Human brain under a microscope. "study of the structure of cells and body tissues under a microscope"

Cancer cells develop from healthy particles in the body. They do not penetrate tissues and organs from the outside, but are part of them.

Under the influence of factors that have not been fully studied, malignant formations stop responding to signals and begin to behave differently. The appearance of the cell also changes.

A malignant tumor is formed from a single cell that has become cancerous. This happens due to modifications occurring in genes. Most malignant particles have 60 or more mutations.

Before the final transformation into a cancer cell, it goes through a series of transformations. As a result, some of the pathological cells die, but a few survive and become cancerous.

When a normal cell mutates, it goes into the stage of hyperplasia, then atypical hyperplasia, and turns into carcinoma. Over time, it becomes invasive, that is, it moves throughout the body.

What is a healthy particle

It is generally accepted that cells are the first step in the organization of all living organisms. They are responsible for ensuring all vital functions, such as growth, metabolism, and transmission of biological information. In the literature they are usually called somatic, that is, those that make up the entire human body, except for those that take part in sexual reproduction.

The particles that make up a person are very diverse. However, they share a number of common features. All healthy elements go through the same stages of their life journey. It all starts at birth, then the process of maturation and functioning occurs. It ends with the death of the particle as a result of the activation of a genetic mechanism.

The process of self-destruction is called apoptosis, it occurs without disturbing the viability of surrounding tissues and inflammatory reactions.

During their life cycle, healthy particles divide a certain number of times, that is, they begin to reproduce only if there is a need. This happens after receiving a signal to divide. There is no division limit in reproductive and stem cells and lymphocytes.

Five interesting facts

Malignant particles are formed from healthy tissue. As they develop, they begin to differ significantly from ordinary cells.

Scientists were able to identify the main features of tumor-forming particles:

Endlessly divisible– the pathological cell constantly doubles and increases in size. Over time, this leads to the formation of a tumor consisting of a huge number of copies of the cancer particle.
Cells separate from each other and exist autonomously– they lose their molecular connection with each other and stop sticking together. This leads to the movement of malignant elements throughout the body and their settling on various organs.
Can't manage its life cycle– p53 protein is responsible for cell restoration. In most cancer cells, this protein is faulty, so life cycle control is not established. Experts call this defect immortality.
Lack of development– malignant elements lose their signal with the body and engage in endless division without having time to mature. Because of this, multiple gene errors are formed in them, affecting their functional abilities.
Each cell has different external parameters– pathological elements are formed from various healthy parts of the body, which have their own characteristics in appearance. Therefore, they differ in size and shape.

There are malignant elements that do not form a lump, but accumulate in the blood. An example is leukemia. Cancer cells get more and more errors as they divide. This leads to the fact that subsequent elements of the tumor may be completely different from the initial pathological particle.

Many experts believe that cancer particles begin to move inside the body immediately after the formation of a tumor. To do this, they use blood and lymphatic vessels. Most of them die as a result of the immune system, but a few survive and settle on healthy tissues.

All detailed information about cancer cells in this scientific lecture:

The structure of a malignant particle

Disturbances in genes lead not only to changes in the functioning of cells, but also to disorganization of their structure. They change in size, internal structure, and the shape of the complete set of chromosomes. These visible abnormalities allow specialists to distinguish them from healthy particles. Examining cells under a microscope allows cancer to be diagnosed.

Core

Tens of thousands of genes are located in the nucleus. They control the functioning of the cell, dictating its behavior. Most often, the nuclei are located in the central part, but in some cases they can move to one side of the membrane.

In cancer cells, the nuclei vary the most; they become larger and acquire a spongy structure. The nuclei have depressed segments, a rugged membrane, and enlarged and distorted nucleoli.

Proteins

The Protein Challenge in performing basic functions that are necessary to maintain cell viability. They transport nutrients to it, convert them into energy, and transmit information about changes in the external environment. Some proteins are enzymes whose job is to convert unused substances into needed products.

In a cancer cell, proteins change and they lose the ability to do their job correctly. Errors affect enzymes and the particle's life cycle is altered.

Mitochondria

The part of the cell in which products such as proteins, sugars, and lipids are converted into energy is called mitochondria. This transformation uses oxygen. As a result, toxic wastes such as free radicals are formed. It is believed that they can trigger the process of turning a cell into a cancerous one.

Plasma membrane

All elements of the particle are surrounded by a wall made of lipids and proteins. The membrane's job is to keep them all in place. In addition, it blocks the path of those substances that should not enter the cell from the body.

Special membrane proteins, which are its receptors, perform an important function. They transmit coded messages to the cell, according to which it reacts to changes in the environment.

Misreading of genes leads to changes in receptor production. Because of this, the particle does not become aware of changes in the external environment and begins to lead an autonomous way of existence. This behavior leads to cancer.

Malignant particles of different organs

Cancer cells can be recognized by their shape. Not only do they behave differently, but they also look different from normal ones.

Scientists from Clarkson University conducted research which resulted in the conclusion that healthy and pathological particles differ in geometric shape. For example, malignant cervical cancer cells have a higher degree of fractality.

Fractal are geometric shapes that consist of similar parts. Each of them looks like a copy of the entire figure.

Scientists were able to obtain images of cancer cells using an atomic force microscope. The device made it possible to obtain a three-dimensional map of the surface of the particle being studied.

Scientists continue to study changes in fractality during the process of converting normal particles into cancer particles.

Lungs' cancer

Lung pathology can be non-small cell or small cell. In the first case, tumor particles divide slowly; in later stages, they are pinched off from the maternal lesion and move throughout the body due to the flow of lymph.

In the second case, the neoplasm particles are small in size and prone to rapid division. Over the course of a month, the number of cancer particles doubles. Elements of the tumor can spread both to organs and bone tissue.

The cell has an irregular shape with rounded areas. Multiple growths of different structures are visible on the surface. The color of the cell at the edges is beige, and towards the middle it turns red.

Breast cancer

Tumor formation in the breast may consist of particles that have been transformed from components such as connective and glandular tissue, ducts. The tumor elements themselves can be large or small. In highly differentiated breast pathology, the particles are distinguished by nuclei of the same size.

The cell has a round shape, its surface is loose and heterogeneous. Long straight shoots protrude from it in all directions. At the edges the color of the cancer cell is lighter and brighter, but inside it is darker and more saturated.

Skin cancer

Skin cancer is most often associated with the transformation of melanocytes into a malignant form. The cells are located in the skin in any part of the body. Experts often associate these pathological changes with prolonged exposure to the open sun or in a solarium. Ultraviolet radiation promotes the mutation of healthy skin elements.

Cancer cells develop on the surface of the skin for a long time. In some cases, pathological particles behave more aggressively, quickly growing deep into the skin.

Oncology cell It has a round shape, with multiple villi visible across its entire surface. Their color is lighter than that of the membrane.

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Red blood cells

Split human hair

Purkinje cells

Sensitive ear hairs

Blood vessels of the optic nerve

Taste bud of tongue

Plaque

Pulmonary alveoli

Villi of the small intestine

Let's take a tour of your body using a microscope! Starting from the head and ending with the pelvic organs. I think you will find it very interesting!

Almost all of the images presented here were taken using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The electron beam emitted by such a device interacts with the atoms of the desired object, resulting in 3D images of the highest resolution. Magnification of 250,000 times allows you to see details measuring 1-5 nanometers (that is, billionths of a meter).

The first SEM image was obtained in 1935 by Max Knoll, and already in 1965 the Cambridge Instrument Company offered its Stereoscan to DuPont. Now such devices are widely used in research centers.

1 Red blood cells

Here you can say the basis of your blood is depicted - red blood cells. These cute biconcave cells have the responsible task of carrying oxygen throughout the body. Typically, in one cubic millimeter of blood there are 4-5 million such cells in women and 5-6 million in men. People living at high altitudes, where there is a lack of oxygen, have even more red cells.

2 Split human hair

To avoid such hair splitting, invisible to the ordinary eye, you need to get your hair cut regularly and use good shampoos.

3 Purkinje cells

Of the 100 billion neurons in your brain, Purkinje cells are some of the largest. Among other things, they are responsible in the cerebellar cortex for motor coordination. Alcohol poisoning has a detrimental effect on them.

4 Sensitive ear hairs

This is what stereocilia, or the sensory elements of the vestibular apparatus inside your ear, look like. By detecting sound vibrations, they control response mechanical movements and actions.

5 Blood vessels of the optic nerve

Shown here are the blood vessels of the retina emerging from the black-colored optic disc.

6 Taste bud of tongue

There are about 10,000 taste buds on the human tongue, which help determine the taste of salty, sour, bitter, sweet and spicy.

7 Plaque

To avoid deposits on your teeth that look like unthreshed spikelets, it is advisable to brush your teeth more often.

8 Pulmonary alveoli

Here is a view of your lung from the inside. The empty cavities are alveoli, where oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide. In a smoker, these alveoli are black. Smoking is harmful to health.

9 Villi of the small intestine

The villi of the small intestine increase its area, which promotes better absorption of food. These are irregularly cylindrical outgrowths up to 1.2 millimeters high. The basis of the villi is loose connective tissue. Upon careful examination, you can notice food debris in the grooves.

Take care of your health!

The human body is a form of existence of living matter. Metabolism occurs continuously in it and the ability to reproduce is maintained. The science that studies tissue cells and extracellular structures that have a common structure and function is called histology. The purpose of this review is to get acquainted with the tissues under microscope- biology in this topic is closely intertwined with medicine. The first knowledge was obtained long before the invention of optical instruments, but in our time histological studies are almost unthinkable without microscopy.

Let's consider tissue under a microscope- Biology classifies them into four groups. Epithelial- the outer layer of human skin, lining the body cavities, forming glands and membranes of internal organs. It is divided into glandular, cubic and squamous epithelium. The cells have the appearance shown in Figure 1.

Connective(auxiliary) - provides strength, elasticity and support for all organs, containing on average 70-80 percent of their mass. It retains heat, prevents damage, shock, and makes up the stroma and dermis. It is divided into cartilaginous, bone, fatty and dense.

Muscular- responsible for movement, capable of contractions, i.e. changes in cell size under the influence of biologically active chemical substances. Classification: striated skeletal, cardiac, smooth.

Nervous- creates conditions for the interconnected regulation of the activity of all systems and consists of electrically excitable neurons (contain a nucleus and many processes).

The technique for studying tissues involves making a microspecimen and viewing it under a microscope. The microscopy method is called the “transmitted light bright field method”. What this means: light rays pass upward through the preparation and magnifying lenses to form an image. To ensure this process, you will need bottom lighting - mirror or LED.

Preparation of histological sample:

The tissue fragment is fixed. Its goal is to preserve the intravital structure, for which long-term treatment is carried out with an aqueous solution of formaldehyde (formalin). This prevents it from rotting and decay.
Dehydration for subsequent microtomy. This imparts hardness. Compaction can be achieved by successive immersion in xylene and ethyl alcohol. Isopropanol is also used due to its low toxicity.
Filling with molten paraffin.
Cutting pieces with a thickness of 1-50 microns (micrometers) using a microtome.
Tinting with hematoxylin and eosin makes all significant areas of the microsample contrasting.
Conclusion between slide and cover slip. At high magnifications, this will provide better focusing across the entire plane.

The magnification factor should change gradually from low to high. Initially use the combination: 4x objective, 10x eyepiece, which together gives 4*10=40x.
Place the tissue microslide strictly in the center of the microscope stage and check that the condenser (disk with diaphragms) is facing the widest hole towards the illuminator.
Focus smoothly and slowly, avoid shaking and careless touching of the tripod.

Bone

The bone tissue that forms the bones of the skeleton is very strong. It maintains body shape (constitution) and protects organs located in the skull, chest and pelvic cavities, and participates in mineral metabolism. The tissue consists of cells (osteocytes) and intercellular substance in which nutrient channels with blood vessels are located. The intercellular substance contains up to 70% mineral salts (calcium, phosphorus and magnesium).

In its development, bone tissue passes through fibrous and lamellar stages. In various parts of the bone it is organized in the form of compact or spongy bone substance.

Cartilage tissue consists of cells (chondrocytes) and intercellular substance (cartilage matrix), characterized by increased elasticity. It performs a supporting function, as it forms the bulk of cartilage.

There are three types of cartilage tissue: hyaline, which is part of the cartilage of the trachea, bronchi, ends of the ribs, and articular surfaces of bones; elastic, forming the auricle and epiglottis; fibrous, located in the intervertebral discs and joints of the pubic bones.

Adipose tissue

Adipose tissue is similar to loose connective tissue. The cells are large and filled with fat. Adipose tissue performs nutritional, shape-forming and thermoregulatory functions. Adipose tissue is divided into two types: white and brown. In humans, white adipose tissue predominates, part of it surrounds the organs, maintaining their position in the human body and other functions. The amount of brown adipose tissue in humans is small (it is found mainly in newborns). The main function of brown adipose tissue is heat production. Brown adipose tissue maintains the body temperature of animals during hibernation and the temperature of newborns.

Muscle

Muscle cells are called muscle fibers because they are constantly stretched in one direction.

Classification of muscle tissue is carried out on the basis of the structure of the tissue (histologically): by the presence or absence of transverse striations, and on the basis of the mechanism of contraction - voluntary (as in skeletal muscle) or involuntary (smooth or cardiac muscle).

Muscle tissue has excitability and the ability to actively contract under the influence of the nervous system and certain substances. Microscopic differences allow us to distinguish two types of this tissue - smooth (non-striated) and striated (striated).

Smooth muscle tissue has a cellular structure. It forms the muscular membranes of the walls of internal organs (intestines, uterus, bladder, etc.), blood and lymphatic vessels; its contraction occurs involuntarily.

Striated muscle tissue consists of muscle fibers, each of which is represented by many thousands of cells, fused, in addition to their nuclei, into one structure. It forms skeletal muscles. We can shorten them at will.

A type of striated muscle tissue is cardiac muscle, which has unique abilities.

During life (about 70 years), the heart muscle contracts more than 2.5 million times. No other fabric has such strength potential. Cardiac muscle tissue has transverse striations. However, unlike skeletal muscle, there are special areas where the muscle fibers meet. Thanks to this structure, the contraction of one fiber is quickly transmitted to neighboring ones.

This ensures simultaneous contraction of large areas of the heart muscle.

Nervous tissue

Nervous tissue consists of two types of cells: nerve (neurons) and glial. Glial cells are closely adjacent to the neuron, performing supporting, nutritional, secretory and protective functions.

Neuron is the basic structural and functional unit of nervous tissue. Its main feature is the ability to generate nerve impulses and transmit excitation to other neurons or muscle and glandular cells of working organs. Neurons can consist of a body and processes. Nerve cells are designed to conduct nerve impulses. Having received information on one part of the surface, the neuron very quickly transmits it to another part of its surface. Since the processes of a neuron are very long, information is transmitted over long distances. Most neurons have processes of two types: short, thick, branching near the body - dendrites and long (up to 1.5 m), thin and branching only at the very end - axons. Axons form nerve fibers.

o Osteocytes– mature cells (not capable of dividing)

o Osteoblasts- young bone-forming cells that synthesize the intercellular substance - matrix. As the intercellular substance accumulates, osteoblasts are immured in it and become osteocytes (located in the periosteum; function is division, growth and regeneration of bone tissue)

o Osteoclasts- special macrophages of bone tissue (function - destruction of cells and intercellular spaces of bone as they age and die - “bone eaters”)

Intercellular substance (matrix) - solid:

o Main substance– jelly-like mass of water, proteins, glycoproteins (mucopolysaccharides)

o Ossein fibers– thin threads (fibrils) formed from fibrous strong protein – collagen (coated with crystals of hydroxyapatite, sulfate, calcium and magnesium carbonate salts)

Formed from the intercellular substance bone plates(bone cells lie between the plates)

o Bone plates form systems of cylinders of increasing diameter around channels in the bone substance, where feeding blood vessels and nerves are located - Haversian canals, forming – structural and functional units of compact bone substance – osteons

Osteon – a system of cylinders of increasing diameter, formed from bone plates, with a channel inside

o individual plates lie between osteons and stretch along the bone

o Haversian canals with vessels and nerves branch densely inside the bones

o Osteons are arranged in an orderly manner according to the load

Bone tissue is formed from bone tissue

Bone substance

Compact (dense) bone substance

o The bone plates are tightly adjacent to each other, forming a continuous layer

Spongy bone substance

o The bone plates form crossbars, located loosely (between them there is a space filled red bone marrow) – a porous structure resembling a sponge

o The plates of the spongy and compact substance are oriented in the direction resisting load, stretching and compression, often intersecting at an angle of 900 (a rigid and durable structure arises in which the load is evenly distributed over the entire bone)

o As the load on the bone increases, the number of plates of the spongy substance increases due to the bone-forming function of the periosteum, and when the direction of the load on the bone changes, the plates are reoriented

o Cancellous bone substance does not have Haversian canals

o Makes up most of the bone substance - completely fills all spongy, flat, and air-bearing bones, as well as the ends (epiphyses) of long (tubular) bones under a thin layer of compact substance

o In early childhood, almost all the bones of the skeleton consist only of spongy substance and are filled with red bone marrow, which over time degenerates into fatty yellow bone marrow in the diaphysis of long bones

Functions of spongy substance– increasing the lightness and strength of skeletal bones; receptacle for red bone marrow (blood-forming organ)
The skeleton has a mass of 5 - 6 kg, making up 10% in men and 8.5% of the total body weight in women
The thigh can withstand a vertical load of 1500 kg, the tibia - 1650 kg, the humerus - 850 kg.
The outer layer of all bones consists of a compact substance and is covered with bone-forming periosteum.

Chemical composition of bone tissue(inorganic and organic substances)

Inorganic substances(mineral) -70% dry weight

o Water - 50%

o mineral salts - hydroxyapatites (phosphates), sulfates and carbonates of calcium, magnesium - 22%

ü the skeleton of an adult human contains 1200 g of Ca, 530 g of P, 11 Mg and 30 other chemical elements

The importance of inorganic substances- give bones physical properties - hardness And fragility

o is determined in an experiment involving the removal of organic substances from bone by burning (calcination)

o bone is 30 times harder than brick, 2.5 times harder than granite, as strong as cast iron

Organic matter— 30% dry weight

o Squirrels(collagen, ossein) – 14%

o Fat - 16%

o Mucopolysaccharides ( complex biopolymer consisting of proteins and carbohydrates)

The importance of organic matter– give bones physical properties: firmness, elasticity

o It is found out in an experiment on removing mineral salts from bone by soaking it for 2-3 days in HCl (a weak solution of 2-5%); after decalcification, the bone can be tied with a knot

The combination of organic and mineral substances in the bones makes it at the same time hard, elastic and very durable (comparable to the strength of metal)

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An amazing creation is a living cell. No less surprising is another thing: a hundred trillion cells sacrifice their freedom and form a huge community, a kind of “cellular state” called the human body. Why do they do this? What law of nature do they obey?

Nobody knows this.

We are more aware of the laws by which this community lives. For example, cells adhere to the principle of division of labor. It manifests itself even at the stage when the embryo is a shapeless lump. Already at this time, its cells specialize - they begin to perform different tasks, uniting for this purpose in colonies.

Scientists call this process the formation of germ layers. Later they develop body tissue- this is the name given to systems of cells that have a common structure or origin and that perform the same tasks in the body. Let's liken cells to individual bricks, and the human body to a building built from them.

Microscopic structure of bones

Then the fabrics can be compared to its parts: walls, roof, floor.

Cellular communities tissues of the same origin and structure that perform the same tasks are called tissues.

The human body is made up of four types of tissue: connective, epithelial, muscle and nervous. This shows what thin, stained tissue sections look like under a microscope.

Connective tissue

As its name implies, it connects the cells of the body.

The abilities of the cells of this tissue are amazing. Some of them form hard or elastic fibers, with the help of which they connect to other cells. The length of the fibers sometimes reaches 1 cm. Sometimes the fibers of this tissue form thick veins - tendons.
Cartilage tissue

All cells connective tissue their fibrous processes are immersed in a gelatinous mass - an intercellular substance, sometimes very dense.

Viscous connective tissue is called cartilage. It acts as a shock absorber in the joint. In other parts of the body, calcium salts are embedded in the intercellular substance. They give the connective tissue strength and it becomes rock-hard. This tissue is called bone. Bones are formed from it. They support our body and protect its most sensitive parts - the brain and spinal cord, eyes or, forming the chest, heart and lungs.

Epithelial tissue

Protects the external and internal surfaces of the body.

The outside of the body is covered with skin. In some areas, epithelial cells turn into horny scales. These areas, such as the soles and palms, are most susceptible to mechanical stress. Epithelial tissue also lines some body cavities: the nose and its sinuses, the middle ear, mouth, larynx, trachea, bronchi and pulmonary vesicles, esophagus and gastrointestinal tract, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder and urethra, and in women also the vagina, uterus and fallopian tubes.

All hollow organs are covered from the inside with epithelial tissue. It also lines closed cavities: the head, chest and stomach. The epithelium envelops the organs lying in these cavities with a thin layer of cells and does not allow, for example, movable organs, lungs or intestines, to grow together with the chest cavity or abdominal cavity.

Epithelial tissue forms the inner lining of blood vessels and the heart.

Capillaries are the thinnest blood vessels consisting of only one layer of flat epithelial cells. Through the walls of capillaries there is an exchange of substances between blood and tissue fluid.

Cells live in tissue fluid, as if in a nutrient solution. Blood supplies this fluid with nutrients and at the same time cleanses it of toxins that accumulate in cells during metabolism.

Special tasks for glandular cells. This is the name of epithelial cells that produce and secrete a special substance - secretion, or bodily juice.

The glandular cells of the epithelial tissue of the nose, mouth, esophagus and gastrointestinal tract are called mucous cells, and the parts of the body where they are found are called mucous membranes.

Other glandular cells form exocrine glands. These include the sweat, sebaceous, lacrimal, salivary glands, liver, pancreas, as well as special male glands - the testes and prostate gland. The secretions produced by these glands - sweat, sebum, tears, saliva, bile, gastric juice and seminal fluid are carried through the exit channels to the surface of the human skin or its mucous membranes.

Nervous tissue

Muscle

consists of long cells capable of contracting.

Cells nerve tissue their shapes are similar to stars with numerous branched rays, to triangles with three main processes, or to a spindle. And sometimes they take on completely wrong shapes.

All nerve cells have one thing in common: they produce or conduct electrical current.

Bone and cartilage, fat, muscle and nerve tissues

Bone

In its development, bone tissue passes through fibrous and lamellar stages.

In various parts of the bone it is organized in the form of compact or spongy bone substance.

Spongy bone tissue

Cartilage tissue

Cartilage tissue consists of cells (chondrocytes) and intercellular substance (cartilage matrix), characterized by increased elasticity.

It performs a supporting function, as it forms the bulk of cartilage.

Cartilage tissue

Adipose tissue

Adipose tissue is similar to loose connective tissue.

The cells are large and filled with fat. Adipose tissue performs nutritional, shape-forming and thermoregulatory functions.

The structure of bone tissue under a microscope

Adipose tissue is divided into two types: white and brown. In humans, white adipose tissue predominates, part of it surrounds the organs, maintaining their position in the human body and other functions.

The amount of brown adipose tissue in humans is small (it is found mainly in newborns). The main function of brown adipose tissue is heat production.

Brown adipose tissue maintains the body temperature of animals during hibernation and the temperature of newborns.

Adipose tissue

Muscle

Muscle cells are called muscle fibers because they are constantly stretched in one direction.

Muscle tissue has excitability and the ability to actively contract under the influence of the nervous system and certain substances.

Microscopic differences allow us to distinguish two types of this tissue - smooth (unstriated) and striated (striated).

Smooth muscle tissue under a microscope

consists of muscle fibers, each of which is represented by many thousands of cells, fused, in addition to their nuclei, into one structure.

It forms skeletal muscles. We can shorten them at will.

Skeletal muscle tissue under a microscope

A type of striated muscle tissue is cardiac muscle, which has unique abilities.

Cardiac muscle tissue under a microscope

Nervous tissue

Nervous tissue consists of two types of cells: nerve (neurons) and glial.

Glial cells are closely adjacent to the neuron, performing supporting, nutritional, secretory and protective functions.

Types of nerve tissue

A neuron is the basic structural and functional unit of nervous tissue.

Its main feature is the ability to generate nerve impulses and transmit excitation to other neurons or muscle and glandular cells of working organs. Neurons can consist of a body and processes. Nerve cells are designed to conduct nerve impulses. Having received information on one part of the surface, the neuron very quickly transmits it to another part of its surface. Since the processes of a neuron are very long, information is transmitted over long distances.

Most neurons have processes of two types: short, thick, branching near the body - dendrites and long (up to 1.5 m), thin and branching only at the very end - axons.

Axons form nerve fibers.

A nerve impulse is an electrical wave traveling at high speed along a nerve fiber.

Depending on the functions performed and structural features, all nerve cells are divided into three types: sensory, motor (executive) and intercalary. Motor fibers running as part of nerves transmit signals to muscles and glands, sensory fibers transmit information about the state of organs to the central nervous system.

Lymphoid organs
Hematopoiesis
Pericardium
Lymph nodes of the abdominal cavity, head, chest wall, pelvis in cattle
Macroenergetic connections
Gas discharge imaging method
Diagnostic methodology using EMF
Mechanism of regulation in organisms
Mechanical fabrics
Mitotic cell division

Human tissues and organs under a microscope (15 photos)

Almost all of the images presented here were taken using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).

The electron beam emitted by such a device interacts with the atoms of the desired object, resulting in 3D images of the highest resolution. Magnification of 250,000 times allows you to see details measuring 1-5 nanometers (that is, billionths of a meter).

The first SEM image was obtained in 1935 by Max Knoll, and already in 1965 the Cambridge Instrument Company offered its Stereoscan to DuPont.

Now such devices are widely used in research centers.

Looking at the pictures below, you will take a journey through your body, starting from your head and ending with your intestines and pelvic organs. You'll see what normal cells look like and what happens to them when they are attacked by cancer, and you'll also get a visual understanding of how, say, the first meeting of an egg and sperm occurs.

Red blood cells

This is what you might call the heart of your blood, the red blood cells (RBCs).

These cute biconcave cells have the responsible task of carrying oxygen throughout the body. Typically, in one cubic millimeter of blood there are 4-5 million such cells in women and 5-6 million in men. People living at high altitudes, where there is a lack of oxygen, have even more red cells.

Split human hair

To avoid such hair splitting, invisible to the ordinary eye, you need to get your hair cut regularly and use good shampoos and conditioners.

Purkinje cells

Of the 100 billion neurons in your brain, Purkinje cells are some of the largest.

Among other things, they are responsible in the cerebellar cortex for motor coordination. They are adversely affected by alcohol or lithium poisoning, as well as autoimmune diseases, genetic disorders (including autism), as well as neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, multiple sclerosis, etc.).

Sensitive ear hairs

This is what stereocilia, or the sensory elements of the vestibular apparatus inside your ear, look like. By detecting sound vibrations, they control response mechanical movements and actions.

Blood vessels of the optic nerve

Shown here are the blood vessels of the retina emerging from the black-colored optic disc.

How to determine bone tissue under a microscope?

This disc is a “blind spot” because there are no light receptors in this area of the retina.

Taste bud of tongue

There are about 10,000 taste buds on the human tongue, which help determine the taste of salty, sour, bitter, sweet and spicy.

Plaque

To avoid deposits on your teeth that look like unthreshed spikelets, it is advisable to brush your teeth more often.

Thrombus

Remember how beautiful healthy red blood cells looked?

Now look how they become in the web of a deadly blood clot. In the very center is a white blood cell (leukocyte).

Pulmonary alveoli

Here is a view of your lung from the inside.

The empty cavities are alveoli, where oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide.

Lung cancer cells

Now look at how the lungs deformed by cancer differ from the healthy ones in the previous picture.

Villi of the small intestine

The villi of the small intestine increase its area, which promotes better absorption of food.

These are irregularly cylindrical outgrowths up to 1.2 millimeters high. The basis of the villi is loose connective tissue. In the center, like a rod, runs a wide lymphatic capillary, or lacteal sinus, and on the sides of it there are blood vessels and capillaries.

Fats pass through the milky sinus into the lymph and then into the blood, and proteins and carbohydrates enter the bloodstream through the blood capillaries of the villi. Upon careful examination, you can notice food debris in the grooves.

Human egg with coronal cells

Here you see a human egg.

The egg is covered with a glycoprotein membrane (zona pellicuda), which not only protects it, but also helps to capture and retain sperm. Two coronal cells are attached to the shell.

Sperm on the surface of the egg

The photo captures the moment when several sperm try to fertilize an egg.

Human embryo and sperm

It looks like a war of the worlds, but in fact, you have an egg in front of you 5 days after fertilization.

Some sperm are still retained on its surface. The image was taken using a confocal microscope. The egg and sperm nuclei are purple, while the sperm flagella are green. The blue areas are nexuses, intercellular gap junctions that communicate between cells.

Human embryo implantation

You are present at the beginning of a new life cycle.

A six-day-old human embryo is implanted into the endometrium, the lining of the uterine cavity. Let's wish him good luck!

Via 15 Beautiful Microscopic Images from Inside the Human Body

	Place mouse arrow to the photo and you can see it without markings (for slow loading - do not remove the mouse arrow from the picture until a picture without symbols appears)
LAMILATED (MATURE) BONE 1 - osteon
LAMILATED (MATURE) BONE staining with thionin and picric acid 1 - osteon (two osteons for demonstration indicated by a dotted line) 2 - osteon canal (Haversian canal) 3 - intercalated bone plates
LAMILATED (MATURE) BONE staining with thionin and picric acid 1 - osteon 2 - osteon canal (Haversian canal) 3 - intercalated bone plates 4 - external common plates 5 - periosteum
LAMILATED (MATURE) BONE staining with thionin and picric acid 1 - osteon 2 - osteon canal (Haversian canal) 3 - intercalated bone plates 6 - osteocytes
2 - osteocytes 3 - periosteum
ROUGH FIBROUS (IMMATURE) BONE hematoxylin-eosin staining 1 - intercellular substance of bone 2 - osteocytes 3 - periosteum 4 - osteoclast
OSTEOCYTES hematoxylin staining

CARTILAGE, Dense CONNECTIVE TISSUE LOSED CONNECTIVE TISSUE BLOOD

Answers:

1. Mineral salts - sodium chloride, potassium chloride, etc.

play an important role in the distribution of water between cells and

intercellular substance. Selected chemical elements:

oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, iron, magnesium, zinc, iodine,

phosphorus is involved in the creation of vital organic

connections.

Meaning and functions of water:

1) Universal solvent

2) Transportation: water provides transport (movement) of substances in the body.

3) Thermoregulatory - protects the body from overheating and hypothermia.

4) Necessary for the hydrolysis and oxidation of proteins, carbohydrates, fats (high molecular weight organic compounds).

5) The functions of water are largely determined by its chemical nature (the dipole nature of the structure of molecules, the polarity of molecules and the ability to form hydrogen bonds).

The importance of water in the body is very high.

Water necessary to dissolve most chemical compounds found in the body. The processing of various nutrients and the release of breakdown products is possible only with a sufficient amount of water. Water makes up about 65% of the body's mass. A person excretes a significant amount of water along with urine, sweat, and also in the form of water vapor contained in exhaled air.

Bird body tissues

These losses must be replenished by introducing 1-2 liters of water into the body daily. However, this amount depends on the work performed by the person and the ambient temperature. For example, in summer, when sweating increases, the body needs more water than in winter, when sweating decreases.

Water - the predominant component of all living organisms.

Sources in the human body water And mineral salts mainly food and drinks.

2. Textile is a group of cells and intercellular substance,

united by a common structure, function and origin.

There are four main types of tissue in the human body:

epithelial(cover) connective, muscular and nervous,

Muscle

This tissue is formed muscle fibers.

In their cytoplasm there are thin filaments capable of contraction. Smooth and striated muscle tissue is distinguished. The fabric is called cross-striped because its fibers have a transverse striation, which is an alternation of light and dark striped areas.

Smooth muscle tissue is part of the walls of internal organs (stomach, intestines, bladder, blood vessels).

Striated muscle tissue divided into skeletal and cardiac.

Skeletal muscle tissue consists of elongated fibers reaching a length of 10-12 cm.

Cardiac muscle tissue, like skeletal muscle tissue, has transverse striations. However, unlike skeletal muscle, there are special areas where the muscle fibers meet. Thanks to this structure, the contraction of one fiber is quickly transmitted to neighboring ones.

This ensures simultaneous contraction of large areas of the heart muscle.

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