Little-known pages of history. Battles for Kalinin

October 10
The Kalinin defensive operation of the right wing troops began Western Front against the Nazi troops.

October 12
The deep breakthrough of the formations of the 3rd German tank group between Sychevka and Vyazma and the exit of one motorized corps to the rear of the armies of the right wing of the Western Front forced the Soviet command to remove the 29th Army from the front and deploy it along the left bank of the Volga to cover the Rzhev group from the southeast . By order of the Headquarters, seven rifle divisions were withdrawn from the army of the right wing of the front to transfer them to the Mozhaisk defense line and to the Kalinin region.

October 14
The troops of the Western Front abandoned the city of Kalinin. Immediately after the capture of the city, formations of the 3rd German Tank Group tried to develop an offensive on Torzhok and go to the rear of the troops of the North-Western Front, but were rebuffed by the operational group of the North-Western Front N.F. Vatutina.

17 October
The Kalinin Front was created from the troops of the right wing of the Western Front (22, 29 and 30 armies) and the group of Lieutenant General N.F. Vatutin, led by Colonel General I.S. Konev. Corps Commissar D.S. was appointed a member of the Front Military Council. Leonov, chief of staff I.I. Ivanov.
At the direction of the Headquarters, the troops of the Kalinin Front launched a counterattack on the enemy’s 41st motorized corps, which was trying to break through from the Kalinin area to Torzhok, to the rear of the troops of the North-Western Front, and threw it back to its original position. The 8th Tank Brigade of Colonel P.A. distinguished itself in battles. Rotmistrov, staffed by Leningrad volunteer workers.
The 21st separate tank brigade made a heroic raid from the area of ​​the village of Turginovo in the direction of Kalinin. 27 T-34 tanks and 8 T-60 tanks headed for Kalinin, but encountered heavy fire from anti-tank guns and were subjected to continuous bombardment from the air. Only 8 tanks reached the southern outskirts of Kalinin, and only the T-34 tank under the command of Senior Sergeant S. Gorobets broke into the city and carried out a legendary raid on the city. He appeared from the direction of "Proletarka", walked through the city, fired at the commandant's office, caused a commotion among the Germans and went back to his troops.
During the day of battle, the brigade's forces destroyed up to 38 tanks, about 70 guns and mortars, 170 vehicles, and up to 500 enemy soldiers and officers.

October 19
From the evening message of the Sovinformburo; “In all areas of the Kalinin region captured by the Germans, partisan detachments are actively operating. Their number is growing every day. Tens and hundreds of workers and employees of enterprises and institutions, hundreds of collective farmers join partisan detachments and, not sparing their lives, fight the fascist invaders.”

The 20th of October
From the morning message of the Sovinformburo: “Our unit, operating in one of the sections of the Kalinin direction, in one day, October 18, destroyed 17 German tanks, 30 vehicles with ammunition and 15 vehicles with fascist infantry. In another section of the Kalinin direction, on October 18, about three hundred German vehicles were destroyed, of which more than 200 vehicles with infantry and about 100 vehicles with fuel and ammunition.”

October 30
From the morning message of the Sovinformburo: “In the battles in the area of ​​Kalinin, our units were captured large group German soldiers. Extensive correspondence found among prisoners speaks of the growing dissatisfaction of the German masses with the war against Soviet Union»

October 31
From a morning message from the Sovinformburo: “In one of the sections of the Kalinin direction, a long-range battery under the command of Lieutenant Belikov destroyed an enemy airfield, destroying 14 enemy aircraft.”

Nov. 1
By this day, 56 partisan detachments with a total number of 1,724 people were operating in the occupied areas of the region.

November 5
From the morning message of the Sovinformburo: “One of our units, operating on the Kalinin Front, in one day of fighting destroyed 15 German tanks, 10 armored vehicles, 13 guns, several mortar batteries and about 600 enemy soldiers and officers.”

November 7
The Military Council of the Kalinin Front awarded military orders and medals to 88 tank crews of the 8th Tank Brigade.

November 17
From the evening message of the Sovinformburo: “...Particularly fierce battles took place on Kalininsky and one of the sectors of the Southwestern Front.”
“In one of the sections of the Kalinin direction of the front, our scouts discovered 20 corpses of German soldiers behind enemy lines. As it turned out from the testimony of prisoners, these German soldiers were shot for refusing to go on the offensive. Captured fascists report that within a month, over 280 soldiers deserted from the 253rd and 102nd infantry divisions. Recently, an order from the German command was read to all units. The order stated that every soldier who fell behind his unit for any reason would be considered a deserter and would be shot if caught...”

November 25
From the evening message of the Sovinformburo: “Parts of comrade. Maslennikov, in 10 days of fighting, destroyed 38 enemy tanks, 19 guns, 19 mortars, 230 motorcycles and captured 5 enemy tanks, 10 guns, 32 vehicles, 116 motorcycles and 53 machine guns.”

December 4
The Kalinin defensive operation of the troops of the Kalinin and Western Fronts against the German troops of the 9th Army and the 3rd Tank Group was completed. By the end of the operation, the enemy was stopped at the line north settlements Selizharovo, Chernogubovo, Mishutino, Moshki, Volyntsevo, northern outskirts of Kalinin, Yuryevskoye.

5th of December
Kalininskaya has begun offensive(12/5/1941-01/7/1942) troops of the Kalinin Front against the troops of the left wing of Army Group Center, which marked the beginning of the counter-offensive of Soviet troops in the Battle of Moscow. The front was supposed to strike at the enemy's 9th Army, liberate Kalinin and go to the rear of the troops operating against the Western Front.

December 7
The 29th Army of the Kalinin Front, having attacked the enemy southwest of Kalinin, crossed the Volga here on the ice and wedged itself into the enemy defenses.

9th December
The 31st Army of the Kalinin Front, after three days of stubborn fighting, broke through the enemy defenses on the Volga south of Kalinin, reached the Koltsovo, Mozzharino, Chupriyanovka, Koromyslovo line, and cut the Kalinin-Turginovo road.

December 13th
Formations of the 29th Army (commanded by Major General V.I. Shvetsov) and the 31st Army (commanded by Major General V.A. Yushkevich) entered the retreat route of the Kalinin group of Germans. The garrison of fascist troops in Kalinin was asked to capitulate.

December 16
At dawn, from the Negotino area, the retreating enemy was attacked by troops of the 31st Army; the 252nd Division of the 29th Army attacked the enemy north of the village of Danilovskoye. By three o'clock the 243rd Division of the 29th Army occupied the northern part of Kalinin. By 11 o'clock the right-flank units of the 256th division burst into the city. By 13:00 the city was completely liberated from German troops. This was the first liberated regional center.
“IN THE FINAL HOUR. ANOTHER STRIKE ON THE ENEMY'S TROOPS. After fierce fighting, the troops of the Kalinin Front captured the city of Kalinin. In the battles near the city of Kalinin, our troops inflicted a major defeat 9 German army Colonel General Strauss, defeating the 86, 110, 129, 161 and 251 infantry divisions that were part of this army. The remnants of the defeated enemy divisions retreat to the west. In the battles for the city of Kalinin, the troops of Lieutenant General Comrade Maslennikov and Major General Comrade Yushkevich distinguished themselves. Large trophies have been captured and are being counted. Our troops pursue and destroy the retreating enemy. SOVINFORMBURO."

December 17
“TROPHIES OF OUR TROOPS WHEN THE CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF KALININ. When taking the city of Kalinin, according to preliminary and incomplete data, the troops of the Kalinin Front captured the following trophies from the Germans: guns of various calibers - 190, of which 4 heavy twelve-inch ones, tanks - 31, aircraft - 9, vehicles - about 1,000, mortars - 160, machine guns - 303, machine guns - 292, bicycles - 1,300, motorcycles - 47, rifles - 4,500, shells - 21,000, mines - 12,500, cartridges - over 500,000, radios - 18, battle flags - 4. In addition, two ammunition depots, a warehouse with uniforms, carts, cables and much other military equipment. The trophy count continues. In the battles in the Kalinin area, the Germans lost more than 10,000 soldiers and officers alone. SOVINFORMBURO."

December 18
A red flag was solemnly raised on Lenin Square in Kalinin.
The first meeting of the city committee of the CPSU took place after the liberation of the regional center.

27th of December
“TROPHIES OF THE KALININ FRONT TROOPS FOR THE PERIOD FROM DECEMBER 17 TO 27. In battles with the German occupiers, the troops of the Kalinin Front from December 17 to 27 captured the following trophies: tanks and tankettes - 103, armored vehicles - 6, guns of various calibers - 180, machine guns = 267, machine guns - 135, mortars - 86, flamethrowers, rifles - 659, cars - 1323, motorcycles - 348, bicycles - 213, airplanes - 8, radio stations - 6, carts - 115, horses - 130, shells - 12200, mines of various calibers - over 8300, rifle cartridges - 778480, grenades - 1270 and other military property.
During the same period, 38 tanks, up to 20 guns, 75 machine guns, 400 vehicles, 23 motorcycles, 295 wagons with cargo and other military equipment were destroyed.”
A bathhouse opened in the city of Kalinin.

December 30th
At the Kalinin House of the Red Army, orders and medals were presented to soldiers and commanders who distinguished themselves in the battles for Kalinin.

Bibliography

Messages from the Soviet Information Bureau. T.1: June - December 1941 - M.: [Type. gas "Pravda" named after. Stalin], 1944. - 456 p.

Chronological information about the military operations of the Red Army in the defense and liberation of the city of Kalinin in 1941 / comp. P.F. Anisimov. - Tver: TSTU, 2000. - 208 p.

Boshnyak Yu.M. Kalinin operational direction in the battle of Moscow: military history. essay / Yu.M. Boshnyak, D.D. Slezkin, N.A. Yakimansky // On the right flank of the Moscow battle. - M.: Moscow. worker, 1991. - P. 7-60.

Brief chronicle events // Pages of national feat. – M., 1974. – P. 287-293.

Chronicle of the battles for Kalinin // Political agitation. - 1981. - No. 21-22. - P. 28, 31, 34, 39,41, 54, 57-58.

Khetchikov M.D. Defensive and counter-offensive operations carried out in 1941 on Tver land // M.D. Khetchikov; Tver. region society Memor support fund. complex of glory to Siberian warriors. - Tver: Communications. company, 2010. - 158 pp.: map.

Khetchikov M.D. Military glory of the Kalinin battles of 1941. - Tver: Pyramid XXI century, 2009. - 54 p.: map.

Kalinin defensive operation [ Electronic resource] // Wikipedia. - Access mode: http://ru.wikipedia.org/Kalinin_defensive operation

Kalinin Front [Electronic resource] // Wikipedia. - Access mode: http://ru.wikipedia.org/w/Kalinsky_front

Defense of Kalinin [Electronic resource] // Wikipedia. - Access mode: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Kalinina

Occupation of Kalinin [Electronic resource] // Wikipedia. - Access mode:

During my work as a journalist, I had to talk with older native Kalinin residents more than once or twice.
Stories about the war, about the occupation, about the losses of relatives and friends remained the most significant events in the lives of each of them. Always. The only way. Everything else paled in comparison to what he experienced during the war.

The history of the occupation of the city has never been written. Of course, there are archives that you can look into fifty years from now. Maybe it’s even better - everything will be digitized and the researcher won’t have to swallow archival dust.

But living witnesses of the era will gradually leave. As some of my interlocutors, about whom I once wrote as part of the large series “Tver Saga,” have already left.

I don't have the answer to these questions...

Kalinin Liberation Day is celebrated on December 16th. Until this period, I will try to post materials about the war, heroes and ordinary people, about the occupation.
I hope they pique your interest.

For residents of the city of Kalinin, October 14, 1941 is perhaps the most tragic day in the history of the already cruel twentieth century.

On this day, fascist German troops, moving from the east, reached the outskirts of the city in the Migalov area and gradually occupied the entire city.

Thus began the occupation, which lasted 63 days.

Not much, some might say.

But the civilians remaining in the occupation could not know when it would end. They experienced hunger, cold, and most importantly, mortal fear of the new government.

Some people did not survive the occupation, dying from unbearable living conditions or the new government. Gallows became part of the Kalinin landscape. Executions and arrests are commonplace. It was forbidden to walk around the city freely, you needed a pass, and the curfew began at 16.00.

Everyone who survived the occupation or was evacuated considers this period the most significant in their lives. All conversations of Tver residents about the past sooner or later come down to this topic. But it was not always so. Long time being in an occupied city was considered a shameful blot on a person’s biography. Now you can remember everything. But how many people are left in Tver who remember the occupation? The floor goes to those who can tell about the tragic events of the end of 1941.

Inna Georgievna Bunina,
in 1941 - 9 years:

On June 22, 1941, my mother gave birth to twins, Vera and Kolya. My father went to the front almost that same day; he was a surgeon.

In the second ten days of October, the evacuation of city residents began.

We then lived in house number 10 on Vagzhanova Street, in the so-called Krepzov house, from the windows of our apartment the exodus of residents from the city was clearly visible. The commanding staff were allocated vehicles onto which they loaded their belongings, furniture, even tubs of ficus trees.

Ordinary people left on foot, taking with them only hand luggage; the wounded in bloody bandages, many on crutches, women with children, and old people walked along the sides of the street. It was a terrible picture.
By the evening of October 14, motorcycles with Germans appeared on the street, followed by tanks. They entered a practically empty city.

My mother refused to evacuate. There was nowhere to go, and how could you go? Besides me and the tiny twins, the family included grandparents, already elderly people.

So we remained, as they said then, under the Germans. The shops were closed and there was nowhere to get food. Mom went to the field behind what is now Gagarin Square, where frozen cabbage could be found, and to the elevator for burnt grain.

It was very cold, we all lived in the same room, heating the only stove-potbelly stove.

Thus passed two long months of occupation.

It’s bitter to remember that the liberation of the city by Soviet troops brought new troubles to our family.

Mom was accused of collaborating with the occupiers and was arrested.
She was placed in city prison No. 1, which is not far from our house.
The twins were crying from hunger. Once a day, the mother was allowed to feed them; for this purpose, the grandmother took the children to prison on a sled.

My grandmother wrote to my father about my mother’s arrest, he came from the front and secured her release.
Mom was again admitted to KREPZ, where she long years was in charge of the chemical laboratory.

But her stay in the occupation remained a black spot in her biography.

After the Victory, the father returned from the front unharmed, and the mother once again gave birth to twins, again they were a boy and a girl.

Elena Ivanovna Reshetova,
in 1941 – 16 years old:

On the afternoon of October 13, I was visiting my aunt on Mednikovskaya Street, in the very center of Kalinin.

When we were told that the enemy was already approaching the city, I went home to the village of Andreevskoye, near the village of Sakharovo, beyond Tvertsa.

We tried not to leave home. Who knew that our village would be almost on the front line?

Red Army units marched down the street every day. Red Army soldiers spent the night in the huts, about twenty people in each hut. They seemed to me like boys not much older than me. In some houses there was not enough space to lie down, sometimes there was nowhere to sit, and the soldiers stood all night like horses.

The next morning they went to the front line, to the banks of the Volga. The fighting took place in the area of ​​Konstantinovka, Savvatyev, and Poddubye.

Our units stormed the high opposite bank. Our soldiers were clearly visible from the heights; the Germans shot them almost point-blank.

Few people returned. The dead were buried in a mountain near Andreevsky.

Every day new wounded were brought in. Until a hospital was opened in Sakharov, the soldiers lay in cold barns and moaned.

We helped them as best we could, tried not to cry and not think about our fighting fathers, husbands, brothers.

Nina Ivanovna Kashtanova,
in 1941 - 15 years:

My father, Ivan Timofeevich Krutov, fought in the Finnish war and returned severely wounded. There were five children in our family, I was the eldest.

In October 1941, we went on foot to evacuate, settled in the Rameshkovsky district, in a Karelian family, from there my father was called to the front, we never saw him again, in March 1942 a funeral came from near Rzhev.

The owners treated us well, gave us milk and cottage cheese. But still I was hungry.

My mother, Anna Arkhipovna, walked around the yards begging to feed us. In the evening she returned, laying out loaves of bread from a canvas bag, boiled eggs, potatoes, pieces of porridge.

We had been looking forward to this moment all day. On the sixteenth of December, the foreman ran into the hut and shouted: “Kalininskys, rejoice! The city has been liberated!”

But we did not return to Kalinin soon. I was the first to return, at the end of January. I walked for three days, spending the night in villages.

Our house on 1st Begovaya, fortunately, survived, although there was no glass in it, and the stars were shining through the roof. But many of our friends’ homes were in even worse condition.

On the very first day after my return, I went in search of work, without which they would not give ration cards for bread.

But there was no work: the enterprises were standing still, workers were needed only to clear the rubble, where they didn’t take me, still 16 years old.

I was lucky to get a job as a courier at the Proletarsky District Komkhoz. This made it possible to receive a card for 400 grams of bread per day. I always wanted to eat, constantly.

In those days, people were imprisoned for fraud with cards without a second thought. In our house management, several women paid the price in this way: they were given 10 years in camps.

Galina Anatolyevna Nikolaeva,
in 1941 - 18 years old:

Before the war, I lived with my mother and younger sister Augusta at the Kulitskaya station, where my mother worked at a school.

Six months before the start of the war, my mother died, and my 15-year-old sister and I were left alone.

In June 1941, I received my matriculation certificate and submitted documents to pedagogical institute. I was enrolled as a student, but I did not have time to start classes.

The occupation began. My sister and I spent the entire two months in the teachers’ dormitory on Kulitskaya.

At the end of December, I went on foot to liberated Kalinin. The city was in ruins.

What frightened me most was the sight of the German cemetery on Revolution Square. Corpses were piled vertically into shallow graves. They froze and swayed in the wind, creaking disgustingly.

I walked to Mednikovskaya Street, where our relatives lived. My aunt and sister met me there, frightened but unharmed. They talked about terrible death our father's sister, Nadya Akhmatova.
Before the war, Nadya was considered a disgrace to the family. She worked as a cashier either in the city garden or in the bathhouse, met with different men.

With the beginning of the war, Nadya became a scout for the 31st Army and crossed the front line many times. One day she was captured and ended up in the Gestapo, where she was tortured for a long time. Nadya's mutilated body was found after the liberation of the city.

Classes soon began at the pedagogical institute. I started studying, but quickly realized that I could not withstand the constant hunger.
Bread was given on ration cards, and sour cabbage was given in the institute canteen. Old men kept coming up to the tables and begging the students to leave at least some food. With horror and shame, I recognized my school teacher in one of the beggars German language Maria Vasilievna.

Soon I left the institute, at the school on Kulitskaya they gave me a direction to Vyshny Volochek for a 6-month teacher course, after which I went to teach in the village of Pogoreloye Gorodishche.

At the same time, my sister Gutya entered the Likhoslavl Pedagogical School, but due to constant malnutrition she fell ill with tuberculosis and died.

My father, who lived separately from us, in Staritsa, was arrested following a denunciation. His further fate unknown to me.

Zoya Evgenievna Zimina,
in 1941 – 17 years old:

Before the war, my mother, Nadezhda Ivanovna Baranova, worked as a secretary in the Hospital Town, for the famous Tver doctor Uspensky.

We lived not far from the hospital, on Sofia Perovskaya Street.

When the Germans were already approaching Kalinin, my mother was preparing hospital documents, so we did not have time to evacuate.

It’s not far from our house to the Old Bridge over the Volga, but when we ran to cross to the other side, it was already too late.

The city was heavily shelled, our house burned down in a fire. We only managed to pull out a few blankets.

Fortunately, before the Germans arrived, my mother put the candy into a large tin can. family photos, which she treasured very much, and buried them in the garden, so they survived.

During the occupation, we were given shelter by relatives living on Smolensky Lane. I remember hunger, cold and fear of the unknown.

My mother’s sisters waited out the occupation in Kashin, but it was not much better there. They returned scary, exhausted, and covered in lice. Aunt Masha soon died from illness.

Antonina Nikolaevna Bradis,
in 1941 – 16 years old:

On October 13, a high-explosive bomb fell near the house on Volny Novgorod Street where our family lived. She broke the glass in the windows, killed two neighbors and concussed me.

These were the days of mass exodus of residents from the city. Those who survived them will never forget panic fear, which covered the entire population of Kalinin. Tens of thousands of people fled wherever they could from the approaching German troops.

Our family - father, mother, me and younger sister We walked hundreds of kilometers to the city of Uglich.

There we managed to board a barge. Before our eyes, a German plane bombed another barge, and it sank with all its passengers. It was very scary, but we saw no other way out but to sail into the unknown. The barge sailed along the Volga until the ice set in (in 1941, winter came very early; already in mid-October there were real winter frosts).

We settled in the Mari Republic. My father, a shoemaker by profession, quickly found a job. In Kalinin, my mother worked as a store director, then as the head of a cooperative insurance office, and during the evacuation she managed to get a job sorting vegetables in a vegetable storehouse. I also went to work and was hired at a factory producing military skis.

We returned home only in the spring, on the same barge. Kalinin was found in ruins. Fortunately, the family home survived.

But I didn’t see many of my classmates at school and the kids from the yard anymore. Zhenya Inzer, Zhenya Karpov, Yura Ivanov, Zhenya Logunov, all boys from our 22nd, now 16th school, died.

They remained in the occupied city, fought as best they could against the enemies, and died. They were given out by Zhenya Karpova's housemate. He lived with his mother in house number 9 on Stepan Razin embankment. The underground group had a meeting place there. The Germans took away my wife’s mother Maria Efimovna along with the children. They were tortured for a long time, and then they were all killed; the bodies were found after the liberation of the city.

At the end of the war, I went to Moscow and entered VGIK, the All-Union State Institute of Cinematography.

I lived in the hostel with Nonna Mordyukova, Inna Makarova, Sergei Bondarchuk, Evgeny Morgunov, Lyalya Shagalova. All of them played in Sergei Gerasimov’s film “The Young Guard”.

When the film came out on the screens of the country, my friends were attacked deafening glory, letters were brought to the hostel in bags.

The audience identified the young actors with the dead heroes.

But the guys from my hometown were never recognized as heroes.

Their feat did not receive as much fame as their peers from the Krasnodon Young Guard, but for me they are forever heroes.

From our 22nd school, dozens of boys and girls fought. Many died.

Yura Mikhailov died in December 1941 near Volokolamsk.

Kolya Tumanov was a sniper who died in 1944.

Yura Shutkin, a nurse, went missing.

Sasha Komkov was not accepted into the army because of his age; he joined a partisan detachment, was then mobilized, and died in East Prussia.

Volodya Moshnin, a demolition saboteur, went missing.

Yura Pasteur, clever, poet, was killed in 1943.

Slava Urozhaev died near Leningrad.

Lev Belyaev served in the navy and died from his wounds.

Lida Vasilyeva spent the entire war on an evacuation train, often donated blood for the wounded, and died in 1950 from illness.

Rosa Ivchenko was a scout for a partisan detachment. I went to Kalinin many times across the front line to collect intelligence. After the war, she sold pies at the station, like in the film “War Romance.” She got married and gave birth to two children.

Volodya Zaitsev, the youngest of us, also survived. At the age of 13 he was already a scout. His sister Tonya served as a radio operator and died.

Of all our guys long life only me and Volodya Zaitsev got...

During the liberation of the city, over 20 thousand Red Army soldiers died. During the 63 days of occupation, 7,714 buildings and 510 thousand square meters were destroyed in the city. meters of housing (more than half of the housing stock), over 70 enterprises were put out of action.

Until March 3, 1943 (the day of the liberation of Rzhev), Kalinin remained a front-line city and was subject to systematic raids by German aircraft.

After the liberation of Kalinin, residents began to return to their destroyed homes.

But they had to solve not only everyday problems. The power that abandoned civilians at the mercy of fate in front of the approaching enemy, she now decided who could live in the city and who was not worthy of it.

On January 7, 1942, a decision was made by the executive committee of the Kalinin Regional Council of Workers' Deputies “On the registration of the population in Kalinin and the standard of living space.”

This decision prescribed a new registration of citizens from January 15 to February 1, 1942.

Registration was denied to family members of traitors and traitors to the Motherland who fled with the Germans; those who have served imprisonment for crimes provided for by a number of articles of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR, including Article 58; those who worked during the occupation in institutions and in any kind of work; who had contact with the Germans, for example, attending meetings, parties, banquets, etc. The latter category included mainly young women and girls.

Family members of persons arrested after December 15, 1941 were also not registered. For registration, a reduced living space standard of 4.5 square meters was established. meters so that it is possible to resettle citizens who have lost their housing due to its destruction.

The history of the occupation of Kalinin during the Great Patriotic War has not yet been written.

IN to a greater extent The military part of this period has been studied - how the city was abandoned to the enemy, how it was liberated.

What happened in the occupied city, how people lived who had no means of subsistence and no knowledge of their future, historians are still not very interested in.

I want to believe that true story occupation, based on documents and memories of the people who lived through it, will still be created and will be read by people who know the occupation firsthand.

To be continued

The date December 5, 1941 is considered significant for the entire history of the Great Patriotic War. It was on this day that the Red Army’s counter-offensive began near Moscow along a wide front - from Kalinin to Yelets.

During the counter-offensive near the capital, the left wing of the front under the command of USSR Marshal Ivan Konev dealt a powerful blow to the army of Field Marshal Bok in the Kalinin direction. The Nazis did not expect such a decisive offensive from the Soviet army. As a result of heavy fighting, which lasted more than 10 days, Kalinin was released.

– The battles for Kalinin took place on the flanks – in the west and in the east. The outskirts of the city were in our hands, the center was in the hands of the Nazis,” says Svetlana Gerasimova, chief researcher at the Tver State United Museum.

Fierce fighting took place in the suburbs of the regional center in the areas of Emmaus, Gorokhovo, Chupriyanovka, Kuzminsky, in Maly and Bolshoi Peremerki. Rifle and cavalry divisions, two tank battalions, two artillery regiments and two rocket artillery divisions, and three ski battalions fought for the liberation of the city. “The German garrison began to leave the city on December 15 along Staritsky Highway,” adds Svetlana Gerasimova. “But before leaving, the Germans blew up all the bridges and many buildings.”

The head of the club of veterans of the Russian Armed Forces, Vladimir Mitrofanov, says that he saw the enemy retreat with his own eyes.

“I witnessed how the Germans galloped towards the Staritskoye Highway, which could be blocked for them at any moment. They harnessed all the horses. On our street ( Borikhino Field. – Red. ) a German iron truck slid into a ditch. In order not to delay for a minute, the soldiers cut off the harness and took the horses. The cart remained and with it almost a dozen bags of good wheat flour, which were quickly taken apart by local residents. Our family also got a little, about half a bag,” admits Mitrofanov.

The Soviet Information Bureau reported that during the liberation of Kalinin, the Germans captured: 190 guns of various calibers, 31 tanks, 9 aircraft, about 1000 vehicles, as well as 4 battle flags. Losses in enemy manpower are estimated at more than 10,000 soldiers and officers.

The symbol of the liberation of Kalinin was the banner that the Red Army men hoisted on the roof of the current Officers' House. This happened in the afternoon of December 16, 1941.

The next day, Konstantin Simonov visited Kalinin on an editorial assignment. He described those impressions in his front-line diaries: “I walked down the street and started talking to people. Many women were crying. A kind of joyful confusion reigned in our hearts. Even before yesterday, people did not fully believe that the Germans could be defeated and driven out of here... Having poured out into the street, they talked to each other, the women were sobbing, the boys were hanging on military vehicles.”

According to Simonov’s recollections, in Kalinin “quite a few houses were burned, many houses were damaged and burned due to bombing.” After the Nazis fled, not a single undamaged stone building remained in the city center.

– Ancient buildings burned down on Sovetskaya Square, Lenin Square, blocks along the Volga in the area of ​​modern Studenchesky Lane, Radishchev Boulevard, Svobodny Lane. Neighborhoods in nearby Zavlozhye were almost completely destroyed,” Pavel Ivanov, coordinator of the Tver Vaults city protection project, lists the damage inflicted on Kalinin. – The Imperial Palace was seriously damaged. The bomb hit right in the center, pierced the upper ceiling and damaged the vestibule. As a result, two thirds of the palace burned down.

Historians agree that the main task of the Germans during the retreat was the destruction of the Old Bridge. That is why areas located slightly away from the city center were practically unaffected.

“The Meshchanskaya Sloboda, which included Mednikovskaya, Serebryannaya and neighboring streets, remained completely intact,” clarifies Pavel Ivanov. – The same situation has developed in Zamachye. Small losses were observed mainly in the area of ​​the modern Victory Obelisk and on the Krasnoflotskaya embankment. The railway station was almost undamaged. True, its main attraction - the famous dome, which served as an exhaust pipe - was destroyed.

Industrial buildings suffered serious losses. The Germans burned and destroyed more than 70 enterprises: a carriage factory, a cotton mill, a mechanical plant, flour mills and many others. Utility infrastructure was damaged: water supply, sewerage, telegraph and telephone networks were not functioning. According to the data of the Kalinin Regional Commission for the Identification and Investigation of Atrocities Nazi invaders", the total damage caused to the city's national economy exceeded 1.5 billion rubles.

But, despite all this destruction, the main thing was done - on December 16, 1941, Soviet troops liberated Kalinin. Already on the morning of December 17, the townspeople saw a completely peaceful announcement - they were invited to the cinema.

Life began to get better. Residents who had fled the occupation began to return to the ruins of their hometown. According to historical evidence, already on December 18, two bakeries began operating in the city. A week later, bakery No. 1 was restored, and on December 26, the GES-3 turbine was launched, which provided Kalinin with electricity. On New Year's Day, 1942, the post office began operating, then on January 7, the water supply was restored. The tram went through the streets of the liberated city on February 5.

On May 9, 2012, our country celebrated its 67th anniversary Great Victory. On this day, it is customary to bow to the veterans of the Great Patriotic War, who provided us with a bright future without wars and the loss of their loved ones, without destruction and suffering. It was a time that many people now cannot understand or feel.

On October 13, 1941, the advanced units of the German troops approached the city of Kalinin. The hastily assembled fighter squads and militia could not resist the 2nd armies and the mechanized corps of the Wehrmacht. The fascist tanks did not meet worthy resistance from the Soviet troops, the fascist battalions crossed the Volga and came close to Kalinin.

Street fighting ensued, and by the morning of October 15, Soviet troops left the city. By capturing Kalinin, Army Group Center partially solved the problem, thereby creating a dangerous situation for further advance towards Moscow. Fierce fighting continued around the city, but Soviet units were forced to retreat. Occupied Kalinin the whole was in the power of the Nazi invaders.

In Kalinin, life was very difficult under occupation. A curfew was established from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. The mayor of the city ordered all specialists and workers of the city to appear for registration at the city government. The administration was located on Krasnoarmeyskaya Street (now the street). Crossing the Volga and Tvertsa rivers on ice was strictly prohibited. An order was also issued by the commandant's office to carry out public executions of all those suspected of having connections with the partisans, to shoot without distinction of gender, those who were found with weapons, and teenagers detained without passes were ordered to be flogged.

The population of the occupied city had no information about the actual state of affairs on the fronts; rumors were spread that Moscow was surrounded by the Germans, the Red Army had nothing to fight with, no weapons and food.

Already in October it was frosty and cold in Kalinin. During the day, when it got warmer, the Germans appeared on the streets and walked around the streets in only their jackets, without overcoats. Some rode bicycles with red tires, which were unusual for us.

As eyewitnesses recall, the Nazis had a clear organization of air defense. Our air raids and artillery shelling continued regularly. Attempts to drive out the Nazis did not stop from the first days of the occupation of the city. Once our troops managed to capture a railway bridge across the Volga, but failed to hold an important strategic facility.

The Germans tried to advance north, they even got to, but were repulsed by our troops. There was practically not a single day or night without shots, explosions, or fires. During the days of bombing and shelling, residents waited in shelters. When repelling our air raids, the Germans organized a clearly coordinated defense.

As soon as a group of our planes appeared in the sky and approached a certain point, the city, as if on a single command, seemed to explode, spewing fiery trails of bullets and shells towards the planes. Some planes left, dropping bombs anywhere, others took a reverse course, many of them were shot down. One of our bombers fell in the area of ​​Khlebnaya Square (now Tverskaya) and did not explode.

In the suburbs of Kalinin, the villages of Staroye and Novoye Kalikino were destroyed. In the surviving houses of Old Kalikino, Germans settled down, roasting chickens, slaughtering piglets, and drinking alcohol. The remaining villagers are forced to cook food, light stoves, and go into the forest local residents was not allowed. Residents hid their property and remaining food supplies from the Nazis as best they could.

In the city, on Revolution Square, monuments to Lenin and Stalin have been thrown off their pedestals, and in the park there are many birch crosses on the graves of German soldiers. On the pedestal, instead of a statue of a leader, there is a huge swastika. The Germans did not touch the monument to Pushkin and the bust of Karl Marx.

Soon by December 1941, the intensity of German movement in the city began to increase. The columns reached out to Proletarka, it became clear that the Nazis were leaving the city in an organized manner. By the evening of December 15, the Germans blew up bridges in the city, set fire to many buildings, and Malye Peremerki was also on fire.

The fighting continued into the night. By 3 o'clock in the morning, the 243rd Rifle Division liberated the northern part of Kalinin, and by morning they broke through to the station. By 11 o'clock, December 16, 1941, the city was occupied by our troops.

The city lay in ruins, industrial enterprises were destroyed, bridges were blown up, the railway station was badly damaged, the Youth Theater, cinemas, schools, 7,700 residential buildings were destroyed, the water supply and sewerage networks were damaged, tram rails, radiotelephone network. From the hands of the fascists in occupied Kalinin More than 2,000 townspeople died.

By the end of December 1941, the city began to come to life, a bakery and a bathhouse were operational, electricity was supplied to residents' homes, and on December 30, orders and medals were awarded to Red Army soldiers in .

Local authorities returned to the city. A canteen and a hairdresser's salon were opened on Belyakovsky Lane. The miraculously surviving Zvezda cinema began showing films.

By February 1942, tram service was restored and schools began to open. Life in Kalinin gradually began to improve.

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Archival documents testify to the courage and resilience of the workers of the city of Kalinin and the Kalinin (now Tver) region in the fight against the Nazi invaders during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945).

Already in July 1941, more than 225 thousand residents of Kalinin and the region went to the front, and in total during the Great Patriotic War, more than 600 thousand of our fellow countrymen defended their Motherland with arms in hand as part of units of the Red Army and Navy. Only on the war fronts and in partisan detachments 27,8423 natives of our region died

Residents of Kalinin and other cities and towns were evacuated to Siberia, the Urals, and also to the eastern regions of the region. In July-December 1941, 58 people were evacuated from the Kalinin region industrial enterprises, equipment and rolling stock of 12 railway junctions, stations; Bank valuables, equipment from a number of hospitals, and archives were removed. However, all the valuables could not be saved.

In July-August 1941, about 150 thousand workers of Kalinin and the region worked on the construction of defensive structures on the line Rzhev - Olenino - Selizharovo - Ostashkov. 12 thousand Kalinin residents participated in the construction of defensive lines in the Leningrad region.

The actions of the Red Army troops in the Kalinin direction took place in two stages. First, the Kalinin defensive operation of the troops of the Western and Kalinin fronts took place from October 10 to December 4, 1941 during the Battle of Moscow. The second stage is the Kalinin offensive operation of 1941-1942, an operation by troops of the Kalinin Front, carried out from December 5, 1941 to April 7, 1942.

Defense

At the end of September - beginning of October 1941, the Germans launched Operation Typhoon, the ultimate goal of which was the capture of Moscow. A difficult situation has developed in the Kalinin direction. By October 7-8, the cities of Bely, Andreapol, and Nelidovo in the Kalinin region fell. Our armies continued to retreat. By October 10, the 31st Army was forced to retreat to Rzhev, where its headquarters was located, which did not have a clear idea of ​​the situation. Taking this into account, the Military Council of the Western Front (commander Georgy Zhukov and his deputy Ivan Konev) ordered the retreating units of the 31st Army to be transferred to the operational control of the command of the 29th Army (commanded by I.I. Maslennikov). By the evening of October 12, 1941, the Germans took Olenino and Staritsa, and our troops of the 29th Army and 31st Army were almost surrounded.

The command of the Western Front decided to withdraw the 29th Army to the northern bank of the Volga. It was not possible to organize a serious defense at Rzhev, and the troops of the 29th Army left Rzhev without a fight, retreating north, beyond the Volga. The next day, October 14, the Germans captured Rzhev and Kalinin. By October 16, Soviet troops fought back across the Volga and entrenched themselves at the Selizharovo-Staritsa line. With the capture of Kalinin, the enemy had the opportunity to strike bypassing Moscow from the north and northeast, as well as to the rear of the North-Western Front.

On October 17, 1941, the Headquarters withdrew three right-flank armies from the Western Front - the 22nd, 29th, 30th, forming from them the Kalinin Front under the command of Colonel General Ivan Stepanovich Konev. Ivan Konev took command of the front during difficult days. Kalinin was taken by the Germans. The German 3rd Panzer Group of General Reinhardt tried to take Torzhok in one throw, reached Medny, took the crossing over Logovezh, but was soon thrown back by Vatutin’s group to the northern outskirts of Kalinin.

Despite the enemy's superiority in forces and means, the troops of the Kalinin Front, in cooperation with a group of troops of the North-Western Front under the command of General N.F. Vatutin defeated an enemy group that had broken through from Kalinin in the direction of Torzhok, and forced the Nazi troops in the Kalinin area to go on the defensive. Conducting an active defense, Soviet troops thwarted the enemy's attempt on October 24 to break through from Rzhev to Torzhok and by December 4 they were firmly entrenched on the line east of Selizharov.

As a result of the Kalinin defensive operation, Soviet troops destroyed about 35 thousand enemy soldiers and officers, knocked out and captured 150 tanks, 150 guns, and shot down 50 enemy aircraft in air battles. By active defense and offensive actions at the end of November 1941, they pinned down 13 Nazi divisions, not allowing them to be transferred to Moscow, where the decisive battle took place at that time.

Offensive

The Kalinin Front under the command of Konev occupied an advantageous operational position, deeply enveloping the Nazi troops advancing on Moscow from the north. The front troops were opposed by the 9th Army of the Nazi troops of the Center group, which was superior to our troops in artillery and tanks.

On December 5, 1941, the 29th and 31st armies went on the offensive. Troops of the 31st Army of General V.A. Yushkevich occupied defense along the left bank of the Darkness and Volga rivers from Tukhani to Kalinin. On December 5, the battalions of the 31st Army crossed the Volga and began fighting with the enemy. The Germans transferred reinforcements, and our troops were forced to leave Emmaus, Myatlevo, Oshurkovo. On December 7, our troops liberated Emmaus again, on December 8 they reached railway near Chupriyanovka, on December 9 they took Koltsovo, Kuzminskoye, and cut the Turginovskoye highway. By December 14, units of the 31st Army took Burashevo, Stary Pogost, and reached the Volokolamsk Highway.

At this time, northwest of Kalinin, active fighting led by the 243rd Infantry Division under the command of Major General V.S. Polenova. On December 5, during intense battles, units of the 243rd Division reached Ogorodny and Isaevsky lanes, cleared Zatverechye, then on the morning of December 16 they reached Artillery Lane, captured Nogina Boulevard on the other side of the Volga, captured Tveretsky Bridge, broke into the Stepan Razin embankment and Cooperative Lane ( now Tverskoy Prospekt), cleared the station and took up defensive positions south of the station.

By 11 a.m. on December 16, 1941, there were no more battles in the city of Kalinin. The city was basically cleared of the invaders, and units of the 31st Army of General V.A., advancing from the southeast and south. By 1 p.m., Yushkevich was completely ensured of Kalinin’s release. On the afternoon of December 17, 1941, the division commander, Major General V.S. Polenov, and the division’s military commissar, senior battalion commissar Gilchenok, were handed over to representatives of the party, Soviet and public organizations Kalinin Red Banner is a sign of the transfer of power in the city by Red Army units to the local Council. This banner was hoisted over the building of the House Soviet army(now the House of Officers).

Conducting intense battles, the troops of the Kalinin Front advanced 60-120 km in the southern and southwestern directions and by January 7, 1942 reached the line northwest of Rzhev, where they were stopped by the enemy. It was not possible to break through the “Rzhev salient” until March 3, 1943...

Liberation price

The victory at Kalinin came at a high price. Over 20 thousand Red Army soldiers died. In Kalinin, 7,714 buildings, 56% of the housing stock, were destroyed.

The Nazis blew up, burned, disabled 78 industrial enterprises, destroyed schools, hospitals, burned regional library with holdings of half a million volumes. During the occupation during the war, the population of the Kalinin region decreased by 25% (in 1939 there were 2 million 170 thousand people, in 1946 there were 1 million 611 thousand people left). During the occupation of the region, 40,846 civilians died.

Writer A. Fadeev in the article “ Fiends-destroyers and people-creators" spoke about the crimes of the occupiers in Kalinin: “In one of the basements of the city, twelve corpses of young people were found, two of them were no more than sixteen years old. All were killed with a blunt object, some had their eyes gouged out, some were tortured by hanging them by their feet...”

Everything for the front

Despite the difficult situation, the workers of the Kalinin region contributed to the construction of tank columns “Kalinin Front”, “ Kalinin Komsomolets"and a squadron of aircraft named after Hero of the Soviet Union E.I. Chaikina 215 million 165 thousand rubles. The main burden of work in agriculture during the war years fell on the shoulders of women, old people and teenagers. Replacing the men who went to war, in 1942, 463 women got behind the wheel of a tractor in the region. In 1943, 894 female tractor drivers worked in 128 women’s tractor brigades.

It seemed that it would take many years to recover from such heavy damage that was inflicted on our region by the Nazi invaders. But already in 1950, the industry of the Kalinin region reached the pre-war level of production and began to gain momentum forward motion forward. In October 1943, the excavator plant was operational, in 1947 the Tver Electrical Equipment Plant came into operation, and in 1949, CHPP-4 was built. In 1950, the first chemical fiber production plants and a sand-lime brick plant were launched in Zatverechye.

For the courage and resilience shown by workers in the fight against the Nazi invaders during the Great Patriotic War, and for the successes achieved in the restoration and development of the national economy, the Kalinin region was awarded the Order of Lenin (Decree of the Presidium Supreme Council USSR dated December 3, 1966). The city of Kalinin was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor.

Memory on the city map

In June 2005 Tverskaya City Duma with its decision No. 67, it granted the petition of veterans of the Great Patriotic War to assign names to two Tver streets in the new development of the Isaevsky residential area in honor of generals Yushkevich and Polenov. In 2010, by presidential decree Russian Federation Tver was awarded the high title “City of Military Glory”.

In July 2011, in the Kalininsky district, at the Khvastovskaya crossing of the Volga, a memorial sign was unveiled in honor of the soldiers who showed steadfastness, courage and heroism in the battles for the liberation of Kalinin in October 1941. Here in October 1941, the Soviet troops with whom they fought and Siberian divisions, created a bridgehead on the right bank of the Volga River and cut the Staritsa-Kalinin highway, thereby disrupting one of the important communications of the German troops.

Under constant shelling and bombing by German aircraft from October 23 to 25, the Red Army soldiers crossed from the left to the right bank of the Volga. Many soldiers drowned in the icy water. About 3 thousand soldiers were killed at the Khvastovskaya crossing. The feat of the Russian soldier will now be remembered by the wall of memory at Khvastovskaya crossing. The Victory Obelisk and the Smolensk military burial ground were reconstructed, and others were put in order. memorable places. A large-scale renovation of Victory Park has been carried out.

Exhibitions dedicated to the Great Patriotic War have been created in city schools. Patriotic War, meetings with war veterans are organized, big job to collect memories of living veterans.

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