A movement is a group of writers united by ideological and aesthetic views and artistic style features. This historical and typological formation covers both the content and formal level of art, which are interconnected. According to Yu. Kuznetsov, “the dynamic unity of conceptual ideological, aesthetic, ideological, and, above all, stylistic principles covers the work of many writers, which developed at a certain stage of the literary process.”
V.M. Lesin and A.S. Pulinetz ("Dictionary literary terms") identify flow with direction. In many university textbooks, the term "flow" is not highlighted as a separate specific phenomenon in the development of literature. In the article "Literary direction" ("Literary dictionary-reference book". - M., 1997. - P. 419) we read: “Style trends of a smaller scale than a literary direction are called currents, currents, etc.” We are of the opinion that directions are broader than currents; they can have currents. The category “current” is narrow from the category “direction”, “method”. ", but wider than the literary school. How component directions are being considered literary movements A. Sokolov, M. Kagan, A. Revyakin, V. Vorobyov, G. Sidorenko, Y. Kuznetsov.
Literary flow and I must have a concrete historical character, creative history, national characteristics. Ukrainian symbolism, for example, appeared later than French. It differs from Western European and Russian. As Yu. Kuznetsov and I. Dzyuba note, “Ukrainian symbolism as a whole was inferior to them in philosophical conceptuality and aesthetic certainty; at the same time, it has less esotericism, occultism and mysticism, more responses to life, it is not indifferent to the idea of national liberation, which was gaining the time of the form of "national mysticism...".
A literary movement can have its own style. It should be symbolists, futurists, impressionists.
Artistic method
Artistic method (Greek Methodos - path of research, method of presentation) is one of the youngest categories in literary criticism. It appeared in the 20-30s of the XX century. This term was used by Russian symbolists Bryusov and A. Bely. A. Sokolov believes that the method originated along with art. Aristotle was also interested in questions of method. He called three types of mimesis:
1) follow reality as it is;
2) such as they think or talk about him;
3) what it should be.
Aristotle talks about various methods creativity, but does not use the term “method”. R. Descartes in the philosophical treatise “Discourses on Method” (1637) outlined the basic principles of rationalism: the requirement for a strict systematization of knowledge, the development of canons and rules governing cognitive activity of people.
Leading scientists agree that the artistic method is the general principles of reflecting reality. "There is no work of art without an artistic method, just as there is no scientific research without scientific method". Theoretical views on artistic method lack clarity. Method is identified with direction, flow, style. V. Lesin and A. Pulinets understand method as “a set of basic principles of artistic selection of various phenomena, their generalization, comprehension and ideological and aesthetic evaluation from the standpoint of a certain aesthetic ideal, as well as appropriate methods artistic display reality and its embodiment in the images of art." "Some scientists,” notes Yu. Borev, “define it as a set artistic techniques and means, the second - as the principles of the aesthetic relationship of art to reality, the third - as a system of ideological guidelines for creativity." Reflecting on these definitions, Yu. Borev notes that the formation of the method is influenced by all three factors: "reality in its aesthetic richness, worldview in Its historical and social certainty and artistic and mental material accumulated in previous periods."
D. Nalivaiko considers the method to be the main nerve of the direction, the epistemological and axiological category. A. Tkachenko notes that the method as an epistemological (cognitive) and axiological (evaluative) category “does not have to be the “main nerve” directly. If only because art in general and the art of words in particular have their own “nerves” that differ from philosophy, sociology, and other manifestations of human rationality. Another thing is science (including art and literary criticism), which uses certain methods ... of analysis, synthesis, and forecast." According to E. Vasiliev, each method has directions, “a method, as a path of artistic knowledge, is not limited by time and geographical boundaries, although historically determined. A direction is a community of artists based on a method, it is associated with a certain era and country (countries).” 3. The known terms “ancient realism”, “Renaissance realism”, “Enlightenment realism” can, E. Vasiliev believes, be applied to realism as a method, which, according to S. Petrov’s observation, is characterized by:
1) universality of the image of a person;
2) social and psychological determinism;
3) historical point of view on life.
In the history of literature, the following methods are distinguished: baroque, classicism, sentimentalism, romanticism, realism, naturalism, modernism. P. Sakulin draws interesting mini-portraits of these methods. "Classicism - a slim body warrior in a proud pose, with a majestic outstretched hand. Sentimentalism - a tender, fragile girl, sitting with her chin in her hand, a sad thoughtfulness on her face, her eyes dreamily directed into the distance: a tear glistens on her eyelashes. Romanticism - a handsome young man in a raincoat and wide-brimmed hat; curly hair fluttering in the wind; vision, glowing with delight, turned to the sky. Artistic realism- a mature man with a healthy complexion, with a calm and thoughtful look. Naturalism - a shabbily dressed man in a cap, his hair standing on end, a notebook in his hands, a kodak hanging from his belt; looks around restlessly and critically. Symbolism - nervous young man; gesticulates strongly; loudly and drawlingly recites poems about the metaphysical beauty of the other world."
“The category of artistic method,” notes E. Vasiliev, “must be perceived not dogmatically and abstractly... The artistic method is... a living, imaginative regulator creative activity. Methods are not accepted forms. They coexist, interpenetrate, enrich each other. Different artistic methods are combined in separate literary direction, and in the individual style of the writer."
Artistic methods explore reality in different ways. The realistic method provides a rational, deterministic approach to the world before the sensory-intuitive one, directs attention to social life (problems of economics, politics, morality, everyday life). Romantic focuses attention on what is desired, what should be, and what is ideal. He prefers a sensory-intuitive approach to reality, using a rational one.
Realistic and romantic methods depict the world in different sequences. Realistic is first of all material, approaching the spiritual, romantic is first of all spiritual. The features of these methods were well revealed by D. Chizhevsky, comparing them. Love for simplicity is a bias towards complexity; inclination “in a clear framework built according to some instructions or, conversely, the desire to provide a work with a deliberately unfinished, torn “free” form, the desire for transparent clarity of thought - neglect of clarity, they say, “depth” is more important, even if it is not always available to the reader completely understandable"; the desire to develop a standardized, normalized, “pure language” - the search for a unique original language, love of linguistic oddities, use of dialectisms and jargons; the desire to give an exact expression is an attempt to reveal the greatest completeness of linguistic manifestation, even if this is not in favor of creativity; "the desire to achieve an overall impression of calm harmony or, conversely, tension, movement, dynamics. Representatives of these two different types literary styles they value not the same thing: clarity or depth, simplicity or splendor, calm or movement, completeness in itself or infinity of perspectives, completeness or aspiration and variability, concentration or diversity, traditional canonicity or novelty, etc. On the one hand, the ideal prevails calm, balanced beauty, on the other hand, beauty is not the only aesthetic value literary work", next to beauty there are other values, and even the absurd is accepted into the aesthetic sphere."
M. Moklitsa classifies baroque, sentimentalism, romanticism and neo-romanticism as romantic methods, and antique realism, classicism as realistic methods. educational realism, critical realism, naturalism, socialist realism. “All of them,” notes the researcher, “are different, therefore they were formed in different eras, but related to each other by the same aesthetic attitudes: romantics of all times reproduce their inner world, and this is the main thing for them (fantasy and imagination causes the spread of conventional forms), realists of all times try to recreate reality, therefore they subordinate the art of life (in this case, life-like or , using Aristotle's term, mimetic, that is, imitative forms in art). In the era of modernism it happened organic compound romantic and realistic type of worldview, when the subject, that is, the artist, realized himself as the main object for aesthetic development."
Artistic methods constantly alternate; directions are born only once, develop and then cease to exist forever.
What does the concept of “artistic method” mean in literature? What are its distinctive characteristics? What method did your favorite writers follow or follow? Do you want to distinguish symbolism from acmeism? This article is for you! It sets out the basis that will help you feel confident in a huge literary space.
What is artistic method?
This is one of the most important concepts in art. It means a set of general assessments, vision of the world and perception of certain things by writers. Thus, various trends in literature arose. The nature of the vision of the surrounding reality depends on what method the creator adheres to.
Adherents of a certain artistic (creative) method are united by the idea of ideals, human life, good and evil, and about art in general. They target different target audience, therefore the existence of the set literary methods extremely important as they satisfy the spiritual needs of people with different mindsets.
Distinctive characteristics
main feature artistic method lies in the diversity of its forms. In literature, there are a huge number of directions and their “mixtures”, with the help of which we can look at the subject and phenomenon differently. Classicism, romanticism, realism, sentimentalism, naturalism, modernism, symbolism, acmeism, futurism, impressionism, expressionism, existentialism, postmodernism are the main directions that have their own individual strength and character.
What artistic methods exist in literature?
Every writer certainly has his own individual style expressions of thought, unlike anyone else, but he is intertwined with one specific direction that is close to himself.
Let's move from the general to the specific and understand the main artistic methods in literature, starting from the 17th century and ending with the end of the 20th.
Classical movements of the 17th - 18th centuries
Classicism first emerged in the 17th century. Characterized by educational morality, simplicity of presentation, a clear division into positive and negative heroes, “three unities”—place, time and action. The following people worked in this direction: famous writers, like J. Racine, M. Lomonosov, G. Derzhavin. You can find the main features of classicism in “Ode to the Capture of Khotin”.
In the 18th century, J. Rousseau, I. Goethe, and N. Karamzin wrote in the next literary direction—sentimentalism. In this direction it is important to depict the state inner world character, his mental anguish and sincere emotions. You can get to know this area better by reading " Poor Lisa".
Romanticism appeared at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. Love, feelings, desires, suffering, escape from oppressive reality - all this is incredibly beautifully described in their works by D. Byron, V. Hugo, M. Lermontov. "The Demon" is a vibrant work that will give you a complete understanding of this direction.
Everyday life of the 19th century
Realism, which emerged in the 19th century, describes a typical hero in a typical situation for the average person through colloquial vocabulary. This direction was subtly felt by Charles Dickens, O. de Balzac, L. Tolstoy, F. Dostoevsky, A. Chekhov, I. Turgenev. “Fathers and Sons” is an exemplary novel that, without falsehood or pretense, will tell about the difference between generations and their perception, this is the essence of realism.
Naturalism is an artistic method that arose in late XIX century. is distinguished by an accurate and objective depiction of fate, everyday life, and human character. Representatives of this trend, such as M. Saltykov-Shchedrin, N. Nekrasov, believed that there are no unworthy topics for presentation, even typical human experiences are real art. “Who Lives Well in Rus'” - a poem about the realities of peasant life and difficult fate - is an undeniable representative of naturalism.
Catchy and unusual methods of presenting thoughts of the 19th - early 20th centuries
Modernism is a general name for such movements as symbolism, impressionism, acmeism, futurism, expressionism. To have an idea of modernism, let us characterize all of the above trends.
- Symbolism arose in the 1870s; it differs from other movements in its figurative vision, secret meaning objects and phenomena, using words with multiple meanings. For example, Z. Gippus, V. Bryusov, K. Balmont, A. Blok wrote in this interesting and unusual direction. “Pharmacy, Street, Lantern” is a poem that is worth reading or refreshing your memory to understand the essence of the symbolism.
- Acmeism is an artistic method that was followed only by our compatriots, for example O. Mandelstam, A. Akhmatova, N. Gumilyov. There is no ambiguity in this direction, words have exact value, and the images are clearly visible; by force artistic word writers rethought life processes that have flaws. “The Gray-Eyed King” - you need to immerse yourself in this poem to understand the logic of the poets of this movement.
- Futurism is the direction in which Russian and Italian creators worked. This catchy trend appeared at the beginning of the 20th century. Shocking, bold decisions and non-standard construction of the poem, for example with a ladder, like the prominent representative of this direction V. Mayakovsky. Besides him, I. Severyanin, V. Khlebnikov, D. Burliuk created and broke the idea of classical art in this direction. "Could you?" - an extravagant, unusual, inspiring, absolutely futuristic poem.
- Impressionism in literature appeared at the end of the 19th century; writers in this direction described in detail feelings, experiences and emotions, and turned moments of life into art. The brightest representatives of this trend can be considered G. de Maupassant and M. Proust. "Dear Friend" - emotional and easy piece, after reading which you will certainly become a fan of impressionism.
- At the beginning of the 20th century, dark expressionism became widespread in Germany. The main themes of this direction are death, destruction, loss, and the ugliness of the surrounding reality. F. Kafka and E. Zamyatin were most clearly able to convey the essence of this direction. “We” is the strongest dystopia of our compatriot, which does not give rise to a feeling of depression, but fully reveals all the above themes of expressionism.
Modern views on literature since the mid-20th century
At the heart of existentialism, which appeared in the mid-20th century in France, are ideas about the loneliness and tragedy of existence, the insignificance of human ideals. J. P. Sartre and A. Camus were able to most confidently and clearly put this on paper. "The Fall" is a book in which you will not find sharp turns in the plot, but the subtle and intelligent dialogues will make you fall in love with existentialism.
Most modern direction- postmodernism - appeared in the second half of the 20th century, it is distinguished by maximalism of execution, irony and a satirical attitude to what is happening. H. Murakami, V. Nabokov, K. Vonnegut saw the world through a satirical prism. The work "Slaughterhouse No. 5" was written in best traditions postmodernism, it will immerse you in deep thoughts about the value of life and views on it.
The importance of literary movements for modern man
The power of words can make a person look at certain things differently. Reading the works of writers who adhere to different artistic methods will make you a multifaceted person who can look at any situation critically and from different angles.
the structure of the work, and in principle the construction of the image, plot, composition, language. The method is the understanding and reproduction of reality in accordance with the characteristics of artistic thinking and the aesthetic ideal.”
The problem of the method of depicting reality was first recognized in antiquity and was fully embodied in Aristotle’s work “Poetics” under the name “theory of imitation”.
Imitation, according to Aristotle, is the basis of poetry and its goal is to recreate the world similar to the real one, or, more precisely, how it could be. The authority of this theory remained until late XVIII century, when the romantics proposed a different approach (also having its roots in antiquity, more precisely in Hellenism) - the re-creation of reality in accordance with the will of the author, and not with the laws of the “universe”.
These two concepts, according to Russian literary studies the middle of the last century, form the basis of two “types of creativity” - “realistic” and “romantic”, within which the “methods” of classicism, romanticism, different types realism, modernism. It should be said that the concept of “method” was used by many literary theorists and writers: A. Watteau, D. Diderot, G. Lessing, I. V. Goethe, S. T. Coleridge, who wrote the treatise “On Method” (1818).
The theory of imitation served as the basis for the development of naturalism. “Working on Thérèse Raquin,” wrote E. Zola, “I forgot about everything in the world, I plunged into the painstaking copying of life, devoting myself entirely to the study of the human body...”64 Often a feature of this method of reflecting reality is the complete dependence of the creator of the work from the subject of the image, artistic knowledge turns into copying.
Another model can lead to arbitrariness of subjectivity. For example, F. Schiller argued that the artist, re-creating reality (“material”), “... stops little before violence against him... The material that he processes, he respects as little as the mechanic; he will only try to deceive with the apparent compliance of the eye, which protects the freedom of this material.”
In a number of works, scientists propose to supplement the concept of method with the concept of a type of creativity, a type of artistic thinking. At the same time, two types of creativity - re-creating and recreating - cover the entire wealth of principles of artistic reflection.
Regarding the problem of the relationship between method and direction, it is necessary to take into account that the method as general principle figurative reflection life differs from direction as a historically specific phenomenon.
Consequently, if this or that direction is historically unique, then the same method, as a broad category of the literary process, can be repeated in the works of writers of different times and peoples, which means different directions and currents.
For example, we encounter elements of the realistic principle of reflecting reality already in the directions of classicism and sentimentalism, that is, even before the emergence of the realistic method itself, just as established realism later penetrates into the works of modernism.
Introduction to literary criticism (N.L. Vershinina, E.V. Volkova, A.A. Ilyushin, etc.) / Ed. L.M. Krupchanov. - M, 2005
Each writer has specific creative features (in the choice of topics, the depiction of individuals, individual social groups, in the originality of artistic techniques and the language of the work). For example, the manner of expressing thoughts of A.S. Pushkin and L.N. Tolstoy is difficult to confuse. This is where the concept came from author's style(the style is a pointed stick and a spatula at the other end for writing on a waxed tablet).
Style called - the ideological and artistic originality of the writer’s work, which manifests itself in the peculiarities of the themes ideological meaning, systems of images, methods of their construction, in the composition and language of the work. This is the unity of the main ideological and artistic features (themes, ideas, characters, plot, language), which is revealed throughout the entire creative work writer, is determined by the era, life experience, the views of the artist and the characteristics of his talent. The style of one and the same author can develop and change over time (A.S. Pushkin’s early and late years differ significantly from each other both in their creative method - a romantic and a realist, and in the form of their works - a poet and a prose writer).
In the style of a number of writers one can find the same features - common topics, close in social status and the views of the heroes (for example, the theme of “superfluous” people in the first half of the 19th century in Russia, about tragic fate young nobles misunderstood by society).
In this way it is formed literary school, direction, group, current- unity of form and content, unity of method, bringing writers closer to each other. Depending on the characteristics of the historical situation, it receives a certain political coloring and political purposefulness (for example, natural school followers of N.V. Gogol in Russia).
A higher level of generality is creative artistic method. Artistic method is the principles common to writers for selecting life phenomena and depicting them. It depends primarily on changes public life(realism, classicism, sentimentalism, romanticism, modernism, postmodernism).
Literary process - the process of interaction of styles, trends, methods, directions of fiction into one and the same historical period. The oldest and most known method images of reality in fiction is realism. It was with him that the literary process began in Ancient Greece And Ancient Rome, from the formation of the so-called ancient realism, then in the Middle Ages we can talk about medieval realism, the Renaissance gives impetus to the development of the ideas of revival in the realistic work of that period. The Age of Enlightenment, for the first time, allows us to talk about the emergence of a mature literary movement with clearly formulated laws of creativity - classicism.
Classicism(from Latin classicus - first-class) - a movement in the literature of Western Europe and Russia (17-18 centuries) after the end of the religious wars. Classicism arose as an imitation of examples of ancient (classical) art. Its representatives are Racine, Corneille, Boileau, Moliere, Sumarokov, Kheraskov, Kantemir, Lomonosov, Trediakovsky, Derzhavin. They tried to draw attention to the sense of duty and patriotism of the heroes in depicting life conflicts.
Classicism is an example of literature created according to normative principles. Basic ideas classicism is associated with the idea of progressive absolutist royal power, which expressed in France, where classicism originated, civil, national ideals, the idea of civil reason, which the hero should prefer to other human feelings. The rational-civil thinking of classicism was associated with journalisticism, didacticism, and journalistic sentiments expressed in the works.
Classicism was associated with noble, aristocratic, court culture. This led to a certain class limitation - the depiction of the people, folk life, nature was not allowed, the subjects were taken mainly from ancient Greek or Roman history.
All works were clearly divided into high and low, just like genres, the rule of “three unities” was introduced - the unity of time (the entire conflict must be resolved within 24 hours), place (the action took place in one place), action (one plot , heroes are carriers of one quality, the role of actors). All this led to a violation of the truth of life, the creation of conventional, far-fetched images, schematic characters, and complex language.
Russian classicism fought for the originality of Russian culture, the purity of the Russian language, and reflected significant moments in the development of Russia.
Sentimentalism(from the French sentimental - sensitive) - a literary movement in Russian and Western literature of the late 18th - early 19th centuries, which initially arose in England and reflected the struggle of the bourgeoisie with the feudal lords. Sentimentalism contained a protest against the corrupt morals of the noble aristocracy; it was opposed to the life of artisans, merchants, peasants, and sympathy for people oppressed by feudal lords.
As a direction, it was completely opposed to the rationality of the works of classicism, contained a protest against the abstract ideals of reason, contrasting them with sincere feelings, trying to depict the peculiarities of human psychology.
The glorification of patriarchal principles and feelings led to the idea that people can only be natural in nature. The city and urban culture were opposed to nature, the countryside and were endowed with all negative traits(debauchery, greed, lack of moral principles). In turn, the village, depicted idyllically and patriarchally, was presented only with positive side without any criticism.
Sentimentalism was also characterized by other features. For example, the desire for historicism, the glorification of the past of one’s country, the characters of the heroes were portrayed mainly through emotional and psychological characteristics with the elimination of any real situation, outside of real events.
A special style of sentimentalism has developed in the language system - a style of intonation-sensitive nature (with an abundance of appeals and exclamations); the authors completely abandon the “high style” of classicism, but create their own artificially sensitive language.
In Russian literature, sentimentalism had a different social basis at the end of the 18th century (Karamzin, Bogdanovich, Dmitriev, Shalkov, early Zhukovsky) - expressed the sentiments of the nobility in the era of the increasing bourgeois development of Russia and the intensifying liberation peasant movement. The characteristic features of this Russian trend are a false image of the peasantry, the countryside, and the idealization of the serfdom system. The desire to silence the fact of the exploitation of serfs, the conventional image of the Russian village as a place of play for happy villagers, the image of a father-patron and benefactor - a landowner, filled with concern for his serfs ("You will be my child forever, I will be your father forever") - all this character traits Russian sentimentalism.
There were also positive moments. For the first time, serfs and their feelings were depicted along with the feelings of landowners (“And peasant women know how to love” - N.M. Karamzin). This had a huge impact on the development of Russian literature, as attention was paid to feelings ordinary people, a depiction of human psychology.
Romanticism - creative method, appeared in Western Europe at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries - is usually considered as a reaction to bourgeois revolutions in England and France, as he expressed the dissatisfaction of wide public circles with the new bourgeois reality. Instead of the kingdom of freedom, equality and brotherhood, for which enormous sacrifices were made, the spirit of profit, the power of money, and new oppression of the individual begin to dominate in bourgeois society. Therefore, the main principle of this movement is opposition real life another world created creative imagination writer. For romantic work Characteristic: an extraordinary hero, overwhelmed by violent passions, extraordinary circumstances in which the action takes place, a veil of understatement and mystery that envelops the hero’s past.
There are two main directions of romanticism: passive (conservative) and revolutionary (progressive).
Conservative romanticism(Novalis, Uhland, Chateaubriand, Vigny, Wordsworth, Heine, Schiller, Zhukovsky, Batyushkov, Delvig) sought to take the reader into the world of dreams, fantasy, mysticism or the historical past (the Middle Ages). In the works of these romantics, there were two types of heroes: dreamers, living only in the world of their personal feelings and souls, and active natures, striving to revive knightly feelings and noble principles of life.
Revolutionary romanticism(Byron, Hugo, Pushkin, Lermontov, Ryleev, Odoevsky)) depicted the protest, the passions of an exceptional person who does not resign himself to the circumstances of the surrounding reality, struggling, striving for freedom, action, and a future free life.
In Russian literature, which arose at the very beginning of the 19th century (especially widespread after Patriotic War 1812) romanticism reflected the dissatisfaction of the Russian nobility with two main troubles of that time: autocracy and serfdom.
Realism- involves showing reality, the real life of a person, a truthful historically specific image of a person and society, an image of connections and interactions between a person and society (“the truthfulness of the image of typical characters in typical circumstances” - F. Engels).
Typical heroes reflect the characters and collective features of many people, social groups (or heroes and images reflecting typical trends in the development of society). Typical circumstances- a description of the peculiarities of life, the mores of that society and at the historical moment when the heroes were formed.
This is the oldest and most powerful creative method of depicting reality known in the history of literature. Selected elements of realism already met in ancient literature 5th-3rd centuries BC Despite the fact that her hero has not yet stood out from the crowd, he thinks like the whole society (Achilles in Homer).
Next, in Renaissance(13-16 centuries), during the growth of social self-awareness, the hero has already stood out from society, he has a sense of justice and responsibility (Hamlet, Don Quixote), although he is still guided not by class, but moral criteria(defenders of humanity from imperfections).
In the era Enlightenment(18th century) the critical principle of realism was strengthened. The young revolutionary bourgeoisie opposes feudalism and church ideology with criticism of law, morality, and religion (Voltaire, Diderot, D.I. Fonvizin). The shortcomings of society were explained by the shortcomings of the system of political mores and moral views.
Critical realism began to take shape in the works of Balzac and Pushkin due to the dissatisfaction of romantic ideas about ways to change life and disappointment with bourgeois reality. Analytical aspiration and strengthening of the critical principle were associated with the exposure and denial of the foundations of feudal and bourgeois society through the depiction of man in his various connections with society. A person was portrayed in this way as a part and product of the environment (character, views, behavior, lifestyle are formed by society), but at the same time they strived for the future, for the ideal.
In the history of realism, it happened that, along with a historically incorrect, abstract understanding of the characters’ characters, a correct, concrete, realistic reproduction of them was carried out (N.V. Gogol “ Dead Souls") - it is necessary to distinguish between the artist’s worldview and his theoretical views.
Modernism(from the French moderne - new, modern) - various trends in modern literature 20th century ( symbolism, acmeism, futurism, imagism), opposing themselves to realism. They are not satisfied with the basic principle of realism - a reflection of objective reality; they consider it a naturalistic copying of life.
The basis of art should be the production of the hero’s inner self, his inner world, to the outside. Features of modernism- the most open and free self-disclosure of authors, their persistent desire to update artistic language, a focus more on the universal and culturally and historically distant, rather than on the close reality.
Postmodernism as a literary movement formed in the second half of the 20th century and represents an attempt modern authors led by J. Derrida to philosophically comprehend the history of literature and culture in general from the position deconstruction(that is, rejection) of everything stable, stable, unconditional that is in it. Concept simulacrum and the postmodern concept of the total disorder of the world sometimes finds forms of expression akin to the mythological archaic, which makes it possible to transform plots, images, circumstances into new works, using them in accordance with modern conditions.
