Mendeleev Dmitry Ivanovich brief biography and his discoveries. Life of wonderful names

In the 19th century, as never before, many scientific discoveries were made and technical inventions were created. It seemed that there is nothing inexplicable or beyond the reach of science. One of the brightest representatives of that time was the scientist and inventor Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev. A short biography and his discoveries are described in this article.

How D.I. Mendeleev spent his childhood.

The future scientist was born last seventeenth child in the family January 27 to Julian calendar 1834 in Tobolsk.

Dmitry's mother, Maria Dmitrievna Kornilyeva, owned a small glass factory.

And his father was the director of schools in the Tobolsk district, Ivan Mendeleev.

Dmitry Ivanovich spent his childhood surrounded by the Russian intelligentsia.

His family often visited Maria Dmitrievna’s brother, who was the manager of the Trubetskoy princes.

Writers, artists, and scientists often visited him.

The future chemist also received many of his first life experiences at his mother’s factory.

Mendeleev Dmitry Ivanovich short biography

In 1850, at the age of 16, Dmitry began his studies at the Main Pedagogical Institute in St. Petersburg. A month and a half later, his mother died, and the young man was left without relatives and friends, as well as without property. He studied with great interest. Chemistry and mineralogy were his favorite subjects. Dmitry was especially fascinated by the enormous variety of chemical transformations and compounds, which are based on only a few dozen elements. In the last year, for his final thesis “Isomorphism” on the chemical processes accompanying the formation of crystals, Dmitry Ivanovich was awarded the Mendeleev gold medal. The photo is presented below:

In the fall of 1856, the future discoverer of the Periodic Law became a professor at the Institute of Technology and a private assistant professor at the university in St. Petersburg. From 1859 to 1861 he worked in Heidelberg (Germany). Having his own laboratory, he conducted scientific research in an as yet undefined direction. However, after the International Congress of Chemists in 1860 in Karlsruhe, the scientist came to the conclusion that should work in the direction of atomic masses(the term “atomic weight” was used at that time).

In 1862, the inventor, at the persuasion of his sister married Feozva Nikitichnaya Lesheva. Mendeleev never got along with his first wife. The children, however, enjoyed their father's special tenderness. Soon he bought the Boblovo estate, which reminded him of his native Tobolsk. The meager lands of those places were well suited for his agricultural experiments. He began analyzing fertilizers and conditions affecting the harvest, and taught peasants how to effectively farm. As a result, the amount of harvest, given the scarcity of land, was surprisingly large.

The results of Mendeleev's doctoral dissertation on mixing water and ethyl alcohol, which the scientist defended in 1865, form the basis of alcoholometry in Holland, Austria, Germany and Russia.

Further scientific research led to the creation of the Periodic Table in early 1869. Most of the world's academies elected the creator of the table of elements as a member, and the most famous universities - an honorary doctor.

The marriage of the great inventor was not happy, and in the spring of 1877 he began an affair with a 17-year-old artist. After 3 years, the scientist finally separated from his family, and in April 1882 they got married. Since then, artists - Repin, Yaroshenko, Kuindzhi - often began to visit the house.

Since 1892 the great chemist became chief custodian of weights and measures depot. And in a matter of years he turned this institution into a large scientific center. No wonder with youth he loved precise measurements and sensitive instruments.

On January 20, 1907, Mendeleev died of pneumonia in St. Petersburg. A short biography of the great scientist testifies to his true devotion to his homeland and science. Dmitry Ivanovich was buried at the Volkovsky cemetery.

Mendeleev Dmitry Ivanovich interesting facts from life

On August 7, 1897, the already middle-aged chemist decided to break away from the Earth by hot-air balloon with an experienced aeronaut to observe the solareclipses. Just before the ascent, it started to rain, and it was obvious that the wet balloon would not be able to lift two people. The aeronaut jumped out of the basket, and the ball suddenly began to rise. The scientist, who took off in a hot air balloon for the first time in his life, had no choice but to carry out his plan alone. Once above the dense clouds, he observed the total eclipse and then landed the balloon.

On the eve of the burial The brain of the great chemist was removed for research in the hope of finding out the reason for his genius, as well as genius in general. A year later, Professor Bekhterev reported that the late scientist’s brain was particularly developed and had an abundance of convolutions. Perhaps only Mendeleev himself did not consider himself a genius. Interesting facts from the life of the great chemist, however, are not limited to these two.

What Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev invented for the needs of the army

In 1890-1892, Dmitry Ivanovich, together with I. M. Cheltsov, worked on the creation of smokeless gunpowder. In December 1890, he obtained soluble nitrocellulose, a product of the interaction of cellulose with nitric acid. And in January 1891 - a special type of it, called “pyrocollodia” by the creator. The scientist developed his own recipe for smokeless gunpowder based on pyrocollodium, which turned out to be better than foreign ones.

Frequent question asked in crosswords and quizzes, sounds something like this: “Everyone knows Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev. What did this scientist invent for the needs of the army (5 letters)? Of course, the answer is simple, but not too simple. attentive people They answer: “smokeless pyrocolloid gunpowder,” when in reality the gunpowder is pyrocolloid gunpowder.

Mendeleev Dmitry Ivanovich achievements in chemistry and science

During his adult life, D.I. Mendeleev made a significant contribution to a variety of scientific fields. Scientist's discoveries have brought great benefits to the world and especially Russia. His main scientific achievements are listed and briefly explained below:

Discovery of the Periodic Law - one of the fundamental laws of the universe, integral to all natural science.
Derivation of the ideal gas equation. This equation expresses the relationship between the volume, pressure and temperature of any gas, if we neglect the size and potential energy of its molecules, as well as the time it takes for their collisions.
Proposal to introduce a thermodynamic temperature scale.
Creation of the Doctrine of Solutions, which shows the relationship between the properties and chemical composition of solutions.
Creation of pyrocollodion smokeless powder.
Introduction of new methods of oil distillation, ideas for building oil pipelines. As a result, Russia was transformed from an importer into an exporter of petroleum products.
Creation of an accurate theory of scales.

Mendeleev Dmitry Ivanovich: periodic table

Both strong similarities and sharp contrasts were found between the properties of certain chemical elements. Attempts to classify elements have been far from perfect.

The brilliant chemist discovered that if elements with similar properties are arranged in order of increasing atomic mass, then they are also arranged in order of changes in the expression of common properties. If arrange in ascending order of atomic weight all known elements, then in this case the series will be divided into segments, within which a natural change in the characteristics of the elements is observed. Hence the law follows: the characteristics of chemical elements are periodically dependent on the mass of their atom.

For clarity of systematization of elements, it is advisable to present them in the form of a table. Where the lines form periods - segments, which were just mentioned. And the columns make up groups of similar elements, arranged in decreasing or increasing severity of their common properties.

With the help of the Periodic Table, it was possible to predict the existence of yet unknown elements and even determine in detail the properties of some of them. Which is what Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev did. His table remains the most successful to this day classification of chemical elements.

The most important things in life are discussed by such a scientist as Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev (short biography). And his discoveries left a noticeable mark on Russian science. Do you think these achievements are important? Leave your opinion or feedback for everyone on the forum.

Mendeleev Dmitry Ivanovich

(b. 1834 – d. 1907)

A great Russian chemist and teacher, a versatile scientist whose interests extended to the fields of physics, economics, agriculture, metrology, geography, meteorology, and aeronautics. Opened periodic law chemical elements is one of the basic laws of natural science.

In mid-February 1869, it was cloudy and frosty in St. Petersburg. The trees in the university garden, where the windows of the Mendeleevs’ apartment overlooked, creaked in the wind. While still in bed, Dmitry Ivanovich drank a mug of warm milk, then got up and went to have breakfast. He was in a wonderful mood. At that moment, an unexpected thought occurred to him: to compare chemical elements with similar atomic masses and their properties. Without thinking twice, on a piece of paper he wrote down the symbols of chlorine and potassium, the atomic masses of which are quite close, and sketched out the symbols of other elements, looking for similar “paradoxical” pairs among them: fluorine and sodium, bromine and rubidium, iodine and cesium...

After breakfast, the scientist locked himself in his office. He took out a pack of business cards and stood on them back side write the symbols of the elements and their main ones Chemical properties. After some time, the household heard exclamations coming from the office: “Oooh!” Horned. Wow, what a horned one! I will defeat you. I'll kill you!" This meant that Dmitry Ivanovich had come creative inspiration. Throughout the day, Mendeleev worked, only stopping briefly to play with his daughter Olga, have lunch and dinner. On the evening of February 17, 1869, he completely rewrote the table he had compiled and, under the title “Experience of a system of elements based on their atomic weight and chemical similarity,” sent it to the printing house, making notes for typesetters and putting a date.

...This is how the periodic law was discovered, the modern formulation of which is as follows: “The properties of simple substances, as well as the forms and properties of compounds of elements, are periodically dependent on the charge of the nuclei of their atoms.” Mendeleev was only 35 years old at that time.

And the brilliant scientist was born on January 27, 1834 in Tobolsk and was the last, seventeenth child in the family of the director of the local gymnasium, Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleev. By that time, two brothers and five sisters were still alive in the Mendeleev family. Nine children died in infancy, and three of them were not even given names by their parents. In the year Mitya was born, his father went blind and left the service, switching to a meager pension. The main burden of caring for a family of 10 people fell on the shoulders of the mother, Maria Dmitrievna, who came from the old Tobolsk merchant family of the Kornilievs.

From her brother, who lived in Moscow, Maria Dmitrievna received a power of attorney to manage a small glass factory that belonged to him, and the Mendeleev family moved to its location - to the village of Aremzyanskoye, 25 km from Tobolsk. This is where Mitya spent his preschool years. He grew up in the lap of nature, without any embarrassment, played with his peers, the children of local peasants, in the evenings he listened to his nanny’s tales about Siberian antiquity and the stories of an old soldier who lived out his life with them about the heroic campaigns of A.V. Suvorov.

At the age of 7, Mitya entered the gymnasium. There were a lot of people in the Mendeleevs' house back then. interesting people. Dmitry’s teacher was P.P. Ershov himself, the author of the famous “The Little Humpbacked Horse”, his school friend was the Annenkovs’ son Vladimir, the Decembrist N.V. Basargin was considered a great friend at home... Mendeleev’s brothers and sisters grew up and left their home. By the time he graduated from Mitya gymnasium, his father died, and the glass factory in Aremzyan burned down. Nothing kept Maria Dmitrievna in Tobolsk anymore. At her own peril and risk, she decided to go to Moscow so that her son could continue his education.

So in 1849 Mendeleev ended up in Moscow in the house of his mother’s brother V.D. Korniliev. Efforts to enter Moscow University were not crowned with success, since graduates of the Tobolsk gymnasium could only study at Kazan University. The next year, after an unsuccessful attempt to enter the Medical-Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg, Dmitry, thanks to the petition of one of his father’s friends, who taught at the Main Pedagogical Institute, was enrolled there in the Faculty of Science and Mathematics on government support. His teachers were the most famous scientists of that time - A. A. Voskresensky (chemistry), M. V. Ostrogradsky (higher mathematics), E. X. Lenz (physics).

Studying was not easy for Dmitry at first. In his first year, he managed to get unsatisfactory grades in all subjects except mathematics. But in senior years, things went differently - Mendeleev’s average annual grade was four and a half (out of a possible five). He graduated from the institute in 1855 with a gold medal and could have remained a teacher there, but his health forced him to leave for the south - doctors suspected Dmitry of tuberculosis, from which his two sisters and father died.

In August 1855, Mendeleev arrived in Simferopol, but classes at the local gymnasium were stopped due to the ongoing Crimean War. In the autumn of the same year he moved to Odessa and taught at the gymnasium at the Richelieu Lyceum, and in next year- returned to St. Petersburg, passed his master's exams, defended his dissertation “Specific Volumes” and received the right to lecture on organic chemistry at the university. In January 1857, Dmitry Ivanovich was approved as a private assistant professor at St. Petersburg University.

The next few years were spent on scientific trips abroad (Paris, Heidelberg, Karlsruhe), where Privatdozent Mendeleev met with foreign colleagues and participated in the first International Congress of Chemists. During these years, he was engaged in research in the field of capillary phenomena and the expansion of liquids, and one of the results of his work was the discovery of the absolute boiling point. Returning from abroad in 1861, the 27-year-old scientist wrote the textbook “Organic Chemistry” in three months, which, according to K. A. Timiryazev, was “excellent in clarity and simplicity of presentation, having no parallel in European literature "

However, these were difficult times for Mendeleev, when, as he wrote in his diary, “coats and boots were sewn on credit, I was always hungry.” Apparently, under the pressure of circumstances, he renewed his acquaintance with Feozva Nikitichnaya Leshcheva, with whom he had been friends back in Tobolsk, and in April 1862 he got married. The stepdaughter of the famous P.P. Ershov, Fiza (as she was called in the family), was six years older than her husband. By character, inclinations, and interests, she did not make a harmonious couple for her husband. As if sensing this, the young scientist, before walking down the aisle, made an attempt to abandon his betrothed, but his older sister Olga Ivanovna, the wife of the Decembrist N.V. Basargin, who had great influence on him, decided to shame her brother. She wrote to him: “Remember also what the great Goethe said: “There is no greater sin than deceiving a girl.” You are engaged, declared a groom, what position will she be in if you now refuse?”

Mendeleev yielded to his sister, and this concession entailed a relationship that lasted for many years and was painful for both spouses. Of course, this did not become clear right away, and after the wedding the newlyweds, in the most rosy mood, went on a honeymoon around Europe.

In 1865, Mendeleev defended his doctoral dissertation “On the combination of alcohol with water,” after which he was approved as a professor at St. Petersburg University in the department of technical chemistry. Three years later, he began writing the textbook “Fundamentals of Chemistry” and immediately encountered difficulties in systematizing the factual material. Pondering the structure of the textbook, he gradually came to the conclusion that the properties of simple substances and the atomic masses of elements are connected by a certain pattern. Fortunately, the young scientist did not know about the many attempts of his predecessors to arrange chemical elements in increasing order of their atomic masses and about the incidents that arose in this case.

The decisive stage of his thoughts came on February 17, 1869, it was then that the first version of the periodic table was written. The scientist subsequently spoke about this event as follows: “I’ve been thinking about it [the system] for maybe twenty years, but you think: I was sitting there and suddenly... it’s ready.”

Dmitry Ivanovich sent out printed sheets with a table of elements to domestic and foreign colleagues and, with a sense of accomplishment, went to the Tver province to inspect cheese factories. Before leaving, he still managed to hand over to N.A. Menshutkin, an organic chemist and future historian of chemistry, the manuscript of the article “Relationship of properties with the atomic weight of elements” - for publication in the journal of the Russian Chemical Society and for communication at the upcoming meeting of the society.

The report made on March 6, 1869 by Menshutkin did not attract attention at first. special attention specialists, and the president of the society, academician N.N. Zinin, stated that Mendeleev was not doing what a real researcher should do. True, two years later, after reading Dmitry Ivanovich’s article “The Natural System of Elements and Its Application to Indicating the Properties of Some Elements,” Zinin changed his mind and wrote to the author: “Very, very good, very excellent connections, even fun to read, God grant you good luck in experimental confirmation of your conclusions.”

The periodic law became the foundation on which Mendeleev created his most famous textbook, “Fundamentals of Chemistry.” The book went through eight editions during the author’s lifetime, and was last reprinted in 1947. According to foreign scientists, all chemistry textbooks are second half of the 19th century V. were built on the same model, and “only a single attempt to really move away from classical traditions“This is an attempt by Mendeleev, his manual on chemistry was conceived according to a very special plan.” In terms of the richness and courage of scientific thought, the originality of the coverage of the material, and the influence on the development and teaching of inorganic chemistry, this work of Dmitry Ivanovich had no equal in the world chemical literature.

After the discovery of his law, Mendeleev had much more to do. The reason for the periodic changes in the properties of elements remained unknown; The structure of the periodic system itself, where properties were repeated through seven elements in the eighth, could not be explained. The author did not place all the elements in order of increasing atomic masses; in some cases he was more guided by the similarity of chemical properties.

The most important thing in the discovery of the periodic law was the prediction of the existence of chemical elements not yet known to science. Under aluminum, Mendeleev left a place for its analogue “eka-aluminium”, under boron - for “eka-boron”, and under silicon - for “eca-silicon”. This is how he named the yet undiscovered chemical elements and even assigned them corresponding symbols.

It should be said that not all foreign colleagues immediately appreciated the significance of Mendeleev’s discovery. It changed a lot in the world of established ideas. Thus, the German physical chemist W. Ostwald, a future Nobel Prize laureate, argued that it was not the law that had been discovered, but the principle of classification of “something uncertain.” The German chemist R. Bunsen, who discovered two new alkali elements, rubidium and cesium, in 1861, said that Mendeleev carried chemists “into the far-fetched world of pure abstractions.” Professor of the University of Leipzig G. Kolbe in 1870 called Mendeleev’s discovery “speculative”...

However, the time for triumph soon came. In 1875, the French chemist L. de Boisbaudran discovered the “eka-aluminium” predicted by Mendeleev, named it gallium and declared: “I think there is no need to insist on the enormous importance of confirming the theoretical conclusions of Mr. Mendeleev.” Four years later, the Swedish chemist L. Nilsson discovered scandium: “There remains no doubt that “ekabor” was discovered in “scandium”... This clearly confirms the considerations of the Russian chemist, which not only made it possible to predict the existence of scandium and gallium, but also to foresee in advance their most important properties."

In 1886, a professor at the Mining Academy in Freiburg, the German chemist K. Winkler, while analyzing the rare mineral argyrodite, discovered another element predicted by Mendeleev - “ecosilicite”, and named it germanium. At the same time, Mendeleev was unable to predict the existence of a group of noble gases, and at first there was no place for them in the periodic table. As a result, the discovery of argon by English scientists W. Ramsay and J. Rayleigh in 1894 immediately caused heated discussions and doubts about the periodic law and the periodic system of elements. After several years of deliberation, Mendeleev agreed with the presence in his proposed system of a “zero” group of chemical elements, which was occupied by other noble gases discovered after argon. In 1905, the scientist wrote: “Apparently, the future does not threaten the periodic law with destruction, but only promises superstructures and development, although as a Russian they wanted to erase me, especially the Germans.”

Four years before the opening of the periodic law, Dmitry Ivanovich found relative peace in family affairs. In 1865, he bought the Boblovo estate in the Moscow province not far from Klin. Now he could relax there every summer with his family and study agricultural chemistry, which he was interested in then. On the existing 380 acres of land, Mendeleev conducted technical and economic experiments, organizing on a scientific basis the use of fertilizers, equipment, and rational land use systems and doubling grain yields in five years.

In 1867, Mendeleev became the head of the department of general and inorganic chemistry at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University, and at the end of the year he was given the long-awaited university apartment. In May of the following year, their beloved daughter Olga was born into the family... But in the late 1870s. the relationship between Dmitry Ivanovich and his wife Feozva Nikitichna completely deteriorated. Mendeleev felt lonely and alienated in his family. “I am a man, not God, and you are not an angel,” he wrote to his wife, admitting his and her weaknesses. Indeed, endowed by nature with a choleric temperament, Dmitry Ivanovich was a quick-tempered and irritable person. Anything that distracted him from his work easily made him angry. And then the slightest - from the point of view of others - trifle could cause a violent outburst in him: Mendeleev shouted, slammed the door and ran to his office. New complications in family life brought about by his wife’s serious illness. Moreover, after 14 years of marriage, Feozva Nikitichna no longer had the strength to endure either her husband’s difficult temper or his love interests. She left with the children for Boblovo, giving her husband complete freedom, provided that the official marriage was not dissolved.

At this time, Mendeleev was passionately in love with Anna Ivanovna Popova, the daughter of a Don Cossack from Uryupinsk, who attended the drawing school at the Academy of Arts and periodically went abroad. Anna was old enough to be the scientist's daughter - she was 26 years younger than him. Since the wife did not agree to a divorce, and divorce by court was a very difficult matter at that time, Mendeleev’s comrades were seriously afraid of a possible tragic outcome: in their immediate circle, two people had already committed suicide because of unhappy love. Then the rector of the university, A. N. Beketov, took upon himself mediation, went to Boblovo and received Feozva Nikitichna’s consent to officially divorce her husband. In 1881, the marriage was finally dissolved, and Dmitry Ivanovich went to Italy to join his beloved. In May of the same year they returned to Russia, and in December their daughter Lyuba was born, who was actually illegitimate.

Having agreed to the divorce, the consistory forbade Mendeleev to get married for the next six years. In addition, under the terms of the divorce, the entire professor’s salary went to support the first family, and new family lived on the money that the scientist earned by writing scientific articles and textbooks. However, in April 1882, contrary to the decision of the consistory, the priest of the Admiralty Church of St. Petersburg married Mendeleev and Popova for 10 thousand rubles, for which he was deprived of his clergy.

During this period, the scientist continued his research in the fields of meteorology, aeronautics, and fluid resistance. He worked in Italy and England, studied solutions, and flew in a Russian hot air balloon, observing a solar eclipse. And in 1890, Professor of St. Petersburg University D.I. Mendeleev resigned in protest against the oppression of students.

For the next five years, Mendeleev was a consultant to the Scientific and Technical Laboratory of the Maritime Ministry, planned to take part in an expedition to the North, and created an icebreaker project. At this time, he invented a new type of smokeless gunpowder (pyrocollodia) and organized its production. In addition, he led a large expedition to study the industry of the Urals, participated in the World Exhibition in Paris, and developed a program for the economic transformation of Russia. In recent major works“Treasured Thoughts” and “Towards Knowledge

Russia”, the scientist summarized his ideas related to social, scientific and economic activities.

In 1892, Mendeleev was appointed custodian and then manager of the Main Chamber of Weights and Measures, which he created, where he conducted research and experiments until the end of his life. In 1895, the scientist became blind, but continued to work: business papers were read aloud to him, and he dictated orders to the secretary. Professor I.V. Kostenich removed the cataract as a result of two operations, and soon vision returned...

Mendeleev had three children from his first marriage - Masha, Volodya and Olga (all died during Dmitry Ivanovich's lifetime) and four from his second - Lyuba, Vanya, Vasily and Maria (Maria Dmitrievna later became the director of her father's museum), whom he loved madly . One episode especially vividly characterizes the power of the fatherly love of the famous scientist. In May 1889 he was invited by the British Chemical Society to speak at the annual Faraday Readings. The most outstanding chemists received this honor. Mendeleev was going to devote his report to the doctrine of periodicity, which was already gaining universal recognition. This performance was to be truly " finest hour" But two days before the appointed date, he received a telegram from St. Petersburg about Vasily’s illness. Without a moment’s hesitation, the scientist decided to immediately return home, and the text of the report “Periodic Law of Chemical Elements” was read for him by J. Dewar.

Mendeleev's eldest son Vladimir became a naval officer. He graduated with honors from the Naval Cadet Corps and sailed on the frigate “Memory of Azov” along the Far Eastern shores Pacific Ocean. In 1898, Vladimir retired to devote himself to the development of the “Project for Raising the Level of Sea of Azov damming the Kerch Strait,” but died suddenly a few months later. The following year, my father published “The Project...” and wrote with deep bitterness in the preface: “My clever, loving, gentle, good-natured first-born son, on whom I expected to entrust part of my behests, died, since I knew high and truthful, modest and at the same time, deep thoughts for the benefit of the homeland with which he was imbued.” Dmitry Ivanovich took the death of Vladimir very hard, which noticeably affected his health.

The daughter of Mendeleev and Popova, Lyubov Dmitrievna, in 1903 married Alexander Blok, the famous Russian poet of the Silver Age, with whom she had been friends since childhood and who dedicated “Poems about To the beautiful lady" Lyuba and Alexander often met at the Moscow estate of Blok’s grandfather, located not far from Boblovo, and together with local youth they staged plays in which Blok was the main actor, and often the director. Lyuba graduated from the Higher Women's Courses and played in drama clubs, and then in the troupe of V. Meyerhold and in the theater of V. Komissarzhevskaya. After the death of her husband, she studied the history and theory of ballet art and gave acting lessons famous ballerinas G. Kirillova and N. Dudinskaya.

Blok’s letter to his bride contains the following lines about her father: “He has long known everything that happens in the world. Penetrated everything. Nothing is hidden from him. His knowledge is the most complete. It comes from genius, ordinary people this doesn’t happen... He has nothing separate or fragmentary - everything is inseparable.”

“...I’m surprised at what I haven’t done in my scientific life. And I think it was done well,” wrote Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev several years before his death. He died on January 20, 1907 in St. Petersburg from cardiac paralysis and was buried at the Volkov cemetery, not far from the graves of his mother and eldest son. During his lifetime, the world-famous scientist received over 130 diplomas and honorary titles from Russian and foreign academies and scientific societies. In Russia, the Mendeleev Prizes were established for outstanding achievements in the field of chemistry and physics. Now the name of the outstanding encyclopedist scientist is borne by: the All-Union Chemical Society, the All-Russian Research Institute of Metrology, the St. Petersburg Institute of Chemical Technology, an underwater ridge in the Arctic Ocean, an active volcano on the Kuril Islands, a crater on the Moon, a research vessel for oceanographic research, 101st chemical element and mineral – mendeleevite.

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Chapter 4 TSAR DMITRY IVANOVICH Boris Godunov, not because of his good life, reacted kindly to the self-will and sarcastic laughter of Filaret Nikitich Romanov, imprisoned in the Anthony-Siysky Monastery. In 1605, he had no time for the disgraced old man. The usurper's rival, False Emperor I, walked along

From the book Silver Age. Portrait gallery of cultural heroes of the turn of the 19th–20th centuries. Volume 2. K-R author Fokin Pavel Evgenievich

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KOKOVTSEV (Kokovtsov) Dmitry Ivanovich 11 (23).4.1887 - no later than 14.7.1918 Poet. Member of the “Sluchevsky Evening” circle. Poetry collections “Dreams in the North” (St. Petersburg, 1909), “Eternal Stream” (St. Petersburg, 1911), “The Witch’s Violin” (St. Petersburg, 1913). Classmate of N. Gumilyov in Tsarskoye Selo

Who is Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev? March 4th, 2014

About Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev (1834-1907) It is more difficult to write a short article than a thick book. In so many areas of science (and not only in chemistry) he distinguished himself by making first-class discoveries!

But it would be a mistake to think that the life of D.I. Mendeleev was a kind of triumphal march from victory to victory. Most likely, it's the other way around. Everything was difficult for him.

Dmitry Ivanovich was born in the city of Tobolsk. He was the last, seventeenth, child in the family, and the eighth surviving child. He studied, as they said then, “with copper money.” His mother, Maria Dmitrievna, after the death of his father, Ivan Pavlovich, alone managed and fed a large family. Her family owned a glass factory, and her mother took the place of manager at this factory. This was the source of income.

When Dmitry Ivanovich completed his studies at the Tobolsk gymnasium, his mother left her native Siberia forever and moved to Moscow with her son and youngest daughter.

There are many legends about D.I. Mendeleev, which most often turn out to be fiction. One of these fictions: Dmitry Ivanovich did not shine with knowledge and did not pass the entrance exams to the university. In fact, gymnasium graduates entered the university without exams. But only to the university of your own educational district. Tobolsk belonged to the Kazan educational district. Therefore, D.I. Mendeleev could only enter Kazan University. But it didn’t seem convenient for my mother to settle in Kazan. Relatives lived in Moscow, including the mother’s brother, whose help, as she hoped, would allow her son to enter a university that was not “permitted.” Did not work out. And only after three years of worries and troubles, in 1850, D.I. Mendeleev became a student at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the Main pedagogical institute In Petersburg. So Dmitry Ivanovich did not graduate from universities.

After graduating from the Pedagogical Institute, D.I. Mendeleev worked for two years in the south of Russia as a teacher, first at the Simferopol Men's Gymnasium, and then at the Richelieu Gymnasium in Odessa. In 1856, he brilliantly defended his master's thesis in chemistry. From 1857 to 1890, D.I. Mendeleev taught chemistry and chemical technology at St. Petersburg University. In memory of this, one of the lines of Vasilyevsky Island, which ran next to the building of St. Petersburg University, is called Mendeleevskaya.

Dmitry Ivanovich’s trip on a two-year scientific trip to Germany, to the University of Heidelberg, was very fruitful. He went on a business trip on the recommendation of the famous chemist A.A. Voskresensky in 1859 and worked in Heidelberg until 1861. In photographs of that time, the twenty-five-year-old scientist already has a beard. But youth is youth. During his stay in Heidelberg, Dmitry Ivanovich had an affair with an actress. From this affair a child was born, for whose maintenance Mendeleev sent money, although he was never completely sure of his paternity.

Another legend about D.I. Mendeleev. Returning to Russia from Germany, in 1865 he defended his doctoral dissertation under the cheerful title “On the combination of alcohol with water.” But in this dissertation it was not revealed at all that the strength of vodka should be forty degrees. What strength vodka should and could be was known almost a hundred years before. D.I. Mendeleev’s doctoral dissertation laid the foundation for one of the branches of physical chemistry that was emerging at that time, the theory of solutions. Why did the scientist become interested in solutions of water and alcohol? Because when water and alcohol are mixed, the volume of the resulting solution is significantly less than the sum of the volumes of the components. This occurs because small water molecules are packed inside larger alcohol molecules, forming a “tight pack.”

Returning to Russia in 1861, D.I. Mendeleev taught at St. Petersburg University and several other educational institutions in the capital. Also in 1861, his outstanding textbook “Organic Chemistry” was published.

Dmitry Ivanovich’s main discovery, the periodic system of chemical elements, also arose largely as a result pedagogical activity and works on writing the most comprehensive textbook “Fundamentals of Chemistry”.

Inorganic chemistry deals with a wide variety of elements. In fact, each element has its own “chemistry”. Should students really take dozens of specific chemical courses, each on a specific element?

On the other hand, chemists have long noticed the similarity of various elements: lithium, sodium and potassium, iron, nickel and cobalt, inert (or, as they were also called, noble) gases... But before the discovery of D.I. Mendeleev, all these were observations on empirical level. Mendeleev discovered the periodicity of changes in properties in all known elements. And he indicated places for elements not yet discovered. The discovery of new elements had to wait several years. The first of these, gallium, was discovered in 1875, five years after the publication of the famous periodic table, the second, scandium, in 1879. This was partly the reason that D.I. Mendeleev did not become an academician. In 1880, he was promoted to academician, but members of the Academy of Sciences swamped the scientist: there were no discoveries in chemistry. The periodic system was considered by many to be scientific discovery, but by a methodical method. Or they wanted to count...

In 1869, D.I. Mendeleev’s article “Experience of a system of elements based on their atomic weight and chemical similarity” appeared. By the way, it was reported at the first meeting of the newly created Russian Chemical Society. In 1871, a revised article “Periodic Law for Chemical Elements” appeared, which outlined this outstanding discovery.

And again - a legend. They say that D.I. Mendeleev dreamed of the Periodic Law. The scientist himself told several friends about this. This is a bit reminiscent of the story of an apple falling on I. Newton’s head, which supposedly prompted him to discover the law universal gravity, which was actually invented by the great mockingbird Voltaire. On the other hand, why not? The solution to a problem, if you think hard about it, sometimes comes at the most unexpected moments and for the most unexpected reasons.

D.I. Mendeleev's interests are surprisingly diverse and he achieved serious results in any field. Among other things, he laid the foundation for scientific metrology. He was engaged in petrochemistry and oil refining. He revealed the secret of nitroglycerin gunpowder, which the French began to produce. He participated in the creation of the first Tomsk University in Siberia and almost became its rector. Flew in a hot air balloon. I even studied scientific research spiritualism.

All in all, amazing person and an amazing scientist whom Russia has every right be proud.

Mendeleev Dmitry Ivanovich - Russian scientist, brilliant chemist, physicist, researcher in the field of metrology, hydrodynamics, geology, deep expert in industry, instrument maker, economist, aeronaut, teacher, public figure and an original thinker.

Childhood and youth

The great scientist was born in 1834, on February 8, in Tobolsk. Father Ivan Pavlovich was the director of district schools and the Tobolsk gymnasium, descended from the family of priest Pavel Maksimovich Sokolov, Russian by nationality.

Ivan changed his last name in childhood, while a student at the Tver Seminary. Presumably this was done in honor of him godfather, landowner Mendeleev. Later, the question of the nationality of the scientist’s surname was repeatedly raised. According to some sources, she testified to Jewish roots, according to others, to German ones. Dmitry Mendeleev himself said that his last name was assigned to Ivan by his teacher from the seminary. The young man made a successful exchange and thereby became famous among his classmates. With two words - “to do” - Ivan Pavlovich was included in the educational record.

Mother Maria Dmitrievna (nee Kornilieva) was involved in raising children and housekeeping, and had a reputation as an intelligent and smart woman. Dmitry was the youngest in the family, the last of fourteen children (according to other information, the last of seventeen children). At the age of 10, the boy lost his father, who became blind and soon died.

While studying at the gymnasium, Dmitry did not show any abilities; Latin was the most difficult for him. His mother instilled a love for science, and she also participated in the formation of his character. Maria Dmitrievna took her son to study in St. Petersburg.

In 1850, in St. Petersburg, the young man entered the Main Pedagogical Institute at the department of natural sciences, physics and mathematics. His teachers were professors E. H. Lenz, A. A. Voskresensky and N. V. Ostrogradsky.

While studying at the institute (1850-1855), Mendeleev demonstrated extraordinary abilities. As a student, he published an article “On Isomorphism” and a number of chemical analyzes.

The science

In 1855, Dmitry received a diploma with a gold medal and a referral to Simferopol. Here he works as a senior teacher at the gymnasium. With the beginning Crimean War Mendeleev moved to Odessa and received a teaching position at the Lyceum.

In 1856 he was again in St. Petersburg. He studies at the university, defends his dissertation, teaches chemistry. In the fall, he defends another dissertation and is appointed private professor at the university.

In 1859, Mendeleev was sent on a business trip to Germany. Works at the University of Heidelberg, sets up a laboratory, studies capillary liquids. Here he wrote articles “On the temperature of absolute boiling” and “On the expansion of liquids”, and discovered the phenomenon of “critical temperature”.

In 1861, the scientist returned to St. Petersburg. He creates the textbook “Organic Chemistry”, for which he was awarded the Demidov Prize. In 1864 he was already a professor, and two years later he headed the department, teaching and working on the “Fundamentals of Chemistry.”

In 1869 he introduced periodic table elements, which he devoted his entire life to perfecting. In the table, Mendeleev presented the atomic masses of nine elements, later adding a group of noble gases to the table and leaving room for elements that had yet to be discovered. In the 90s, Dmitry Mendeleev contributed to the discovery of the phenomenon of radioactivity. The periodic law included evidence of the connection between the properties of elements and their atomic volume. Now next to each table of chemical elements there is a photo of the discoverer.

In 1865–1887 he developed the hydration theory of solutions. In 1872 he began to study the elasticity of gases, and two years later he derived the ideal gas equation. Among Mendeleev's achievements of this period was the creation of a scheme for fractional distillation of petroleum products, the use of tanks and pipelines. With the assistance of Dmitry Ivanovich, the burning of black gold in furnaces completely stopped. The scientist’s phrase “Burning oil is like burning a stove with banknotes” has become an aphorism.

Another area of activity of the scientist was geographical studies. In 1875, Dmitry Ivanovich attended the Paris International Geographical Congress, where he presented his invention - a differential barometer-altimeter. In 1887, the scientist took part in a balloon trip to the upper atmosphere to observe the complete solar eclipse.

In 1890, a quarrel with a high-ranking official caused Mendeleev to leave the university. In 1892, a chemist invents a method for producing smokeless gunpowder. At the same time, he is appointed keeper of the Depot of Exemplary Weights and Measures. Here he renews the prototypes of the pound and arshin, and does calculations comparing Russian and English standards of measures.

On the initiative of Mendeleev, in 1899 the metric system of measures was optionally introduced. In 1905, 1906 and 1907, the scientist was nominated as a candidate for the Nobel Prize. In 1906, the Nobel Committee awarded the prize to Mendeleev, but the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences did not confirm this decision.

Mendeleev, who was the author of more than one and a half thousand works, had enormous scientific authority in the world. For his services, the scientist was awarded numerous scientific titles, Russian and foreign awards, and was an honorary member of a number of scientific societies at home and abroad.

Personal life

In his youth, an unpleasant incident happened to Dmitry. His courtship with the girl Sonya, whom he had known since childhood, ended in an engagement. But the pampered beauty never went to the crown. On the eve of the wedding, when preparations were already in full swing, Sonechka refused to get married. The girl thought that there was no point in changing anything if life was already good.

Dmitry was painfully worried about the breakup with his fiancée, but life went on as usual. He was distracted from his heavy thoughts by a trip abroad, lecturing and loyal friends. Having renewed his relationship with Feozva Nikitichnaya Leshcheva, whom he had known previously, he began dating her. The girl was 6 years older than Dmitry, but looked young, so the age difference was unnoticeable.

In 1862 they became husband and wife. The first daughter Masha was born in 1863, but lived only a few months. In 1865, a son, Volodya, was born, and three years later, a daughter, Olya. Dmitry Ivanovich was attached to children, but devoted little time to them, since his life was devoted to scientific activity. In a marriage concluded on the principle of “endure and fall in love,” he was not happy.

In 1877, Dmitry met Anna Ivanovna Popova, who became for him a person capable of supporting him in difficult times. smart word. The girl turned out to be a creatively gifted person: she studied piano at the conservatory, and later at the Academy of Arts.

Dmitry Ivanovich hosted youth “Fridays”, where he met Anna. “Fridays” were transformed into literary and artistic “environments”, the regulars of which were talented artists and professors. Among them were Nikolai Wagner, Nikolai Beketov and others.

The marriage of Dmitry and Anna took place in 1881. Soon their daughter Lyuba was born, son Ivan appeared in 1883, twins Vasily and Maria - in 1886. In second marriage personal life scientist turned out happily. Later, the poet became Dmitry Ivanovich's son-in-law, having married the daughter of the scientist Lyubov.

Death

At the beginning of 1907, a meeting between Dmitry Mendeleev and the new Minister of Industry Dmitry Filosofov took place in the Chamber of Weights and Measures. After touring the ward, the scientist fell ill with a cold, which caused pneumonia. But even being very ill, Dmitry continued to work on the manuscript “Towards the Knowledge of Russia”, the last words he wrote in which were the phrase:

“In conclusion, I consider it necessary, at least in the most general outline, express..."

Death occurred at five o'clock in the morning on February 2 due to cardiac paralysis. The grave of Dmitry Mendeleev is located at the Volkov cemetery in St. Petersburg.

The memory of Dmitry Mendeleev is immortalized by a number of monuments, documentaries, the book “Dmitry Mendeleev. The author of the great law."

The name of Dmitry Mendeleev is associated with many interesting facts biographies. In addition to his activities as a scientist, Dmitry Ivanovich was engaged in industrial exploration. In the 70s, the oil industry began to flourish in the United States, and technologies appeared that made the production of petroleum products cheaper. Russian manufacturers began to suffer losses in the international market due to their inability to compete on price.
In 1876, at the request of the Russian Ministry of Finance and the Russian Technical Society, which collaborated with the military department, Mendeleev went overseas to an exhibition of technical innovations. On site, the chemist learned innovative principles for making kerosene and other petroleum products. And using ordered reports from European railway services, Dmitry Ivanovich tried to decipher the method of making smokeless gunpowder, which he succeeded in.

Mendeleev had a hobby - making suitcases. The scientist sewed his own clothes.
The scientist is credited with the invention of vodka and moonshine still. But in fact, Dmitry Ivanovich, in the topic of his doctoral dissertation “Discourse on the combination of alcohol with water,” studied the issue of reducing the volume of mixed liquids. There was not a word about vodka in the scientist’s work. And the standard of 40° was set in Tsarist Russia back in 1843.
He came up with pressurized compartments for passengers and pilots.
There is a legend that the discovery of Mendeleev’s periodic system happened in a dream, but this is a myth created by the scientist himself.
He rolled his own cigarettes using expensive tobacco. He said that he would never quit smoking.

Discoveries

He created a controlled balloon, which became an invaluable contribution to aeronautics.
He developed a periodic table of chemical elements, which became a graphic expression of the law established by Mendeleev during his work on the “Fundamentals of Chemistry”.
He created a pycnometer, a device capable of determining the density of a liquid.
Discovered the critical boiling point of liquids.
Created an equation of state for an ideal gas, establishing the relationship between absolute temperature ideal gas, pressure and molar volume.
Opened the Main Chamber of Weights and Measures - the central institution of the Ministry of Finance, in charge of the verification department Russian Empire, subordinate to the trade department.

Mendeleev Dmitry Ivanovich

Date of Birth:
Place of Birth:	city of Tobolsk
Date of death:
A place of death:	city of St. Petersburg
Scientific field:	chemistry, physics, economics, geology, metrology
Academic title:	Professor
Alma mater:	Main Pedagogical Institute (St. Petersburg)

Mendeleev Dmitry Ivanovich(February 8, 1834, Tobolsk - February 2, 1907, St. Petersburg) - Russian scientist-encyclopedist, public figure. Chemist, physical chemist, physicist, metrologist, economist, technologist, geologist, meteorologist, teacher, aeronaut, instrument maker. Professor of St. Petersburg University; Corresponding Member in the “Physical” category of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Among the most famous discoveries is the periodic law of chemical elements, one of the fundamental laws of the universe, integral to all natural science.

He was a member of the committees that developed the plan and project for the construction of Tomsk University and the Tomsk Institute of Technology.

At the beginning of 1906, at the request of the rector of the Tomsk Technological Institute E. L. Zubashev, the scientist’s wife, Anna Ivanovna Pavlova, painted a portrait of her husband for the institute.

Mendeleev's sister, Ekaterina, was the mother of Tomsk University professor Fyodor Yakovlevich Kapustin.

Biography

1841 - entered the Tobolsk gymnasium.

1855 - graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the Main Pedagogical Institute in St. Petersburg.

1855 - senior teacher of natural sciences at the Simferopol men's gymnasium.

1855-1856 - senior teacher of the gymnasium at the Richelieu Lyceum in Odessa.

1856 - defended his dissertation “for the right to give lectures” - “Structure of silica compounds”; On October 10, he was awarded a master's degree in chemistry.

1857 - confirmed with the rank of privat-docent of the Imperial St. Petersburg University in the Department of Chemistry.

1857-1890 - taught at the Imperial St. Petersburg University (from 1865 - professor of chemical technology, from 1867 - professor of general chemistry) - in the 2nd cadet corps gives lectures on chemistry.

In 1863-1872. - Professor at the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology, in 1863-1872 he headed the chemical laboratory of the institute, and also simultaneously taught at the Nikolaev Engineering Academy and School; - at the Institute of the Corps of Railway Engineers.

1859-1861 - was on a scientific trip to Heidelberg.

1860 takes part in the first International Chemical Congress in Karlsruhe.

On January 31, 1865, at a meeting of the Council of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University, he defended his doctoral dissertation “On the combination of alcohol with water,” which laid the foundations of his doctrine of solutions.

On December 29, 1876 (January 10, 1877) he was elected a corresponding member in the “physics” category of the Imperial Academy of Sciences.

1890 - left St. Petersburg University due to a conflict with the Minister of Education, who, during student unrest, refused to accept a student petition from Mendeleev.

1892 - scientist-custodian of the Depot of Model Weights and Scales, which in 1893, on his initiative, was transformed into the Main Chamber of Weights and Measures (now the All-Russian Research Institute of Metrology named after D. I. Mendeleev).

1893 - worked at the chemical plant of P.K. Ushkov (later named after L.Ya. Karpov; Bondyuzhsky village, now Mendeleevsk) using the plant’s production base to produce smokeless gunpowder (pyrocollodia).

1899 - heads the Ural expedition, which involves stimulating the industrial and economic development of the region.

1900 - participates in the World Exhibition in Paris

1903 - first chairman of the State Examination Commission of the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, in the creation of which the scientist took an active part.

Scientific activity

Early scientific works devoted to the study of isomorphism and specific volumes (1854-1856), where a number of important generalizations were made. Discovered (1860) the “absolute boiling point of liquids.” Wrote (1861) the first Russian textbook on organic chemistry. Author of the fundamental work "Fundamentals of Chemistry", which went through eight editions during the life of D.I. Mendeleev (1st 1868-1871; 8th 1906). While working on the 1st edition, I came up with the idea of a periodic dependence of the properties of chemical elements on their atomic weights. In 1869-1871 laid out the foundations of the doctrine of periodicity, discovered the periodic law and developed the periodic system of chemistry. elem. On the basis of the system, he first predicted (1870) the existence and properties of several elements that had not yet been discovered, including “eka-aluminum” - gallium (discovered in 1875), “ekabor” - scandium (1879), "ekasilicia" - Germany (1886). He developed the doctrine of periodicity until his death. He carried out a fundamental cycle of work (1865-1887) on the study of solutions, developing the hydration theory of solutions. Created (1873) a new metric system for measuring temperature. While studying gases, he found (1874) the general equation of state of an ideal gas, generalizing the Clapeyron equation (Clapeyron-Mendeleev equation). Expressed (1877) a hypothesis about the inorganic origin of oil from carbides of heavy metals; proposed the principle of fractional distillation in oil refining. He put forward (1888) the idea of underground gasification of coal. Made (1887) a balloon flight to observe a solar eclipse. Developed (1891 -1892) the technology for manufacturing a new type of smokeless gunpowder. Working in Ch. Chamber of Weights and Measures, significantly contributed to the development of metric business in Russia, and also developed a broad program of metrological research, in particular, with a view to elucidating the nature of mass and the causes of universal gravitation. He came up (1902) with an original concept of the chemical understanding of the world ether, proposing, among other things, one of the first hypotheses about the causes of radioactivity.

He created the periodic table at the age of 35. As a teacher, Mendeleev did not create or leave behind a school, like A. M. Butlerov; but entire generations of Russian chemists can be considered his students. Mendeleev's lectures were not distinguished by their outward brilliance, but they were fascinating, and the entire university gathered to listen to him. He knew almost everyone outstanding artists and writers of his time. His only daughter Lyuba was the wife of A. Blok. Mendeleev had almost no friends; he was openly at odds with many. His main opponent, Leo Tolstoy, wrote: "He has a lot interesting materials, but the conclusions are terribly stupid." Mendeleev himself wrote almost the same thing about Tolstoy: "He is a genius, but stupid."

He was a member of more than 90 academies of sciences, scientific societies, and universities in different countries. Chemical element No. 101 (mendelevium), underwater, bears the name of Mendeleev mountain range and a crater on the far side of the Moon, row educational institutions and scientific institutes. In 1962, the USSR Academy of Sciences established a prize and a Gold Medal named after. Mendeleev for best works in chemistry and chemical technology, in 1964 the name of Mendeleev was included on the honor board of the University of Bridgeport in the USA along with the names of Euclid, Archimedes, N. Copernicus, G. Galileo, I. Newton, A. Lavoisier.

Proceedings

He left more than 1,500 works, including the classic “Fundamentals of Chemistry” (parts 1-2, 1869-1871, 13th edition, 1947) - the first harmonious presentation of inorganic chemistry.

Election as the first honorary member of TTI

Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev was elected the first honorary member of the Tomsk Technological Institute by the TTI Council on January 22, 1904 in gratitude for his assistance in building the institute and organizing laboratories, as well as in recognition of his services in the development of higher education in Siberia.

At a time when the issue of opening a technological institute and the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics at Tomsk University in Tomsk had already been decided and all that remained was to formally pass the matter through the legislative authorities, the Ministry of Public Education received a memorandum from D.I. Mendeleev about the possibility of training engineers at the technical department of the university, which prompted the Minister of Public Education I.D. Delyanov to discuss again the issue of training engineers in Siberia.

Mendeleev’s proposal contradicted the views established in those years about the inadmissibility of any mixing of “pure science” taught at universities with the applied knowledge that students received at institutes. Later, the commission decided that the training of engineers should be carried out at an independent technological institute. The contingent of students for this institute should be provided by Siberian real schools and their number should expand in the future in connection with the needs of the railway.

DI. Mendeleev took an active part in the development of the Tomsk Technological Institute - he was a member of the committees that developed TTI construction projects, helped equip the institute's laboratories and offices with the latest equipment, and selected professional scientific personnel.

In gratitude for the great help of the scientist, in recognition of his services in the development of higher education in Siberia, on the eve of his 70th anniversary, January 22, 1904, the TTI Council, on the initiative of director E.L. Zubashev was elected by D.I. Mendeleev's first honorary member of the institute.