Swimming is an Olympic water sport, which consists of overcoming various distances by swimming and in the shortest time. Regardless of the type of swimming, a swimmer is allowed to swim no more than 15 meters underwater (at the start or after a turn).

History of the origin and development of swimming

The widespread finds of archaeologists indicate that people learned to swim a very long time ago. Rather, learning to swim was initiated by foraging and warfare.

In 1515, the first swimming competitions were held in Venice. In 1869, the first amateur swimming school was opened in England (the Association of Amateur Sports Swimming of England). A little later, similar schools appeared in Sweden, Germany, Hungary, France, the Netherlands, the USA, New Zealand, Russia, Italy and Austria.

At the end of the 19th century, there was a surge in the popularity of water sports, a prerequisite for this was the appearance of artificial swimming pools.

From 1896 to the present day, swimming has been included in the program of the Olympic Games. In 1899, a major championship was held among European countries, which was called the “European Championship”.

In 1908, the International Swimming Federation (FINA) developed and fixed the main distances for competitions, as well as the procedure for conducting swims.

Swimming styles in the pool

There are 4 styles in competitive swimming:

Crawl is the fastest type of swimming, which is characterized by alternating and symmetrical movements of the arms and legs. Each hand makes a wide stroke along the axis of the swimmer's body, while the legs alternately rise and fall.

The back crawl is a swimming style that is visually very similar to the regular crawl. The athlete also performs alternate strokes with his arms with alternate raising and lowering of his legs, but swims on his back and carries a straight arm over the water.

Breaststroke is a type of swimming in which the athlete lies on his chest and performs symmetrical movements with his arms and legs in a plane that is parallel to the water surface.

Butterfly is one of the most technically difficult and tiring swimming events. When moving in butterfly, the athlete makes a wide and powerful stroke, lifting the swimmer's body above the water, and the legs and pelvis make wave-like movements. It is considered the second fastest after the crawl.

There is freestyle swimming, which is usually understood as a discipline in which the athlete is allowed to swim in any way. Currently, all athletes use the crawl style, as it is the fastest style.

Pool

A swimming pool is a rectangular bathtub designed for water sports. For sport swimming, the dimensions of the pool should be:

• 50 meters long and 25 meters wide (for paths 2.5 meters wide);
• 50 meters long and 21 meters wide (for 10 tracks 2 meters wide);
• 25 meters long and 16 meters wide (for 8 tracks 1.9 meters wide);
• 25 meters long and 11 meters wide (for 6 tracks 1.75 meters wide);
• 25 meters long and 8.5 meters wide (for 5 tracks 1.6 meters wide).

According to FINA rules, baths must be 50 meters long and 25 meters wide. The pool should be divided into 8 lanes.

The stripes of paths are separated from each other by dividing garlands of floats with a diameter of 5-15 cm. The first and last 5 meters of each of them consist of red floats. The rest of the space is filled with green floats for tracks 1 and 8, blue for tracks 2, 3, 6 and 7, and yellow for tracks 4 and 5.

The water temperature should be between 25 - 29 degrees.

Equipment

Swimming equipment is designed to provide maximum comfort and also reduce water resistance. Swimming equipment includes:

• A swimming cap is a headgear for swimming in water that protects the swimmer’s hair from chlorinated water. Swimming caps are available: latex, silicone, fabric and combined.
• Swimming trunks or sports swimsuit - swimming briefs made of a special material (polyamide with the addition of lycra or a mixture of polyester and PBT).
• Swimming goggles are an accessory for sports swimming, which is designed to ensure normal vision under water and also protect the eyes from chlorine fumes.

Judging in swimming

The chief judge is responsible for conducting swimming competitions and also heads the panel of judges.

Starter - calls athletes to the start, checks the correctness of the occupied starting positions and gives the command to start.

Timekeeper - measures the time of a swimmer on a certain track from start to finish.

Finish judge - determines the order in which participants arrive at the finish line, in the absence of an automated system for determining winners.

Turn Judge - determines the correctness of turns on the lane assigned to him.

Technical judge - monitors the technique of performing the appropriate swimming style.

Competition system

At modern official competitions there are morning and evening programs. The morning program includes preliminary heats, the results of which determine the participants in the semi-finals and finals (evening program).

During the warm season, most of the interesting activities are related to water. Although the most popular of them is simply swimming in the sea, why not also try water sports? Here are ten of the most popular ones.

10 PHOTOS

10. Underwater hockey.

Playing hockey underwater is much safer than classic ice hockey, and no less interesting.

Rowing is an excellent exercise for strengthening the muscles of the upper body. In addition, this is a great opportunity to spend time in nature.

Jet skis are very popular, especially among young people. Powerful and fast models allow you to feel real drive while riding.

The ability to soar in the air on a parachute attached to a boat with a cable attracts many extreme sports enthusiasts.

Sports rafting on mountain rivers is a sea of ​​drive and vivid impressions, as well as serious training of the body muscles.

Although fishing is the most relaxing sport, its lovers claim that the pleasure of a successful catch cannot be compared with anything else.

Boat racing is the perfect entertainment for those who love real speed.

Water skiing is a pleasant and fun activity that is best practiced with friends.
10. Surfing.

Wave riding isn't for everyone, but it's the most exciting of all water sports. It’s not for nothing that many avid surfers are ready to go to the ends of the earth in search of their ideal waves.

Surfing is an exciting water riding on a board, which has become not just a recreational activity, but a prestigious sport. Classic surfing is riding on the natural waves of the sea or ocean. Over the years of its development, it is constantly being improved, and new directions are emerging. Types of water surfing are divided depending on the location, characteristics of the boards, waves and additional equipment used for riding. To get acquainted with this sport and first train, beginners choose moderate surfing. Professional athletes and thrill-seekers choose extreme sports.

In addition to classic surfing, its various types deserve worthy attention and respect. What each of them has in common is water riding and the use of special boards.

Wake

The best extreme activity for countries and regions where there are no sea and ocean coasts with waves. Wakesurfers ride the waves created by a boat. The speed of water transport for this sport is in most cases about 16 kilometers per hour. It is precisely this kind of fast movement that is most comfortable and at the same time quite exciting for a waker riding on the water behind a boat. When surfing, at first the surfer is pulled by a special halyard - a rope that helps to start moving and accelerate. Later you need to let her go and ride the board along the boat wave.

Bodyboarding

A type of surfing that uses a short board with a soft surface. To ride, the surfer takes a lying position on the surfboard, which allows you to relax and get a lot of adrenaline at the same time.

Wind

This is surfing on water, in which movement is provided by the force of the wind. For skating, a lightly weighted board is used, to which a special sail is attached. Windsurfing can be done even in light winds.

Kite

A very spectacular type of surfing, which is characterized by movement on the surface of the water or on waves using the draft force created by a large kite. Kitesurfing combines the conquest of water and airspace. If an athlete learns to control a kiteboard well, he will be able to perform excellent tricks that are only possible in this sport.

To master classic or other types of surfing, you should visit the best spots and become a student at a surf school with talented instructors. You can take your first steps in Russia, but to achieve a high level of professionalism, you should go to Hawaii, Morocco, Portugal, Bali, Australia or Spain - those places where surfing is developed at a high level.

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Books

• Theory and methodology of the chosen sport: water sports. Textbook for academic bachelor's degree, Bulgakova N.Zh.. The proposed textbook reveals the features of the methodological organization of water sports. The history of development and modern significance of diving, water polo, synchronized…
• Theory and methodology of the chosen sport: water sports, 2nd ed. Textbook for academic bachelor's degree, Sergei Nikolaevich Morozov. The proposed textbook reveals the features of the methodological organization of water sports. The history of development and modern significance of diving, water polo, synchronized…

Water sports are sports related directly to water and interaction with it. There are only purely summer water sports, but there are also some that take place in winter. Water sports can be carried out both outdoors in a natural water environment, for example, such as surfing, and in specially equipped rooms, various pools, hangars with water, and so on. Water sports can be either solo or team. This sport is also divided into classes: diving, sailing, water skiing, underwater, and so on. Each of which includes its own disciplines, which differ from each other according to different criteria

List of water sports

Water sports on a board

Surfing- sliding on a board along the waves

bodyboarding- similar to surfing only with a different board and athletes ride lying down on the board

windsurfing- the same surfing only a board with a sail

kitesurfing- gliding through the water using a board and a kite-kite

Longboard- a type of surfing, just the board has a different shape and size

Wakeboarding - an athlete rides behind a boat, holding on to a rope (halyard) and at the same time performs various tricks.

underwater sports - diving

Spearfishing- treats it mainly as a hobby and not as a sport, and competitions in this sport are held only in local places

Freediving - immersion in water while holding your breath

diving- diving into water using scuba gear

Underwater navigation - underwater navigation

Underwater hockey - hockey but only underwater

Underwater rugby rugby underwater

swimming with fins - swimming with fins at speed and at various distances

On open waters

Rowing- a team of rowers are sailing in a boat backwards

Canoeing and kayaking swimmers swimming backwards includes:

Rowing slalom- movement of an athlete with obstacles or descent through water in stormy rivers and places, can also be carried out in swimming pools

Canopolo polo game only on water and boats

Rowing Marathon- overcoming long distances on boats can be either a team or an individual water sport

Rafting- descent along mountain rivers on an inflatable boat

sailing- may include not only water sports. Therefore, the so-called “Yachting” is mainly classified as water sports, which in turn includes such a sports discipline as Regatta, Sailing canoe.

other water sports

Diving- also include various disciplines that differ in evaluation criteria and equipment. For example, diving can be done from a tower or from a springboard.

Swimming - Swimmers - athletes must swim a certain distance the fastest. Swimming is divided into:

freestyle, backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly, medley medley relay

Synchronized swimming is one of the most beautiful water sports, athletes perform various figures to music, trying to do it synchronously (at the same pace)