating for the insufficiently effective manifestation of volitional efforts. Thus, a low level of development of any basal qualities forces the formation of more complex systemic (secondary) volitional qualities from elements that perform compensatory functions.

The systematic nature of secondary volitional qualities is connected, according to V.K. Kalin, not only with the inclusion of a number of basal volitional qualities as components, but also with the accumulation of knowledge and skills in volitional regulation, the use of a variety of direct and indirect methods of regulation, with a wide inclusion of functional manifestations related to the intellectual and emotional spheres. The latter, the author notes, allows us to raise the question of dividing systemic qualities into strictly volitional and encompassing functional manifestations different areas(volitional, emotional and intellectual).

An example of a systemic volitional quality itself is courage, which includes courage, endurance and energy as its components.

On systemic secondary volitional qualities of V.K. Kalin also includes perseverance, discipline, independence, purposefulness, initiative, organization, including functional manifestations not only volitional sphere, but also other aspects of the psyche. In these qualities, the author notes, personal self-regulation of activity is most pronounced.

VK Kalin considers self-management of the organization of mental functions to be the highest and most complex systemic volitional quality, i.e. the ability and ability to easily (quickly and at the lowest cost) create and maintain such functional organization, which is most adequate to the goals and conditions of the subject activity. This systemic quality is related to how deeply a person knows the features and patterns of functioning of his psyche.

A large place in the development of this skill is occupied by the prevention (exclusion) of cases of establishing interaction with the environment through energy-intensive functions and minimizing energy costs for volitional regulation itself through the selection of the most adequate methods of volitional regulation.

ChapterII. Experimental study of adolescent willpower

2.1 Description of the study and analysis of the data obtained

To identify willpower in schoolchildren, N.N. Obozov’s method “Self-Assessment of Willpower” was used, which consists of 15 questions. Twenty 8th grade students took part in it. The results were calculated as follows: for the answer “yes” - 2 points, for “don’t know” or “I doubt” - 1 point and for “no” - 0 points. Table 1 shows the overall response results.

Table 1

The survey results showed that the majority of schoolchildren have great “willpower”, and in second place are schoolchildren with average “willpower”.

It should also be noted that willpower in male adolescents is more pronounced than in girls. In my opinion, this may be due to the fact that in boys the development of adulthood is associated with their active orientation

on a certain content of the male ideal - the qualities of a “real man”. This, on the one hand, is strength, will, courage, courage, endurance, and on the other hand, loyalty to friendship and comrades.

The strong-willed qualities of schoolgirls do not manifest themselves so clearly. The difference between girls and boys is that for a girl it is enough to realize that she is acting as she is asked, as long as she is convinced that this is necessary and meaningful. Boys must themselves understand both the meaning and significance of the event. Most girls do not have pronounced strong-willed qualities and do not strive to develop them.

2.2 Conclusions on the chapter

Methods of self-education of will can be very diverse, but they all include compliance with the following conditions.

1. The education of the will should begin with acquiring the habit of overcoming relatively minor difficulties. Systematically overcoming at first small difficulties, and over time even significant ones, a person trains and strengthens his will. It is necessary to consider each obstacle as an “untaken fortress” and do everything possible to overcome it, to “take” this “fortress”. People with an unbending will constantly trained themselves to perform volitional actions in Everyday life and therefore were able to perform exceptional feats in combat and labor activity. 2. Overcoming difficulties and obstacles is done to achieve certain goals. The more significant the goal, the higher the level of volitional motives, the greater the difficulties a person can overcome. It is important that a person, in the midst of everyday affairs, never loses the long-term perspective and does not lose sight of the ultimate goals of his activity. Therefore, a necessary condition for the education of the will is the formation of the highest motives of activity - moral principles and beliefs based on the communist worldview. Especially important In this regard, education of social needs, consciousness and a sense of duty acquires.

3. The decision made must be implemented. Whenever a decision is made, but execution is delayed again and again, the human will becomes disorganized. Systematic failure to implement decisions demagnetizes the human will. But when making a decision, it is necessary to take into account both its expediency and feasibility. Every decision, therefore, must be thoroughly considered, but once decided, it must be carried out.

4. If a person has set a long-term goal and has a long-term perspective, it is very important to see the stages of achieving this goal, outline the immediate prospects, and resolve particular tasks, as a result of which the conditions for achieving the final goal will be created.

To the number the most important conditions The formation of a person’s will includes strict adherence to the daily routine, the correct routine of a person’s entire life. Observations of weak-willed people show that, as a rule, they do not know how to organize either their work or their rest. Grasping at one thing or another, they do not bring anything to the end. A strong-willed person is the master of his time. Reasonably organizing his activities, he slowly carries out his plans, his behavior is characterized by composure and purposefulness. In order to strengthen your will, you need to fight daily with scatteredness and carelessness in work and life.

One of the essential conditions for strengthening a person’s will is systematic exercise. Overcoming difficulties during physical education is a true training not only of a person’s muscles, but also of his will.

I. Exercises for the development of volitional regulation.

Sit back, try to relax.

1. Try to imagine as vividly as possible all the troubles that your lack of a sufficiently developed will has caused you and your loved ones. Imagine all the troubles that could still happen to you in the future because of this. Explore each of them in detail, trying to clearly define what it is. Then write a list of these troubles. Feel in yourself all the feelings that these memories and expectations aroused in you: shame, dissatisfaction with yourself, the desire to avoid repeating such behavior and a persistent desire to change the existing state of affairs.

2. Imagine as vividly as possible all the benefits that developing your will can bring you, all the benefits and joys that you and your loved ones will receive from it. Explore each of these benefits in detail. Try to clearly articulate each of them and then write them down. Give yourself completely to the feelings that these thoughts will evoke in you: the joy of the opportunities opening up before you, the keen desire to realize them, the strong desire to start right away.

3. Try as best you can to imagine that you have a strong and persistent will. Imagine how firmly and decisively you walk, how decisively you behave in various situations: you are focused on achieving your plans, you know how to mobilize all your efforts. Imagine how persistent you are, how well you can control your behavior. Nothing can confuse you. Imagine how you achieve success in your plan. Try to find situations similar to those in which you previously failed to demonstrate sufficient willpower and perseverance. Imagine how you manifest the desired qualities in similar situations.

II. An exercise to develop willpower in everyday life.

The next group of exercises for the development of will is based on the use of countless opportunities that are fraught with everyday worries and responsibilities. Such an exercise, for example, could be getting up in the morning, if you get up ten to fifteen minutes before your usual time. The same can be said about getting dressed in the morning, if you set yourself the task of making each movement with concentration, quickly and accurately, but without rushing. At the same time, you can develop a very important property in everyday life - learn to “hurry slowly.” Modern busy life with all its stress makes us rush even when there is no need for it, simply out of habit.

Hurrying without fuss is not easy, but it is quite possible. If you learn this, you will be able to act effectively and achieve good results without stress and excessive fatigue. This skill doesn't come easy. It requires almost a splitting of the personality - into the one who acts and the one who at the same time observes these actions. But even if you just try to do it, such an attempt will be a good way to develop your will.

In the same way, throughout the rest of the day - be it at work, at work or at home - you can perform numerous exercises for the development of will, which at the same time will help you develop certain necessary qualities. Learn, for example, to maintain peace of mind and be “self-aware” during routine work, no matter how boring and tiring it is. Or manage your feelings and control the expression of impatience when faced with small annoyances and irritations, such as when you are riding in a crowded vehicle, waiting for a door to open, or seeing mistakes from subordinates or injustice from superiors.

And later, at the end of the day, at home, we are presented with a lot of opportunities for such exercises: you can try to control yourself when you have the desire to give in bad mood, which you owe to some irritation, worries or troubles at work. Try to calmly perceive what is happening and resolve all domestic troubles. During meals, you can perform an exercise that is useful not only for developing willpower, but also for health: control the desire or impulses to eat quickly, when you are thinking about work, etc. You need to force yourself to chew your food well and eat in a calm, relaxed state. In the evening, new opportunities open up for us to train our will, for example, not to give in to temptations that would distract us from accomplishing our plans.

Both at work and at home, if possible, we should decisively stop work when we feel tired, and stop the desire to speed up the pace in order to finish it faster. Instead, it's better to give yourself the opportunity to rest wisely. It is much healthier to take a short break only when you feel tired than to rest for a long time after becoming overtired. When industry introduced short and frequent rest breaks, it markedly increased productivity.

During such a rest, it is enough to do some physical exercises or relax by closing your eyes for a few minutes. Fatigue caused by mental work is usually best relieved by physical exercise, although each person must find out by experience what suits him best. One of the advantages of such frequent and short breaks is that a person does not lose interest and desire for the work being done and at the same time overcomes fatigue and nervous tension. An ordered rhythm of activity ensures the harmony of our existence, and harmony is universal law life.

To train your will, it is useful to try to go to bed at a certain time, decisively stopping exciting reading or an interesting conversation. It is difficult, especially in the beginning, to succeed in all of these exercises, and if you try to do everything at once, it will easily lead to the fact that you give up. Therefore, it is better to start with several exercises that would evenly cover the whole day. When you become successful at them, add new ones, replace some, change some. Perform the exercises with interest and pleasure, noting successes and failures, writing down all your achievements and defeats and trying to treat them with sportsmanship. This way you will be able to avoid a life that is too rigid and over-organized; you can make what would otherwise be tedious chores interesting and vibrant.

UPIllustration IV. Physical exercises to develop willpower.

Physical exercise can be very effective if used specifically to develop willpower. As I said French writer Gillet, "gymnastics is primary school for the education of the will... and serves as a model for the education of the mind." In fact, any physical movement there is an act of will, an order given to the body; and the persistent repetition of these acts, carried out with concentration, diligence and patience, trains and strengthens the will. At the same time, a feeling of physical energy arises, blood circulation increases - the limbs become warm, mobile and obedient. All this creates a feeling of moral strength, determination and perfection, which increase the tone of the will and helps to increase its energy. However, it should be emphasized once again that these exercises will bring the greatest benefit only if we make them the only or at least the main goal - the education of the will.

Exercises must be performed with great precision and attention. They should not be too energetic or too relaxed. Each movement or series of movements must be performed with agility and determination. The most suitable sports exercises for these purposes should not be of a forceful or overly stimulating nature, but rather exercises that require patience, calm, dexterity and courage from a person. They must allow for interruptions and allow for a variety of movements.

Most outdoor sports are suitable for willpower training. Golf, tennis, skating, walking and mountaineering are especially good for this. But even if you do not have the opportunity to engage in one of these types, you can always choose physical exercise, which are suitable for solitary study at home.

Conclusion

The topic of this work is “Education and development of will in a schoolchild.” The problems of this topic were dealt with by such scientists as P. Ilyin, B.G. Ananyev, A.I. Vysotsky, P.A. Rudik, S.L. Rubinshteina and others.

The goal is to study the influence of willpower on the education and development of a schoolchild.

In this work, the concept of “will” was characterized, the stages of a volitional act were listed, and a classification of volitional qualities was given.

In the second chapter of this work, a study was conducted, the purpose of which was to identify “willpower” among schoolchildren. It was found that most of the subjects had great “willpower”, and a smaller part had “average willpower”. Techniques and methods for self-education of will were described.

Speaking about the education of the will, we should not forget that the successful implementation of activities depends not only on the formation of certain volitional qualities, but also on the presence of appropriate skills as conditions for the actual implementation of what is planned, the achievement of set goals. It is not enough just to sincerely desire something, but you need to be able to do it. Thus, the formation of useful skills, and above all labor skills, is one of the most important conditions for the successful achievement of set goals.

Finally, it should be pointed out that the development of basic volitional qualities occurs through constant communication of a person with other people, in joint work with them. Outside of society, outside of the collective, the human will cannot develop normally.

Every schoolchild has every opportunity for the development and self-education of will. The earlier the conscious process of training the will begins, the greater success it can achieve.

Thus, will has a beneficial effect on learning, because kids can do it on their own homework, creative tasks, draw conclusions and make decisions, which helps to increase their intellectual level and personal development, and has a positive effect on their future.

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Annex 1

Self-esteem of willpower

The 15 questions below can be answered “yes” - 2 points, “don’t know” or “happens” - 1 point, “no” - 0 points. When working with the questionnaire, remember that there are no bad or good answers. An important factor is that in your answers you must strive for objectivity and write down the answer that first comes to mind.

Questionnaire

1 Are you able to complete the work you have started that is not interesting to you, regardless of the fact that time and circumstances allow you to break away from it and then return to it again?

2 Have you overcome internal resistance without much effort when you had to do something unpleasant (for example, go on duty on a day off)?

3 When you find yourself in a conflict situation at work or at home, are you able to pull yourself together enough to look at it with maximum objectivity?

4 If you are prescribed a diet, will you be able to overcome all culinary temptations?

5 Will you find the strength to get up earlier than usual in the morning as planned in the evening?

6 Will you remain at the scene to give evidence?

7 Do you respond quickly to emails?

8 If you are afraid of an upcoming plane flight or a visit to the dentist, will you be able to overcome this feeling without much difficulty and not change your intention at the last moment?

9 Will you take a very unpleasant medicine that the doctor recommended to you?

10 Will you keep a promise made in the heat of the moment, even if fulfilling it will bring a lot of trouble? Are you a man of your word?

11 Do you hesitate to travel to an unfamiliar city if necessary?

12 Do you strictly adhere to the daily routine of waking up, eating, studying, cleaning and other things?

13 Do you disapprove of library debtors?

14 The most interesting TV show won't make you put off doing it urgent work. Is it so?

15 Will you be able to interrupt a quarrel and remain silent, no matter how offensive the words of the opposite side may seem to you?

Data processing and interpretation

If you scored from 0 to 12 points, then your willpower is not good. You simply do what is easier and more interesting, you take your responsibilities carelessly, and this is the cause of all sorts of troubles.

13-21 points. Your willpower is average. If you encounter an obstacle, you will take action to overcome it. But if you see a workaround, you will immediately use it. Don’t overdo it, but keep your word. You will not take on unnecessary responsibilities of your own free will.

The amount scored ranges from 22 to 30 points. Your willpower is fine. You can be relied upon. You won't let us down. But sometimes your firm and irreconcilable position on unprincipled issues annoys others.

Appendix 2

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