Youth subcultures of the new generation. Types of subcultures

Subculture(English)sub – under andculture - culture)- a group of people united by a common system of values, behavior patterns and lifestyles that differ from dominant culture to which they belong.

Subculture- Part public culture, different from the prevailing one. In a narrower sense, the term means social groups people - carriers of the subculture.

From the point of view of cultural studies, a subculture is such associations of people that do not contradict the values traditional culture, but complement it.

A subculture may differ from the dominant culture in language, behavior, attributes, clothing, etc. The basis of a subculture may be musical genres and styles, lifestyles, certain political views. Some subcultures are extreme in nature and demonstrate protest against society or certain social phenomena. Other subcultures are closed in nature and strive to isolate their representatives from society. Developed subcultures have their own periodicals, clubs, and public organizations.

The youth subculture is created by young people themselves for young people, it is esoteric, its specific variants are understandable only to those in the know and initiated. Youth subculture is an elitist phenomenon, few young people go through it and, deviating from traditional culture, is actually aimed at including young people into society.

In 1950, the American sociologist David Reisman, in his research, came up with the concept of a subculture as a group of people who deliberately choose the style and values ​​​​preferred by a minority. A more thorough analysis of the phenomenon and concept of subculture was carried out by Dick Habdige in his book “Subculture: The Meaning of Style.” In his opinion, subcultures attract people with similar tastes who are not satisfied with generally accepted standards and values.

The Frenchman Michel Mafessoli in his writings used the concept of “urban tribes” to refer to youth subcultures. Viktor Dolnik in his book “Naughty Child of the Biosphere” used the concept of “clubs”.

In the USSR, the term “Informal youth associations” was used to designate members of youth subcultures, hence the slang word “informals.” The slang word “party” is sometimes used to refer to a subcultural community.

The history of informal organizations in our country can be divided into three distinct “waves”. It all started with the appearance in the 1950s. “hipsters” - shocking urban youth who dressed and danced “stylishly”, for which they received the contemptuous term “hipsters”. The main accusation that was brought against them was “worship before the West.” The musical preferences of the “hipsters” are jazz, and then rock and roll. The state’s tough position on dissent in those years led to the fact that after some time of semi-underground existence, the “hipsters” quickly disappeared.

The “second wave” was determined by both internal and external conditions - the youth movement acquired an important component - rock music. It was during this period (late 60s - early 80s) that most youth associations began to acquire the features of “classical informality”: apoliticality, internationalism, focus on internal problems. Drugs penetrated the youth environment. The movement of the seventies was deeper, broader and longer lasting. It was in the 1970s. The so-called “System” arises - the Soviet hippie subculture, which was a whole conglomerate of groups. The “system,” being updated every two or three years, absorbed punks, metalheads, and even criminogenic lubers.

The beginning of the “third wave” of youth movements can be considered in 1986: the existence of informal groups was officially recognized, the topic of “informality” became a sensation. These associations can also be called “alternative”.

Typology of youth subcultures:

1. Politicized subcultures: actively participate in political life and have a clear ideological affiliation;

2. Ecological and ethical subcultures: engaged in the construction philosophical concepts and fight for the environment;

3. Non-traditional religious subcultures: mainly a passion for Eastern religions (Buddhism, Hinduism);

4. Radical youth subcultures: characterized by organization, the presence of older leaders, and increased aggressiveness (criminal youth groups, skinheads);

5. Lifestyle subcultures: groups of young people forming their own way of life (hippies, punks);

6. Subcultures based on interests: young people united by common interests - musical, sports and others;

7. Subculture of “golden youth”: typical for capital cities and focused on leisure (one of the most closed subcultures).

Internet resources:

Articles:

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Astakhova, A. Luberal values: Subculture of “Luber” – past and present / A. Astakhova // Top secret. – 2015. – January 28.

Baranov, A. StarWars and subculture: Jedi subculture / A. Baranov // Caravan

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· Hipsters

Hipsters, hipsters (indie kids) is a term that appeared in the United States in the 1940s, derived from the slang “to be hip,” which roughly translates as “to be in the know” (hence the “hippie”). This word originally meant a representative of a special subculture formed among fans jazz music; in our time it is usually used in the sense of “wealthy urban youth interested in elite foreign culture and art, fashion, alternative music and indie rock, arthouse cinema, modern literature, etc.”

Ideology:

Some call hipsters “anti-capitalists,” liberals with a socialist philosophy. The representatives of this subculture themselves do not openly promote anything; they are in every possible way for external and inner freedom people, which is why they support the movements for women's and gay rights. Hipsters, as a rule, do not belong to any religious denomination; most often they are agnostics or atheists.

Origin:

Hipsters are the most controversial subculture in terminology. There is still fierce debate about its appearance. It is usually dated to the late forties. Judging by the composition of the people drawn into this subculture, we can say with confidence: there were neither racial boundaries nor social restrictions for hipsterism.

Burroughs wrote in “Junkie”: “The hipster is the one who understands and speaks jive, who knows the trick, who has it and who has it.”

It is now known for certain that this subculture originated in New York. Moreover, just like the original concept, it is also modern.

A hipster listens only to trendy music. In the 40s he was drawn to jazz, in the 60s - to psychedelic rock. Hipsters of the 90s were the first to know what trip-hop was. The modern hipster listens to Americans Clap Hands Say Yeah and Arcade Fire, etc. Some people are seriously interested in collecting records and CDs of certain styles: jazz, noise or indie rock.

Attributes:

Skinny jeans.

T-shirt with print. The T-shirt usually features funny phrases, animals, sneakers, cars, chairs, moleskins, lomographs and London.

Glasses with thick plastic frames. They often have glasses without diopters.

Lomograph.

iPod/iPhone/MacBook.

Blog on the Internet.

Football hooligans

Football hooligans are representatives of one of the youth subcultures, characterized by the fact that they consider belonging to the category of football fans of a certain team (club) as a symbol of their association into certain groups within the subculture. Like any other subculture, football fanaticism has certain features that characterize it: “professional” slang, certain fashions in clothing, behavioral stereotypes, hierarchical societies, opposition to “opponents,” etc.

Origin:

Football hooliganism in the form in which it exists on currently, began to emerge in Great Britain in the late 1950s.

In Russia, the process of the emergence of a new subculture is directly related to the beginning of the away activities of a certain part of fans of Soviet clubs. Fans of Spartak were the first to attend away games of their club in the early 1970s; they were soon joined by fans of other Moscow teams, as well as fans of Dynamo Kyiv and Zenit Leningrad.

Currently:

Currently, Russian “near-football” can be called mature social phenomenon with pronounced features of the English style of supporting the club both at home and away matches. Almost all clubs of the Russian national football championship, right down to the teams of the second league, have their own gangs (in slang - “firms”). Among Russian hooligans, the ideas of Russian nationalism are very strong.

It is worth distinguishing between football hooligans and an organization such as ultras. Ultras are highly organized fans of a particular club. The Ultras group is, as a rule, an officially registered structure that unites from ten to several thousand of the most active fans engaged in all kinds of information promotion and support for their team - promotional attributes, popularization of their movement, distribution and sale of tickets, organization of special shows in the stands, organizing trips to away matches of your favorite team.

Signs:

· Lack of paraphernalia typical for ordinary fans (T-shirts, club-colored scarves and pipes).

· Jackets, T-shirts, polos, sweaters from Lonsdale, Stone Island, Burberry, Fred Perry, Lacoste, Ben Sherman and more.

· White sneakers with Velcro and straight soles.

· Rectangular cross-body bags pulled higher towards the back or kangaroo-type handbags worn over the shoulder and pulled closer to the neck.

Football hooligans have their own style and their own brands, their own pubs, their own music bands, their own feature films.

Some hooligan slang words:

Action is an operation carried out by a group of fans against another

Argument - stone, bottle, stick, iron buckle, etc.

Bamner is a banner (usually with the emblem of a club or fan group) placed by fans in the stands during a match. - As a rule, contains a concise, relevant statement that is directly related to the topic of the match

Departure - a trip of fans to another city/region/country for a match of their team

To endure - to win a fight with fans of another team

Glumam - active support of the team in the stands

Demrby (English Derby) -- 1. a meeting of two teams from the same city; 2. a meeting between two teams at the top of the standings

Zaryamd - chant

Lefty - fans who are not related to official fan associations

Myamchik - football match

Promvody - attack during departure of one fan group to another

Romza - scarf with club attributes

Scamut - scout

Trophy - a removed scarf, a taken away yarn or flag

Rastafarians

Rastafarians in the world are traditionally called followers of Rastafarianism.

Rastafarianism is a monotheistic Abrahamic religion that arose in Christian culture in Jamaica in the 1930s based on a mixture of Christianity, local Caribbean beliefs, the beliefs of blacks - descendants of slaves from West Africa and the teachings of a number of religious and social preachers (primarily Marcus Garvey ), which led to the formation musical style reggae in the 1960s.

The emergence of Rastafarianism in Russia:

In Russia, this youth subculture was formed in the post-Soviet space in the early 1990s. At the same time, its representatives are not true adherents of the original religious and political doctrine of African superiority, but consider themselves to be part of this group primarily based on the use of marijuana and hashish. Many people listen to Bob Marley and reggae music in general, use the green-yellow-red color combination for identification (for example, in clothing), and some wear dreadlocks.

One of the first representatives of the Rastafarian movement in Russia is a reggae artist musical group"Jah Division", which appeared in 1989.

Now in Moscow, St. Petersburg and other cities there are quite large Rastafarian communities that hold cultural events (usually concerts or festivals), maintain websites, and publish media materials. Almost all Russian reggae groups consider themselves Rastafarian - at least they use characteristic symbols and revere Bob Marley.

Ideology:

Usually Rastafarians advocate the legalization of marijuana, which is reflected in songs and paraphernalia.

Rastafarians have a positive attitude towards Jah and a negative attitude towards the so-called “Babylon” as a pragmatic socio-political system based on Western material culture.

Many Rastafarians also have a negative attitude towards taking opiates, amphetamines and alcohol, as well as a negative attitude towards taking psychedelics, which does not at all make them related to the hippie subculture, as is commonly believed, but on the contrary, repels them.

o Ultra-right. NS skinheads

Far-right, extreme right, radical right - term for representatives of the extreme right political views. In the modern world it is used mainly to refer to racial supremacists, neo-fascists, neo-Nazis and ultranationalists.

NS skinheads (Nazi skinheads or National Socialist skinheads) are a youth far-right subculture, whose representatives adhere to National Socialist ideology, one of the directions of the skinhead subculture. The activities of NS skinheads are usually extremist in nature.

Origin:

Initially, the skinhead subculture arose in Great Britain in the late 60s of the 20th century. It was apolitical in nature and was closely associated with the English subculture of this period - mods, as well as with black Jamaican emigrant youth and the popular music of that time among them - reggae and, to a lesser extent, ska.

NS skinheads appeared towards the end of 1982, as a result of political agitation by the leader of the rock band Skrewdriver (which later became a cult for NS skinheads). Then it was first borrowed Celtic cross, as a symbol of their movement, and formed the image of NS skinheads (in the image of the crusaders) - soldiers of the Holy Racial War, who fights against - all non-Aryans, mainly numerous immigrants from third world countries, as well as homosexuals, drug addicts and the leftist youth.

At the turn of the 1990s, after the collapse of the USSR, the NS skinhead subculture penetrated into Russia.

Ideology

NS skinheads position themselves as a national liberation movement and fight for the ideas of superiority of the white, Aryan race, while striving for racial separatism.

NS skinheads are extreme racists, anti-Semites and xenophobes, opponents of illegal immigration, mixed marriages and sexual deviations, especially homosexuality.

NS skinheads consider themselves defenders of the interests of the working class, in some cases citing the fact that newcomers take jobs

A special cult among NS skinheads exists around the personality of Hitler and some other leaders of the Nazi movement.

Many NS skinheads are agnostics or even atheists. In Russia, there are groups of NS skinheads who profess Orthodoxy, while the rest are extreme opponents of Christianity and Orthodoxy in particular, since Jesus Christ is a Jew, and Christianity arose in the context of the messianic movements of Judaism.

As participants in right-wing radical movements, NS skinheads are supporters of extreme measures using violence, which is usually interpreted as extremism. Many of them are close to the idea of ​​revolution, that is, a coup d'etat with the aim of establishing a national socialist regime.

Appearance:

o Shaved head or very short haircut

o Lonsdale and Thor Steinar brand clothing

o Heavy high boots (Dr. Martens, Grinders, Steels, Camelot)

o Light blue jeans (Levi's, Wrangler) or boiled jeans

o White T-shirts, black or brown shirts, polos and T-shirts (Fred Perry, Ben Sherman)

o Short, black and dark green jackets with a zipper without a collar - “bombers”, or with a collar - “navigators”

o Nazi symbols

o Tattoos

· Hip-hop. Rappers

Hip hop is a cultural movement that originated among the working class of New York. November 12, 1974. DJ Afrika Bambaataa was the first to define the five pillars of hip-hop culture: emming, DJing, breaking, graffiti, and knowledge (a certain philosophy). Other elements include beatboxing, hip-hop fashion and slang.

Origin:

Originating in the South Bronx, hip-hop became part of youth culture in many countries around the world in the 1980s. Since the late 1990s, from a street underground with a strong social orientation, hip-hop has gradually become part of music industry, and by the middle of the first decade of this century the subculture had become “fashionable”, “mainstream”. However, despite this, many figures within hip-hop still continue its “main line” - protest against inequality and injustice, opposition to those in power.

Subculture aesthetics:

Despite the hip-hop fashion changing every year, in general it has a number of characteristic features. Clothes are usually loose, sporty: sneakers and baseball caps (usually with straight peaks) from well-known brands (e.g. KIX, New Era, Joker, Tribal, Reebok, Roca Wear, FUBU, Wu-Wear, Sean John, AKADEMIKS , ECKO, Nike, Adidas) T-shirts and basketball jerseys, jackets and hoodies, sock-like hats pulled down over the eyes, baggy pants. Hairstyles are short, although short dreadlocks are also popular. Massive jewelry (chains, medallions, keychains) is popular among rappers themselves, but wearing jewelry is more common among African Americans.

As examples, I looked at the most popular, in my opinion, youth subcultures in Russia today. But along with them, there are many other diverse youth subcultures and movements.

youth subculture

Youth subculture is a set of values, traditions, and customs inherent in young people, for whom leisure and recreation are the leading forms of life activity that have replaced labor as the most important need. The youth subculture is characterized by attempts to form: - own worldview; - unique manners of behavior, styles of clothing and hairstyles, forms of leisure, etc. The subculture of youth is formed under the direct influence of the culture of “adults” and is conditioned by it even in its countercultural manifestations. She also has her own language, special fashion, art and style of behavior; becomes an informal culture, the carriers of which are informal teenage groups. The youth subculture is largely surrogate in nature - it is full of artificial substitutes for real values: extended apprenticeship as pseudo-independence, imitation of adult relationships with a system of domination and domination strong personalities, ghostly participation in the adventures of screen and literary heroes instead of realizing one’s own aspirations, and finally, flight or rejection of social reality instead of its reconstruction and improvement. One of the ways to escape from reality, as well as the desire to be like adults, is drug use.

Wikimedia Foundation.

2010.

See what “Youth subculture” is in other dictionaries: youth subculture - a system of values ​​and norms of behavior, tastes, forms of communication, different from the culture of adults and characterizing the life of adolescents and youth. (Pedagogy. Textbook, edited by L.P. Krivshenko. M., 2005. P. 417) See also Informal associations of children ...

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Books

• Informal youth subculture, S. I. Levikova. The book reveals the essential content of the phenomenon of informal youth subculture, its socio-philosophical, ethical, cultural aspects. In Part I, based on extensive...

Hippie, a youth subculture that emerged in the United States in the 1960s. The movement flourished in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Initially, hippies protested against the Puritan morality of some Protestant churches, and also promoted the desire to return to natural purity through love and pacifism. grunge, stylistic direction in rock music (a variant of “new wave grunge metal”) and youth subculture, which became one of the most noticeable phenomena of alternative rock in the late 1980s - mid-1990s. The birthplace of grunge was the city of Seattle (USA, Washington state), the most prominent representatives of which are four Seattle bands: Pearl Jam, Alice in Chains, Nirvana and Soundgarden. These groups are known as the "Seattle Four". Grunge refers to heavy music along with heavy metal and hard rock. Emo, the emo subculture can be classified as the latter a new style, although it looks very similar to goth and glam rock. Inspired stripes with long names, such as "The Day My Dog Went to Town," sickly young men everywhere decided to wear their hair slicked to the side, neckerchiefs, black eyeliner, and leg-hugging jeans.
Punk, a youth subculture that emerged in the mid-70s in the UK, USA, Canada and Australia, the characteristic features of which are a critical attitude towards society and politics. The name of the famous American artist Andy Warhol and the Velvet Underground group he produced is closely associated with punk rock. Their lead singer Lou Reed is considered the founding father of alternative rock, a movement that is closely related to punk rock.
Chik, This style is revived every few years, with the most recent being back in in full swing, Johnny Depp and Justin Timberlake– bright representatives, plaid trousers, sneakers and a T-shirt tucked into trousers. Rockers, Rockers emerged in the mid-60s and reached their peak in the late 60s and early 70s, both in England and on the continent. Rockers come primarily from families of unskilled workers, without education, and often from single-parent and “problematic” families. A rocker's clothes are a leather jacket, worn jeans, rough big shoes, long hair combed back, sometimes tattoos. The jacket is usually decorated with badges and inscriptions. The main element of the rocker subculture is the motorcycle, which is also decorated with inscriptions, symbols and images. A motorcycle is a symbol of freedom, power and intimidation, the main source of intense sensations. At the same time, rockers highly value technical knowledge and driving skills. Gansta, Gangsta Rap began its development in the late 80s. This trend originates in hardcore rap. The gangsta rap style featured a hard, noisy sound. Lyrically, it was as sharp as the rappers' crude tales of urban unrest. Sometimes the texts were different accurate display reality, and sometimes they were just comic books filled with exaggeration. This direction became the most commercially successful in the history of hip-hop from the late 80s to the early 90s. During its development, gangsta rap became the source of considerable controversy, as some conservative organizations tried to ban the distribution of albums by these musicians. New Romantic (Glam Rock), a musical movement that emerged in Great Britain in the early 1980s and (as part of the new wave) had a significant influence on the development of the English pop and rock scene. “New Romanticism” arose as an alternative to the asceticism of punk culture and not only did not carry social protest, but also (according to the Virgin Encyclopedia of 80’s Music) “celebrated glamor.” Oil can, an outgrowth of British Teddy Boy culture - can be described as: Skinny jeans, tight T-shirts and slicked back hair. Jukeboxes, cocktail bar and travel in cars.
Dandy Flapper Dandy Flapper prevailed among the girls. Red lipstick, hair stuck to the head with hairspray and glitter, dresses were the order of the day for girls, for men only a tweed suit with a bowler hat.

Youth subcultures are not a new phenomenon, but, oddly enough, they are uncharacteristic for Russia. It came to us from the West, after some changes took place in the country, including the collapse of the “Iron Curtain” (read more about this and what subcultures are). Today there are many subcultures, and their list is regularly updated.

The study of types of youth subcultures began in the 70s of the 20th century. I suggest you familiarize yourself with some modern typologies.

Based on the principle of unification

The most popular classification proposed by L. V. Kozilova:

1. Political informal associations.
2. Religious associations.
3. Professional and quasi-professional associations (common cause and interests).
4. Sports and gaming associations.
5. Cultural associations (creativity, cognition, analysis).
6. Gender associations (gender, other demographic characteristics).
7. Ethnic associations and communities ( common origin or an imitation of it).
8. Criminal (community of criminal interests).
9. Youth.
10. Subcultural (belonging to a subcultural environment).

By types of communities of their carriers

V. Sokolov and Yu. Osokin identify the following subcultures:

• gender and age,
• social-professional,
• professional-corporate,
• leisure,
• religious,
• ethnic,
• territorial,
• local.

By time of occurrence

T.V. Latysheva identified the following subcultures:

• past (dudes, teddy boys);
• reanimated (hippies, goths);
• modern (role-players, otaku).

According to the principle of formality

Formal and informal youth groups can be distinguished.

Formal ones include youth associations officially registered with justice institutions:

• political youth associations (the youth parliament under the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, the People's Democratic Youth Union (NDYM), the “OUR” movement, “STEEL”, etc.); All-Russian public non-political youth associations (“Russian Youth Union”, “Student Self-Government”, “Russian Student Teams”, “It’s a Small World”, etc.);
• uniting people with disabilities health (“Perspective”, “New Opportunities”, “First Russian Internet portal for people with disabilities”, etc.);
• youth human rights associations (“Balance”, “New Perspectives” Foundation, etc.);
• environmental youth associations (“Green Sail”, “Forest and We”, “Friends of the Baltic”, etc.);
• religious youth associations (“Common Cause”).

Informal youth groups include those that are not legally registered or prohibited by law:

• extremist (nationalists, vandals, religious extremists, etc.);
• aggressive movements (gopniks, punks, etc.);
• socially dangerous and criminal groups (illegal para-religious groups (sects), “black trackers”, destructive mimics).

DIY principle

D. V. Wolf classifies subcultures according to the principle of participants’ involvement in the development of their subculture.

Passive

For example, otaku, furries, metalheads, goths. Representatives of passive groups do not create something new, but imitate what exists, sometimes elevating it to a cult. More often we're talking about about some work of art, something creative, or a specific genre or style of art. Members of a passive subcultural group blindly imitate their “idol” in behavior, speech, clothing, etc.

These groups do not have a social or political character. They don't have their own philosophy. There is only a desire to repeat something or someone. These are the ones who express themselves. Representatives of such groups are:

• listeners,
• consumers,
• spectators,
• fans,
• fans.

Active

Active subcultures include those whose representatives themselves create and develop their own culture, participate in it and actively influence society. Moreover, in turn, active groups can be divided:

• for those who are physically active (skaters, snowboarders, surfers, roller skaters, trialists, parkour athletes, bikers, as well as all extreme youth groups);
• active mentally (beatniks and members of literary associations).

Active groups can be divided:

• for reproductive purposes (role-players and re-enactors, music lovers);
• productive (hippies, punks, metalheads, rockers, indie, graffiti, lito).

In relation to society

G. A. Nigmatulina identified tolerant subcultures (bikers, breakers, rappers), nihilistic (majors, beatniks), negative groups (hippies, punks), aggressive (skinheads).

• Representatives of tolerant groups try to distance themselves as much as possible from outside world and not express your attitude towards him.
• Nihilists show their lifestyle and values, but do not oppose it to generally accepted norms, but present it as an alternative.
• Negative youth express dissatisfaction and disgust with the generally accepted culture, but do not try to destroy it.
• Representatives of aggressive groups directly promote non-acceptance main culture society and express their attitude through open protests.

As a way of self-expression

I. Yu. Sundieva considers any subculture as an amateur activity (cultural, political, social) and a way of self-expression. And it highlights an aggressive subculture, shocking, alternative, social and political.

• Aggressive subculture has a cult physical strength(tough confrontation between us and them) and internal hierarchy.
• Shocking subculture involves self-expression through appearance, a challenge to established norms and rules.
• Alternative culture represents the development of behavior, leisure activities, and lifestyles that differ from the generally accepted ones.
• Social culture has a goal in the form of solving specific social problems (ecological, ethnocultural and charity movements).
• The political subculture has its own ideas and is aimed at changing social situations in the country in accordance with these ideas.

By type of interests (Yu. V. Monko and K. M. Oganyan)

• Musical (ravers, rockers, breakers, Beatlemaniacs, metalheads, rappers).
• Intellectual (Tolkienists, archaeologists, Russians).
• Religious and philosophical (neo-Christians, Pushkinists, Buddhists).
• Sports (fans, roller skaters, bikers).
• Computer (hackers, administrators).
• Countercultural (hippies, punks, dudes).
• Destructive (lubers, gopniks, skinheads, fascists).

Based on the principle of individual inclusion

I propose my classification of youth subcultures based on the principle of a young person’s inclusion in a subculture and the scope of its influence on an individual’s life.

Superficial subcultures

Characteristic is external shockingness, exclusively external self-expression. Representatives do not have a specific philosophy, rules, attitudes or values. As a rule, such subcultures are not dangerous. These include:

• freaks,
• hipsters,
• cosplayers.

Subcultures of belief

Subcultures of conviction do not affect a person’s appearance, but have a great influence on his worldview and behavior. They may have their own rules, principles, and guidelines. Such subcultures can create threats and problems to society. These include:

• hackers and crackers;
• gamers;
• pagans and neo-pagans.

Subcultures of deep inclusion

Subcultures of deep inclusion of an individual have a specific philosophy, worldview, ideas, and try to achieve them (by legal and/or illegal means). At the same time, they have external signs of belonging to one movement or another. May evolve into subcultures of worship. These include:

• hippie,
• punks,
• goths,
• Rastafarians.

Subcultures of worship

Subcultures of worship (fanaticism) tend to completely cover all spheres of an individual’s life, shaping his views, needs, and behavior. Most often they manifest themselves externally. They are dangerous to society. These include:

• football fans,
• Nazis,
• skinheads,
• Satanists.

In practice, classifying subcultures and determining an individual’s membership in a particular youth group is more difficult for two reasons:

• Firstly, the same subculture can be characterized from different sides and belong to different types.
• Secondly, subcultures often interact with each other, borrow something from other cultures, change, “die” and are revived, and develop. This specificity can complicate the selection of means and methods of interaction with groups.

Subculture values

The values ​​of youth subcultures have not yet been fully explored. This may be due to their dynamism, transformation and tendency to borrow.

The values ​​of subcultures are the priorities and needs dictated by the subculture in all spheres of an individual’s life (social, spiritual, material).

• As a rule, the values ​​of youth subcultures do not completely contradict generally accepted patterns. More often they can coexist peacefully, or certain aspects of society can be criticized. Groups whose values ​​are completely opposite to generally accepted ones are called countercultures.
• The culture of Russian youth contains elements of both countercultures and subcultures. In the youth subculture, the most important area is leisure. This is where many of the peculiarities of young people’s pastime and worldview follow.

For some subcultures, such as Diggers and Tolkienists, main value is risk, seeking adventure, testing oneself, searching for new and unusual sensations, the meaning of life. The same desire for risk drives members of subcultures associated with dangerous sports.

Several groups of subcultures can be distinguished, classifying them according to values.

According to the orientation of values

• Musical direction (rockers, rappers, metalheads, etc.).
• Extreme sports (parkour, skaters, bikers, motorcyclists, cyclists, workout).
• Subcultures of virtual space (gamers, hackers, other Internet subcultures).
• Fashion and consumer groups (hipsters, dudes, etc.).
• Shocking and escapist (emo, goths, hippies).
• Sports fans (football fans, ultras).
• Dance groups (breakdance, hip-hop and more).
• Creatively directed (graffiti).
• Creatively enthusiastic (anime enthusiasts) and creatively imitative (reenactors, Tolkienists).

By type of combination of values

1. By type of pastime (music and sports fans, metalheads, lubers, Nazis). For them, the value is the formation of spiritual, moral and civic responsibility, participation in solving political problems, preservation and restoration of cultural and historical monuments, improvement of the environment, and any social and political activity.
2. By way of life (people, high-rises, religious organizations, “system engineers” and any of their branches). Promote and follow the idea of ​​the value of human communication, peace and love. Representatives of such groups are united by the search for existence without economic and social problems, contradictions, wars, everyday hassles and other shocks. Very often, even after growing up, people do not leave these subcultures, since for them this is not a way of spending leisure time, but life itself.
3. For alternative creativity (not officially recognized artists, sculptors, musicians, graffiti artists). Creative self-realization takes first place. They draw, write poetry, music, but their creativity goes beyond the generally accepted, and therefore is not officially recognized.

According to the level of continuity and value of surfactants

• Groups with a negative attitude (neo-Nazis, chauvinists, straight-edge movement).
• “Risk groups” (rastafarians, hippies, punks, ravers, rappers, emo, goths, bikers).
• Groups with a neutral attitude (anime, naturists, nudists, role-players, Tolkienists).

In relation to values ​​and generally accepted ways of achieving them

• Conformists. The group's values ​​coincide with those of society and are achieved through legal means.
• Retreatists. The group’s values ​​coincide with public ones, but are achieved by any means, including illegal ones.
• Ritualists. Social values are denied, but the values ​​of the subculture are achieved only through legal means.
• Innovators. Neither values ​​nor methods of obtaining them are recognized. Participants offer alternative methods to achieve goals.
• Rebels. Values ​​and methods are not recognized, alternatives are put forward. To achieve them, any methods are chosen.

By gender values

• Androgyny (lack of gender differences and separation of social roles). The trend is noticeable, for example, among emo, glam rockers, freaks, goths, anime fans, hippies.
• Masculinity (cult of physical strength, brutality and masculinity). Typical for football fans, bikers, metalheads, skinheads, gopniks.
• In some subcultures, gender identification and division of roles have been preserved (glamour, role-players, hip-hop).
• Gender indifferent, that is, neutral groups (punk, rasta, rave, alternative, roller skaters, skaters, snowboarders, hackers, rastafarians).

The issue of cause-and-effect relationships between value orientations subcultures and characteristics of modern youth:

• on the one hand, young people themselves create and develop subcultures, which means they invest certain values;
• on the other hand, subcultures interact with each other, with the general culture, with the culture of other countries, which means that new (perhaps beneficial to someone) attitudes penetrate into them.

As a rule, the values ​​of subcultures greatly influence the formation of personality and leave their mark forever. Even after a person’s self-determination in society and leaving the subculture, some subcultural values ​​remain with him forever. The values ​​and trends of the youth environment observed today can take root and become a determining factor in shaping the future of the country, society, and world culture.

Finally, I suggest getting acquainted with the new and dangerous youth movement “Youth Patrol”. This is a vivid example of a destructive and antisocial youth subculture. Is this really the world we want to live in?