The kids love music and everything connected with it. Therefore, they are happy to examine and study musical instruments, and, if possible, try to play them. But remembering the names of so many unusual objects can be quite difficult for kids,
And in this case, cut-out pictures with the image come to the rescue different instruments; For children who can read well or are beginning to read, pictures with names are especially relevant.
Typically, pictures for children depicting musical instruments include the main types of instruments from different classes - keyboards, percussion, winds. The differences between them are studied at school, and at the level kindergarten It is enough for children to remember the name of the instrument and, if possible, find out what it sounds like. Therefore, it is very convenient if pictures depicting musical instruments for kindergarten are accompanied by a recording on a CD.
It’s easier to start learning with instruments that have a characteristic appearance and sound.
The flute is one of the very first instruments to come into being.
Saxophone and clarinet.
The organ is the largest of all instruments.
The triangle and tambourine are the main creators of additional sound effects.
The violin is the queen among musical instruments.
The cello is the larger sister of the violin with a lower voice.
The synthesizer is a real all-rounder.
Grand piano and piano are the basis of music.
Xylophone, a children's version of which children usually become familiar with at a young age.
Gusli is the most widespread folk instrument in our country.
A harmonica (or accordion) that is convenient to carry in your pocket. Makes a kind and touching sound.
The guitar and its cousin the electric guitar.
A bagpipe whose singing can often be heard in Scotland.
The drum and the whole drum set are the main pacemakers of the melody.
The accordion is an instrument with a rich sound.
Maracas make a delightful rustling sound.
For convenience, you can make cards from pictures depicting musical instruments, and then kids will be able to work with them more purposefully, looking at the instruments up close, pulling out different ones in turn and grouping them according to certain characteristics.
Musical instruments (drawn)
At school, they will already be laying out pictures, guided by the type of instrument and its sound. You can show the desired card, including a recording of the sound of a particular instrument, and then the kids will better understand and hear the melodies. And by getting involved with music, they will expand their horizons and enrich their inner world.
Find a trading organization where you can buy musical instruments, including children's ones. not difficult, knowing what exactly you need, and also if you live in Moscow, St. Petersburg or another large city. There are quite a lot of stores that sell them, most of them have their own website. Having familiarized yourself with the lists of assortments and prices on the websites of such music stores, as well as their territorial location, you can make a choice and call them in order to clarify what may have remained unclear. These may be the conditions of order and delivery, the availability of the necessary tool, the opportunity to receive the necessary advice. You will really need it if you do not have sufficient experience and find it difficult to make a decision on your own to purchase this or that model. In the store you can, for example, evaluate how a guitar or piano sounds while listening to it played.
In small populated areas there is less choice, so it is quite possible that you will need to go or order what you need, at least to the nearest regional center, having first found out whether the necessary product is in stock.
Types of musical instruments and their most famous representatives
As a rule, the list of types of musical instruments presented in stores specializing in the sale of these wonderful items that allow gifted people to show their talents, create and realize a wide variety of creative ideas, things that we uniquely associate with something magical and beautiful consists of the following categories: guitars, folk, bowed, keyboard and wind instruments, drums and percussion, and harmonics.
Let us list the musical instruments belonging to each of the above categories.
What types of guitars are there?
The main types of guitars include the following varieties:
- Acoustic guitars and their subtypes such as classical, Spanish, Hawaiian, with metal and nylon strings.
- Electro-acoustic guitars with various pickups and piezoelectric pickups that allow you to pick up sound, including from instruments equipped with nylon strings.
- Electric guitars without a hollow soundboard, which require an amplifier and an acoustic cabinet to produce sound, and their semi-acoustic subspecies with a soundboard that is smaller in volume than that of acoustic ones, but still present.
- Regular bass guitars with different amounts strings and neck structure, as well as their electro-acoustic variants.
Keyboard categories
In addition to classic grand pianos and upright pianos, the range of modern music salons includes electric organs, synthesizers, midi keyboards, as well as digital pianos and fortopianos. In addition, useful electronic instruments used by many musicians such as rhythm machines, samplers and sequencers are available for sale.
Group of drums, percussion and accessories
The first items on the list of instruments in this category include drum sets, orchestral drums, various percussion elements and noise. You can also buy pedals, cymbals, drums, various stands and other components separately. Electronic drums are represented by various devices, from kits and drum machines, to compact pad trainers with exercises and lessons included in the kit, which can be used for other purposes, for example, recording drum parts.
Popular wind instruments from trumpet and oboe to flute and clarinetWhat woodwind and metal wind instruments do modern musical groups use?There are more than a dozen of them:
Bowed string instruments
Harmonics and digital accordions and button accordions
Folk musical instrumentsFolk instruments are not only Russian, but also those we associate with other countries, including:
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Terms of rental of musical instruments
Since musical instruments are not the cheapest pleasure, and, in addition, there are many other objective reasons why it is more profitable to rent them. Renting equipment and tools in Moscow and other cities is practiced quite widely.
Not every group has its own rehearsal space, and renting one may be a solution. In addition to directly renting out premises with equipment for temporary use, organizations providing such services also provide other related services. Work, as a rule, is structured flexibly, the range of services is quite wide and varied.
On mutually beneficial terms, you will be offered as separate units of audio equipment in most cases for known reasons well-known brands, amplifiers, amps, stands, consoles, microphones, etc., as well as ready-made sets of equipment formed based on the experience and requests of clients. For regular customers, as a rule, there is a system of discounts.
Equipment is often provided famous musicians, stars, actors and provides high-quality sound.
Approximate prices for rental tools can be viewed on the dedicated pages of the website of the organization providing such services. For example, a set of equipment for a concert, corporate or other event, discotheque, presentation, wedding, etc., which requires sound amplification up to 1000 W, including speaker systems, signal processing devices, microphones, and players, will cost about 8 tons .R. (300 ue).
In addition to direct rental, services are provided for equipment installation, sound engineering and maintenance of events, discotheques, exhibitions, etc.
View offers, and also report the sale or purchase of new, used. or commission musical instruments with their descriptions can be found on the site’s bulletin board.
There is also free advertising of organizations providing services for setting them up and teaching how to play them.
Modern high-quality sound equipment
| Equipment for broadcasts and conferences, concert equipment |
Music surrounds us since childhood. And then we have the first musical instruments. Do you remember your first drum or tambourine? And what about the shiny metallophone, the records of which had to be struck with a wooden stick? What about pipes with holes in the side? With some skill it was even possible to play simple melodies on them.
Toy instruments are the first step into the world of real music. Now you can buy a variety of musical toys: from simple drums and harmonicas to almost real pianos and synthesizers. Do you think these are just toys? Not at all: in preparatory classes music schools From such toys, entire noise orchestras are made, in which kids selflessly blow pipes, knock on drums and tambourines, spur the rhythm with maracas and play their first songs on the xylophone... And this is their first real step into the world of music.
Types of musical instruments
The world of music has its own order and classification. Tools are divided into large groups: strings, keyboards, percussion, winds, and also reed. Which of them appeared earlier and which later is now difficult to say for sure. But already ancient people who shot from a bow noticed that a drawn bowstring sounds, reed tubes, when blown into them, make whistling sounds, and it is convenient to beat the rhythm on any surface with all available means. These objects became the progenitors of strings, winds and percussion instruments, already known in Ancient Greece. Reed ones appeared just as long ago, but keyboards were invented a little later. Let's look at these main groups.
Brass
In wind instruments, sound is produced by vibrations of a column of air enclosed inside a tube. The greater the volume of air, the lower the sound it produces.
Wind instruments are divided into two large groups: wooden And copper. Wooden - flute, clarinet, oboe, bassoon, alpine horn... - are a straight tube with side holes. By closing or opening the holes with their fingers, the musician can shorten the column of air and change the pitch of the sound. Modern instruments often made not from wood, but from other materials, but traditionally they are called wooden.
Copper wind instruments set the tone for any orchestra, from brass to symphony. Trumpet, horn, trombone, tuba, helicon, a whole family of saxhorns (baritone, tenor, alto) are typical representatives of this loudest group of instruments. Later, the saxophone appeared - the king of jazz.
The pitch of the sound in brass instruments changes due to the force of the air blown and the position of the lips. Without additional valves, such a pipe can produce only a limited number of sounds - a natural scale. To expand the range of sound and the ability to reach all sounds, a system of valves was invented - valves that change the height of the air column (like side holes on wooden ones). Copper pipes that are too long, unlike wooden ones, can be rolled into a more compact shape. Horn, tuba, helicon are examples of rolled pipes.
Strings
The bow string can be considered a prototype string instruments- one of the most important groups of any orchestra. The sound here is produced by a vibrating string. To amplify the sound, strings began to be pulled over a hollow body - this is how the lute and mandolin, cymbals, harp were born... and the guitar that we know well.
The string group is divided into two main subgroups: bowed And plucked tools. Bowed violins include all types of violins: violins, violas, cellos and huge double basses. The sound is extracted from them with a bow, which is moved along stretched strings. But for plucked bows, a bow is not needed: the musician plucks the string with his fingers, causing it to vibrate. Guitar, balalaika, lute are plucked instruments. Just like the beautiful harp, which makes such gentle cooing sounds. But is the double bass a bowed or plucked instrument? Formally, it belongs to the bowed instrument, but often, especially in jazz, it is played with plucked strings.
Keyboards
If the fingers striking the strings are replaced with hammers, and the hammers are set in motion using keys, the result will be keyboards tools. The first keyboards - clavichords and harpsichords- appeared in the Middle Ages. They sounded quite quietly, but very tender and romantic. And at the beginning of the 18th century they invented piano- an instrument that could be played both loudly (forte) and quietly (piano). Long name usually shortened to the more familiar "piano". The older brother of the piano - what's that brother - the king! - that’s what it’s called: piano. This is no longer an instrument for small apartments, but for concert halls.
The keyboard includes the largest one - and one of the most ancient! - musical instruments: organ. This is no longer a percussion keyboard, like a piano and grand piano, but keyboard and wind instrument: not the musician's lungs, but a blowing machine that creates air flow into a system of tubes. This huge system is controlled by a complex control panel, which has everything: from a manual (that is, manual) keyboard to pedals and register switches. And how could it be otherwise: organs consist of tens of thousands of individual tubes of various sizes! But their range is enormous: each tube can sound only one note, but when there are thousands of them...
Drums
The oldest musical instruments were drums. It was the tapping of rhythm that was the first prehistoric music. The sound can be produced by a stretched membrane (drum, tambourine, oriental darbuka...) or the body of the instrument itself: triangles, cymbals, gongs, castanets and other knockers and rattles. A special group consists of percussion instruments that produce a sound of a certain pitch: timpani, bells, xylophones. You can already play a melody on them. Percussion ensembles consisting only of percussion instruments stage entire concerts!
Reed
Is there any other way to extract sound? Can. If one end of a plate made of wood or metal is fixed, and the other is left free and forced to vibrate, then we get the simplest reed - the basis of reed instruments. If there is only one tongue, we get Jew's harp. Reeds include harmonicas, button accordions, accordions and their miniature model - harmonica .
harmonica
You can see keys on the button accordion and accordion, so they are considered both keyboard and reed. Some wind instruments are also reeded: for example, in the already familiar clarinet and bassoon, the reed is hidden inside the pipe. Therefore, the division of tools into these types is arbitrary: there are many tools mixed type.
In the 20th century, the friendly musical family was replenished with another large family: electronic instruments . The sound in them is created artificially using electronic circuits, and the first example was the legendary theremin, created back in 1919. Electronic synthesizers can imitate the sound of any instrument and even... play themselves. If, of course, someone draws up a program. :)
Dividing instruments into these groups is just one way of classification. There are many others: for example, the Chinese grouped tools depending on the material from which they were made: wood, metal, silk and even stone... Methods of classification are not so important. It is much more important to be able to recognize instruments both by appearance and sound. This is what we will learn.
What types of musical instruments are there? Why are some musical instruments called wind instruments, while others are called percussion instruments?Musical sounds can be extracted from a wide variety of objects. However, the best musical instruments are made from carefully selected materials that are most suitable for producing clear sound in the desired range.
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The modern classification of musical instruments belongs to Hornbostel and Sachs, where they are divided according to material and method of sound production. The full classification contains more than 300 categories.
The oldest musical instruments appeared in the Paleolithic and Neolithic eras. Their initial functions are magic, signaling and others. Modern musical instruments are divided into various classes and families according to the method of production, sound production, material of manufacture and other characteristics. There are wind, keyboard, string, percussion, and electric musical instruments. Instruments are also divided into self-sounding, membrane string and wind instruments, as well as plucked, friction, percussion, etc.
Wind musical instruments (aerophones) are a group of musical instruments whose sound source is air vibrations in the bore (tube). They are classified according to many criteria, by material, by design, by methods of sound production. In a symphony orchestra, a group of wind musical instruments is divided into oboe and clarinet according to the material of manufacture into wooden ones: flute, bassoon, and copper ones: trumpet, clarinet, tuba.
Reed wind instruments include harmonica, accordion, button accordion, accordion
Flute (from the German Flote) is a woodwind musical instrument. Numerous varieties of flutes, starting with the simplest whistles, have been known since ancient times. Spread in Europe in the 17th century, the longitudinal flute (block flute, then flageolet) was supplanted by the transverse one, which from the 18th century became solo, ensemble and orchestral instrument. Modern type transverse flute(with valves) was invented by the German master T. Bem in 1832 and has varieties: small flute (or piccolo flute), alto and bass flute. Unlike other wind instruments, the flute produces sounds by cutting the air stream against an edge, instead of using a reed. A musician who plays the flute is usually called a flutist.
Large flute (Flauto - Italian, Flote - German, Flute - French) - a wind instrument, wooden or metal, less often bone; consists of a cylindrical tube, open at the bottom and having a small side opening at the upper end. Air is blown into this side hole. The player holds the flute horizontally, which is why it is called transverse or flute traversiere, in contrast to the flute a bec, which is held during playing like a clarinet; this latter has fallen into disuse. In addition to the above two holes, the flute has 11 holes, 6 of which are closed with fingers, and 5 with valves. Placing your fingers on the holes and valves is called fingering. With all holes of the flute closed, it produces the lowest sound. Higher notes are produced using sounds of the natural scale, produced from notes in the first octave due to clenching of the lips (letting air through). The low register of the flute is weak, but has a soft, velvety sound; The middle and especially the upper registers are stronger. The sound character of the flute is melodic, poetic, but lacks warmth. flute is one of ancient instruments, constantly improving. The flute reached a special development in the 19th century, thanks to the works of Boehm. Among the group of woodwind instruments, the flute is the most agile virtuoso instrument. In the orchestra, they mainly write two flute parts. The flute should not be used constantly in the orchestra to avoid monotony. In addition to the large flute, there are other flutes, for example, the tertz flute, which sounds a minor third higher than the ordinary one. A quart flute is a quart higher, an octave flute, or a small flute (piccolo) is an octave higher, an Es flute is a small decima higher, a flute d'amour is sounding a minor third lower than a large one. Of all these types of flutes, except large, in practice a small octave flute is used.
Bassoon (Fagotto or Bassone - Italian, Basson - French, Fagott - German) is a woodwind instrument. The bass oboe has a long tube, which is bent in half and tied, which gave this instrument the name bassoon (fagot in French - a bunch, a bundle). From the top of the instrument there is a thin metal tube in the shape of the letter S, to the end of which is attached a double mouthpiece consisting of two closely folded plates, like an oboe. The bassoon was invented in 1539 by Canon Afranio in Ferrara. Significantly improved in the mid-16th century by instrumental maker Sigmund Scheitzer in Nuremberg, the bassoon became widespread in Germany, France, and Italy. Later, Allmenröder improved the system of valves and holes and regulated the sonority of each note of the chromatic scale produced by this instrument. It has a great bass voice among woodwind instruments. This is one of the most useful instruments of a symphony orchestra. The best registers are low and medium; the high register in the first octave has a compressed sound. It is easier to play in formations with a small number of sharps or flats. The bassoon technique is similar to the oboe technique. Trills consisting of two notes with sharps or flats are difficult. The bassoon is very useful for supporting low-tuned string instruments. It is extremely rarely used for a small solo. The bassoon quart - enlarged - has the same volume in writing, but each note sounds a perfect quart lower than the written note. With the introduction of the contrabassoon, in which each note sounds an octave lower than the written one, the quart bassoon fell out of use.
Trumpet (tromba, clarino, plural clarini - Italian, Trompete - German, trompette - French) is a brass instrument with a tube eight feet long, with a bell at the end. At the top of the pipe there is a mouthpiece-cup in the form of a hemisphere, through which the player blows air into the instrument. The shape of this mouthpiece is used in all brass instruments, with the exception of the horn, which has a funnel-shaped mouthpiece. The structure of the mouthpiece in wooden instruments is perfect. The pipe tube is bent into an oval, in the middle of which the crowns are placed. Real view pipes is quite similar to the one installed under Louis XI. The trumpet is a military instrument. The trumpet was first used in opera at the beginning of the 17th century, in Monteverdi's Orpheus. Pipes can be natural, producing only natural sounds, or chromatic, with valves. Natural pipes come in different sizes, and therefore different tunings. On some pipes, the tunings are changed using machines or crowns. The trumpet is a predominantly transposing instrument. The general character of the pipe is energetic, militant, and bright. By inserting a damper (a type of plug) into the socket, the sound is significantly weakened. The lower sounds of the trumpet are dull, the middle ones lend themselves to all nuances, from piano to fortissimo. The upper sounds are predominantly inclined to forte. Sustained, but not too long notes, melodies and passages. Mainly harmonic (broken chord - fanfare), playing with unrelated notes - in the character of the trumpet. Rapid repetition of the same note using a double or triple tongue strike (Schmetterton) is quite accessible to the trumpet. The orchestra mainly uses two trumpets. For the trumpet, the tuning is chosen that can give the natural sounds of this tuning required by the piece. It has been 30 years since the natural trumpet has been replaced by the trumpet with valves or the chromatic Trompette a piston, Ventiltrompete. From the valves the trumpet acquired a chromatic scale, but lost its silvery sonority and somewhat warlike
pulling out the slide gives three more chromatic pedal sounds below. Oboe (from the French hautboy, tall tree) is a wooden wind reed musical instrument. Known since the 17th century. Varieties: small oboe, oboe d'amore, English horn, heckelphone.
A characteristic feature of the oboe is its double reed, which distinguishes it from the clarinet, which has a single reed. Among the instruments of the modern orchestra, the oboe, oboe d'amour, cor anglais, bassoon and contrabassoon are equipped with double reeds. The cor anglais is an enlarged alto oboe in F tuning.
Clarinet (French clarinette, from Latin clarus - clear (sound)) is a woodwind reed musical instrument. Designed at the beginning. 18th century. In modern practice, soprano clarinets, piccolo clarinet (Italian piccolo), alto (so-called basset horn), and bass clarinets are used. It has the shape of a cylindrical tube, the lower hole of which ends in a small bell. Blow into the top hole through a mouthpiece, 102" height="39" bgcolor="white" style="border:.75pt solid black; vertical-align:top;background:white">
Modern appearance the horn was acquired in 1815, when a long pipe was twisted into several turns; At the same time, the instrument acquired three valves. With these valves, the horn player can play any note in the range from contra H to F in the second octave.
Tuba (Latin tuba - trumpet) is the lowest sounding brass musical instrument. The tuba was designed in 1835 in Germany.
https://pandia.ru/text/78/218/images/image020_30.gif" alt=" Signature:" align="left" width="138 height=40" height="40">Саксофон изобретён Адольфом Саксом в Бельгии. Патент на саксофон получен 17 мая 1846 года. Корпус саксофона изготовляется из меди. Подушечки на клапанах делаются из кожи. Представляет собой параболическую трубку с клювообразным мундштуком и одинарной тростью. Духовой музыкальный инструмент. Используется преимущественно как эстрадный инструмент.!}
https://pandia.ru/text/78/218/images/image022_4.jpg" alt="b_302i" align="left" width="218" height="162 src=">Идиофоны - инструменты, в которых звучащим телом является весь инструмент (гонг, там-там), либо состоящие из целиком звучащих тел (треугольник, ксилофон, маримба, вибрафон, колокольчики)!}
Based on their material, idiophones are further divided into
https://pandia.ru/text/78/218/images/image024_3.jpg" alt="k_281i" align="left" width="217" height="162 src=">Деревянные идиофоны, звучащие элементы которых сделаны из дерева - деревянная коробочка, темпле-блоки, ксилофон.!}
126" height="54" bgcolor="white" style="border:.75pt solid black; vertical-align:top;background:white"> Percussion instruments exist with an indefinite pitch, among them: Instruments with a membrane: drums, tambourines, etc. Instruments with a self-sounding body: triangles, cymbals and gongs, castanets, various bells, shakers and maracas, wooden boxes,
flexatone, etc. With a certain heightsound, that is, tuned to notes. Including bells, timpani, some types of cowbells, woodblocks, gongs, etc. Keyboard drums: xylophone, vibraphone, marimba, bells and other similar instruments designed for playing individual notes and various melodies
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Timpani (timpani) (from Greek. polytaurea; Italian. plural timpani, German. Pauken), a cauldron-shaped percussion musical instrument with a membrane, often paired (nagara, etc.). Distributed since ancient times.
It has been part of the symphony orchestra since the 17th century, usually using 2 or more timpani.
Bells, orchestral percussion self-sounding musical instrument: a set of metal records.
https://pandia.ru/text/78/218/images/image028_26.gif" alt=" Signature:" align="left" width="162 height=78" height="78">Ксилофон (от ксило... и греческого phone - звук, голос), ударный самозвучащий музыкальный инструмент. Состоит из ряда деревянных брусочков различной длины. Распространен у многих народов, главным образом в Африке, !} South-East Asia, Latin America. In professional European music since the beginning of the 19th century; modern varieties - marimba, tubafon.
Drum, percussion membrane musical instrument. Varieties are found among many peoples.Tambourine is a percussion membrane musical instrument, sometimes with metal pendants. Common among many peoples: Uzbek doira; Armenian, Azerbaijani, Tajik def; shamanic drums among the peoples of Siberia and the Far East.
Castanets (Spanish castanetas), percussion musical instrument; wooden (or plastic) plates in the shape of shells, fastened on the fingers. Distributed in Spain, Italy, countries Latin America. There are folk and orchestral castanets.
Musical instruments are divided into percussion and wind according to the method of producing sound. Some use vibrations that occur when metal or wooden objects hit each other to produce sound, others use vibrations of air waves from a person’s lungs as it passes inside a musical instrument. Hence their names. Percussion comes from the word to hit, and wind instruments come from the word to breathe. Percussion instruments are considered more ancient because their structure is much simpler than that of wind instruments.
Music comes into our lives at an early age. Almost everyone had musical toys, a metallophone or a wooden pipe. After all, it is also possible to play elementary compositions on them.
And it is from childhood that we take the first steps towards truly real music. Currently there are many special places for kids, where they are provided with such “childish” tools and given free rein to their imagination. In such music classes, children can even create their own Symphony Orchestra, no matter how strange it may sound. This is what it is initial stage, opening the whole fantasy world music.
You can select and purchase instruments in the MusicMarket.by online store on its official website https://musicmarket.by/. There are different types of instruments for sale: percussion, wind, folk, studio and sound equipment, bowed instruments, keyboard instruments and others.
Wind instruments
The principle of their operation is that the air vibrates inside the tube, after which a sound is produced.
There are also two subgroups of wind instruments: wooden tools and copper. The first can be attributed. for example, oboe, flute and clarinet. They are a tube with holes on one side. Using the holes, the musician regulates the volume of air inside, which changes the sound.
Brass instruments include trumpet, trombone, and saxophone. These wind instruments are used when playing in orchestras. The sound they make primarily depends on the force of the air blown and the musician's lips. In order to receive large quantity tones, special valves are provided, the operating principle of which is similar to that of woodwind instruments.
Stringed instruments
The sound of stringed instruments depends on the vibration of the strings, the prototype of which was the stretched bow string. Depending on the method of playing, the group of instruments is divided into bowed (violin, cello, viola) and plucked (guitar, lute, balalaika).
Keyboard instruments
One of the first keyboard instruments clavichords and harpsichords are considered. But the piano was created only in the 18th century. Its name literally stands for loud-quiet.
This group includes an organ, which is separated into a separate subgroup of keyboard and wind instruments. The air flow in it is created by a blower machine, and control is carried out using a special control panel.
Percussion instruments
The sound of this group is created by striking the tensioned membrane of the instrument or the body of the instrument itself. There is also a special subgroup of percussion instruments that produce sound at a specific pitch, such as timpani, bells, and xylophones.
Reed instruments
Instruments of this group are made in such a way that one side is made of solid material, and the other is in free vibration. Such instruments include jew's harps and accordions.
Many musical instruments can belong to several groups, for example, button accordion, clarinet.
Electronic instruments
Music on such instruments is created using electronic systems, for which specialized programs are created.
The division of musical instruments into these groups is quite arbitrary. It is more important to distinguish them by appearance.
