General characteristics of Russian literature of the 19th century. Russian literature of the 19th century

The nineteenth century is the heyday of Russian literature. It was prepared by the rapid cultural growth of Russia after the reforms of Peter the Great. The brilliant reign of Catherine raised before the new, great-power Russia the question of creating national art. Among the galaxy of Catherine’s court heroes rises the majestic figure of the “singer Felitsa” - Derzhavin. Development artistic language And literary forms happening at an unusually fast pace. In 1815, at the Lyceum exam, Pushkin read poetry in the presence of Derzhavin. In "Eugene Onegin" he recalls this:

Old man Derzhavin noticed us
And going into the grave he blessed.

The evening dawn of the glorious Catherine's era meets the morning dawn of Pushkin's time. “The Sun of Russian Poetry,” Pushkin is still at its zenith when Tolstoy is born. Thus, over the course of one century, Russian literature is born and rises to the top. artistic development and conquers world fame. In one century, Russia, awakened from a long sleep by the “mighty genius of Peter,” strains the forces hidden in it and not only catches up with Europe, but on the verge of the 20th century becomes the ruler of its thoughts.

Dunaev M.M. Russian literature of the 19th century

The nineteenth century lives at a feverish pace; directions, currents, schools and fashions change with dizzying speed. The sentimentalism of the tenths gives way to the romanticism of the twenties and thirties; the forties see the birth of Russian idealistic “philosophy” and Slavophile teaching; fifties - the appearance of the first novels by Turgenev, Goncharov, Tolstoy; the nihilism of the sixties gives way to the populism of the seventies; the eighties were filled with the glory of Tolstoy, artist and preacher; in the nineties, a new flowering of poetry began: the era of Russian symbolism.

The preparatory period ends. The luminary of Pushkin rises, surrounded by a galaxy of satellites. Delvig, Venevitinov, Baratynsky , Yazykov , Odoevsky, Vyazemsky, Denis Davydov - all these stars shine with their pure and even light; they seem less bright to us only because they are overshadowed by the brilliance of Pushkin. The appearance of this genius cannot be explained by any continuity of literary forms. Pushkin is a miracle of Russian literature, a miracle of Russian history. At the height to which he elevates Russian verbal art, all lines of development are cut short. You cannot continue Pushkin, you can only be inspired by him in search of other paths. Pushkin does not create schools.

Gogol's magical verbal art brings to life a whole generation of storytellers, everyday life writers and novelists. From Gogol's " natural school"all the great writers of the 1850s - 1880s are published. “We all came out of Gogol’s “The Overcoat,” says Dostoevsky. From " Dead souls" follows the line of development of the novel, the victorious march of which fills the second half of the century. In 1846, Dostoevsky’s first story “Poor People” appeared; in 1847 - Turgenev’s first story “Khor and Kalinich”, Goncharov’s first novel “An Ordinary Story”, Aksakov’s first work of fiction “Notes on Fishing”, the first big story

8. Main trends in the development of Russian literature in 1810-1830.

Characteristics of Russian literature of the 19th century.

The French Revolution of 1789-1794 is rightly considered the starting point of the new historical era. New mentalities gave rise to profound changes in the structure of Russian literature. The focus was on the inner world of man and his complex relationship with outside world: people, country, history, one’s destiny. Increased interest in human emotional experiences led to the emergence of the phenomenon of the lyrical hero, who radically changed the poetics of classicism, violated stable genres, mixed styles, and deformed the boundaries between poetry and prose, literature and reality.

Literature has new tasks. Literature faced the need to develop poetic forms “that would be traditional and national, on the one hand, and capable of expressing individual feelings on the other.”

The main ideas of the spiritual quest of Russian literature of this period, as defined by Yu.M. Lotman, there were ideas of personality and nationality. The 19th century began with the awareness of the individual and the people as two different and opposing, irreconcilable principles; a person’s personal aspirations and his natural basis contradict each other.

Features of the development of Russian literature in the 1810-1830s.

Advanced Russian literature of the 10-30s of the 19th century developed in the fight against serfdom and autocracy, continuing the liberation traditions of the great Radishchev.

With the development of the revolutionary movement of the Decembrists, with the advent of Pushkin, Russian literature entered a new period in its history, which Belinsky rightly called Pushkin period. The patriotic and liberation ideas characteristic of previous advanced Russian literature were raised to a new, high level. The best Russian writers “following Radishchev” (Griboedov, Pushkin) sang of freedom, patriotic devotion to the homeland and people, angrily denounced the despotism of the autocracy, boldly revealed the essence of the serfdom system and advocated its destruction.

Powerful lift national identity, caused by 1812 and the development of the liberation movement, was the stimulus for further democratization of literature. Along with the images the best people from nobles, began to appear more and more often in fiction images of people from the lower social classes, embodying the remarkable features of the Russian national character. The pinnacle of this process is the creation by Pushkin in the 30s image of the leader of the peasant uprising Emelyan Pugachev.

The process itself statements of realism in Russian literature of the 20-30s was very complex and took place in a struggle that took on acute forms. The beginning of the Pushkin period was marked by the emergence and development of progressive romanticism in literature, inspired by poets and writers of the Decembrist circle and led by Pushkin. The principles of realism embedded in Pushkin’s work were developed by his great successors - Gogol and Lermontov, and then raised to an even higher level by revolutionary democrats and strengthened in the fight against all kinds of reactionary trends by a whole galaxy of advanced Russian writers.

The main directions of Russian literature of the first half of the 10th centuryIHv.

For Russian literature first half of the 19th century V. characterized by rapid changes in artistic directions. The dominant aesthetic principles managed to transform several times during the life of one generation. The final chord of development classicism a play appeared in Russian literature A. S. Griboedova “Woe from Wit”(1823), in which the traditions of classical comedy of the 18th century. are combined, like those of D.I. Fonvizin, with the features of emerging realism. At the beginning of the century, in Europe and Russia, a romanticism- a movement in literature and art, which is characterized by a special interest in an extraordinary personality, a lonely Hero, opposing himself and the world of his soul to the surrounding world. Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky is considered the creator of Russian romanticism(1783–1852), a poet whose works full of melancholy, folk motifs and mystical images (ballads “Lyudmila” 1808, “Svetlana” 1812) became examples of the style of new literature. The early works of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin (1799–1837) and Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov (1814–1841) cannot be called anything other than romantic. Pushkin is one of those writers whose creative path was marked by turning to various artistic directions. As has already been said, the early Pushkin is a romantic; in his works one can even detect some influence of sentimentalism. At the same time, he is considered the founder of Russian realism. In addition to Onegin, outstanding examples of realism in the works of A. S. Pushkin are the historical drama Boris Godunov, the story " Captain's daughter", "Dubrovsky".

Lermontov's early works are mainly love lyrics. However, over time, his poetry, along with the theme of tragic, unhappy love, includes civil themes. He became famous for his poem “On the Death of a Poet,” dedicated to the death of A. S. Pushkin. It was followed by “Motherland” and “Borodino”. Like his great predecessor, M. Yu. Lermontov combined romanticism and realism in his work. The poetry of romantic loneliness and opposition to the world is reflected in the poems “Mtsyri” and “Demon”. The novel “A Hero of Our Time” is considered the pinnacle of Lermontov’s realism. The dramaturgy of M. Yu. Lermontov is represented by the play “Masquerade”, written in 1835.

The further development of literature was associated with the strengthening positions of realism. An important milestone in this process was creativity Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol(1809–1852). He is considered the first writer of the so-called “natural school” in Russian literature, that is, the movement that is now commonly called “critical realism.” These include colorful sketches of the life of Little Russian landowners in the stories “Mirgorod”, and filled with fantastic and fairy-tale motifs of Ukrainian folklore “Evenings on a farm near Dikanka”, and the mystical “Petersburg Stories” in which the grotesque, fantasy (“Nose”) are combined with a piercingly realistic image the life of a “little man” (“The Overcoat”), crushed by life.

Of particular importance, which acquired in the first half of the 19th century. literature, led to the emergence literary criticism as an independent genre. The highest achievements in this field are associated with the name Vissarion Grigorievich Belinsky(1811–1848), the significance of whose work goes far beyond narrow literary issues. Largely thanks to V. G. Belinsky, literary criticism in Russia became a space for ideological struggle, a forum at which the most important issues in the life of society were discussed, a platform from which advanced ideas went to the masses.

Literary movement 1800-1830s

Changes in public consciousness were significant: spiritual values ​​rapidly moved from the sphere of autocracy to the sphere of a specific private person. They ceased to act as abstract demands located outside of man, as was the case in philosophy and literature of the 18th century, but became the property of the individual, who felt the interests of the state as their own interests. The abstract concept of the state, personified in autocracy, was becoming a thing of the past. The coloring of public concepts with personal feelings and the filling of the personal world with public emotions have become a sign of the times.

All this predetermined the victory of romantic sentiments in life and in literature. At the same time, the ideas of the Enlightenment that had not disappeared from Russian reality were interpreted romantically.

Romanticism in Russia went through several stages of development:

1810s - the emergence and formation of psychological trends; leading poets Zhukovsky and Batyushkov;

1820s - the emergence and formation of a civil, or social, movement in the poetry of F.N. Glinka, P.A. Katenina, K.F. Ryleeva, V.K. Kuchelbecker, A. A. Bestuzhev-Marlinsky; the maturity of psychological romanticism, in which the main figures were A.S. Pushkin, E.A. Baratynsky, P.A. Vyazemsky, N.M. Languages;

1830s - the emergence of a philosophical movement in the poetry of Baratynsky, poets of wisdom, Tyutchev, in the prose of V.F. Odoevsky; the penetration of romanticism into prose and its widespread dissemination in the genre of stories; the flourishing of romanticism in Lermontov’s work and signs of crisis: the dominance of epigonic (imitative) poetry, Benediktov’s lyrics, “Caucasian” (“eastern”) stories by A.A. Bestuzhev-Marlinsky;

1840s - the decline of romanticism, its displacement from the foreground of literature; From an active subject of the literary process, romanticism is increasingly turning into its object, becoming the subject of artistic depiction and analysis.

The division of romanticism into various movements took place according to the following criteria:

To psychological current Russian romanticism belongs to the romantics who professed the ideas of self-education and self-improvement of the individual as the surest way to transform reality and man;

To current of civil or social, romanticism included the romantics who believed that a person is brought up primarily in social, public life, and, therefore, it is intended for civil activities;

To philosophical trend Russian romanticism includes romantics who believed that man’s place in the world is predetermined from above, his lot is destined in heaven and depends entirely on the general laws of the universe, and not at all on social and psychological reasons. Between there are no impenetrable boundaries between these movements, and the differences are relative: poets of different movements not only polemicize, but also interact with each other.

Initially, romanticism wins in the poetry of Zhukovsky and Batyushkov, which was due to:

Karamzin reform of the literary language;

By crossing the poetic principles of “sentimental” literature with the principles of “light poetry”;

Discussions on the problems of literary language, which opened and cleared the way for romanticism.

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general characteristics Russian literature of the first half of the 19th century, the 19th century is called the “Golden Age” of Russian poetry and the century of Russian literature on a global scale. We should not forget that the literary leap that took place in the 19th century was prepared in full swing literary process 17th-18th centuries. The 19th century is the time of the formation of Russian literary language, which took shape largely thanks to A.S. Pushkin. But the 19th century began with the heyday of sentimentalism and the emergence of romanticism. Specified literary trends found expression primarily in poetry. The poetic works of poets E.A. come to the fore. Baratynsky, K.N. Batyushkova, V.A. Zhukovsky, A.A. Feta, D.V. Davydova, N.M. Yazykova. The creativity of F.I. Tyutchev's "Golden Age" of Russian poetry was completed. However, the central figure of this time was Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. Pushkin Alexander Sergeevich (1799-1837)

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Along with poetry, prose began to develop. Prose writers at the beginning of the century were influenced by the English historical novels of W. Scott, the translations of which were extremely popular. The development of Russian prose of the 19th century began with prose works A.S. Pushkin and N.V. Gogol. Pushkin, under the influence of English historical novels, creates the story “The Captain's Daughter”, where the action takes place against the backdrop of grandiose historical events during the Pugachev revolt*. Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832) * Peasant War of 1773-1775 led by Emelyan Pugachev (Pugachevschina, Pugachev uprising, Pugachev rebellion) - an uprising of the Yaik Cossacks, which grew into a full-scale peasant war led by E. I. Pugachev. Gogol Nikolai Vasilievich (1809-1852)

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A.S. Pushkin and N.V. Gogol outlined the main artistic types that would be developed by writers throughout the 19th century. This artistic type « extra person", the example of which is Eugene Onegin in the novel by A.S. Pushkin, and the so-called type “ little man", which is shown by N.V. Gogol in his story “The Overcoat”, as well as A.S. Pushkin in the story “ Stationmaster»

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Literature inherited its journalistic and satirical character from the 18th century. In the prose poem by N.V. Gogol's "Dead Souls" the writer in a sharp satirical manner shows a swindler who buys dead Souls, Various types landowners who are the embodiment of various human vices (the influence of classicism*). The comedy “The Inspector General” is based on the same plan. The works of A. S. Pushkin are also full of satirical images. Literature continues to satirically depict Russian reality. The tendency to depict vices and shortcomings Russian society – characteristic all Russian classical literature. It can be traced in the works of almost all writers of the 19th century. * Classicism is based on the ideas of rationalism. Piece of art, from the point of view of classicism, should be built on the basis strict canons, thereby revealing the harmony and logic of the universe itself. Classicism is interested only in the eternal, the unchangeable - in every phenomenon it strives to recognize only the essential, typological features, discarding random individual characteristics. The aesthetics of classicism attaches great importance to the social and educational function of art. Classicism takes many rules and canons from ancient art. Chichikov

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At the beginning of the 19th century, one of the most important literary figures was N.M. Karamzin. By nature prone to sensitivity and melancholy, he eagerly embraced the influences of Western literature - Rousseau and his followers, French and German, Richardson's English novel, Sterne's humor. Karamzin considered it his duty to visit famous writers, and for the first time in Russian literature he gave live information about characters European enlightenment. Karamzin's sentimental stories were a success - " Poor Lisa", and historical stories, in which the sentimental rhetoric of the future "History of the Russian State" is manifested. For the first time, Russian history was presented by a talented, already famous writer, armed with multifaceted research, but at the same time in a beautiful, accessible form, in tone national pride and with a sentimental eloquence which must have been especially effective in popular reading. Karamzin had great importance and as a transformer of literary language. Karamzin and his followers wanted to bring the literary language closer to colloquial speech, avoided heavy Slavic language, were not afraid of foreign words and sought to impart grace and lightness to the language. But Karamzin’s school was short-lived: the funny sides of sensitivity began to catch the eye, which, moreover, had neither valuable poetic nor social content; and most importantly, much more significant forces and with a more vital direction appeared in poetry. Karamzin Nikolai Mikhailovich (1766-1826)

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At the beginning of the century, the poetic activity of V.A. began. Zhukovsky. His first poems attracted attention with the subtlety of feeling and the “sweetness of verse.” His name became famous when in the twelfth year “The Singer in the Camp of Russian Warriors” was written, filled with patriotic animation. Contemporaries did not notice the strangeness of the form, where Russian soldiers appeared in classical weapons and in romantic lighting: the classical convention had not yet been forgotten, they were beginning to get used to the romantic one. His poetry was characterized by a personal character; his religious and mystical mood brought him closer to Gogol. From the newest literary circle he was distant. During literary development Zhukovsky, in addition to his translated works, which were always elegant and expanded the horizon of Russian poetry, also had the merit of a high understanding of the essence of poetry. His definition of poetry corresponded to his entire worldview. Poetry is “God in the holy dreams of the earth,” and on the other hand, “poetry is virtue.” The definition was too personal, but in any case, it placed poetry in the highest spheres moral life. Zhukovsky’s younger contemporary was K.N. Batyushkov, but his literary career was interrupted too early and sadly mental illness, in which he lived the last decades of his life. It was a living and varied talent that did not have time to develop to full originality. In his poetry he is still dependent on European models, old and new; but he pondered other people’s poetry, became carried away by it himself, and what would previously have been simple imitation became his sincere, sometimes deep passion. He also had a peculiarity in the development of poetry; here, together with Zhukovsky, he was the immediate predecessor of Pushkin. Zhukovsky Vasily Andreevich (1783-1852) Batyushkov Konstantin Nikolaevich (1787-1855)

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A freer atmosphere of public life existed during the reign of Alexander I*, which resulted in a greater revival of literary interests. At this time, I.A. achieved his fame. Krylov. He began his literary career back in the time of Catherine with comedies and a satirical magazine of average dignity. Having achieved success only in his mature years, he settled on the genre that best suited his talent. He partially retold the traditional plots of fables, but also wrote many original ones and surpassed his predecessors Khemnitser and Dmitriev. He still had a pseudo-classical manner, but at the same time he had a lot of lively wit and knowledge of Russian life and language. In terms of his general outlook, he was a man of reason, rather indifferent to the worries of life that were happening around him, distrustful of hobbies. It was moderation, but at the same time skepticism. Krylov Ivan Andreevich (1768-1844) * 1801 - 1825 Board Russian Emperor Alexander I. At the beginning of his reign he carried out moderate liberal reforms. In foreign policy maneuvered between Great Britain and France. In 1805-1807 he participated in anti-French coalitions. In 1807-1812 he temporarily became close to France. He fought successful wars with Turkey (1806-1812) and Sweden (1808-1809). Under Alexander I, Eastern Georgia (1801), Finland (1809), Bessarabia (1812), the Eastern Caucasus (1813), and the former Duchy of Warsaw (1815) were annexed to Russia. After the Patriotic War of 1812, he led the anti-French coalition of European powers in 1813-1814. He was one of the leaders of the Congress of Vienna 1814-1815 and the organizers of the Holy Alliance.

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Another very famous and revered writer of that time was N.I. Gnedich, the most important work whose translation of the Iliad was: he spent many years completing this work, which aroused the surprise of his contemporaries. In Gnedich's translation, serious work on Homer is visible, but due to his old addiction to false-classical grandiloquence, Gnedich devoted too much space to Church Slavonic elements of the language, sometimes using words completely unknown in ordinary speech. In the field of drama at the beginning of the century, the famous name was V.A. Ozerov: his tragedies were written in the classical spirit, with great ease of verse and sincerity of feeling. Ozerov's tragedies were a huge success, especially "Dmitry Donskoy", which caused patriotic enthusiasm. Gnedich Nikolai Ivanovich (1784 - 1833) Ozerov Vladislav Alexandrovich (1770 - 1816)

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Early XIX century - a time of cultural and spiritual upsurge in Russia. Patriotic War 1812 accelerated the growth of national self-awareness of the Russian people and its strengthening. The general trend this period - the growing democratization of culture, the coverage of ever wider sections of the people by education. The common strata of society not only become familiar with the culture developed by the Russian nobility, but also become creators of Russian culture, setting its new motives and trends. The Church, subordinate to the state and having adopted the forms of Western learning, displays examples of asceticism that affirms Orthodox tradition. Having fully settled within the confines of European education, Russian culture is intensely searching for an image of national and cultural identity, developing national forms of existence in modern civilization. The growth of national self-awareness of the people during this period had a huge impact on the development of literature, visual arts, theater and music.

Russian national culture in the 19th century it reached heights in art, literature, and in many fields of knowledge, defined by the word “classics.” Russian literature of the 19th century is deservedly called the “golden age.” Even those ignorant of literature cannot object. It became a trendsetter in literary fashion, quickly bursting into world literature. The "Golden Age" gave us many famous masters. The 19th century is the time of development of the Russian literary language, which took shape mostly thanks to. It began with the flowering of sentimentalism and the gradual emergence of romanticism, especially in poetry. There were many poets during this period, but the main figure of that time was Alexander Pushkin. As they would now call him a “star.”

His ascent to the Olympus of literature began in 1820 with the poem “Ruslan and Lyudmila.” And “Eugene Onegin,” a novel in verse, was called an encyclopedia of Russian life. The era of Russian romanticism was opened by his romantic poems “ Bronze Horseman", "Bakhchisarai Fountain", "Gypsies". For most poets and writers, A.S. Pushkin was a teacher. The traditions laid down by him in the creation literary works, many of them continued. Among them was. Russian poetry of that time was closely connected with the socio-political life of the country. In their works, the authors tried to comprehend and develop the idea of ​​their special purpose. They called on the authorities to listen to their words. The poet of that time was considered a prophet, a conductor of divine truth. This can be seen in Pushkin’s poem “The Prophet”, in the ode “Liberty”, “The Poet and the Crowd”, in Lermontov’s “On the Death of the Poet” and many others. In the 19th century, English historical novels had a huge influence on all world literature. Under their influence A.S. Pushkin writes the story "The Captain's Daughter".

Throughout the 19th century, the main artistic types were the "little man" type and the "extra man" type.

From the 19th century, literature inherited a satirical character and journalistic style. This can be seen in “Dead Souls”, “The Nose”, in the comedy “The Inspector General”, in M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin “The History of a City”, “The Golovlevs”.

The formation of Russian realistic literature dates back to the mid-19th century. She reacted sharply to the socio-political situation in Russia. A dispute arises between Slavophiles and Westerners about the ways historical development countries.

The development of the realistic novel genre begins. A special psychologism can be traced in the literature; philosophical, socio-political issues predominate. The development of poetry is somewhat calming down, but, despite the general silence, the voice in the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'?” is not silent. illuminates the difficult and hopeless life of the people. -

The end of the century gave us... Pre-revolutionary sentiment runs like a red thread in literature. The realistic tradition began to fade away, which was replaced by decadent literature, with mysticism, religiosity, and also a premonition of changes in the socio-political life of Russia. Then everything turned into symbolism. And a new page opened in the history of Russian literature.

From the works of writers of that time, we learn humanity, patriotism, and study our... More than one generation of people - Humans - has grown up on this “classic”.

The presentation contains abstracts for a lecture on the topic “Features of Russian literature of the first half of the 19th century” and examines the following questions:

1. General characteristics and originality of Russian literature of the 1st half of the 19th century.
2. Features of the socio-political situation in Russia.
3. The main problems of the time.

4. The significance of Russian literature of the 1st half of the 19th century in the development of the Russian and world literary process.

During the lecture, you can create a reference table with students.

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"The nineteenth century, the iron, truly cruel century!" General characteristics of Russian literature of the first half of the 19th century

The 19th century is called the “Golden Age” of Russian poetry and the century of Russian literature on a global scale. We should not forget that the literary leap that took place in the 19th century was prepared by the entire course of the literary process of the 17th and 18th centuries. The 19th century is the time of formation of the Russian literary language, which took shape largely thanks to A.S. Pushkin.

But the 19th century began with the heyday of sentimentalism and the emergence of romanticism. These literary trends found expression primarily in poetry. The poetic works of poets E.A. come to the fore. Baratynsky, K.N. Batyushkova, V.A. Zhukovsky, A.A. Feta, D.V. Davydova, N.M. Yazykova. The creativity of F.I. Tyutchev's "Golden Age" of Russian poetry was completed. However, the central figure of this time was Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin.

A.S. Pushkin began his ascent to the literary Olympus with the poem “Ruslan and Lyudmila” in 1920. And his novel in verse “Eugene Onegin” was called an encyclopedia of Russian life. Romantic poems by A.S. Pushkin’s “The Bronze Horseman” (1833), “The Bakhchisarai Fountain”, and “The Gypsies” ushered in the era of Russian romanticism. Many poets and writers considered A.S. Pushkin their teacher and continued the traditions of creating literary works laid down by him. One of these poets was M.Yu. Lermontov.

Known for it romantic poem“Mtsyri”, the poetic story “The Demon”, many romantic poems. It is interesting that Russian poetry of the 19th century was closely connected with the socio-political life of the country. Poets tried to comprehend the idea of ​​their special purpose. The poet in Russia was considered a conductor of divine truth, a prophet. The poets called on the authorities to listen to their words. Vivid examples understanding the role of the poet and influence on political life countries are poems by A.S. Pushkin “The Prophet”, ode “Liberty”, “Poet and the Crowd”, poem by M.Yu. Lermontov “On the Death of a Poet” and many others.

Along with poetry, prose began to develop. Prose writers at the beginning of the century were influenced by the English historical novels of W. Scott, the translations of which were extremely popular. The development of Russian prose of the 19th century began with the prose works of A.S. Pushkin and N.V. Gogol. Pushkin, under the influence of English historical novels, creates the story “The Captain's Daughter,” where the action takes place against the backdrop of grandiose historical events: during the Pugachev rebellion. A.S. Pushkin did a colossal amount of work exploring this historical period. This work was largely political in nature and was aimed at those in power.

A.S. Pushkin and N.V. Gogol outlined the main artistic types that would be developed by writers throughout the 19th century. This is the artistic type of “superfluous man”, an example of which is Eugene Onegin in the novel by A.S. Pushkin, and the so-called “little man” type, which is shown by N.V. Gogol in his story “The Overcoat”, as well as A.S. Pushkin in the story “The Station Agent”.

Literature inherited its journalistic and satirical character from the 18th century. In the prose poem by N.V. Gogol's "Dead Souls" the writer in a sharp satirical manner shows a swindler who buys up dead souls, various types of landowners who are the embodiment of various human vices (the influence of classicism is felt). The comedy “The Inspector General” is based on the same plan. The works of A. S. Pushkin are also full of satirical images. Literature continues to satirically depict Russian reality. The tendency to depict the vices and shortcomings of Russian society is a characteristic feature of all Russian classical literature. It can be traced in the works of almost all writers of the 19th century.

Since the mid-19th century, the formation of Russian realistic literature has been taking place, which was created against the backdrop of the tense socio-political situation that developed in Russia during the reign of Nicholas I. A crisis of the serfdom system is brewing, there are strong contradictions between the authorities and common people. There is an urgent need to create realistic literature that is acutely responsive to the socio-political situation in the country. Literary critic V.G. Belinsky denotes a new realistic direction in literature. His position is developed by N.A. Dobrolyubov, N.G. Chernyshevsky. A dispute arises between Westerners and Slavophiles about the paths of historical development of Russia.

Writers turn to socio-political problems of Russian reality. The genre of realistic novel is developing. His works are created by I.S. Turgenev, F.M. Dostoevsky, L.N. Tolstoy, I.A. Goncharov. The socio-political, philosophical issues. Literature is distinguished by a special psychologism. The development of poetry subsides somewhat. It is worth noting poetic works Nekrasov, who was the first to introduce social issues into poetry. His poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'?” is known, as well as many poems that reflect on the difficult and hopeless life of the people.

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