True art is arguments from literature. The influence of art on human life - Unified State Exam arguments

Pyotr Grinev, saved from the gallows by the efforts of Savelich and the mercy of Pugachev, appears at the request of the leader of the uprising at the meeting place of the rebellious council. The rebels argue, make decisions, and finally sing a song about the gallows. Petrusha was shocked by this singing. People doomed to death sang about the gallows, somehow enthusiastically and alarmingly at the same time. “Their menacing faces, slender voices, the sad expression that they gave to already expressive words - everything shocked me with some kind of pyitic horror.” Such singing encourages Grinev to speak openly with Pugachev, accepting his fate without compromise.

2. L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

Remarkable in this sense is the scene when Natasha, Nikolai and Petya Rostov, after a hunt, visit their uncle and listen to coachman Mitka playing the balalaika. The sounds of simple, but with overkill and interceptions of music delight Natasha. And Nikolai rates the game quite highly, but is embarrassed to admit it. And Natasha, with the emotionality inherent only to her, says: “How great?.. Not great, but this is lovely, what is it!.” When the music stops, she demands that Mitka start playing again. Under the influence of an impulse, she starts dancing to the accompaniment of her uncle, who wanted to take over the baton from his coachman. This dance reveals the whole deep essence main character: her love for the people, for national creativity, for her native culture.

3. L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

Nikolai Rostov, having lost money to Dolokhov, is on the verge of suicide; he is cowardly thinking of putting a “bullet in his forehead.” At this moment, he hates all his relatives, who, in his opinion, are having fun for no apparent reason. And suddenly Natasha starts singing. A whole storm of emotions is born in Nikolai’s soul: “All this, and misfortune, and money, and Dolokhov, and anger, and honor - all this is nonsense... but here it is real... Hey, Natasha, well, my dear! Well, mother!..." - he rejoices at the high note he sings together with his sister. All the best moved into the heart of the younger Rostov. And he realized that life is not over, that there are other values ​​higher than some kind of loss. So music helped Nikolai find the lost meaning of life.

4. I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov"

Ilya Ilyich Oblomov was very fond of the aria Casta diva from Bellini's opera Norma. Admiring the music, he says: “How this woman’s heart is crying!” Stolz, wanting to stir up his friend, introduces him to Olga Ilyinskaya, who, in his opinion, performs this aria perfectly. Hearing Olga’s singing, Oblomov could only utter “Ah!” His delight became the basis of future love, which, in fact, brought him back to life for a while.

5. A.P. Chekhov "Ionych"

Dmitry Ionovich Startsev, finding himself in the Turkins’ house for the first time, sitting in a cozy soft chair, listens to a novel by the mistress of the house. The novel smacks of vulgarity and primitivism, a young doctor who knows and sings wonderful romances based on the poems of A. Delvig and A. S. Pushkin feels this very well. At the moment when Vera Iosifovna finished reading the novel, everyone was silent for about five minutes and listened to “Luchinushka,” “which the choir sang, and this song conveyed what was not in the novel and what happens in life.” This melody once again reminded all listeners of what true art is, but still the guests expressed their approval of the hostess’s reading, apparently wanting to enjoy a free dinner. The young doctor was also involved in this cowardly praise, which was the beginning of his degradation. Thus, by betraying the truth that music preaches, you can betray yourself.

What is the role of art in human life? It is this question that is the focus of attention of the author of the text proposed for analysis.

E. Amfilokhieva suggests thinking about the problem of the purpose of art, which is relevant today. Indeed, in the era of digital technology, moral guidelines in society are being eroded, and art, being a means of educating the soul, helps a person strive for goodness and mercy.

The author tries to convey to the reader the idea that the task of art is “to satisfy the spiritual needs of people by creating works that can give a person joy, pleasure, make people sympathize and empathize, and, perhaps, even awaken the artist in him.” To substantiate her position, Amfilokhieva uses citations. Thus, recalling the words of the philosopher Schelling (sentence 15), the author argues that art influences a person, contrary to his wishes. Thanks to the use of metaphors (sentence 20), which add vividness to the text, the emotional impact on the reader is enhanced.

There are infinitely many types of art: painting, music, literature, cinema, architecture...

But literature accompanies a person throughout his life. Every child in childhood was read fairy tales, poems, fables that taught good nature and mercy. Thus, the development of the writing talent of A. S. Pushkin, the great Russian poet, was influenced by the fairy tales that he heard in childhood from Arina Rodionovna, his nanny. Epics, proverbs and sayings are reflected in the works of Alexander Sergeevich. The poet repeatedly sang the time spent with his nanny in the poems “Winter Evening”, “To the Nanny”, “Again I Visited...”, and embodied her features in the images of nanny Tatyana Larina, Dubrovsky’s nanny. Thus, with the help of art, one can convey wisdom, experience, and the desire to learn and create to a person.

It should be noted that art plays an important role in the formation of public consciousness.

Thus, during the Great Patriotic War, creativity supported the national spirit of people and gave them strength. Many poets began to write inspiring lines, composers - music, artists - paintings. Thus, Akhmatova’s poem “Courage,” written at the very beginning of the war, calls on the people to defend their homeland from Nazi influence. The poetess calls for the restoration not only of factories and factories destroyed by bombing, but also of the spiritual wealth wasted during the war. Thus, poetry is one of the few means that can make people learn to see and feel beauty again.

Thus, art influences a person’s thoughts and feelings. Therefore, its role in the modern world should not be underestimated. Art gives life additional meaning, helps in difficult situations, makes you sympathize and empathize and, of course, enjoy life!

Updated: 2016-01-07

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• True and false patriotism is one of the central problems of the novel. Tolstoy’s favorite heroes do not speak high words about love for their homeland, they commit actions in its name. Natasha Rostova persuades her mother to give carts to the wounded at Borodino; Prince Bolkonsky was mortally wounded on the Borodino field. True patriotism, according to Tolstoy, lies in ordinary Russian people, soldiers who, in a moment of mortal danger, give their lives for their Motherland.
• In the novel L.N. In Tolstoy's War and Peace, some heroes consider themselves patriots and shout loudly about love for the fatherland. Others give their lives in the name of common victory. These are simple Russian men in soldiers' overcoats, soldiers from Tushin's battery, who fought without cover. True patriots do not think about their own benefits. They feel the need to simply defend the land from enemy invasion. They have in their souls a genuine, holy feeling of love for their homeland.

N.S. Leskov "The Enchanted Wanderer"

According to N.S.’s definition, a Russian person belongs. Leskova, “racial”, patriotic, consciousness. All the actions of the hero of the story “The Enchanted Wanderer,” Ivan Flyagin, are imbued with it. While being captured by the Tatars, he does not forget for a minute that he is Russian, and with all his soul strives to return to his homeland. Taking pity on the unfortunate old people, Ivan voluntarily joins the recruits. The hero's soul is inexhaustible, indestructible. He comes out of all life's trials with honor.

V.P. Astafiev
In one of his journalistic articles, writer V.P. Astafiev spoke about how he vacationed in a southern sanatorium. Plants collected from all over the world grew in the seaside park. But suddenly he saw three birch trees that miraculously took root in a foreign land. The author looked at these trees and remembered his village street. Love for your small homeland is a manifestation of true patriotism.

The legend of Pandora's box.
A woman discovered a strange box in her husband's house. She knew that this item was fraught with terrible danger, but her curiosity was so strong that she could not stand it and opened the lid. All sorts of troubles flew out of the box and scattered around the world. This myth sounds a warning to all humanity: rash actions on the path of knowledge can lead to a disastrous ending.

M. Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog"
In M. Bulgakov's story, Professor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, a desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into dire consequences: a two-legged creature with “ with a dog's heart“- this is not yet a person, because there is no soul in him, no love, honor, nobility.

N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace".
The problem is revealed through the example of the images of Kutuzov, Napoleon, Alexander I. A person who is aware of his responsibility to his homeland and people, who knows how to understand them at the right moment, is truly great. Such is Kutuzov, such are simple people in the novel, who fulfill their duty without high-sounding phrases.

A. Kuprin. "Wonderful doctor."
A man, exhausted by poverty, is ready to commit suicide in despair, but the famous doctor Pirogov, who happens to be nearby, speaks to him. He helps the unfortunate man, and from that moment the life of the hero and his family changes in the most happy way. This story eloquently shows that the actions of one person can affect the destinies of other people.

And S. Turgenev. "Fathers and Sons".
A classic work that shows the problem of misunderstanding between the older and younger generations. Evgeny Bazarov feels like a stranger to both the elder Kirsanov and his parents. And, although by his own admission he loves them, his attitude brings them grief.

L. N. Tolstoy. Trilogy “Childhood”, “Adolescence”, "Youth".
Striving to understand the world, to become an adult, Nikolenka Irtenev gradually gets to know the world, understands that much in it is imperfect, faces misunderstandings from her elders, and sometimes offends them (chapters “Classes”, “Natalya Savishna”)

K. G. Paustovsky “Telegram”.
The girl Nastya, living in Leningrad, receives a telegram that her mother is sick, but matters that seem important to her do not allow her to go to her mother. When she, realizing the magnitude of the possible loss, comes to the village, it turns out to be too late: her mother is no longer there...

V. G. Rasputin “French Lessons.”
The teacher Lydia Mikhailovna from the story by V. G. Rasputin taught the hero not only French lessons, but also lessons of kindness, empathy, and compassion. She showed the hero how important it is to be able to share someone else’s pain with a person, how important it is to understand another.

An example from history.

The teacher of the great Emperor Alexander II was the famous poet V. Zhukovsky. It was he who instilled in the future ruler a sense of justice, a desire to benefit his people, and a desire to carry out the reforms necessary for the state.

V. P. Astafiev. "A horse with a pink mane."
Difficult pre-war years of the Siberian village. The formation of the hero's personality under the influence of the kindness of his grandparents.

V. G. Rasputin “French Lessons”

• The formation of the personality of the main character during the difficult war years was influenced by the teacher. Her spiritual generosity is limitless. She instilled in him moral fortitude, self-esteem.

L.N. Tolstoy “Childhood”, “Adolescence”, “Youth”
IN autobiographical trilogy The main character, Nikolenka Irtenyev, comprehends the world of adults, tries to analyze her own and other people’s actions.

Fazil Iskander “The Thirteenth Labor of Hercules”

An intelligent and competent teacher has a huge influence on the formation of a child's character.

And A. Goncharov “Oblomov”
The atmosphere of laziness, unwillingness to learn, to think disfigures the soul of little Ilya. In adult life these shortcomings prevented him from finding the meaning of life.

Lack of purpose in life, work habits formed " extra person", "reluctantly selfish."

The lack of a goal in life and the habit of working have formed a “superfluous person,” a “reluctant egoist.” Pechorin admits that he brings misfortune to everyone. Wrong upbringing disfigures the human personality.

A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
Education and training - main aspects human life. Chatsky, the main character of the comedy A.S., expressed his attitude towards them in monologues. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". He criticized nobles who recruited “teachers of the regiment” for their children, but as a result of literacy, no one “knew or studied.” Chatsky himself had a mind “hungry for knowledge,” and therefore turned out to be unnecessary in the society of Moscow nobles. These are the flaws of improper upbringing.

B. Vasiliev “My horses are flying”
Dr. Jansen died saving children who had fallen into a sewer pit. The man, who was revered as a saint during his lifetime, was buried by the entire city.

Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"
Margarita's self-sacrifice for her beloved.

V.P. Astafiev "Lyudochka"
In the episode with the dying man, when everyone left him, only Lyudochka felt sorry for him. And after his death, everyone only pretended that they felt sorry for him, everyone except Lyudochka. A verdict on a society in which people are deprived of human warmth.

M. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”
The story tells about tragic fate a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person strength to live, strength to resist fate.

V. Hugo "Les Miserables"
The writer in the novel tells the story of a thief. After spending the night in the bishop's house, in the morning this thief stole silverware from him. But an hour later the police detained the criminal and took him to a house where he was given lodging for the night. The priest said that this man did not steal anything, that he took all the things with the owner’s permission. The thief, amazed by what he heard, experienced a true rebirth in one minute, and after that he became an honest man.

Antoine de Saint-Exupery "The Little Prince"
There is an example of fair power: “But he was very kind, and therefore gave only reasonable orders. “If I order my general to turn into a sea gull,” he used to say, “and if the general does not carry out the order, it will not be his fault, but mine.” .

A. I. Kuprin. "Garnet bracelet"
The author claims that nothing is permanent, everything is temporary, everything passes and goes away. Only music and love affirm true values on the ground.

Fonvizin "Nedorosl"
They say that many noble children, having recognized themselves in the image of the slacker Mitrofanushka, experienced a true rebirth: they began to study diligently, read a lot and grew up worthy sons fatherland.

L. N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"

• What is the greatness of a person? It is where goodness, simplicity and justice are. This is exactly how L.N. created it. Tolstoy's image of Kutuzov in the novel "War and Peace". The writer calls him a truly great man. Tolstoy takes his favorite heroes away from “Napoleonic” principles and puts them on the path of rapprochement with the people. “Greatness is not where there is no simplicity, goodness and truth,” the writer asserted. This famous phrase has a modern ring to it.
• One of the central problems of the novel is the role of personality in history. This problem is revealed in the images of Kutuzov and Napoleon. The writer believes that there is no greatness where there is no goodness and simplicity. According to Tolstoy, a person whose interests coincide with the interests of the people can influence the course of history. Kutuzov understood the moods and desires of the masses, therefore he was great. Napoleon thinks only about his greatness, therefore he is doomed to defeat.

I. Turgenev. "Notes of a Hunter"
People, having read bright, vivid stories about peasants, realized that it was immoral to own people like cattle. A broad movement for the abolition of serfdom began in the country.

Sholokhov "The Fate of Man"
After the war, many Soviet soldiers who were captured by the enemy were condemned as traitors to their homeland. M. Sholokhov's story “The Fate of a Man,” which shows the bitter fate of a soldier, forced society to take a different look at the tragic fate of prisoners of war. A law was passed on their rehabilitation.

A.S. Pushkin
Speaking about the role of the individual in history, we can recall the poetry of the great A. Pushkin. He influenced more than one generation with his gift. He saw and heard things that an ordinary person did not notice and did not understand. The poet spoke about the problems of spirituality in art and its high purpose in the poems “Prophet”, “Poet”, “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands”. Reading these works, you understand: talent is not only a gift, but also a heavy burden, a great responsibility. The poet himself was an example of civic behavior for subsequent generations.

V.M. Shukshin "Weird"
“Crank” is an absent-minded person who may seem ill-mannered. And what prompts him to do strange things are positive, selfish motives. The weirdo reflects on problems that concern humanity at all times: what is the meaning of life? What is good and evil? Who is “right, who is smarter” in this life? And with all his actions he proves that he is right, and not those who think

I. A. Goncharov "Oblomov"
This is the image of a person who only wanted. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children... But he did not have the strength to make these desires come true, so his dreams remained dreams.

M. Gorky in the play “At the Lower Depths”.
Showed the drama " former people”, who have lost the strength to fight for their own sake. They hope for something good, understand that they need to live better, but do nothing to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the play begins in a rooming house and ends there.

From the history

• Ancient historians say that one day a stranger came to the Roman emperor and brought him a gift of metal as shiny as silver, but extremely soft. The master said that he extracts this metal from clay soil. The emperor, fearing that the new metal would devalue his treasures, ordered the inventor's head to be cut off.
• Archimedes, knowing that people were suffering from drought and hunger, proposed new methods of irrigating land. Thanks to his discovery, productivity increased sharply, people stopped being afraid of hunger.
• The outstanding scientist Fleming discovered penicillin. This drug has saved the lives of millions of people who previously died from blood poisoning.
• One English engineer in the mid-19th century proposed an improved cartridge. But officials from the military department arrogantly told him: “We are already strong, only the weak need to improve weapons.”
• The famous scientist Jenner, who defeated smallpox with the help of vaccinations, was inspired by the words of an ordinary peasant woman. The doctor told her that she had smallpox. To this the woman calmly replied: “It can’t be, because I already had cowpox.” The doctor did not consider these words to be the result of dark ignorance, but began to make observations, which led to a brilliant discovery.
• The early Middle Ages are usually called the “dark ages.” The raids of barbarians and the destruction of ancient civilization led to a deep decline in culture. It was difficult to find a literate person not only among common people, but also among people of the upper class. For example, the founder of the French state, Charlemagne, did not know how to write. However, the thirst for knowledge is inherently human. The same Charlemagne, during his campaigns, always carried with him wax tablets for writing, on which, under the guidance of teachers, he carefully wrote letters.
• For thousands of years, ripe apples fell from the trees, but no one attached any significance to this common phenomenon. The great Newton had to be born in order to look at a familiar fact with new, more penetrating eyes and discover universal law movements.
• It is impossible to calculate how many disasters their ignorance has brought to people. In the Middle Ages, any misfortune: the illness of a child, the death of livestock, rain, drought, crop failure, the loss of any thing - everything was explained by the machinations of evil spirits. A brutal witch hunt began and fires started burning. Instead of curing diseases, improving agriculture, and helping each other, people spent enormous energy on a meaningless fight against the mythical “servants of Satan,” not realizing that with their blind fanaticism, their dark ignorance they were serving the Devil.
• It is difficult to overestimate the role of a mentor in the development of a person. An interesting legend is about the meeting of Socrates with Xenophon, the future historian. Once, having talked with an unfamiliar young man, Socrates asked him where to go for flour and butter. Young Xenophon answered smartly: “To the market.” Socrates asked: “What about wisdom and virtue?” The young man was surprised. “Follow me, I’ll show you!” - Socrates promised. And the long-term path to the truth connected the famous teacher and his student with strong friendship.
• The desire to learn new things lives in each of us, and sometimes this feeling takes over a person so much that it forces him to change. life path. Today, few people know that Joule, who discovered the law of conservation of energy, was a cook. The brilliant Faraday began his career as a peddler in a shop. And Coulomb worked as an engineer on fortifications and devoted only his free time to physics. For these people, the search for something new has become the meaning of life.
• New ideas make their way in a difficult struggle with old views and established opinions. Thus, one of the professors, lecturing students on physics, called Einstein’s theory of relativity “an annoying scientific misunderstanding” -
• At one time, Joule used a voltaic battery to start an electric motor he had assembled from it. But the battery charge soon ran out, and a new one was very expensive. Joule decided that the horse would never be replaced by the electric motor, since feeding a horse was much cheaper than changing the zinc in a battery. Today, when electricity is used everywhere, the opinion of an outstanding scientist seems naive to us. This example shows that it is very difficult to predict the future, it is difficult to survey the opportunities that will open up for a person.
• In the mid-17th century, Captain de Clieu carried a coffee cutting in a pot of soil from Paris to the island of Martinique. The voyage was very difficult: the ship survived a fierce battle with pirates, a terrible storm almost broke it against the rocks. On the ship, the masts were not broken, the rigging was broken. Supplies gradually began to run out fresh water. It was given out in strictly measured portions. The captain, barely able to stand on his feet from thirst, gave the last drops of precious moisture to the green sprout... Several years passed, and coffee trees covered the island of Martinique.

I. Bunin in the story “The Gentleman from San Francisco.”
Showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and this god he worshiped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed the man by: he died without ever knowing what life was.

Yesenin. "Black man".
The poem “Black Man” is the cry of Yesenin’s dying soul, it is a requiem for the life left behind. Yesenin, like no one else, was able to tell what life does to a person.

Mayakovsky. "Listen."
Internal conviction in the correctness of his moral ideals separated Mayakovsky from other poets, from the usual flow of life. This isolation gave rise to a spiritual protest against the philistine environment, where there were no high spiritual ideals. The poem is a cry from the poet’s soul.

Zamyatin "Cave".
The hero comes into conflict with himself, a split occurs in his soul. His spiritual values ​​are dying. He violates the commandment “Thou shalt not steal.”

V. Astafiev “The Tsar is a Fish.”

• In V. Astafiev’s story “The Tsar is the Fish,” the main character, fisherman Utrobin, having caught a huge fish on a hook, is unable to cope with it. In order to avoid death, he is forced to release her. A meeting with a fish that symbolizes the moral principle in nature forces this poacher to reconsider his ideas about life. In moments of desperate struggle with the fish, he suddenly remembers his whole life, realizing how little he has done for other people. This meeting morally changes the hero.
• Nature is alive and spiritual, endowed with moral and punitive power, it is capable of not only defending itself, but also taking retribution. An illustration of punitive power is the fate of Gosha Gertsev, the hero of Astafiev’s story “The Tsar is a Fish.” This hero is not punished for his arrogant cynicism towards people and nature. Punishing power extends not only to individual heroes. An imbalance poses a threat to all of humanity if it does not come to its senses in its intentional or forced cruelty.

I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons."

• People forget that nature is their native and only home that requires careful attitude to himself, which is confirmed in the novel by I. S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”. The main character, Evgeny Bazarov, is known for his categorical position: “Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and man is a worker in it.” This is exactly how the Author sees a “new” person in him: he is indifferent to the values ​​accumulated by previous generations, lives in the present and uses everything he needs, without thinking about what consequences this may lead to.
• In I. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons” it rises actual topic relations between nature and man. Bazarov, rejecting any aesthetic pleasure in nature, perceives it as a workshop, and man as a worker. Arkady, Bazarov's friend, on the contrary, treats her with all the admiration inherent in a young soul. In the novel, each hero is tested by nature. For Arkady, communication with the outside world helps to heal mental wounds; for him this unity is natural and pleasant. Bazarov, on the contrary, does not seek contact with her - when Bazarov was feeling bad, he “went into the forest and broke branches.” She does not give him the desired peace of mind or peace of mind. Thus, Turgenev emphasizes the need for a fruitful and two-way dialogue with nature.

M. Bulgakov. "Dog's heart".
Professor Preobrazhensky transplants part of a human brain into the dog Sharik, turning a completely cute dog into the disgusting Polygraph Polygraphovich Sharikov. You cannot mindlessly interfere with nature!

A. Blok
The problem of a thoughtless, cruel person towards the natural world is reflected in many literary works. To fight it, we need to realize and see the harmony and beauty that reigns around us. The works of A. Blok will help with this. With what love he describes Russian nature in his poems! Immense distances, endless roads, deep rivers, blizzards and gray huts. This is Blok’s Russia in the poems “Rus” and “Autumn Day”. The poet's true, filial love for his native nature is transmitted to the reader. You come to the idea that nature is original, beautiful and needs our protection.

B. Vasiliev “Don’t shoot white swans”

• Now, when nuclear power plants are exploding, when oil is flowing through rivers and seas, and entire forests are disappearing, people must stop and think about the question: what will remain on our planet? In B. Vasiliev’s novel “Don’t Shoot White Swans” the author’s idea about human responsibility for nature is also heard. The main character of the novel, Yegor Polushkin, is concerned about the behavior of visiting “tourists” and the lake that has become empty at the hands of poachers. The novel is perceived as a call to everyone to take care of our land and each other.
• The main character, Yegor Polushkin, loves nature infinitely, always works conscientiously, lives peacefully, but always turns out to be guilty. The reason for this is that Yegor could not disturb the harmony of nature, he was afraid to invade the living world. But people did not understand him; they considered him unsuited to life. He said that man is not the king of nature, but her eldest son. In the end, he dies at the hands of those who do not understand the beauty of nature, who are accustomed only to conquering it. But my son is growing up. Who can replace his father, will respect and take care of his native land.

V. Astafiev “Belogrudka”
In the story "Belogrudka" the children destroyed the brood of a white-breasted marten, and she, mad with grief, takes revenge on the entire world around her, exterminating poultry in two neighboring villages until she herself dies from a gunshot

Ch. Aitmatov “The Scaffold”
Man, with his own hands, destroys the colorful and populous world of nature. The writer warns that the senseless extermination of animals is a threat to earthly prosperity. The position of the “king” in relation to animals is fraught with tragedy.

A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"

In the novel by A.S. Pushkin’s “Eugene Onegin” the main character could not find spiritual harmony, cope with the “Russian blues”, also because he was indifferent to nature. And the author’s “sweet ideal,” Tatyana, felt like a part of nature (“She loved to warn the sunrise on the balcony...”) and therefore manifested herself in complex life situation a spiritually strong person.

A.T. Tvardovsky “Forest in Autumn”
Reading Tvardovsky’s poem “Forest in Autumn”, you are imbued with the pristine beauty of the surrounding world and nature. You hear the noise of bright yellow foliage, the crack of a broken branch. You see the light jump of a squirrel. I would like not just to admire, but to try to preserve all this beauty for as long as possible.

L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
Natasha Rostova, admiring the beauty of the night in Otradnoye, is ready to fly like a bird: she is inspired by what she sees. She enthusiastically tells Sonya about the wonderful night, about the feelings that overwhelm her soul. Andrei Bolkonsky also knows how to subtly sense the beauty of the surrounding nature. During a trip to Otradnoye, seeing an old oak tree, he compares himself with it, indulging in sad reflections that life has already ended for him. But the changes that subsequently occurred in the hero’s soul are associated with the beauty and grandeur of the mighty tree that blossomed under the rays of the sun.

V. I. Yurovskikh Vasily Ivanovich Yurovskikh
The writer Vasily Ivanovich Yurovskikh, in his stories, talks about the unique beauty and wealth of the Trans-Urals, about the natural connection of a village person with the natural world, which is why his story “Ivan’s Memory” is so touching. In this short work, Yurovskikh raises an important issue: the human impact on the environment. Ivan, the main character of the story, planted several willow bushes in a swamp that scared people and animals. Many years later. The nature around has changed: all sorts of birds began to settle in the bushes, a magpie began to build a nest every year and hatch magpies. No one wandered through the forest anymore, because the trail became a guide on how to find the right way. Near the bush you can hide from the heat, drink some water, and just relax. Ivan left a good memory of himself among people, and surrounding nature ennobled.

M.Yu Lermontov “Hero of Our Time”
The close emotional connection between man and nature can be traced in Lermontov’s story “A Hero of Our Time.” The events in the life of the main character, Grigory Pechorin, are accompanied by changes in the state of nature in accordance with changes in his mood. Thus, considering the duel scene, the gradation of the states of the surrounding world and Pechorin’s feelings is obvious. If before the duel the sky seemed to him “fresh and blue” and the sun “brightly shining,” then after the duel, looking at Grushnitsky’s corpse, the heavenly body seemed “dim” to Grigory, and its rays “did not warm.” Nature is not only the experiences of the heroes, but is also one of the characters. The thunderstorm becomes the reason for a long meeting between Pechorin and Vera, and in one of the diary entries preceding the meeting with Princess Mary, Grigory notes that “the air of Kislovodsk is conducive to love.” With such an allegory, Lermontov not only more deeply and fully reflects the internal state of the heroes, but also denotes his own, the author’s presence by introducing nature as a character.

E. Zamyatina “We”
Addressing classical literature, I would like to give an example of E. Zamyatin’s dystopian novel “We”. Refusing the natural beginning, the inhabitants of the United State become numbers, whose lives are determined by the framework of the Tablet of Hours. The beauty of native nature is replaced by perfectly proportional glass structures, and love is only possible with a pink card. The main character, D-503, is doomed to mathematically verified happiness, which is found, however, after the removal of fantasy. It seems to me that with such an allegory Zamyatin was trying to express the inextricability of the connection between nature and man.

S. Yesenin “Go away, my dear Rus'”
One of the central themes of the lyrics of the brightest poet of the 20th century S. Yesenin is nature native land. In the poem “Go you, Rus', my dear,” the poet abandons paradise for the sake of his homeland, its flock is higher than eternal bliss, which, judging by other lyrics, he finds only on Russian soil. Thus, feelings of patriotism and love for nature are closely intertwined. The very awareness of their gradual weakening is the first step towards a natural, real peace that enriches the soul and body.

M. Prishvin “Ginseng”
This topic is brought to life by moral and ethical motives. Many writers and poets turned to her. In M. Prishvin’s story “Ginseng” the characters know how to remain silent and listen to silence. For the author, nature is life itself. Therefore, his rock cries, his stone has a heart. It is man who must do everything to ensure that nature exists and does not fall silent. Nowadays this is very important.

I.S. Turgenev "Notes of a Hunter"
Deep and tender love I. S. Turgenev spoke about nature in “Notes of a Hunter.” He did this with penetrating observation. The hero of the story “Kasyan” traveled halfway across the country from the Beautiful Mosque, happily learning and exploring new places. This man felt his inextricable connection with Mother Nature and dreamed that “every person” would live in contentment and justice. It wouldn't hurt us to learn from him.

M. Bulgakov. "Fatal Eggs"
Professor Persikov accidentally breeds giant reptiles instead of large chickens that threaten civilization. Thoughtless interference in the life of nature can lead to such consequences.

Ch. Aitmatov “The Scaffold”
Ch. Aitmatov in his novel “The Scaffold” showed that the destruction of the natural world leads to dangerous human deformation. And this happens everywhere. What is happening in the Moyunkum savannah is a global problem, not a local one.

The closed model of the world in the novel by E.I. Zamyatin "We".
1) The appearance and principles of the United State. 2) The narrator, number D - 503, and his spiritual illness. 3) “The resistance of human nature.” In dystopias, the world based on the same premises is presented through the eyes of its inhabitant, an ordinary citizen, from the inside, in order to trace and show the feelings of a person undergoing the laws of an ideal state. The conflict between the individual and the totalitarian system becomes the driving force of any dystopia, allowing one to recognize dystopian features in the most diverse works at first glance... The society depicted in the novel has achieved material perfection and stopped in its development, plunging into a state of spiritual and social entropy.

A.P. Chekhov in the story "The Death of an Official"

B. Vasiliev “Not on the lists”
The works make us think about the questions that everyone strives to answer for themselves: what is behind a high moral choice - what are the forces of the human mind, soul, destiny, what helps a person resist, show amazing, amazing vitality, helps to live and die “like a human being”?

M. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”
Despite the difficulties and trials that befell the protagonist Andrei Sokolov, he always remained true to himself and his homeland. Nothing broke his spiritual strength or eradicated his sense of duty.

A.S. Pushkin " Captain's daughter».

Pyotr Grinev is a man of honor, in any life situation he acts as his honor tells him. Even his ideological enemy, Pugachev, could appreciate the nobility of the hero. That is why he helped Grinev more than once.

L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”.

The Bolkonsky family is the personification of honor and nobility. Prince Andrei always put the laws of honor first and followed them, even if it required incredible effort, suffering, and pain.

Loss of spiritual values

B. Vasiliev "Wilderness"
The events of Boris Vasiliev’s story “Glukhoman” allow us to see how in today’s life the so-called “new Russians” strive to enrich themselves at any cost. Spiritual values ​​have been lost because culture has disappeared from our lives. Society split, and the bank account became the measure of a person’s merit. Moral wilderness began to grow in the souls of people who had lost faith in goodness and justice.

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
Shvabrin Alexey Ivanovich, hero of the story by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" is a nobleman, but he is dishonest: having wooed Masha Mironova and received a refusal, he takes revenge by speaking ill of her; During a duel with Grinev, he stabs him in the back. The complete loss of ideas about honor also predetermines social betrayal: as soon as Belogorsk fortress goes to Pugachev, Shvabrin goes over to the side of the rebels.

L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”.

Helen Kuragina deceives Pierre into marrying herself, then lies to him all the time, being his wife, disgraces him, makes him unhappy. The heroine uses lies to get rich and take a good position in society.

N.V. Gogol “The Inspector General”.

Khlestakov deceives officials, posing as an auditor. Trying to impress, he makes up many stories about his life in St. Petersburg. Moreover, he lies so delightfully that he himself begins to believe his stories, he feels important and significant.

D.S. Likhachev in “Letters about the good and the beautiful”
D.S. Likhachev in “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful” tells how indignant he felt when he learned that on the Borodino field in 1932 the cast-iron monument on Bagration’s grave was blown up. At the same time, someone left a giant inscription on the wall of the monastery, built on the site of the death of another hero, Tuchkov: “It’s enough to preserve the remnants of the slave past!” At the end of the 60s in Leningrad they demolished Travel Palace, which even during the war our fighters tried to preserve and not destroy. Likhachev believes that “the loss of any cultural monument is irreparable: they are always individual.”

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

• In the Rostov family, everything was built on sincerity and kindness, respect for each other and understanding, which is why the children - Natasha, Nikolai, Petya - became for real good people They are responsive to other people's pain, able to understand the experiences and suffering of others. Suffice it to recall the episode when Natasha gives the order to release the carts loaded with them family values, To give them to the wounded soldiers.
• And in the Kuragin family, where career and money decided everything, both Helen and Anatole are immoral egoists. Both are looking for only benefits in life. They do not know what true love is and are ready to exchange their feelings for wealth.

A. S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
In the story “The Captain's Daughter,” his father’s instructions helped Pyotr Grinev, even in the most critical moments, to remain an honest person, true to himself and duty. Therefore, the hero evokes respect by his behavior.

N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls"
Following his father’s behest to “save a penny,” Chichikov devoted his entire life to hoarding, turning into a man without shame and conscience. He's with school years valued only money, so in his life there were never true friends, the family that the hero dreamed of.

L. Ulitskaya “Daughter of Bukhara”
Bukhara, the heroine of L. Ulitskaya’s story “Bukhara’s Daughter,” accomplished a maternal feat, devoting herself entirely to raising her daughter Mila, who had Down syndrome. Even being terminally ill, the mother thought through her daughter’s entire future life: she got her a job, found her new family, husband, and only after that did she allow herself to leave this life.

Zakrutkin V. A. “Mother of Man”
Maria, the heroine of Zakrutkin’s story “Mother of Man,” during the war, having lost her son and husband, took responsibility for her newly born child and for other people’s children, saved them, and became their Mother. And when the first Soviet soldiers entered the burned farm, it seemed to Maria that she had given birth not only to her son, but to all the war-dispossessed children of the world. That's why she is the Mother of Man.

K.I. Chukovsky “Alive as Life”
K.I. Chukovsky in his book “Alive as Life” analyzes the state of the Russian language, our speech and comes to disappointing conclusions: we ourselves are distorting and mutilating our great and powerful language.

I.S. Turgenev
- Take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language, this treasure, this heritage passed on to us by our predecessors, among whom Pushkin again shines! Treat this powerful instrument with respect: in the hands of skilled people it is capable of performing miracles... Take care of the purity of the language as if it were a shrine!

K.G. Paustovsky
- You can do wonders with the Russian language. There is nothing in life and in our consciousness that could not be conveyed in Russian words... There are no sounds, colors, images and thoughts - complex and simple - for which there would not be an exact expression in our language.

A. P. Chekhov “Death of an Official”
The official Chervyakov in A.P. Chekhov’s story “The Death of an Official” is infected to an incredible degree by the spirit of veneration: having sneezed and splashed the bald head of General Bryzzhalov, who was sitting in front of him (and he did not pay attention to it), the hero was so frightened that that after repeated humiliated requests to forgive him, he died of fear.

A. P. Chekhov “Thick and Thin”
The hero of Chekhov's story "Fat and Thin", the official Porfiry, met a school friend at the Nikolaevskaya railway station and learned that he was a privy councilor, i.e. moved up significantly higher in his career. In an instant, the “subtle” one turns into a servile creature, ready to humiliate himself and fawn.

A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
Molchalin, the negative character of the comedy, is sure that one should please not only “all people without exception,” but even “the janitor’s dog, so that it is affectionate.” The need to tirelessly please also gave rise to his romance with Sophia, the daughter of his master and benefactor Famusov. Maxim Petrovich, the “character” of the historical anecdote that Famusov tells for the edification of Chatsky, in order to earn the favor of the empress, turned into a jester, amusing her with absurd falls.

I. S. Turgenev. "Mu Mu"
The fate of the mute serf Gerasim and Tatiana is decided by the lady. A person has no rights. What could be more terrible?

I. S. Turgenev. "Notes of a Hunter"
In the story “Biryuk,” the main character, a forester nicknamed Biryuk, lives a miserable life, despite the conscientious performance of his duties. The social structure of life is unfair.

N. A. Nekrasov “Railway”
The poem talks about who built the railroad. These are workers who were subjected to merciless exploitation. The structure of life, where arbitrariness reigns, is worthy of condemnation. In the Poem “Reflections at the Front Entrance”: peasants came from distant villages with a petition to the nobleman, but they were not accepted and driven away. The authorities do not take into account the position of the people.

L. N. Tolstoy “After the Ball”
The division of Russia into two parts, rich and poor, is shown. The social world is unfair to the weak.

N. Ostrovsky “Thunderstorm”
There can be nothing holy or right in a world ruled by tyranny, wild and insane.

V.V. Mayakovsky

• In the play “The Bedbug,” Pierre Skripkin dreamed that his house would be “full.” Another hero, a former worker, states: “Whoever fought has the right to rest by a quiet river.” This position was alien to Mayakovsky. He dreamed of the spiritual growth of his contemporaries.

I. S. Turgenev “Notes of a Hunter”
Everyone’s personality is important for the development of the state, but not always talented people can develop their abilities for the benefit of society. For example, in “Notes of a Hunter” by I.S. Turgenev there are people whose talents the country does not need. Yakov (“The Singers”) gets drunk in a tavern. Truth-seeker Mitya (“Odnodvorets Ovsyannikov”) stands up for the serfs. Forester Biryuk carries out his service responsibly, but lives in poverty. Such people turned out to be unnecessary. They even laugh at them. It's not fair.

A.I. Solzhenitsyn "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich"
Despite the terrible details of camp life and the unjust structure of society, Solzhenitsyn's works are optimistic in spirit. The writer proved that even in the last degree of humiliation it is possible to preserve a person within oneself.

A. S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”
A person who is not accustomed to working does not find a worthy place in the life of society.

M. Yu. Lermontov “Hero of Our Time”
Pechorin says that he felt strength in his soul, but did not know what to apply it to. Society is such that there is no worthy place for an extraordinary person in it.

And A. Goncharov. "Oblomov"
Ilya Oblomov, a kind and talented person, was unable to overcome himself and reveal his best features. The reason is the lack of high goals in the life of society.

A.M. Gorky
Many heroes of M. Gorky's stories talk about the meaning of life. The old gypsy Makar Chudra wondered why people worked. The heroes of the story “On the Salt” found themselves in the same dead end. There are wheelbarrows around them, salt dust that eats away their eyes. However, no one became embittered. In the souls of even such oppressed people there arise good feelings. The meaning of life, according to Gorky, is work. Everyone will start working conscientiously - you'll see, and together we will become richer and better. After all, “the wisdom of life is always deeper and more extensive than the wisdom of people.”

M. I. Weller “The Novel of Education”
The meaning of life is for those who themselves devote their activities for the sake of a cause that they consider necessary. The “Novel of Education” by M. I. Weller, one of the most published modern Russian writers. Indeed, there have always been many purposeful people, and now they live among us.

L. N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"

• The best heroes of the novel, Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov, saw the meaning of life in the desire for moral self-improvement. Each of them wanted “to be quite good, to bring good to people.”
• All of L.N. Tolstoy’s favorite heroes were engaged in an intense spiritual search. Reading the novel “War and Peace,” it is difficult not to sympathize with Prince Bolkonsky, a thinking, searching man. He read a lot and had an idea about everything. Meaning own life found a hero in the defense of the Fatherland. Not for the sake of an ambitious desire for glory, but because of love for the homeland.
• In search of the meaning of life, a person must choose his own direction. In L. N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace,” the fate of Andrei Bolkonsky is a complex path of moral losses and discoveries. The important thing is that, while walking along this thorny road, he retained true human dignity. It is no coincidence that M.I. Kutuzov will tell the hero: “Your road is the road of honor.” I also like extraordinary people who try to live not in vain.

I. S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”
Even the failures and disappointments of an exceptionally talented person are significant for society. For example, in the novel “Fathers and Sons,” Yevgeny Bazarov, a fighter for democracy, called himself an unnecessary person for Russia. However, his views anticipate the emergence of people capable of greater deeds and noble deeds.

V. Bykov “Sotnikov”
The problem of moral choice: what is better - to save your life at the cost of betrayal (as the hero of the story Rybak does) or to die not as a hero (no one will know about Sotnikov’s heroic death), but to die with dignity. Sotnikov makes it difficult moral choice: dies, retaining human appearance.

M. M. Prishvin “Pantry of the Sun”
During the Great Patriotic War, Mitrasha and Nastya were left without parents. But hard work helped young children not only survive, but also earn the respect of their fellow villagers.

A. P. Platonov “In a beautiful and furious world”
Machinist Maltsev is completely devoted to work, his favorite profession. During a thunderstorm, he became blind, but his friend’s devotion and love for his chosen profession performed a miracle: he, having boarded his favorite locomotive, regained his sight.

A. I. Solzhenitsyn “Matryonin’s Dvor”
The main character has been accustomed to working all her life, helping other people, and although she has not acquired any benefits, she remains pure soul, righteous.

Ch. Aitmatov Novel “Mother Field”
The leitmotif of the novel is the spiritual responsiveness of hardworking rural women. Aliman, no matter what happens, has been working since dawn on the farm, in the melon patch, in the greenhouse. She feeds the country, the people! And the writer does not see anything higher than this share, this honor.

A.P. Chekhov. The story "Ionych"

• Dmitry Ionych Startsev chose an excellent profession. He became a doctor. However, the lack of perseverance and perseverance turned the once good doctor into a simple man in the street, for whom the main thing in life was money-grubbing and his own well-being. So it's not enough to choose the right one future profession, you need to preserve yourself morally and morally in it.
• The time comes when each of us is faced with choosing a profession. The hero of the story, A.P., dreamed of honestly serving people. Chekhov “Ionych”, Dmitry Startsev. The profession he has chosen is the most humane. However, having settled in a city where the most educated people turned out to be small and limited, Startsev did not find the strength to resist stagnation and inertia. The doctor turned into a simple man in the street, thinking little about his patients. So, the most valuable condition for not living a boring life is honest creative work, no matter what profession a person chooses.

N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"
A person who is aware of his responsibility to his homeland and people, and who knows how to understand them at the right moment, is truly great. Such is Kutuzov, such are the ordinary people in the novel who carry out their duty without lofty phrases.

F. M. Dostoevsky. "Crime and Punishment"
Rodion Raskolnikov creates his theory: the world is divided into those “who have the right” and “trembling creatures.” According to his theory, a person is capable of creating history, like Mohammed and Napoleon. They commit atrocities in the name of “great goals.” Raskolnikov's theory fails. In fact, true freedom lies in subordinating one's aspirations to the interests of society, in the ability to make the right moral choice.

V. Bykov “Obelisk”
The problem of freedom can be seen especially clearly in V. Bykov’s story “Obelisk”. Teacher Frost had a choice to stay alive or die along with his students. He always taught them goodness and justice. He had to choose death, but he remained a morally free person.

A.M. Gorky "At the Bottom"
Is there a way in the world to break free from the vicious circle of life's worries and desires? M. Gorky tried to answer this question in his play “At the Lower Depths.” In addition, the writer posed another pressing question: can one who has humbled himself be considered a free person? Thus, the contradiction between the slave's truth and individual freedom is an eternal problem.

A. Ostrovsky “Thunderstorm”
Resistance to evil and tyranny attracted Special attention Russian writers of the 19th century. The oppressive power of evil is shown in A. N. Ostrovsky’s play “The Thunderstorm”. A young, gifted woman, Katerina, is a strong person. She found the strength to challenge tyranny. The conflict between the environment of the “dark kingdom” and the bright spiritual world, unfortunately, ended tragically.

A. I. Solzhenitsyn “Gulag Archipelago”
Pictures of bullying, cruel attitude to political prisoners.

A.A. Akhmatova's Poem "Requiem"
This work is about the repeated arrests of her husband and son; the poem was written under the influence of numerous meetings with mothers and relatives of prisoners in the Cross, a St. Petersburg prison.

N. Nekrasov “In the trenches of Stalingrad”
In Nekrasov's story there is a terrible truth about the heroism of those people whom totalitarian state have always been considered “cogs” in the huge body of the state machine. The writer mercilessly condemned those who calmly sent people to their deaths, who shot people for a lost sapper shovel, who kept people in fear.

V. Soloukhin
The secret of comprehending beauty, according to the famous publicist V. Soloukhin, lies in admiring life and nature. The beauty scattered in the world will enrich us spiritually if we learn to contemplate it. The author is sure that you need to stop in front of her, “without thinking about time,” only then will she “invite you as an interlocutor.”

K. Paustovsky
The great Russian writer K. Paustovsky wrote that “you need to immerse yourself in nature, as if you plunged your face into a pile of rain-wet leaves and felt their luxurious coolness, their smell, their breath. Simply put, you need to love nature, and this love will find right paths to express yourself most powerfully."

Yu. Gribov
The modern publicist and writer Yu. Gribov argued that “beauty lives in the heart of every person and it is very important to awaken it, not to let it die without waking up.”

V. Rasputin “Deadline”
Children who had come from the city gathered at the bedside of their dying mother. Before her death, the mother seems to go to the place of judgment. She sees that there is no previous mutual understanding between her and the children, the children are separated, they have forgotten about the moral lessons they received in childhood. Anna passes away from life, difficult and simple, with dignity, and her children still have time to live. The story ends tragically. Hurrying about some of their business, the children leave their mother to die alone. Unable to bear such a terrible blow, she dies that same night. Rasputin reproaches the children of the collective farmer for insincerity, moral coldness, forgetfulness and vanity.

K. G. Paustovsky “Telegram”
K. G. Paustovsky's story “Telegram” is not a banal story about a lonely old woman and an inattentive daughter. Paustovsky shows that Nastya is not soulless: she sympathizes with Timofeev, spends a lot of time organizing his exhibition. How could it happen that Nastya, who cares about others, shows inattention to her own mother? It turns out that it is one thing to be passionate about work, to do it with all your heart, to devote all your strength, physical and mental, to it, and another thing is to remember about your loved ones, about your mother - the most holy being in the world, not limiting yourself only to money transfers and short notes. Harmony between concerns for those “distant” and love for oneself to a loved one It was not possible to reach Nastya. This is the tragedy of her situation, this is the reason for the feeling of irreparable guilt, the unbearable heaviness that visits her after the death of her mother and which will settle in her soul forever.

F. M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"
The main character of the work, Rodion Raskolnikov, did many good deeds. He is a kind person by nature who takes other people’s pain hard and always helps people. So Raskolnikov saves children from the fire, gives his last money to the Marmeladovs, tries to protect a drunken girl from men pestering her, worries about his sister Dunya, tries to prevent her marriage with Luzhin in order to protect her from humiliation, loves and pities his mother, tries not to bother her with his problems. But Raskolnikov’s trouble is that he chose a completely inappropriate means to achieve such global goals. Unlike Raskolnikov, Sonya does truly beautiful things. She sacrifices herself for the sake of her loved ones because she loves them. Yes, Sonya is a harlot, but she did not have the opportunity to quickly earn money honestly, and her family was dying of hunger. This woman destroys herself, but her soul remains pure, because she believes in God and tries to do good to everyone, loving and compassionate in a Christian way.
Sonya's most beautiful act is saving Raskolnikov...
Sonya Marmeladova's whole life is self-sacrifice. With the power of her love, she elevates Raskolnikov to herself, helps him overcome his sin and resurrect. The actions of Sonya Marmeladova express all the beauty of human action.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
Pierre Bezukhov is one of the writer’s favorite heroes. Being at odds with his wife, feeling disgusted by the life in the world that they lead, worrying after his duel with Dolokhov, Pierre involuntarily asks eternal, but such important questions for him: “What is bad? What well? Why live, and what am I?” And when one of the smartest Masonic figures calls on him to change his life and purify himself by serving good, to benefit his neighbor, Pierre sincerely believed “in the possibility of the brotherhood of people united with the goal of supporting each other on the path of virtue.” And Pierre does everything to achieve this goal. what he considers necessary: ​​donates money to the brotherhood, establishes schools, hospitals and shelters, tries to make the life of peasant women with small children easier. His actions are always in harmony with his conscience, and the feeling of rightness gives him confidence in life.

Pontius Pilate sent the innocent Yeshua to execution. For the rest of his life, the procurator was tormented by his conscience; he could not forgive himself for his cowardice. The hero received peace only when Yeshua himself forgave him and said that there was no execution.

F. M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment.”

Raskolnikov killed the old pawnbroker to prove to himself that he was a “superior” being. But after the crime, his conscience torments him, a persecution mania develops, and the hero distances himself from his loved ones. At the end of the novel, he repents of the murder and takes the path of spiritual healing.

M. Sholokhov’s “The Fate of Man”
M. Sholokhov has a wonderful story “The Fate of a Man.” It tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who, during the war,
lost all my relatives. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act shows that love and desire
doing good gives a person strength to live, strength to resist fate.

L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”.

The Kuragin family are greedy, selfish, vile people. In pursuit of money and power, they are capable of any immoral acts. So, for example, Helen tricks Pierre into marrying her and takes advantage of his wealth, bringing him a lot of suffering and humiliation.

N.V. Gogol “Dead Souls”.

Plyushkin subordinated his entire life to hoarding. And if at first this was dictated by frugality, then his desire to save crossed all boundaries, he saved on the essentials, lived, limiting himself in everything, and even broke off relations with his daughter, fearing that she would lay claim to his “riches.”

The role of flowers

I.A. Goncharov “Oblomov”.

Oblomov in love gave Olga Ilyinskaya a branch of lilac. Lilac became a symbol of the hero’s spiritual transformation: he became active, cheerful, and cheerful when he fell in love with Olga.

M. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”.

Thanks to the bright yellow flowers in the hands of Margarita, the Master saw her in the gray crowd. The heroes fell in love with each other at first sight and carried their feeling through many trials.

M. Gorky.

The writer recalled that he learned a lot from books. He did not have the opportunity to receive an education, so it was in books that he gained knowledge, an understanding of the world, and knowledge about the laws of literature.

A.S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”.

Tatyana Larina grew up reading romance novels. Books made her dreamy and romantic. She created for herself an ideal lover, the hero of her novel, whom she dreamed of meeting in real life.

According to A.P. Chekhov. During Holy Week, the Laptevs were at the art school at an art exhibition... The problem of perception of art

Original text

(1) During Holy Week, the Laptevs were at the art school at an art exhibition.

(2) Laptev knew the names of everyone famous artists and never missed a single exhibition. (3) Sometimes in the summer at the dacha he himself painted landscapes with paints, and it seemed to him that he had wonderful taste and that if he studied, he would probably come out of it good artist. (4) At home he had paintings of ever larger sizes, but bad ones; the good ones are hanged badly. (3) It happened to him more than once to pay dearly for things that later turned out to be crude fakes. (6) And it is remarkable that, timid in general in life, he was extremely bold and self-confident at art exhibitions. (7) Why?

(8) Yulia Sergeevna looked at the paintings, like her husband, through her fist or through binoculars and was surprised that the people in the paintings looked like they were alive, and the trees looked like real ones; but she didn’t understand, it seemed to her that there were many identical paintings at the exhibition and that the whole purpose of art was precisely so that in the paintings, when you look at them with your fist, people and objects stand out as if they were real.

(9) “This is Shishkin’s forest,” her husband explained to her. (10) - He always writes the same thing... (11) But pay attention: such purple snow never happens... (12) But this boy left hand shorter than the right one.

(13) When everyone was tired and Laptev went to find Kostya to go home, Yulia stopped in front of a small landscape and looked at him indifferently. (14) In the foreground is a river, behind it is a log bridge, on the other side is a path disappearing into the dark grass, a field, then on the right is a piece of forest, near it there is a fire: they must be guarding it at night. (15) And in the distance the evening dawn is burning out.

(1b) Julia imagined how she herself was walking along the bridge, then along the path, further and further, and all around was quiet, sleepy twitchers were screaming, a fire was blinking in the distance. (17) And for some reason it suddenly began to seem to her that she had seen these same clouds that stretched across the red part of the sky, and the forest, and the field many times a long time ago, she felt lonely, and she wanted to go and walk along the path ; and where the evening dawn was, rested the reflection of something unearthly, eternal.

(18) - How well it is written! - she said, surprised that the picture suddenly became clear to her. (19) - Look, Alyosha! (20)Do you notice how quiet it is here?

(21) She tried to explain why she liked this landscape so much, but neither her husband nor Kostya understood her. (22) She kept looking at the landscape with a sad smile, and the fact that others did not find anything special in it worried her. (23) Then she again began to walk through the halls and examine the paintings, she wanted to understand them, and it no longer seemed to her that there were many identical paintings at the exhibition. (24) When she returned home, for the first time in all the time she paid attention to big picture hanging in the hall above the piano, she felt enmity towards her and said:

(25) - I would love to have such pictures!

(26) And after that, golden cornices, Venetian mirrors with flowers and paintings like the one that hung above the piano, as well as her husband’s and Kostya’s discussions about art aroused in her a feeling of boredom, annoyance and sometimes even hatred.

(According to A.P. Chekhov)

Text information

Composition

Have you noticed that it happens that one picture leaves you indifferent, and in front of another you freeze in reverent silence, some melody sounds without hurting your feelings at all, while another makes you sad or happy. Why is this happening? How does a person perceive art? Why do some people immerse themselves in the world created by the artist, while others remain deaf to the world of beauty? An excerpt from A.P. Chekhov’s story “Three Years” made me think about the problem of perceiving art.

A.P. Chekhov talks about how the Laptev family visits an art exhibition. The head knows the names of all famous artists, does not miss a single exhibition, and sometimes paints landscapes himself. His wife at the beginning of the passage “looked at the paintings like her husband,” it seemed to her that the purpose of art was to “make people and objects stand out as if they were real.” The husband notices only negative things in the paintings: either “such purple snow never happens,” or the boy’s left arm is shorter than his right. And only once did Yulia Sergeevna discover the true essence of art. In front of her was an ordinary landscape with a river, a log bridge, a path, a forest and a fire, but suddenly she saw that “where the evening dawn lay, a reflection of something unearthly, eternal.” For a minute, the true purpose of art was revealed to her: to awaken special feelings, thoughts, and experiences in us.

A.P. Chekhov is one of those writers who does not give us ready-made solutions, he forces us to look for them. So, reflecting on the passage, I understood, it seems to me, his position on the problem of the purpose of art, its perception. Art can tell a sensitive person a lot, makes him think about the most mysterious and intimate, awakens the best feelings in him.

I agree with this interpretation of the impact of art on a person. Unfortunately, I have not yet had the opportunity to visit large museums or concerts classical music, so I will allow myself to refer to the opinion of writers, because there are many works in which the authors try to unravel the mystery of human perception of art.

One of the chapters of D. S. Likhachev’s book “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful” is titled “Understanding Art.” In it, the author talks about the great role of art in human life, that art is “amazing magic.” In his opinion, art plays great role in the life of all humanity. Likhachev argues that we must learn to understand art. Awarded with the gift of understanding art, a person becomes morally better, and therefore happier, because rewarded through art with the gift of a good understanding of the world, the people around him, the past and the distant, a person is easier to make friends with other people, with other cultures, with other nationalities, he life is easier.

A. I. Kuprin writes in “The Garnet Bracelet” about how art can influence the human soul. Princess Vera Sheina, returning after saying goodbye to Zheltkov, who committed suicide, so as not to disturb the one he loved so much, asks her pianist friend to play something for her, having no doubt that she will hear Beethoven’s

a piece that Zheltkov bequeathed to her to listen to. She listens to music and feels that her soul is rejoicing. She thought that a great love had passed her by, which is repeated only once in a thousand years, words were composed in her mind, and they coincided in her thoughts with music. “Hallowed be it your name“, - as if the music was telling her. The amazing melody seemed to obey her grief, but it also consoled her, just as Zheltkov would console her.

Yes, great is the power of real art, the power of its impact. It can influence a person’s soul, ennobles it, elevates thoughts.

More arguments.

A short story by V. P. Astafiev, “A Far and Near Fairy Tale,” tells how music is born and what impact it can have on a person. As a little boy, the narrator heard a violin. The violinist played Oginsky’s composition, and this music shocked the young listener. The violinist told him how the melody was born. The composer Oginsky wrote it, saying goodbye to his homeland, managed to convey his sadness in sounds, and now it awakens the best feelings in people. The composer himself is no longer there, the violinist, who gave the listener wonderful moments of comprehending beauty, died, the boy grew up... One day at the front he heard the sounds of an organ. The same music sounded, the same Oginsky polonaise, but in childhood it evoked tears, shock, and now the melody sounded like an ancient battle cry, calling somewhere, forcing someone to do something, so that the fires of war would go out, so that people would not huddle close to the burning ruins , so that they go into their home, under the roof, to their relatives and loved ones, so that the sky, our eternal sky, does not throw up explosions and burn with hellish fire.

K. G. Paustovsky tells in the story “Basket with Fir Cones” about the composer Grieg and his chance meeting with the little girl Dagny. The sweet little girl surprised Grieg with her spontaneity. “I will give you one thing,” the composer promises the girl, “but it will be in ten years.” Ten years passed, Dagny grew up and one day at a symphonic music concert she heard her name. The great composer kept his word: he dedicated a musical play to the girl, which became famous. After the concert, Dagny, shocked by the music, exclaims: “Listen, life, I love you.” And here last words story: “...her life will not be in vain.”

6. Gogol “Portrait”. The artist Chartkov in his youth had quite a talent, but he wanted to get everything from life at once. One day he comes across a portrait of an old man with surprisingly alive and scary eyes. He has a dream in which he finds 1000 ducats. The next day this dream comes true. But the money did not bring happiness to the artist: he bought his name by bribing the publisher and began painting portraits powerful of the world this, but he had nothing left of the spark of talent. Another artist, his friend, gave everything to art, he is constantly learning. He lives in Italy for a long time, spending hours standing by the paintings of great artists, trying to comprehend the secret of creativity. The painting of this artist, seen by Chartkov at the exhibition, is beautiful, it shocked Chartkov. He tries to paint real pictures, but his talent is wasted. Now he buys up masterpieces of painting and, in a fit of madness, destroys them. And only death stops this destructive madness.

According to I. Bunin. Based on the story Book. Lying on the threshing floor in the sweeper, I read for a long time... About the purpose of art

(1) Lying on the threshing floor in a sieve, I read for a long time - and suddenly I was outraged. (2) I’ve been reading again since early morning, again with a book in my hands! (3) And so day after day, since childhood! (4) He lived half his life in some kind of non-existent world, among people who never existed, made up, worried about their destinies, their joys and sorrows, as if he were his own, until the grave connecting himself with Abraham and Isaac, with the Pelasgians and Etruscans, with Socrates and Julius Caesar, Hamlet and Dante, Gretchen and Chatsky, Sobakevich and Ophelia, Pechorin and Natasha Rostova! (5) And how can I now sort out among the real and fictitious companions of my earthly existence? (6) How to separate them, how to determine the extent of their influence on me?

(7) I read, lived with other people’s inventions, but the field, the estate, the village, men, horses, flies, bumblebees, birds, clouds - everything lived with its own, real life. (8) And so I suddenly felt this and woke up from my book obsession, threw the book into the straw and with surprise and joy, with some new eyes, I look around, I acutely see, hear, smell, - most importantly, I feel something unusually simple and at the same time unusually complex, that deep, wonderful, inexpressible thing that exists in life and in myself and which is never properly written about in books.

(9) While I was reading, changes were secretly taking place in nature. (10) It was sunny and festive; now everything is dark and quiet. (11) Little by little, clouds and clouds gathered in the sky, in some places, especially to the south, still bright and beautiful, but to the west, behind the village, behind its vines, rainy, bluish, boring. (12) Warm, soft smell of distant field rain. (13) One oriole is singing in the garden.

(14) A man is returning from the graveyard along the dry purple road that runs between the threshing floor and the garden. (15) On his shoulder is a white iron shovel with blue black soil stuck to it. (16) The face is younger, clear. (17) The hat is pushed off the sweaty forehead.

(18) - I planted a jasmine bush on my girl! - he says cheerfully. - Good health. (19) Do you read everything, make up all the books?

(20) He is happy. (21) What? (22) Only because he lives in the world, that is, he does something most incomprehensible in the world.

(23) An oriole is singing in the garden. (24) Everything else became quiet, silent, you couldn’t even hear the roosters. (25) She sings alone, slowly making playful trills. (26) Why, for whom? (27) Is the garden, the estate for oneself, for the life that has lived for a hundred years? (28) Or maybe this estate lives for her flute singing?

(29) “I planted a jasmine bush on my girl.” (30) Does the girl know about this? (31) The man thinks he knows, and maybe he’s right. (32) By evening the man will forget about this bush - for whom will it bloom? (33) But it will bloom, and it will seem that it is not for nothing, but for someone and for something.

(34) “You read everything, you invent all the books.” (35) Why invent? (36) Why heroines and heroes? (37) Why a novel, a story, with a beginning and an ending? (38) The eternal fear of seeming not bookish enough, not similar enough to those who are famous! (39) And eternal torment is to remain silent forever, not to speak precisely about what is truly yours and the only real thing, which requires the most legitimate expression, that is, trace, embodiment and preservation, at least in words!

Composition

What an amazing story by A.P. Chekhov! As always with this writer, you don’t immediately understand what he wanted to say with his work, what questions he invites you to think about.

Summer day. The lyrical hero reads a book, which he suddenly throws away indignantly: “I lived half my life in some non-existent world, among people who never existed, made up, worried about their destinies, their joys and sorrows, as if it were my own...” It seems to him that he has woken up from the book obsession and looks with new eyes at “the deep, wonderful, inexpressible things that exist in life.” There is wonderful nature all around, an ever-changing landscape. A new face appears: a man with a clear, rejuvenated face. “I planted a jasmine bush on my girl,” he says. We understand that he planted this bush on his daughter’s grave. So why be happy? We are perplexed along with the hero. And then an understanding comes: the girl will not know about this bush, but it will bloom “not without reason, but for someone and for something.” And again a return to previous thoughts: why write novels and stories? And this is where the insight comes: the problem that worries both Chekhov’s hero and the writer himself so much is the problem of the purpose of art. Why does a person need to express himself in books, in poetry, in music, in a painting? This is how I would formulate the question arising from the thoughts of the lyrical hero.

And the answer to it is in the last sentence of the text: “And eternal torment is to remain silent forever, not to speak about what is truly yours and the only real thing, which requires the most legitimate expression, that is, trace, embodiment and preservation, at least in a word! » Author's position, to express it in other words, is this: the purpose of creativity, the purpose of art is to tell people what worries you, to express the feelings that you experience, to leave a “trace of embodiment” on earth.

The question of the purpose of art worried many writers. Let's remember

A. S. Pushkin. In the poem “Prophet”, “God’s voice” appealed to the poet:

“Rise up, prophet, and see and listen,

Be fulfilled by my will,

And, bypassing the seas and lands,

Burn the hearts of people with the verb.”

“To burn the hearts of people with a verb” means to awaken thirst in them better life, struggle. And in the poem “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands...”, written shortly before his death, the poet asserts the greatness of a poetic monument in comparison with other ways to perpetuate merit.

A person to whom God has given the talent to say something of his own to people cannot remain silent. His soul demands to leave a mark on the earth, to embody and preserve his “I” in words, in sound, in paintings, in sculpture...

• Music can help a person feel beauty and relive moments of the past.
• The power of art can change a person's life
• The paintings of a truly talented artist reflect not only the appearance, but also the soul of a person.
• In difficult situations, music inspires a person and gives him vitality.
• Music can convey thoughts to people that cannot be expressed in words.
• Unfortunately, art can push a person to spiritual degradation

Arguments

L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”. Nikolai Rostov, who lost a huge amount of money for his family at cards, is in a dejected, depressed state. He doesn’t know what to do, how to confess everything to his parents. Already at home he hears the beautiful singing of Natasha Rostova. The emotions evoked by the music and singing of the sister overwhelm the hero’s soul. Nikolai Rostov realizes that there is nothing more important in life than all this. The power of art helps him overcome his fear and confess everything to his father.

L.N. Tolstoy "Albert". In the work we learn the story of a poor violinist with outstanding talent. Once at the ball, the young man begins to play. With his music he touches the hearts of people so much that he immediately ceases to seem poor and ugly to them. It’s as if listeners are reliving the best moments of their lives, returning to what was lost irretrievably. Music influences Delesov so much that tears begin to flow down the man’s cheeks: thanks to music, he is transported to his youth, remembering his first kiss.

K.G. Paustovsky “The Old Cook”. Before his death, the blind old cook asks his daughter Maria to go outside and call any person to confess to the dying man. Maria does this: she sees a stranger on the street and conveys her father’s request. The old cook confesses young man, that he committed only one sin in his life: he stole a golden saucer from Countess Thun’s service to help his sick wife Martha. The dying man's desire was simple: to see his wife again as she was in her youth. The stranger begins to play the harpsichord. The power of music has such a strong influence on the old man that he sees moments from the past as if in reality. The young man who gave him these minutes turns out to be Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, a great musician.

K.G. Paustovsky “Basket with fir cones.” In the forests of Bergen great composer Edvard Grieg meets Dagny Pedersen, the daughter of a local forester. Communication with the girl prompts the composer to write music for Dagny. Knowing that a child cannot appreciate all the charm of classical works, Edvard Grieg promises to make a gift for Dagny in ten years, when she turns eighteen. The composer is true to his word: ten years later, Dagny Pedersen unexpectedly hears something dedicated to her musical composition. The music evokes a storm of emotions: she sees her forest, hears the sound of the sea, the shepherd's horn, the whistling of birds. Dagny cries tears of gratitude. Edvard Grieg discovered for her the beautiful things that a person should really live with.

N.V. Gogol “Portrait”. The young artist Chartkov, quite by accident, uses his last money to acquire mysterious portrait. main feature This portrait has incredibly expressive eyes that seem alive. Unusual picture haunts everyone who sees her: everyone thinks that the eyes are watching him. Later it turns out that the portrait was painted by a very talented artist at the request of a moneylender, whose life story is striking in its mystery. He made every effort to convey these eyes, but then he realized that these were the eyes of the devil himself.

O. Wilde “The Picture of Dorian Gray.” The portrait of the handsome young Dorian Gray painted by Basil Hallward is the artist’s best work. The young man himself is delighted with his beauty. Lord Henry Wotton tells him that it won't last forever because all people age. In his feelings, the young man wishes that this very portrait would grow old instead of him. Later it becomes clear that the wish comes true: any act committed by Dorian Gray is reflected in his portrait, and he himself remains the same. The young man begins to commit inhumane, immoral acts, and this does not affect him in any way. Dorian Gray does not change at all: by the age of forty he looks the same as in his youth. We see that magnificent picture instead of a beneficial influence, it destroys the personality.

A.T. Tvardovsky “Vasily Terkin”. Music can warm a person's soul even in difficult times of war. Vasily Terkin, the hero of the work, plays the slain commander on the accordion. Music makes people feel warmer, they follow the music like they walk into fire, and start dancing. This allows them to forget about adversity, difficulties, and misfortunes at least for some time. The comrades of the killed commander give the accordion to Terkin so that he can continue to amuse his infantry.

V. Korolenko “The Blind Musician.” For the hero of the work, musician Petrus, music became the true meaning of life. Blind from birth, he was very sensitive to sounds. When Petrus was a child, he was attracted by the melody of the pipe. The boy began to be drawn to music and later became a pianist. He soon became famous, and much was said about his talent.

A.P. Chekhov “Rothschild’s Violin”. People tried to avoid Yakov Matveevich, a gloomy and rude man. But the accidentally found melody touched his soul: Yakov Matveevich for the first time felt ashamed for offending people. The hero finally realized that without anger and hatred the world would be simply wonderful.