59. The concept of emotions and feelings If perception, sensations, thinking and ideas reflect diverse objects and phenomena, their various qualities and properties, all kinds of connections and dependencies, then in emotions and feelings a person shows his attitude towards

1.1.Definition of emotions and feelings.

When you watch the sunrise, read a book, listen to music, look for an answer to a question, or dream about the future, then, along with various forms of cognitive activity, you show your attitude to the world around you. Reading book, the work performed can make you happy or sad, cause pleasure or disappointment. Joy, sadness, fear, fear, delight, annoyance - these are a variety of feelings and emotions. They are one of the manifestations of human reflective mental activity. “The influences of the external world on a person are imprinted in his head, reflected in it in the form of feelings, thoughts, motives, manifestations of will...” notes F. Engels.

If perception, sensations, thinking and ideas reflect diverse objects and phenomena, their various qualities and properties, all kinds of connections and dependencies, then in emotions and feelings a person shows his attitude to the content of what is being cognized.

Feelings and emotions depend on the characteristics of the reflected objects. Objective relationships develop between a person and the world around them, which become the subject of feelings and emotions.

Emotions and feelings also manifest a person’s satisfaction or dissatisfaction with his behavior, actions, statements, and activities.

Emotions and feelings are a unique personal attitude of a person to the surrounding reality and to himself.

Feelings and emotions do not exist outside of human cognition and activity. They arise in the process of activity and influence its course.

The sources of emotions and feelings are objectively existing objects and phenomena, activities performed, changes occurring in our psyche and body. IN different time The significance of the same objects is not the same. A glass of water drunk to quench your thirst brings pleasure. If you force a person who is not thirsty to drink water, you may experience displeasure and irritation. It's nice to listen to music, but if the concert drags on for too long, the experience becomes dull and fatigue sets in.

The uniqueness of emotions and feelings is determined by the needs, motives, aspirations, intentions of a person, the characteristics of his will and character. With a change in any of these components, the attitude towards the subject of need changes. This reveals a person’s personal attitude to reality.

The world of feelings and emotions is very complex and diverse. The subtlety of its organization and the versatility of expression are often not realized by the person himself. The complexity of the mental analysis of experienced feelings is also explained by the fact that the attitude towards objects and phenomena depends on the cognitive activity or volitional activity that the individual exhibits.

Everyone knows how difficult it can be to talk about your feelings and express your experiences in speech. The words chosen seem to be insufficiently vivid and incorrectly reflect various emotional states and their shades.

1.2.Basic functions of feelings and emotions.

Our feelings perform two functions: signaling and regulating.

The signaling function of feelings is expressed in the fact that experiences arise and change in connection with changes occurring in the environment or in the human body.

The regulatory function of feelings is expressed in the fact that persistent experiences guide our behavior, support it, force us to overcome obstacles along the way, or interfere with the flow of activity, blocking it.

Regulatory mechanisms of emotions can relieve excess emotional arousal or contribute to its increase. For example, melancholy, despair, and grief deeply shake a person’s entire being: they not only cause mental pain, but also cause organic changes that can take on the character of painful disorders. Keep this mental condition extremely dangerous, at the same time, a person is often powerless to remove it through any purposeful activity. Stormy shocks of joy, jubilation, and delight would be no less dangerous for a person if they were not discharged in the form of muscle movements, laughter, and exclamations. Sometimes emotions that have reached extreme tension are transformed into “harmless” processes, such as the secretion of tear fluid, contraction of facial and respiratory muscles. Crying usually lasts no more than 15 minutes. This time is quite enough to discharge excess tension. Following this, the person experiences some relaxation, a slight stupor, which is generally perceived as relief.

Research on the psychophysiology of emotions (P.V. Simonov) shows that in a number of cases, knowledge and awareness of the individual relieve emotions, change the emotional mood and behavior of the individual.

Human emotions and feelings are accompanied by expressive movements: facial (facial muscle movements), pantomimic (body muscle movements, gestures). A sincerely rejoicing person's eyes widen and shine, his lips spread into a smile, his arms open for a hug. Expressive movements represent the expressive side of emotions and feelings and carry out a signaling function. They complement experiences, make them more vivid and easily accessible to the perception of other people.

Voice and facial signaling set up a certain style of communication with the interlocutor and create an atmosphere of mutual contacts. Speech intonations, vocal reactions, facial expressions are the finest tools of communication. Our smile, for example, can be restrained, forced, artificial, sad, sardonic, sincere, etc.

In the distant past, among animals - the ancestors of man - Darwin pointed out, expressive movements were expedient manifestations that helped to withstand the brutal struggle for existence. In progress historical development of humanity, the forms of relationships between people and the outside world have changed, and expressive movements accompanying emotions and feelings have lost their former meaning. U modern man expressive movements fulfill a new purpose - they are a form of communication. From them we learn about the feelings we are experiencing. Often, a teacher uses expressive movements to attract the attention of students, encourage them or express their displeasure, and influence students in a certain way.

The human psyche is so complex that it is not always possible to definitely judge experiences by expressive movements. Already in adolescence, there is a discrepancy between emotions and the forms of their expression. The older a person is and the more subtle and rich his experiences, the more complex and unique the forms of their expression. Accumulating life experience, a person very skillfully learns to manage his experiences and manifestations. Often, elated gaiety masks embarrassment and confusion, and behind the apparent calm lies displeasure and pent-up emotions.

In the art of actors, the transfer of experiences in expressive movements of the face and body reaches extreme virtuosity. In memoirs they often talk about F.I. Chaliapin as a great master of facial expressions and gestures, who, using them, created vivid scenes. Making his first trip abroad and not knowing English, V. Rimsky-Korsakov recalled, Fyodor Ivanovich once addressed the English neighbors at a table in a restaurant with a short speech, imitating the intonations of the English language. Of course, this match did not have the slightest meaning or content. However, it was so similar to the English language, and the imposing figure of Chaliapin in the top hat made such a solid impression that the English understood him and, almost mistaking him for a compatriot, clinked glasses with him and responded, judging by the expression of their faces, with the same kind toast that was for Fyodor Ivanovich remained as incomprehensible as his own “English” speech.

1.3. Basic qualities of emotions and feelings.

The flow of feelings is characterized by dynamics and phases. First of all, this appears in tension and its successive resolution. Tension may increase depending on changes in external circumstances. Anticipation of any events in which a person will have to act decisively and independently contributes to a rapid increase in tension. Depending on the content of the activity and the circumstances under which it is performed, on the individual characteristics of the individual, tension can be experienced as an active state, tonicizing the activity, or it can appear in the constraint of a person’s actions, thoughts, and actions.

Following the tension comes resolution, which is experienced by the person as relief, peace or complete exhaustion.

Any qualitatively diverse feelings and emotions (love, anger, fear, pity, affection, hatred, etc.) can be considered positive, negative or vague (indicative). If the need is satisfied or there is hope for its satisfaction, then positive emotional experiences arise. If something interferes with the satisfaction of needs or the impossibility of satisfying it is realized, then a negative emotional attitude to obstacles.

An indefinite (indicative) emotional experience arises in a new, unfamiliar situation, in the absence of experience in relations with the new world around us or in getting acquainted with the objects of activity. This condition is not long-term or stable. It is removed when the situation changes. With the stability of the objects of influence and the removal of indicative reactions, the uncertain state turns into a positive or negative emotion or feeling.

1.4.Physiological foundations of feelings and emotions.

Special studies show that emotional experiences are caused by nervous excitation of the subcortical centers and physiological processes occurring in the autonomic nervous system... In turn, the subcortex has a positive effect on the cerebral cortex, acting as a source of their strength. Emotional processes cause a number of changes in the human body: in the respiratory, digestive, and cardiovascular systems. In emotional states, the pulse, blood pressure changes, the pupils dilate, there is a sweating reaction, pallor and redness, increased blood flow to the heart, lungs, central nervous system, etc. Various experiences are accompanied by peculiar changes in the internal organs, excited through the sympathetic department of the autonomic system. nervous system.

The leading role in emotions and especially feelings is played by the cerebral cortex of the human brain. I.P. Pavlov showed that it regulates the flow and expression of emotions and feelings, and keeps under its control all phenomena occurring in the body. The cortex has an inhibitory effect on the subcortical centers and controls them.

I.P. Pavlov connected the origin of complex feelings with the activity of the cerebral cortex. Maintaining or destroying systems of connections changes the subjective attitude to reality. He pointed out that the nervous processes of the hemispheres in establishing and maintaining a dynamic stereotype are what are usually called feelings in their two main categories - positive and negative, and in their huge gradation of intensities.

A person experiences ease or difficulty, satisfaction or sadness, vigor or fatigue, depending on the maintenance or destruction of dynamic stereotypes. Negatively colored feelings arise if the usual relationship between the processes of inhibition and excitation is disrupted. Particularly acute experiences are experienced when temporary nerve connections are broken. Favorable, familiar external conditions and good health facilitate the formation of temporary connections and are experienced as positive states.

Electrophysiological studies have shown the enormous importance of special formations of the nervous system for emotional states. The emotional mood and emotional orientation in the environment are largely determined by the functions of the thalamus, hypothalamus and limbic system. Special experiments discovered the existence of centers of positive and negative emotions there, called the “pleasure” and “suffering” centers. The discovery of the centers of “pleasure” and “suffering” showed the enormous role of emotion in the life of higher animals and humans.

The latest research into the functions of the reticular, or reticular, formation reveals the activating influence of the subcortex on emotional life person. It is known that excitation from receptors to the area of ​​the corresponding analyzer follows a specific path. Electrophysiological studies have discovered that there is also a second, nonspecific pathway - through the reticular formation. Nerve stimuli enter it from various sense organs. After processing, the signals are sent to the cerebral hemispheres. The reticular formation, acting as an energy accumulator, is capable of decreasing and increasing brain activity, strengthening, weakening and inhibiting responses to stimuli. The emotional tone of a person, his emotional reactions and manifestations can largely depend on the state of the reticular formation.

The flow of human emotions and feelings is influenced by the second signaling system. Experiences can arise not only from the direct impact of objects, but can also be caused by words. Talking about an experience can evoke a certain emotional state in listeners. Thanks to the activity of the second signaling system, emotions and feelings become conscious processes, acquire a social character, and the relationship between one’s own emotional reactions and socially significant feelings is comprehended. Only with the activity of the second signaling system is it possible to form such complex human feelings as moral, intellectual, and aesthetic.

2. The meaning of emotions and feelings.

Vibrancy and variety of emotional relationships make a person more interesting. He responds to a wide variety of phenomena of reality: he is excited by music and poetry, the launch of a satellite and the latest technological achievements. The richness of a person’s own experiences helps her to more deeply understand what is happening, to penetrate more subtly into the experiences of people and their relationships with each other.

Feelings and emotions contribute to a person’s deeper knowledge of himself. Thanks to experiences, a person learns his capabilities, abilities, advantages and disadvantages. A person’s experiences in a new environment often reveal something new in himself, in people, in the world of surrounding objects and phenomena.

Emotions and feelings give words, actions, and all behavior a certain flavor. Positive experiences inspire a person in his creative searches and bold aspirations. Emphasizing the importance of experiences, V.I. Lenin said that without human emotions there has never been, is not and cannot be a human search for truth.

3. TEST

Feelings and emotions are -

A. joy, sadness;

B. fear, fear;

V. delight, annoyance;

D. all three points.

What do feelings and emotions depend on:

A. from the characteristics of the reflected objects;

B. from the perception of the surrounding world;

B. from human activity;

G. from impressions shown by a person.

3. How many functions do our senses perform:

A. one function;

B. two functions;

V. none;

D. four functions.

4. How long does it take to release excess tension expressed by crying. (indicate duration of crying):

A. 30 minutes;

B. no more than 15 minutes;

B. 5-10 minutes;

D. more than 30 minutes.

5. How feelings and emotions can be considered:

A. positive, negative;

B. only positive;

B. uncertain;

D. positive, negative and uncertain.

6. Polarity is -

A. Triplicity of feelings;

B. an uncertain state turning into positive emotions;

B. circumstances turning into a conflict nature;

D. dual emotional attitude, unity of contradictory feelings.

7. In which human organs do emotional processes cause changes:

A. kidneys, liver;

B. breathing, digestion, cardiovascular activity;

B. stomach, intestines;

D. all of the above.

8. What names did the centers of positive and negative emotions receive:

A. “sadness” and “suffering”;

B. “pleasure” and “pleasure”;

B. “suffering” and “pleasure”;

G. “sadness”, “suffering”, “pleasure”, “pleasure”.

9. It is known that excitation from receptors to the zone corresponding to the analyzer follows a certain path. How many paths can be identified:

V. more than two;

There are only three G.

10. Who owns the words: “... without human emotions there has never been, is not and cannot be a human search for truth...”

A.I.P. Pavlov;

B.V. And... Lenin;

V.F.E. Dzerzhinsky;

Definition, functions of emotions. Classification of emotions. The principle of the unity of intellect and affect (L.S. Vygotsky).

Response plan

Definition of emotions.

1. Various definitions.

   Understanding emotions.

   Characteristics of emotions.

Functions of emotions.

1. According to Simonov.

   List of functions.

Classification of emotions.

Answer:

Definition of emotions.

1. Various definitions.

Emotions (from lat. emovere – excite, excite) - state, associated with the assessment of the significance for the individual of the factors acting on him and expressed, first of all, in the form of direct experiences of satisfaction or dissatisfaction of his current needs. They are one of the main regulators of activity.

Usually emotion defined as special type of mental processes, which express a person’s experience of his relationship to the world around him and himself. The peculiarity of emotions is that, depending on the needs of the subject, they directly assess the significance of objects and situations acting on the individual.

In psychology emotions are defined as experience a person at the moment relationship to something (in a present or future situation, to other people, to oneself, etc.). In addition to this narrow understanding, the concept « emotion " is also used in a broad sense, when it means a holistic emotional reaction personality, including not only the mental component - the experience, but also the specific physiological changes in the body that accompany this experience. In this case we can talk about emotional state of a person.

Emotions – special class of subjective psychological states , reflected in the form of direct experiences of a certain process and the results of practical activities aimed at satisfying its current needs.

Emotions act as an internal language, as a system of signals, directly reflect the relationship between motives and the implementation of activities that correspond to these motives.

Understanding emotions.

Emotions are:

Subjective state (“I’m scared”, “I’m in pain”);

External manifestation (Strike – Run, Strike – Return Strike / Manifestation: facial, pantomimic, behavioral);

Physiological process. Behind emotions lie specific neural processes;

A reaction to something. An emotion can only express the subjective meaning of a situation, providing the subject with the opportunity to rationally understand its meaning.

Evaluating something. Emotions are reactions to subjectively significant states.

Characteristics of emotions.

The attitude towards reflected phenomena, as the main property of emotions, is represented by:

In their quality characteristics, which include

1. Sign– positive or negative;

   Modality- a specific property that distinguishes surprise from anxiety, joy from disgust, anger from sadness, etc.

In the dynamics of the flow of emotions, their duration, intensity and other parameters

In the dynamics of external expression of emotions - emotional expression (facial expressions, pantomime, intonation side of speech).

Functions of emotions.

1. According to Simonov.

1. Reflective-evaluative function. Emotion can be considered as a generalized assessment of a situation. Thus, the emotion of fear develops with a lack of information necessary for protection, such as the expectation and prediction of failure when performing an action that must be performed under given conditions.

2. Switching function. Since a positive emotion indicates the approaching satisfaction of a need, and a negative emotion indicates moving away from it, the subject strives to strengthen the first state and weaken the second. This function is especially clearly revealed in the process of competition of motives, when identifying a dominant need (the struggle between a sense of fear and a sense of duty) and when assessing the likelihood of its satisfaction (for example: reorientation to a less important but easily achievable goal: a bird in the hand defeats a pie in the sky) .

3.Reinforcing function. Direct reinforcement is not the satisfaction of any needs, but the receipt of desirable or elimination of unwanted stimuli.

4. Compensatory function. Being an active state, a system of specialized brain structures, emotions influence other cerebral systems that regulate behavior, the processes of perceiving external signals and retrieving them from memory. It is here that the compensatory significance of emotions is especially clearly revealed. This function is not limited to hypermobilization of the vegetative system. The compensatory value of emotions lies in their replacing role.

List of functions.

Researchers, answering the question of what role emotions play in the life of living beings, identify several functions of emotions:

1. Signaling function of emotions. Emotions also signal importance what is happening for a person: what is more significant evokes stronger emotions. The peculiarity of emotions is that they reflect the relationship between motives (needs) and the success or possibility of successful implementation of the subject’s activities that respond to them. By Leontiev, emotions provide us with information “why and for what are we doing this?” (relationship between result and motive).

2. Reflective (fevaluation function). The reflective function of emotions is expressed in a generalized assessment of events. Emotion, as a special internal state and subjective experience, performs the function of assessing the circumstances of the situation. This function is necessary for the existence of the organism and personality, for their orientation in the world, for the organization of their behavior. Depending on what assessment a person assigns to a situation, he will either avoid it or try to be in it and act.

3. Launcher. Emotions trigger activity.

4. Incentive (stimulating). The drive function is the motivating role of emotions in the mental organization of a person. An emotional experience containing an image of the object of need satisfaction and one’s biased attitude towards it.

5. Organizing/disorganizing. Disorganizing function: the ability of emotions to disrupt goal-directed activity (E. Claparède ) . Emotion itself does not have a disorganizing function; it all depends on the conditions in which it manifests itself. This means that disruption of activity is not a direct, but a side manifestation of emotions.

6. Regulating (reinforcing). We are talking about the influence of emotions on the accumulation and actualization of individual experience. It points to the ability of emotions to leave traces in the experience of an individual, consolidating in him the influences that aroused them. Significant events cause a strong emotional reaction, are imprinted in memory faster and for a long time. Reinforces intermediate activities and results. Identified this function in emotions P.V. Simonov.

7. Emergency exit. Problem solving. A sharp outburst of emotions (tears, screaming, great aggression) is an emergency exit. Typically, such methods of response are called regressive (a return to the methods of response that were inherent earlier)

8. Communicative (expressive). Facial expressions, gestures, postures, expressive sighs, changes in intonation are the “language of human feelings” and allow a person to convey his experiences to other people, inform them about his attitude towards phenomena, objects, etc. Emotional connections are the basis of interpersonal relationships.

9. Anticipating (heuristic). Contains a forecast of events that satisfy motivation. Anticipatory emotions have been successfully studied as part of mental activity when solving creative problems (chess). Emotions of anticipation are associated with the emergence of the experience of a guess, an idea of ​​a solution that has not yet been verbalized. Emotions predetermine the solution to a creative problem.

10. Activations (mobilizing/demobilizing). Emotional states cause either the mobilization of the organs of action, energy resources and protective processes of the body, or, in favorable situations, its demobilization, tuning to internal processes and energy accumulation (Cannon, 1927). It is obvious that the functions of activation and mobilization-demobilization are closely related and the latter can be considered as one of the effective manifestations of the former.

11. Cathartic. Helps relieve anger and irritation.

12. Adaptive. Anokhin: emotions have adaptive significance. They make it clear how successful the activity is, the attitude towards the object (dangerous, not dangerous). Emotions carry out the process of comparing the result with the goal in the action acceptor.

13. Switchable.The switching function of emotions is that they often prompt a person to change his behavior. It is clearly revealed in the competition of motives in which the dominant need is determined (realization in the struggle between fear and a sense of duty)

14. The function of formation and organization of a subjective image. Of great theoretical interest is the function of emotions, clearly outlined in the works IN. Wundt and revealing the role of emotional experiences in the formation and organization of a subjective image. According to Wundt, the emotional tone of sensations (or more complex “units” of reflection), perceived simultaneously or immediately one after another, merges according to certain laws into more and more general resultant experiences, accordingly organizing in perception these “units” themselves (sensations, performances, etc.). Only due to this fusion of senses do we perceive not a set of spots or sounds, but a landscape and a melody, not a set of introceptive impressions, but our body. Thus, emotional experiences act as a synthesizing basis for the image, providing the possibility of a holistic and structured reflection of the mosaic diversity of actually existing stimuli.

Classification of emotions.

1. Mood, emotions and affects.

Emotions vary in intensity and duration, as well as in the degree of awareness of the cause of their occurrence. In this regard, moods, actual emotions and affects are distinguished.

Mood– this is a mild, stable emotional state, the cause of which may not be clear to a person. It is constantly present in a person as an emotional tone, increasing or decreasing his activity in communication or work. Moods have the following peculiarities:

Low intensity. Pleasure does not reach a strong manifestation, the sad mood is not expressed clearly and is not based on intense nervous excitement.

Considerable duration. They develop slowly and are experienced over a long period.

Ambiguity, “unaccountability.” The reasons that caused the mood are poorly understood. If you explain to a person the reasons for his mood, it often goes away quickly.

A peculiar diffuse character. Moods leave their mark on all thoughts, relationships, and actions of a person at the moment.

Actually emotions- this is a more short-term, but quite strongly expressed human experience of joy, grief, fear, etc. They arise due to the satisfaction or dissatisfaction of needs and have a well-understood reason for their occurrence.

Affect- a quickly occurring, very intense and short-term emotional state caused by a strong or particularly significant stimulus for a person. Most often, affect is a consequence of conflict. Features of affects:

Violent external manifestation of emotional experience. During the emotion, a person may not notice his surroundings, not be aware of current events and his own actions. Excitation covers the subcortical centers, which, being freed at the moment from the restraining and controlling influence of the entire cortex, cause a vivid external manifestation of the experienced emotional state.

A short-term manifestation characterized by peculiar features of the course of emotional experience. Affect, being an intense process, cannot last long and becomes obsolete very quickly.

Unaccountability of emotional experience . It can be smaller or larger, depending on the strength of the affect, and is expressed in a decrease in conscious control over one’s actions. In a state of passion, a person is completely captured by the emotional experience and at the same time is poorly aware of its nature and meaning.

Diffuse nature of emotional experience (sharply expressed) . Strong affects capture the entire personality of a person and all his vital manifestations. Particularly sharp changes in affects are observed in the activity of consciousness, the scope of which narrows and is limited to a small number of ideas and perceptions that are closely related to the experience of emotions. With very strong affects, the habitual attitudes of the individual, the nature and content of the reflection of objective reality are often rearranged and sharply changed; many phenomena and facts are perceived differently than usual, appear in a new light, and previously established personal attitudes are broken.

Classification according to A.N. Leontiev.

According to the classification of emotional phenomena A.N. Leontyev stands out three types of emotional processes: affects, actual emotions and feelings.

Affects- these are strong and relatively short-term emotional experiences, accompanied by pronounced motor and visceral manifestations. In a person, affects are caused both by biologically significant factors that affect his physical existence, and by social ones, for example, the opinion of a manager, his negative assessment, and accepted sanctions. A distinctive feature of affects is that they arise in response to a situation that has already actually occurred and in this sense are, as it were, shifted towards the end of events.

Actually emotions in contrast to affects, they represent a longer-lasting state, sometimes only weakly manifested in external behavior. They have a clearly defined situational nature, i.e. express an evaluative personal attitude to emerging or possible situations, to their activities and their manifestations in them. Emotions themselves are capable of anticipating situations and events that have not yet actually occurred, and arise in connection with ideas about experienced or imagined situations. Their most important feature is their ability to generalize and communicate.

The third type of emotional processes are the so-called objective feelings. They arise as a specific generalization of emotions and are associated with the idea or idea of ​​some object, concrete or abstract (for example, a feeling of love for a person, for one’s homeland, a feeling of hatred for an enemy, etc.). Objective feelings express stable emotional relationships.

The principle of the unity of affect and intellect.

Vygotsky used the concept of affect in a broader sense than is generally accepted.

The problem of the unity of affect and intellect was considered by L.S. Vygotsky as the cornerstone of the theory of child mental development. However, this unity manifests itself as a dynamic rather than stable connection between affect and intellect. “The whole point is that thinking and affect represent parts of a single whole - human consciousness.” The unity of affect and intellect, according to L.S. Vygotsky, is revealed, firstly, in the interconnection and mutual influence of these aspects of the psyche on each other at all stages of mental development and, secondly, in the fact that this connection is dynamic, changing, and each stage in the development of thinking corresponds to its own stage in development of affect. Back in the 30s. L.S. Vygotsky pointed out the need to consider the development of affect and intelligence in a dynamic unity. But until now, the development of the child’s cognitive powers and the development of the affective-need sphere are considered as processes that have their own independent, mutually non-intersecting lines. In pedagogical theory and practice, this is expressed in the separation of upbringing from teaching and teaching from upbringing.”

Psychological theory and pedagogical practice are closely related and have a mutually determining influence on each other. The modern practice of public education of preschool children indicates not only the separation of education from education, but also a clear deformation of the pedagogical process towards the one-sided dominance of educational values ​​over educational ones. The kindergarten has largely turned into a teaching and educational institution. In the routine and organization of kindergarten life, the main place is occupied by activities that are in many ways similar to school lessons. Educators are asked primarily to implement the program, and parents are most concerned about how their child is prepared for school. Preparation for school, in the popular understanding, comes down to basic literacy: the ability to read, write, and count. The emotional life of a child, as a rule, is outside the framework of the organized pedagogical process both in kindergarten and at school. Events that worried a child and left a mark on his soul most often remain his personal matter and do not receive due attention from teachers.

Higher mental functions “are as much characterized by a different intellectual as a different affective nature. The whole point is that thinking and affect are parts of a single whole – human consciousness” - Vygotsky.

Answers #3.

Basic properties of emotions.

Basic properties of emotions:

1) Versatility

2) Partiality
3) Integrity

4)Plasticity

5) Adaptation

6) Summation

7) Ambivalence

8) Dynamism

9) Communication skills

10) Contagiousness-

11) Anticipation

12) Mnesticism-

13) Irradiation-

14) Generalization

.
the structure of emotions includes 3 main dimensions:

● excitement-calming;

● voltage-resolution.

An impressive component.

mixed emotion X,

Thus, experience -

Expressive component.

● speech (intonation, etc.),

lower face conventional facial expressions

From sound media

Physiological component.

Classification of feelings.

The traditional division of feelings into lower and higher does not reflect actual reality and is due only to the fact that emotions that reflect the biological essence of a person are also taken as feelings. Feelings reflect the social essence of a person and can reach a high degree of generalization (love for the Motherland, hatred for the enemy, etc.).
Assuming, what sphere of social phenomena becomes the object of higher feelings, they are divided (for example: Rudik, 1978) into three groups: moral, intellectual and aesthetic.
Feelings are called moral which a person experiences in connection with the awareness of the compliance or non-compliance of his behavior with the requirements of public morality. They reflect varying degrees of attachment to certain people, needs to communicate with them, and attitude towards them. Positive moral feelings include feelings of benevolence, pity, tenderness, sympathy, friendship, camaraderie, collectivism, patriotism, duty, etc. Negative moral feelings include feelings of individualism, selfishness, enmity, envy, gloating, hatred, ill will, etc.
Feelings are called intellectual associated with human cognitive activity. K. K. Platonov (1984) refers to these as inquisitiveness, curiosity, surprise, the joy of solving a problem, and P. A. Rudik - a feeling of clarity or vagueness of thought, surprise, bewilderment, a feeling of conjecture, a feeling of confidence, doubt. From this list it is clear that we're talking about rather about cognitive or intellectual emotions than about feelings in the above understanding.

Feelings are called aesthetic associated with the experience of pleasure or displeasure caused by the beauty or ugliness of perceived objects, be they natural phenomena, works of art or people, as well as their actions and actions. This is an understanding of beauty, harmony, the sublime, the tragic and the comic. These feelings are realized through emotions, which in their intensity range from mild excitement to deep excitement, from emotions of pleasure to aesthetic delight.
K.K. Platonov also highlights practical (praxical) feelings, which include interest, boredom, joy, the pangs of creativity, satisfaction with achieving a goal, a feeling of pleasant fatigue, passion for a task, and excitement. As can be seen from this list, most of the phenomena named by Platonov relate either to emotions or to intellectual processes (understanding something), so his attempt to expand the list of feelings should be considered unsuccessful.
Thus, the question of the specific composition of feelings remains open. Most of the so-called feelings are emotions, and many are not emotional attitudes at all, that is, they do not express a biased attitude towards someone or something. These are many of the moral sentiments highlighted in ethics.
It should be noted that the question of which of the biased psychological phenomena refers to emotions, and which refers to feelings, it is sometimes difficult to decide. The fact is that the same phenomenon can act both as an emotion, as a short-term and acute experience, and as a feeling, as a long-term attitude - an attitude towards a given object. For example, you can be jealous of someone at the moment and show all the signs of an emotional state, or you can consider a person as a rival for the possession of something as a permanent prospect, and experience a certain stable attitude towards him, i.e., a feeling. Therefore, we can talk about the emotion of jealousy and the feeling of jealousy.

Physiological theories of emotions (peripheral theory of James-Lange), biological theory of P.K. Anokhin, the central theory of Cannon-Bard, the anatomical and physiological theory of J. Gray, behaviorist theory).

Answers #3.

(Questions 1-21 from the textbook “Emotions and Feelings.” 2nd edition: 2013. Ilyin E. P.)

The concept of emotions, their functions. Differences between emotional and cognitive processes.

Emotions- a special class of mental processes occurring in the form experiences , reflecting a person’s attitude towards the satisfaction or dissatisfaction of his current needs.

IN domestic psychology two aspects of the concept stand out emotions – reflections and relationships: emotions are a specific form of reflection of reality, in which a person’s subjective relationship to the world is expressed.

Functions of emotions- this is their narrow natural purpose , work performed in the body. Researchers of this problem identify the following functions:

1. Evaluation, manifests itself in the fact that emotions are a language, a system of signals through which the subject learns about the significance of what is happening; they do not reflect objective phenomena, but express subjective attitudes towards them. They signal the benefit or harm to the body of a particular stimulus, phenomena that are indicated by a positive or negative sign even before they are subjected to a conscious, logical assessment.

2. Signal , consists of notifying the body and other people about the state of satisfaction or dissatisfaction of the subject’s needs.

3. Protective , consists of warning the subject about a real or imaginary danger (emotions of fear, disgust, etc.).

4. Mobilizing. Emotions can be stimulants (motives) of activity and behavior, and also influence changes in motives.

5. Organizing function emotions - the ability of emotions to redirect the main forces, resources and attention of the body to the organization of some activity, to concentrate these processes on the subject content. However, emotions can lead to disorganization of human behavior and activity - a person who finds himself in the grip of emotions loses his head. Modern psychology believes that emotion itself does not have a disorganizing function, i.e. disruption of activity is an indirect manifestation of emotions. This is due, first of all, to excessively expressed physiological changes in the body that accompany emotions.

6. Regulation as a function of emotions or the ability of emotions to regulate reality, which manifests itself through two complementary functions. First function “consolidation - inhibition”(P.K. Anokhin), 2 - affective trace formation”(A.N. Leontiev), reinforcement (P.V. Simonov), indicates the ability of emotions to leave traces in the individual’s experience, consolidating in him the actions and influences that aroused them. Further, in the actualization of fixed experience, emotions also play a significant role and perform

7. anticipatory function , since the actualization of traces usually precedes the development of events, and the resulting emotions signal their possible outcome.

8. Analysis different opinions By this issue allows us to highlight the main function of emotions - their participation in controlling the behavior of humans and animals. S. L. Rubinstein (1946) wrote that emotions are a subjective form of the existence of motivation (needs).

The role of emotions- this is the nature and degree of participation of emotions in something, determined by their functions, or their influence on something other than their natural purpose. The role of emotions for animals and humans can be positive and negative. The positive role of emotions does not directly correlate with “positive” emotions, and the negative role does not correlate directly with “negative” emotions. The latter can serve as an incentive for human self-improvement, and the former can be a reason for complacency.

In psychological science, there is a tradition of isolating emotional processes into a separate sphere, opposed to the cognitive sphere (mind - heart, feelings - cognition, intellect - affect).

Recognizing emotions as a special class psychic phenomena is associated with the problem of determining their specificity (differences from cognitive or motivational-need processes). Emotions accompany, evaluate and express a subjective attitude towards the cognizable content, i.e. One of the main characteristics of emotions is objectivity, which is the main criterion for classifying emotions as a separate class of mental phenomena.

The main differences between emotional and cognitive processes also include the following::

1) relationships that are expressed in emotions are always personal, subjective in nature and differ significantly from those objective relationships between objects and phenomena of reality that are established by a person in the process of learning about the world around him. The same object or the same phenomenon of reality can sometimes evoke a completely opposite subjective attitude;

2) emotional phenomena are less influenced by social factors and are more associated with innate mechanisms. They are also less mediated by speech and other sign systems, less conscious, less manageable and controlled than cognitive processes;

3) qualitative features (modalities) of emotional phenomena - joy, fear, anger, etc. - are specific and differ from the qualitative features of the cognitive sphere (for example, sensory modalities);

4) emotional phenomena are closely related to human needs. cognitive processes are determined to a lesser extent by needs;

5) emotional phenomena are closely related to various physiological processes and conditions (vegetative, hormonal, etc.). Cognitive processes interact to a lesser extent and in different ways with the functioning of various physiological systems;

6) emotional phenomena are included as an obligatory component in the structure of the personality as its main (“nuclear”) formations. Therefore, various emotional disorders lead, as a rule, to various personality disorders. Cognitive processes determine the structure of the personality to a lesser extent: their violations (for example, partial cognitive disorders) are compatible with the preservation of the personality as such.

As J. Reikowski notes, in everyday experience, order, harmony, and organization are usually attributed to the functioning of intellectual processes, while emotional reactions are characterized by uncertainty, unpredictability and chaos. However, at present there is reason to believe that everything is just the opposite: it is thinking that can proceed freely, in an uncertain and unpredictable way, while the functioning of emotions is subject to strictly defined patterns, and everything that is determined by them is quite stereotypical, stable and - despite on the variety of forms - similar.

Thus, emotions - this is a special class of mental phenomena that reflect in the form of direct experience(satisfaction, joy, fear, etc.) significance for the subject of external and internal events and regulating his activities and behavior in accordance with them.

Basic properties of emotions.

Basic properties of emotions:

1) Versatility- independence of emotions from the type of need and the specifics of the activity in which they arise. Anxiety, joy, and anger can arise when any need is satisfied.

2) Partiality(subjectivity) - the dependence of a person’s response to various events in his life on his subjective attitude towards them (determined by his needs, attitudes, experience, temperament, etc.). The same reason evokes different emotions in people depending on their individual typological and personal characteristics and the situation in which they find themselves.
3) Integrity- unification into a single whole of all body functions. This property of emotions, according to P.K. Anokhin, allows, even before the form, type, mechanism and other parameters of certain influences are determined, to instantly assess their usefulness or harm to the body and quickly respond using a certain quality of the emotional state , thereby contributing to the successful adaptation of the individual.

4)Plasticity- an emotion of the same modality can be experienced with various shades(intensity, duration, sign, etc.). For example, a person can enjoy fear, revel in his sadness, etc.

5) Adaptation- dulling, reducing the severity of experiences with long repetition of the same influences. For example, frequently rewarding employees in the same way leads to the fact that they stop reacting emotionally to these rewards.

6) Summation- combining individual emotions into more complex emotional formations. Emotions associated with the same object are summed up throughout life, which leads to an increase in their intensity, strengthening of feelings, as a result of which their experience in the form of emotions becomes stronger. Often the process of summation of emotional experiences is hidden and is not realized by a person (the “last straw” effect).

7) Ambivalence- inconsistency of emotional experience associated with an ambivalent attitude towards something or someone, i.e. a person can experience both positive and negative emotional states at the same time.

8) Dynamism- temporary development of emotional reactions, which consists in the phase nature of their course, i.e. in the build-up of tension and its resolution. Emotional tension increases in a situation of anticipation or with the continuous impact of an unpleasant stimulus on a person, which develops into an emotional explosion. When an event occurs, the tension that has arisen is resolved and fades away.

9) Communication skills- transfer of information from one participant in communication to another through emotional expression (intonation, tempo, timbre, etc. As K. Izard notes, a child, long before he can understand speech addressed to him and pronounce individual words, is able to inform others about your internal state using means of emotional expression.

10) Contagiousness- transfer of emotions to other people (general joy, panic, etc.)

11) Anticipation(anticipation) - forecasting a probabilistic outcome significant events before they are completed.

12) Mnesticism- memory for emotions when repeatedly exposed to or imagining the situation in which they arose.

13) Irradiation- the ability to spread an emotional experience from the circumstances that originally caused it to everything that a person perceives. To a happy person“everyone is smiling” seems pleasant and joyful.

14) Generalization- the emergence of emotions under the influence of indifferent stimuli similar to emotiogenic ones. A negative emotional reaction to a dog due to a bite or loud barking is transferred to similar objects (to any other dog, a similar toy, etc.). Generalization occurs not only on the basis of the physical and semantic similarity of stimuli, but also extends to objects that appeared simultaneously with the source of emotional experience. This indicates the possibility of forming a conditioned reflex connection between the experience and the entire emotiogenic situation as a whole, due to which even neutral elements of this situation acquire the ability to evoke certain emotions. Moreover, the individual most often tries to avoid everything that may be associated with the situation that caused strong negative experiences, thereby preventing the possibility of the formation of others (positive or neutral).

3.Structure of emotions. Content characteristics of the structural components of emotions.
The idea of ​​the complexity of the psychological structure of emotions was first formulated by W. Wundt. In his opinion, the structure of emotions includes 3 main dimensions:

● pleasure-displeasure;

● excitement-calming;

● voltage-resolution.

Subsequently, these views on the structure of emotions were developed and, to a certain extent, transformed in the works of other foreign and domestic psychologists. Currently, the following components are called the main ones in the structure of emotions:

1) impressive (internal experience);

2) expressive (behavior, facial expressions, motor and speech activity);

3) physiological (vegetative changes). This view of the structure of emotions is shared by E.P. Ilyin, K. Izard, G.M. Breslav, A.N. Look, R. Lazarus, et al.

Each of these components in various forms of emotional response can be expressed to a greater or lesser extent, but all of them are present in each holistic emotional reaction as its components.

An impressive component.

According to S.L. Rubinstein, experience is a unique event of inner life, a manifestation of the individual history of a person. The main function of experience is the formation of a specific, subjective experience of a person, aimed at identifying his essence, place in the world, etc.

According to the sign, emotional experiences are divided into positive and negative , i.e. pleasant and unpleasant. This polar division of experiences by sign is generally accepted.P. V. Simonov talks about mixed emotion X, when both positive and negative connotations are combined in the same experience (getting pleasure from experiencing fear in a “horror room” or riding a “roller coaster”). There is a conventional division of emotional experiences according to different durations: fleeting, unstable (for example, appearing on a second or two of annoyance in a basketball player who did not hit the ball in the basket), long lasting, lasting several minutes, hours and even days (for example, in first grade children, negative experiences after evacuation from school, provoked by a “bomb” planted in it, were observed for three days) and chronic (which occurs in pathology).

It is significance that is the most essential criterion for understanding the essence of the concept of “experience,” since experiences can also be unconscious. In this case, significance can act both as a source and as a result, a product of the experiencing process.

Thus, experience - this is a manifestation of a person’s subjective attitude to any external or internal event of his life, expressing the nature (usefulness, necessity, danger, etc.) and the degree of its significance for the subject.

Expressive component. Emotional experiences have a certain expression in a person’s external behavior: in his facial expressions, pantomime, speech, and gestures. All means of emotional expression can be divided into:

● facial expressions (expressive facial movements),

● speech (intonation, etc.),

● sound (laughter, crying, etc.),

● gestural (expressive hand movements)

● pantomimic (expressive movements of the whole body).

Mimic means of expression. The human face has the greatest ability to express various emotional shades. With the help of facial expressions, i.e. coordinated movements of the eyes, eyebrows, lips, nose, etc., a person is able to express the most complex and varied emotions. P. Ekman and K. Izard described the facial signs of primary, or basic, emotions (joy, grief, disgust-contempt, surprise, anger, fear) and identified three autonomous zones of the face: forehead and eyebrow area, eye area(eyes, eyelids, base of nose) and lower face(nose, cheeks, mouth, jaw, chin). There is also the so-called conventional facial expressions as a generally accepted way of expressing emotions in a given culture. Also, each person has a certain repertoire of facial reactions that is characteristic only of him, repeated in a variety of situations: closing or opening his eyes wide, wrinkling his forehead, opening his mouth, etc. J. Reikovsky identifies the following main factors in the formation of facial expression of emotions: 1) innate species-typical facial patterns corresponding to certain emotional states; 2) acquired, memorized, socialized ways of expressing feelings, subject to voluntary control; 3) individual expressive characteristics characteristic only of a given individual.
Speech means of emotional expression. The expression of emotions through various speech means has acquired great importance in human relationships. The main characteristics of speech emotional expression are: intonation, clarity of diction, logical stress, rate of articulation and pausing, clarity of voice, lexical richness, free and accurate expression of thoughts.

From sound media The most characteristic expressions are laughter and crying.
Laughter is an expression of several emotions, so it has different shades and meanings. Laughter in humans begins with inhalation, followed by short spasmodic contractions of the chest, abdominal barrier and abdominal muscles.

Physiological component.

Emotions have specific physiological mechanisms. They are sometimes very difficult to implement. Experiences of more or less strong emotions lead to a number of changes in the body. Examples: faster or slower heartbeat, change in breathing rate, dry mouth and throat, sweating, trembling, feeling weak in the stomach.
Most of the physiological changes that occur during emotional arousal are a consequence of the activation of the sympathetic nervous system, when it prepares the body for emergency action. The sympathetic department is responsible for the following changes: increased blood pressure and increased heart rate, increased breathing, dilated pupils, increased sweating, decreased salivation, increased blood sugar levels, increased blood clotting rate, raised hairs on the skin, etc.
The sympathetic department adapts and adjusts the body to energy expenditure. When the emotion subsides, the energy-saving functions of the parasympathetic department begin to predominate, returning the body to its normal state.
The fact is that any “active” emotion is accompanied by excitation of the sympathetic department.
Thus, subjective experiences are closely related to physiological processes. Emotion is largely subjective reflection physiological changes in the body.

The concept of emotions and feelings. Classification and types of emotions.

Emotions are an integral part human existence, without emotions, a person would act like a passionless automaton, would not be able to be sad and happy, experience excitement and admiration. A person experiences what happens to him and what is done by him; he relates in a certain way to what surrounds him and to himself.

Emotions and feelings– the process of reflecting a person’s subjective attitude towards objects and phenomena of the surrounding world, other people and himself in the form of direct experience. Emotions express the state of the subject and his attitude towards the object.

Emotions and feelings– forms of experiencing a relationship to an object, emotions – unstable and short-term, feelings – stable and long-lasting.

Physiological basis emotional experiences are neurohumoral changes in the body in response to various signals.

Emotions- a complex mental process that includes three main components.

1. Physiological - represents changes in physiological systems that occur during emotions (changes in heart rate, breathing rate, changes in metabolic processes, hormonal, etc.).

2. Psychological - the actual experience (joy, grief, fear, etc.).

3. Behavioral - expression (facial expressions, gestures) and various actions (flight, fight, etc.).

The first two components of emotions are their internal manifestations, which are “closed” inside the body. Excessive emotional energy is released and discharged thanks to the third component - behavior. Because cultural norms modern society, as a rule, require restraint in the manifestation of feelings, for physical and mental health a person needs a time-delayed release of excess energy. It can occur in the form of any movements and actions acceptable for the person and for society: outdoor games, walking, running, shaping, dancing, household activities (washing, cleaning, etc.).

Emotions differ from cognitive mental processes and have certain distinctive characteristics .

Firstly, they are characterized polarity, that is, they have a positive or negative sign: fun - sadness, joy - sadness; happiness - grief, etc. In complex human feelings, these poles often act as a contradictory unity (love for a person is combined with longing and concern for him).

The second distinguishing characteristic of emotions is their energy saturation It was in connection with emotions that Freud introduced the concept of energy into psychology. The energy of emotions manifests itself in the opposites of tension and release.

There are sthenic emotions, characterized by an increase in activity (delight, anger) and asthenic, accompanied by a decrease in activity (sadness, sadness).

One more the most important characteristic emotions is theirs integrity,integrity: All psychophysiological systems of a person and his personality participate in emotional experience; they instantly cover the entire body and give a person’s experiences a certain coloring.

Therefore, psychophysiological changes can serve as indicators of the emotional state: shifts in heart rate, breathing, body temperature, galvanic skin response, etc. (For example, English psychophysiologists recorded changes in GSR in subjects during the process of remembering the air raids on London).

Finally, it is necessary to note one more feature of emotions - inseparability them from other mental processes. Emotions are, as it were, woven into the fabric of mental life; they accompany all mental processes. In sensations they act as the emotional tone of sensations (pleasant - unpleasant), in thinking - as intellectual feelings (inspiration, interest, etc.).

Emotions are not cognitive process in the strict sense of the word, since they do not reflect the properties and characteristics external environment, they reflect the subjective significance of the object for a person.

Highlight kinds emotions : by direction (neutral, positive and negative), by impact on the personality (constructive and destructive), by intensity:

· mood– a background emotion of low intensity, the causes of which, as a rule, are not realized, and which has little effect on the effectiveness of activities.

· tension– level of intensity of emotional experience, when typical behavioral reactions (voice, speech, tone, etc.) are disrupted. It can be operational, i.e. caused by the complexity of performing an action (operation), for example, a new or precise movement, and emotional - fear of failure, increased responsibility for the result, etc.

· passion– passion, during which other events of the surrounding reality are de-actualized, i.e. reduce their significance, for example, engaging in hobbies, gambling, etc.

· stress– nonspecific, i.e. response to a stimulus that does not correspond to the signal. It can manifest itself as a minor or significant change in state and behavior, up to the cessation of activity.

· affect– strong experience with loss of conscious control over one’s actions (for example, hysteria).

Thus, Wundt identified a triad of the direction of feelings, dividing pleasure and displeasure, tension and resolution, excitement and calm. It reflects the sign of emotion, the level of its sthenicity and dynamic characteristics: from tension to release. Based on this triad, any emotion can be characterized.

Classification of emotions. In development psychological science Attempts have been made repeatedly to classify emotions.

One of the first attempts belongs to Descartes, who identified 6 feelings: joy, sadness, surprise, desire, love, hatred. Descartes believed that these feelings are basic, basic, their combination gives rise to the whole variety of human emotions.

At the beginning of the century, an American psychologist Woodworth proposed a linear scale of emotions that reflects the entire continuum of emotional manifestations:

1. Love, fun, joy.

2. Surprise.

3. Fear, suffering.

4. Anger, determination.

5. Disgust.

6. Contempt.

On this scale, each emotion is somewhere between two neighboring ones.

American psychologist K. Izard suggests considering the following as the main or, in his terminology, fundamental emotions:

1. Interest.

2. Joy.

3. Surprise.

4. Grief, suffering and depression.

6. Disgust.

7. Contempt.

9. Shame and shyness.

Izard calls these 10 emotions fundamental because each of them has: a) a specific neural substrate; b) expressive neuromuscular complexes characteristic only of it; c) own subjective experience (phenomenological quality). Each of these emotions is described according to several parameters: the sign of the emotion, the conditions of its occurrence, its biological and psychological significance.

It should be noted that specified classifications rather represent an enumeration. Attempts to classify emotions based on specific grounds belong to other researchers.

Functions of emotions

About functions of emotions There are different points of view in psychology. In particular, emotions are considered as a rudiment, an affective trace of instinct (McDaugall), and, like any rudiment, emotion is doomed to gradual extinction and death.

Functions emotions are as follows:

· communicative– transfer of information;

· motivational– stimulation of activity;

· evaluative– performance criterion;

· signal– warning about possible danger;

· regulating– changing the condition through hormonal balance.

Any interaction between people is always accompanied by emotional manifestations; Mimic, pantomimic movements allow a person to convey information about his attitude towards other people, phenomena, events, and his condition. Thus, emotions perform communicative function.

Emotions serve a function motivation for activity and stimulation Thus, interest “catches” attention and keeps it on the object, fear forces one to avoid dangerous objects and situations. Due to their special energy saturation, emotions stimulate the flow of other mental processes and activities. This is associated with the mobilization of all the forces of the body in difficult, responsible situations (during an exam, a responsible performance, emergency situations, etc.).

The most important function of emotions is evaluative,emotions evaluate the significance of objects and situations. Moreover, very often such an assessment is carried out in conditions of a lack of time or information about an object or situation. An emotionally charged attitude compensates for the impossibility of a complete logical analysis. Indeed, often in situations of lack of information, the emerging emotional background helps a person to orient himself and make a decision about whether a suddenly arising object is useful or harmful, whether it should be avoided, etc.

Human emotions are closely related to needs, they arise in activities aimed at satisfying needs, they restructure human behavior in the direction of satisfying needs, this is where their regulating function.

3. The relationship between feelings and emotions. Types of feelings. Feelings as an indicator social development personalities

Feelings - more persistent mental formations, they can be defined as a complex type of stable emotional attitude of a person to various aspects of reality.Feelings are formed, as a rule, on the basis of secondary, spiritual needs and are characterized by a longer duration.

Feelings are differentiated depending on the subject area to which they relate. In accordance with this, they are divided into: intellectual, aesthetic, moral.

Intellectual feelings- experiences that arise in the process of intellectual activity, such as curiosity, surprise, doubt, etc.

Aesthetic feelings arise and develop during the perception and creation of beauty and represent a person’s emotional attitude to beauty in nature, in people’s lives and in art (for example, a feeling of love for music, a feeling of admiration for a painting).

Moral feelings- the emotional attitude of an individual to people’s behavior and to his own. In this case, behavior is compared with the norms developed by society (for example, a sense of duty, humanity, goodwill, love, friendship, sympathy, etc.).

Questions for group reflection:

1. What quality of reality is presented to a person directly in the emotions he experiences?

2. Describe in detail the essence of the dual nature of emotions.

3. What is an emotional situation?

4. How does an emotional reaction differ from an emotional state?

5. List the main functions of emotions.

Question for self-study:

The role of attention, feelings and emotions in sports activities.

Additional material:

Emotional states longer lasting and more stable than emotional reactions. They coordinate the needs and aspirations of a person with his capabilities and resources at any given moment in time. Emotional states are characterized by changes in neuropsychic tone.

Emotional properties- the most stable characteristics of a person, characterizing the individual characteristics of emotional response, typical for a particular person. These include a number of features, such as emotional excitability, emotional lability, emotional viscosity, emotional responsiveness and empathy, emotional coarsening, alexithymia.

Emotional lability - variability of emotions and mood, for various, often the most insignificant reasons. Emotions fluctuate in a very wide range from sentimentality and tenderness to tearfulness and weakness.

Emotional monotony characterized by monotony, immobility of emotional reactions, lack of emotional response to events.

At emotional viscosity reactions are accompanied by fixation of affect and attention on any significant objects. (Instead of reacting, the personality focuses on grievances, failures, and exciting topics).

Emotional rigidity- inflexibility, rigidity and limited range of emotional response.

Emotional callousness- inability to determine the appropriateness and dose of emotional reactions. It manifests itself in the fact that the personality loses restraint, delicacy, tact, becomes annoying, disinhibited, and boastful.

One of the manifestations of emotional properties is alexithymia - reduced ability or difficulty in verbalizing emotional states. Alexithymia is characterized by difficulty in defining and describing one’s own emotional states and experiences; difficulty distinguishing between feelings and bodily sensations; decreased ability to symbolize; the personality is focused more on external events than on internal experiences. There is a hypothesis according to which limited awareness of emotions and cognitive processing of affect leads to a focus of consciousness on the somatic component of emotional arousal and an increase in physiological reactions to stress.

The listed emotional properties can manifest themselves as individual characteristics of a person, which are based on the characteristics of the nervous system and temperament, but can also be a consequence pathological changes brain, the result of trauma or psychosomatic illnesses.

Emotional responsiveness and empathy. Emotional responsiveness is manifested in the fact that a person easily, flexibly and quickly emotionally reacts to environmental influences. When people become the object of emotional responsiveness, a person exhibits a special property - empathy.Empathy is understood as the ability to enter into the states of another person, to empathize, to sympathize with him. The basis of empathy is emotional responsiveness, general sensitivity, sensitivity, as well as intuition and attention, observation are important. Empathic abilities form the basis of professionally important qualities in social professions, that is, wherever communication, understanding, and interaction are an integral part of professional activity (doctors, teachers, social workers, etc.).