A verb is a part of speech that denotes an action or state of an object.
During the night the weather became noisy, the river was agitated, and the torch burned out in the peasant's smoky hut. The children are asleep, the hostess is dozing, the husband is lying on the floor, the storm is blowing; suddenly he hears: someone is knocking on the window. (P.)
Words: knocking, howling, rustling, agitated, burned out, listening- indicate the actions of the subject. Words: sleeping, dozing, lying- indicate the state of the object. The verb answers the questions: /i>what does the object do? what is done with it? The student (what is he doing?) reads the story. The story (what is being done with it?) is read by the students.
Verb change.
A verb, denoting an action, can also indicate the time when the action is performed. The verb has three tenses: present, past and future.
I knock (present tense), knocked (past tense), I will knock, I will knock (future tense).
The verb has 3 persons (1st, 2nd, 3rd) and two numbers: singular and plural.
In the past tense, the verb has no special personal endings, and the person is expressed only by a personal pronoun.
For example: I knocked, you knocked, he knocked. In the past tense, the verb changes according to gender and number: brother knocked (masculine), sister knocked (feminine), something knocked (neuter), we knocked (myopic number).
Changing the verb according to persons, tenses and numbers is called conjugation.
Verbs can end with -sya or Verbs ending in t-cya (-s) are called recursive. after consonants and th used -sya, and after vowels -s: washes - washes, washed - washed, wash - wash, mine - wash, mine - wash, washed - washed.
The role of the verb in the sentence.
In a sentence, the verb is usually the predicate. The verb predicate denotes the action or state of the object that is the subject in this sentence, and agrees with the subject in number and person, and in the past tense - in number and gender.
We boldly rush to the enemy; after us, the red cavalry rushed into battle; the enemy hastily retreats.
We rush. Predicate rush agrees with the subject we in person and number.
The cavalry rushed off. Predicate rushed consistent with subject cavalry in gender and number.
Indefinite form or infinitive
The verb has a special form, which only names the action, by itself does not indicate either tense, or number, or person, and therefore is called the indefinite form, or infinitive; read, cherish, carry, come. The indefinite form of the verb answers the question: what to do? what to do?
The indefinite form of the verb ends in -ty, -ty: build, carry. There is a special group of verbs with an indefinite form in -who. For verbs in -whose stem in the present tense ends in G or to: I can-can, bake-bake, shore-protect. Here we find alternation G And To with sound h.
Letter b in an indefinite form is preserved in front of the particle -sya: build - build, protect - beware.
Note. The indefinite form of the verb is derived from the verbal noun. Therefore, she does not indicate the time and face. In our language, there are still several words that can be both nouns and verbs, for example: hot oven (n.), pies oven (vb.); big leak (n.), water stopped flowing (v.); old noble nobility (n.), I want to know a lot (v.).
Types of verbs.
Verbs can be imperfective and perfective.
1. Imperfect verbs show an unfinished action or a repetitive action: work, shout, sleep, buy, take, throw, drop in.
Imperfective verbs form the future tense by means of an auxiliary verb: i Will work.
Note. About verbs denoting only a repeated action, they say that they belong to the multiple type if there is a verb with a long meaning nearby: read (when reading), walk (poi walk), sit (when sitting).
2. Perfective verbs show the completeness of the action: buy, take, bring, leave, read, write.
Perfective verbs cannot have the present tense; the form of the present tense has for them the meaning of the future: I will buy, I will take, I will start, I will bring, I will leave, I will read, I will write, I will speak.
Note. About perfective verbs, which denote an action that happened only once, they say that they refer to the one-time aspect. These are especially the verbs with the suffix -way, which keep it in the past tense: jump when jumping (cf. jumped), spit, when spitting (cf. spat), shout at shouting (cf. shouted).
The formation of verb types.
Most simple verbs are imperfective: carry, write, work. However, give, lie down, sit down, become, child, and a number of verbs ~it: buy, quit, finish, let go, forgive, decide, captivate, deprive, etc. will be perfect.
Note. Some simple verbs have both perfective and imperfective meanings: hurt, marry
This includes many verbs -to and -ovate: telegraph, organize, attack.
Compound verbs with prefixes in the vast majority of cases refer to the perfect form: bring, leave, read, sign, speak, sketch, throw. However, verbs are compound, formed from verbs carry, drive, carry, walk, run, fly, will be mostly imperfect. For example: bring, take away, bring in, enter, leave, etc.; take out, take out, take out, go out (but in & wear, take out, go out etc. will be perfect); to bring in, to demolish (but to bring in a shirt, to demolish boots, etc. will be perfect).
I. From almost every perfective verb, you can form an imperfective verb with the same meaning: give-give, start - start, bring - bring, etc.
The main way to form imperfective verbs from the corresponding perfective verbs is the suffix -yva or -two, and often the root o alternates with a, and the final root consonant in a number of verbs alternates according to: read-read, lubricate - lubricate, sign - sign, rise - rise, jump - bounce, push - push out, smooth - smooth, hang - hang, freeze - freeze, ask - ask, dung - manure, lure - snuggle, feed - to feed, accumulate - accumulate etc.
Another way to form imperfective verbs is to change the suffix -And- to suffix -I-(or -A- after hissing) with the same changes in the final root consonants as in the previous case: meet - meet, peel - peel, generate - generate, illuminate - illuminate, arrange - draw up, get ahead - get ahead, load - load, finish, finish, decide, decide, surround - surround and so on.
The third way to form imperfective verbs is the suffix -A-, and the root e or I (A after hissing) often alternates with and: erase - erase, die - die, subtract - subtract, light - light, hush - hush, start - start.
2. The fourth way to form imperfective verbs is the suffix -va-, used when the root of the verb ends in a vowel: break-break, ripen-ripen, give (ladies) - give (give), find out (learn) - learn (learn).
Notes.
II. From simple verbs of the imperfective form, the perfective form is formed either by means of the suffix -Well-(one-time verbs): jump - jump, shout - shout etc. or through the so-called "empty" prefixes that do not change the basic meaning of the word: o- (ob-), po-, s-, on-, etc.: to grow stronger - to get stronger, to please - to please, to destroy - to destroy, to do - to do, to write - to write, etc.
However, from most simple verbs of the imperfective form, the perfective form is not formed: bite, sit, sleep, lie down etc. This also includes verbs greet, attend, attend and some others.
The alternation of vowels in the formation of species.
Sometimes the formation of species is associated with the alternation of vowels in the root: die - die, lock up - lock up, throw away - throw away, ignite - ignite.
Table of alternation of vowels in the roots of the verb in the formation of species.
Verb tenses.
The present tense of the verb means that the action takes place simultaneously with the moment of speech, that is, when it is spoken about.
1. The wind walks on the sea and the boat drives. He runs himself in the waves on swollen sails. (P.) 2. And the caravans of ships sail under the scarlet flag from the midday seas along the concrete canal.
The present tense is also used to denote an action that is performed constantly, always. 1 The plant reaches for the light source. 2. A person breathes with lungs. 3. The northern shores of the USSR are washed by the waters of the Arctic Ocean.
The past tense means that the action happened before the moment of speaking. They defeated the chieftains, dispersed the governor, and in the Pacific Ocean they finished their campaign.
The future tense means that the action will take place after the moment of speaking. 1. And if the enemy wants to take away our living joy in a stubborn battle, then we will sing a battle song and stand with our chest for our Motherland. 2. We beat the enemies of the Soviet regime, we beat and we will beat.
Two stems of the verb.
There are two stems in the verb: the stem of the indefinite form and the stem of the present tense.
To highlight the basis of the indefinite form, it is necessary to discard the suffix from the verb of the indefinite form -ty, -ty, for example: write-ty carry.
The basis of the present tense is distinguished if the personal ending is discarded from the verb of the present tense or the future simple, for example: write-ut, carry-ut, say-ut.
All verb forms are formed from these two stems.
Changing verbs for persons and numbers.
Verbs in the present and future tense change in person and number.
The first person of the verb shows that the action is performed by the speaker himself: I work, I read, I study.
The second person of the verb shows that the action is performed by the one to whom the speaker is speaking: you work, you read, you study.
The third person of the verb shows that the action is performed by the one they are talking about: he, she works, reads, studies.
In the plural, all these forms show that the action refers to several persons: work (we), work (you), work (they).
Present tense.
Personal endings.
Verbs with endings: -eat (-eat), ~et (et), -eat (-eat), -ete (-ete) 3 -ut (-yut) are called verbs of the first conjugation.
Verbs with endings -ish, -yoke, -im, ~ite, -at, (-yat) are called verbs of the second conjugation.
For reflexive verbs, a particle is added to the personal ending -sya (-s). I study, I study, I teach, I study, I teach, I study, well, I drink - I bathe, I bathe - I bathe, I bathe - I bathe,
Note. When conjugating some verbs, there is an alternation of consonants in front of personal endings: shore - you save (m - f); teku - you flow (k - n) - in the verbs of the first conjugation; I wear - you wear (w - s); I drive - you drive (w - h); I sit - you sit (w-d); twist - twist (h - t); sad? - you are sad (u - st): I love - you love (6l-"6); I catch - you catch (ate - in); sculpt - sculpt (pl - n); feed - feed (ml - m); graph - graph (fl - f) - in the verbs of the second conjugation.
Spelling of personal verb endings.
In the ending of the 2nd person singular of the verb after sh a letter is written b: you carry, you give, you hurry, you stand.
The letter b is preserved in the 2nd person singular in those cases when a particle is attached to the end of the verb -ss-rushing, studying, swimming.
3. It is necessary to distinguish the indefinite form of verbs into - be 3rd person singular and plural present tense -tsya. It must be remembered that b written only in the indefinite form: he can(what to do?) work(indefinite form), but He(what is he doing?) labors(3rd person).
Spelling of verbs of the first and second conjugations.
Verbs of the 1st and 2nd conjugation differ by ear if the stress falls on personal endings.
You go, you go, you go, you go, you go-1st conjugation.
Hurry, hurry, hurry, hurry, hurry-:2nd conjugation.
If the stress falls on the stem, then the personal endings of the verbs of the 1st and 2nd conjugations almost do not differ by ear. For example: stabbing - sawing, stabbing - sawing. In such cases, the conjugation of the verb is determined by its indefinite form.
Of the verbs with unstressed personal endings, the 2nd conjugation includes:
1. All verbs with unstressed personal endings that have an indefinite form in ~it, for example: build - build, build; love, love, love (except for the verb shave, shave, shave).
2. Seven verbs in -et: look, see, depend, hate, offend, endure, twirl.
3. Four verbs on -at: hear, breathe, hold, drive.
These verbs have no present tense suffixes in the 1st person of the singular -e-, -a-: look - look, see - see, breathe - breathe, hear - hear. Compare: blush - blush(verb of the 1st conjugation, suffix -e- is present in the base) and answer - answer(also of the 1st conjugation, with the suffix -o- in the base).
All other verbs with unstressed endings belong to the 1st conjugation.
Note. Prefixed verbs belong to the same conjugation as the non-prefixed verbs from which they are derived: sleep - sleep, endure - carry. (I. Utkin.)
Irregular verbs.
Verbs want and run are called heterogeneous. They are conjugated partly according to the 1st, partly according to the 2nd conjugation;
Singular Plural.
I want to run we want to run
do you want to run do you want to run
he wants / runs they want to run
Verbs are specially conjugated eat and give:
I eat ladies we eat we give
you eat give you eat give
he eats will give they eat will give
Verbs derived from these verbs are also conjugated: eat, eat, give out, give away, etc.
Note. In Old Russian, the auxiliary verb to be was also conjugated in a special way: I am, we are seme, you are, you are, he is, they are
In the modern literary language, only forms of the 3rd person have been preserved: there is less essence.
Past tense.
The verb in the past tense has no personal endings: I read, you read, he read (compare with present tense endings: I read, you read, he reads).
The verb in the past tense in the singular changes by gender: the ship has sailed, the boat has sailed, the ship has sailed.
There is no generic ending in the masculine gender, c. the feminine gender ending is -A, average -o: took, took-a, took-o.
In the plural, the past tense verb does not change by gender and has the ending -i. Compare: the students read-and - the students read-and.
The past tense is formed by adding the suffix -l to the stem of the indefinite form: run-t-bezyua-l, walk-t - walk-l, build-t - build-l. Before suffix -l the vowel that stands in an indefinite form before –t: see-saw, hear-heard.
In the masculine gender, after a consonant sound at the end of a word, the suffix -l drops out: crawled - crawled, carried, carried, carried - carried, wiped - wiped.
Reflexive verbs in the past tense have a particle at the end -sya or -s: took, took care: took, took care; took care of; took care of.
Notes.
Later auxiliary verb be started skipping. The past tense began to be denoted by one word, i.e., a verbal adjective, which retained its generic endings.
verbal adjectives in -l in the Old Russian language could be not only short, but also complete. The remainder of the full are such adjectives as former (compare the verb was), mature (compare mature), skillful (compare skillful), etc.
Future
The future tense is simple and complex. For verbs of the perfective form, the future tense is simple: do - do, decide - decide. The future compound occurs in imperfective verbs: do - I will do, decide - I will decide.
The future simple consists of one word and has the same personal endings as the present tense: do, decide - do, decide; do, decide; will decide.
The future compound is formed from the future tense of the verb be and the indefinite form of the conjugated verb: I will do, I will decide. Verb be, with which the future tense is formed, is called in this case an auxiliary verb.
The use of tenses.
In our speech, we sometimes use one tense in the meaning of another.
1. The present tense is sometimes used in the sense of the past: the past is told as if it is now passing before one's eyes. This helps to visualize what is being said. I was returning home from the station last night, walking down a dark street. I'm in a hurry. Suddenly I see: at the nearest lantern something is getting dark.
2. The present tense is used in the meaning of the future. For greater liveliness, we speak of the future as if it were already taking place. Often I draw a picture of my future life: I finish school, enter a university, study in the winter, and in the summer I will certainly go on an excursion.
3. We use the future simple tense in the sense of the past when we talk about what has been repeated many times.
I remember that my old comrade would come to me in the evening, sit down beside me and begin to talk about his travels to the far north.
The future tense in the meaning of the past is also used in combination with the word happened. In winter, it used to be that on a dead night we would lay a daring troika ... (P.)
4. We use the future simple in the meaning of the past when we talk about something that happened unexpectedly. I went closer to the girl, and she screamed.
Impersonal verbs.
A special group of verbs are impersonal verbs.
Impersonal verbs mostly denote natural phenomena (darkness, freezing) or various states and experiences of a person (fever, unwell, I remember, I think).
In a sentence, impersonal verbs are predicates, but they represent an action without an actor. With them there is not and cannot be a subject.
Impersonal verbs do not change in persons and numbers. They have in the present and future tense only one form of the 3rd person singular, and in the past tense only the neuter form: evening - evening, dusk - dusk, fever - fever.
Note. Impersonal verbs like feverish, shivering, freezing, were once private. This was in those distant times, when people still did not know how to fight with nature, believed in the existence of supernatural forces, good and evil, and explained by the action of these mysterious forces both various natural phenomena and the human condition. When they spoke feverish, freezing they thought that both fever and frost were the effects of some special mysterious force, some supernatural being.
Transitive and intransitive verbs.
Verbs, according to their meaning and how they are connected in a sentence with other words, are divided into two groups: transitive and intransitive.
Transitive verbs denote an action that passes to another object, the name of which is in the accusative case without a preposition: I take (what?) a book, I see off (who?) my sister.
The rest of the verbs are intransitive: I lie down, I sleep, I walk, I run, I do (what?), I hope (for what?).
Notes.
Meaning of reflexive verbs.
Reflexive verbs formed from any transitive verb are intransitive: raise (transitive) - rise (intransitive), wash (transitive) - wash (intransitive), meet (transitive) - meet (intransitive).
Note. There are some verbs that are not reflexive: I walk, I sleep, I drink. There are, on the contrary, such verbs that are used only as reflexive: afraid, laughing, admiring, working.
Particle -sya in reflexive verbs has several meanings. The most important of them are the following.
a) Particle -sya denotes only the intransitivity of the action, i.e., such an action that is not directed to any object: the dog bites, the horse rushes, the sea is rough, the fog rises.
b) Particle -sya gives the verb a proper reflexive meaning: it indicates that the action returns to the actor himself. Compare: bathe (whom?) the child and bathe (i.e., bathe oneself).
c) Particle -sya gives the verb a reciprocal meaning: it indicates that the action takes place between two or more characters or objects. With these verbs, you can ask with whom? with what? For example: meet(with whom? - with a friend), fight, fight.
d) Particle -sya gives the verb a passive meaning .. With these verbs, you can ask questions by whom? how? For example: Rocks (subject) are eroded (with what?) by water. Compare: Water erodes rocks.
e) Particle -sya gives the verb an impersonal meaning. At the same time, she indicates that the action is performed as if by itself, in addition to someone else's will. These verbs can be used to ask questions. to whom? what? For example: can’t sleep (who?) to me (compare: he doesn’t sleep), he doesn’t feel like it, I think.
Note. Origin of verbs -sya. In the Old Russian language, after transitive verbs, a short form of wines could be used. pad. units h. reflexive pronoun sya (i.e., yourself). For example, bathe(i.e. wash yourself). Previously, sya was a separate member of the sentence and could stand in different places in the sentence, that is, in Old Russian one could say: I want to wash myself (I want to wash myself).
Later, the pronoun xia turned from an independent word into a particle, began to be used only after the verb, and, finally, merged with it into one word. At the same time, the verb became intransitive from transitive. ¦
Compare: wash (whom? or what?) and wash (yourself), dress (whom? or what?) and dress (yourself).
Inclinations.
The verb has three moods - indicative, subjunctive and imperative.
The indicative mood of the verb denotes an action that happened, is happening or will actually happen: I read - I read - I will read; read - read. The indicative mood has three tenses: present, past and future.
The subjunctive (or conditional) mood denotes an action that is possible or desirable. The subjunctive mood is formed from the past tense by adding a particle would: Would you come home early. If the weather had been fine yesterday, we would have gone boating.
The particle would be both after the verb and before it, and can also be separated from the verb in other words: If the best rider on the fastest horse rode along our borders, he would spend about two years on this unprecedented run in the world.
The imperative mood denotes an order, a command, as well as a request, a wish. Imperative verbs are used in the 2nd person singular and plural: carry - carry, work - work, cook - cook.
The formation of the imperative mood.
The imperative mood is formed from the basis of the present tense in two ways.
For some verbs, the ending is added to the basis of the present (future) tense -and: go-ut-go, sit-yat - sit, take out-ut-take out, scream-ut - shout.
In other verbs, the imperative mood is formed without an ending and is equal to the basis of the present tense. The stem of such verbs in the imperative mood ends:
1) to a soft consonant (in writing b): throw (kin-ut), drop (throw-yat), hit (hit-yat), cook (ready-yat);
2) to hissing (on a letter b): cut (dir-ut), hide (hide-ut), comfort (comfort-at);
3) on th; read, write, draw.
In the 2nd person plural. number is added ending -te: go-go, quit-quit, read-read, hide-hide.
The imperative mood from reflexive verbs in the code has a particle -sya or -s: Look after - look, look; look - look, look. Throw - throw, throw; rush - rush, rush. Drop it, drop it, drop it; throw - throw, throw.
Sometimes a particle is attached to the imperative -ka. This particle usually softens the order, gives it the character of a friendly address. Let's go and pick chestnuts in the garden. Come here
Note. To express the 1st person plural. numbers of the imperative mood, the usual forms of the 1st person plural are used. numbers of the present or future tense with imperative intonation: Let's go. We will decide. Let's sit down. These forms are also used with the ending -te: Let's go. Decide. Let's sit down. They then either indicate that the command is addressed to several persons, or denote a polite appeal to one person.
To express the 3rd person of the imperative mood, the usual form of the 3rd person is used in conjunction with particles let, let, yes: Long live the muses, long live the mind! (P.) Long live the sun, let the darkness hide! (P.) Let the face burn like the dawn in the morning.
Changing inclinations.
In Russian, one mood can be used in the meaning of another.
The imperative mood is often used in the meaning of the subjunctive mood and the union if. The subject can be in any number and person and usually comes after the predicate. If he had said earlier, everything could have been arranged. (Compare: If he had said earlier...) If we were five mules late, he would have left. (Compare: If we were five minutes late...)
In other cases, on the contrary, the subjunctive mood has the meaning of the imperative mood. You should rest a little. Would you like someone to sing to us. Such turns express a request, advice, a polite offer.
Often in the meaning of the imperative mood, the indefinite form of the verb is used. Be silent / Sit still! Keep quiet/ This use of the indefinite form expresses an insistent and strict command.
Verb suffixes.
From nouns, verbs are formed using suffixes -oe- (at), -ev- (at). In the present tense, these suffixes are replaced by suffixes -yes, -yu-: conversation-talk - talk, grief - grieve - grieve.
Verbs are formed from adjectives and nouns using the suffix -e-(t) (in the present, tense -e-yu): white - turn white - turn white (with the meaning of becoming white), gray-haired - gray-haired (with the meaning of becoming gray-haired), beast - grow wild - beast (with the meaning of become beast) or with the help of the suffix -i-(t) (in the present tense - / o): white - whiten - whiten (with the meaning of making white), litter - litter-litter (with the meaning of making litter).
Verbs are also formed from nouns with the help of the suffix -a-(t): carpenter - carpentry; wise guy - to be smart (with a change to h).
Suffixes -ir-(at), -izir-(at) occur mostly with verbs of foreign origin: telegraph, register, agitate, collectivize, organize.
Spelling of verb suffixes.
To distinguish between unstressed suffixes -ov-(at), -ev-(at) from suffixes -yv-(at), -iv-(at), must form 1st person singular. numbers of the present (future) time.
If the verb is in the 1st person singular. present tense numbers ending in -yu-, -yuyu-, then й in an indefinite form, and in the past tense it is necessary to write -ovate (-oval), -evat (-eval): I advise, advised, advise; mourn, mourn, mourn.
If the verb is in the 1st person singular. the number of the present tense ends in -Ivayu, -ivayu-, then in an indefinite form ", and in the past tense it is necessary to write -yat (-yval), -yvat (-yval): show - show, showed; arrange - arrange, arrange
Notes.
Particle spelling ns verbs
Negation Not written separately with the verb.
The exception is those verbs that are not used without not. For example: resent, hate.
If verbs missing and lacking denote a lack of something, they are written together: My comrade lacks (i.e., he does not have) the ability to get down to business right away. He lacks (i.e., he does not have) endurance in his work.
Verb not enough- in the sense of not reaching anything - is written separately: The child does not reach the table with his hand:
Verb lacks- in the sense of not taking, it is written separately: Our dog barks at strangers, but no one is grabbed by the legs
verb tense expresses the relation of the action denoted by the verb to the time of its implementation. Forms stand out past, present And future tense.
In most cases, the use of forms of time is determined by the attitude to the moment of speech; this use of them is called absolute time.
In relatively rare cases, the starting point for the use of tenses is not the moment of speech, but other starting points, for example, the time of other actions reported in the speech. This is called the relative use of tenses. In additional (explanatory) clauses of a complex sentence, the tense of verbs is determined by the relation to the time of action of the main part:
My brother said that he sent (sends, sends) the book I need.
The grammatical point of time here is the verb of the main part “reported”, in relation to which the action of the verb of the subordinate part is performed, is being performed or will be performed. “He wrote that he works”: the present tense of the verb “works” indicates the coincidence of the time of the action not with the moment of speech, but with the time of the action expressed by the verb “wrote”.
Imperfective verbs have all three forms of tense (I decide - I decided - I will decide).
Perfective verbs, denoting actions limited by a limit, are used only in the past and future (simple) tense (I decided - I will decide), but they do not have a present tense.
Past tense denotes an action that precedes the moment of speech. It is formed by adding a formative suffix to the stem of the infinitive -l-: write-t - write-sa-l, read-t - read-l, count-t - count-l.
When forming forms of the past tense, some features are observed:
If the stem of the past tense ends in r, k, x, z, s, b, then when a masculine verb is formed, the suffix -l- drops out: guard, peck, soh, carried, carried, rowed, but remains in the feminine and neuter gender, and also in the plural: guarded, baked, dried up, carried, carried, guarded.
Verbs for - heret in the past tense lose the second in full vowel combination e, and in the masculine gender they do not have the suffix -l-: erase - erased, die - died.
Verb go and derivatives from it form the past tense from another basis - shed - with the loss of the root d: walked, walked, walked, came, came, came.
The past tense allows the verb to change in numbers. In turn, the singular can easily be declined by gender. It should also be noted that verbs in the past tense in the plural do not change by person.
Verbs in the form present time denote an action that is happening at the moment of speaking, for example: I am looking for a meeting with you. Verbs in the present tense change in person and number.
From verbs perfect look forms of the present tense are not formed: the concept of completeness, effectiveness, characteristic of perfective verbs, is incompatible with the concept of the present tense.
Only verbs have present tense forms imperfect form . These forms are formed with the help of personal endings, depending on whether the verb belongs to I or II conjugation.
I conjugations: -u (-u), -eat, -et, -eat, -ete, -ut (-yut)
II conjugations: -u (-u), -ish, -it, -im, -ite, -at (-yat)
An example of a verb I conjugation:
1st person → I am walking, we are walking
2nd person → you walk, you walk
3rd person → he walks, they walk
An example of a verb II conjugation:
1st person → I drive, we drive
2nd person → you carry, you carry
3rd person → he carries, they carry
The present tense has the following meanings:
shows that the action expressed by the verb coincides with the moment of speech: the Caucasus is under me. Again, solemnly and wisely, an old coniferous forest rustles over me (V. Belov);
denotes action permanent, timeless; The earth revolves around the sun.; In communicating vessels, the surface of the liquid is set at the same level.;
denotes an action that passes into a property. Compare: a boy reads a book and student Petrov reads Pushkin well; birds fly in the garden and swallows fly faster than sparrows.
is used instead of the past to give liveliness to the story and make the reader (listener) as if a witness to the event depicted: I was walking down the street yesterday and I see. This is the so-called real narrative (picturesque, historical);
The present tense is used in the sense of the future, if we are talking about an action that must certainly take place; Tomorrow I pass the last exam and leave to rest. The use of present tense forms in this function is usually characteristic of verbs of motion - to run, to go, to go. Sometimes the forms of the present tense convey the picture imaginary by the author: One more day of this accursed hell - and here you have a hungry winter, typhus, cattle are falling, children are dying (A. N. Tolstoy).
Future denotes an action (process) forthcoming or subsequent in relation to the moment of speech. It has two forms: synthetic (simple) and analytical (complex). These forms differ from each other both in their structure and in their meaning.
The synthetic form is characteristic of perfective verbs (I will write, I will tell, I will read), the analytical form is characteristic of imperfective verbs (I will write, I will tell, I will read).
The future tense of the analytical form is formed from the personal forms of the future tense of the verb be and infinitive (necessarily imperfect form). Acting as a service component, an auxiliary verb be forms with infinitive one grammatical form.
The future compound always denotes an unlimited, unlimited action that will take place after the moment of speech and cannot be used in the meaning of another tense: We will continue to consistently defend the cause of peace.
The form of the future tense from perfective verbs is simple: it coincides with the present tense form of imperfective verbs: read, read, read, read, read, read; build, build, build, build, build.
The future of the synthetic form (from perfective verbs) has a variety of meanings:
its main meaning is the expression of upcoming (future) actions that have a limit, completeness: We will get everything, understand and open: the cold pole and the blue vault (V. Lebedev-Kumach);
denotes an action that turns into a property: Whatever task you give him, he will definitely solve (it is impossible to say solves or solved). The future tense in this sense is often used in proverbs: Tell the truth - the truth will help out. On a crooked road you will break your legs.
denotes a repeated action (in descriptions next to the present):
A storm covers the sky with darkness (present tense),
Whirlwinds of snow twisting,
Like a beast she will howl
That will cry like a child (A. Pushkin);
with negation does not mean the impossibility of action in the present: will not read quickly (cannot read quickly), will not say simply (cannot say simply), will not see at a distance (cannot see at a distance);
used in the meaning of the past tense: During the day she mostly dozed off. He sits in an armchair in front of the table ... and takes a nap (present tense). Then he shudders, wakes up, looks out the window and for a long time, without any conscious thought, does not take his (present) eyes off the endless distance (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin).
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What verbs change with tense?
First, we need to remember that when we talk about tense forms of a verb, we are talking about the indicative mood, that is, we are talking about an action that, in our opinion, is happening, has happened or will happen in reality.
In the imperative and conditional mood, verbs do not have tense forms.
Verb tenses
A verb in Russian has three tenses: present, past and future.
Verbs in the present tense denote actions performed at the moment of speech, that is, at the moment when we pronounce this verb (I running- this means that I say the word "run" and run at the same time).
Verbs in the past tense denote an action that took place or took place BEFORE we uttered this word: I fled, came running- so now, when I say this, I'm not running anymore. Performed or performed an action before the moment of speech.
A verb in the future tense denotes an action that has taken place or will take place after we have pronounced this verb.
Verb change by tenses
Let's change the tenses of the verb walk.
In the past time: walked - what did you do? Walked, walked, walked, walked. I have already gone there and returned.
Past tense:
Present tense. What do you do, do, do? and so on : walk, walk, walk…
Present tense:
I go we go
you go you go
he walks they walk
Future tense. I will walk, you will walk. In this case, the person and number are determined by the auxiliary verb, to which personal endings are attached (I will, you will, we will), and the verb itself walk is in indefinite form. This form of the future tense is called future complex.
Future tense:
I will at we will walk eat walk
you will eat you will walk ee walk
he will no they will walk ut walk
All three tense forms: past, present, future, and the future is complex, will be in imperfective verbs - walk, decide but not solve), sign, draw.
Only two tense forms: past and future, and the future is simple - for perfective verbs: come, decide, sign, draw.
Present tense forms are not formed from perfective verbs.
Education is temporarý x forms
Firstly, some verb forms are formed not only with the help of endings, but also with the help of suffixes.
For example, the suffix - l- the past tense does not form a new word, but forms the form of the past tense, i.e., unlike the vast majority of suffixes in Russian, it is formative, not word-forming and, therefore, is not included in the stem, just like the suffix - be indefinite form and suffix - And imperative mood.
Walk- l, laugh- l-ah, I think- l-and, come- l-axis.
Secondly, the verb for the formation of tense forms usually uses not one stem, like a noun and an adjective, but two!
Vowel spelling before l in past tense verbs
In past tense verbs before l the same vowel is written as in the indefinite form: depend - depended, bark - barked.
Bibliography
- Russian language. Grade 6 / Baranov M.T. and others - M .: Education, 2008.
- Babaitseva V.V., Chesnokova L.D. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 cells - M.: Bustard, 2008.
- Russian language. 6 cells / Ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta. - M.: Bustard, 2010.
- Lik-bez.com ().
- School-collection.edu.ru ().
Homework
Exercise number 1.
Rewrite, inserting the missing letters, find the verbs and determine their tense.
SOUNDS OF SPRING.
Thousands of sounds are born in the spring in the revived forest. From the stump to the hemp, he tried ... stinging, the mouse squeaked thinly ..., boomed, hit the b ... cut and the beetle fell heavily. On m ... kushka b ... cuts will soon c ... cuckoo cuckoo. On the very top of the oak, a wild dove will coo. At sunset, from ... ntsa, an owl hoots terribly in the forest.
Exercise number 2.
Find the verbs in the present tense and write them down.
1. Fell 6. Dancing
2. Reads 7. Wash
3. They laugh 8. I will paint
4. I'll write 9. We'll weld
Instruction
So now practice. Verbs can change by number, and in the singular - also by gender. Moreover, they do not have several forms of faces. For the speech formation of the past tense, it is necessary to use the infinitive stem or the past tense stem with the suffix -l, which change by gender and number. For example: "He talked a lot and passionately and attracted listeners", "She said interesting things and attracted listeners" and "They spoke out of order and attracted an audience."
Moreover, in the form of the masculine singular, the only indicator of gender and number is zero: “Last time he was soaked through”, “He prudently warned others about the danger”, “He faithfully guarded the catch”, “The man was very cold and constantly trembling” and "The old one was suddenly deaf and didn't move."
It is also interesting that the historical formation of the past tense, according to the opinion of a large number of linguists, goes back to the perfect participle, which has the suffix -l and is used in the perfect with the present tense and with the help of the auxiliary verb "to be".
Related videos
In Russian, two forms of verbs in the future tense are separated. This future is simple or synthetic and the future is complex or analytical. In addition, and depending on belonging to the first or second category, future tense verbs change in just two ways.
A verb is an expression of action. The category of time is an expression of how the action relates to the moment of speech. It is customary to distinguish three forms of time. To determine the relation of the verb to the present, future or past tense, it is usually enough to ask a question. But there are verb forms that need to be analyzed more deeply. Let's highlight some features - they will help to distinguish between temporary forms.
present tenseThis category is used to indicate an action:
- what is happening at a particular moment, i.e. moment of speech ( I am reading a book);
- occurring regularly ( I read books);
- happening all the time ( i work as a builder).
Often the verb in the present tense is used figuratively, expressing the near future. We we are leaving Tomorrow. It is interesting to use present tense verbs in literary texts that tell about historical events, which gives the story a special liveliness. Swedish, Russian - stabs, cuts, cuts.
The forms of verbs in the present tense are synthetic (consist of one word), the differences are determined by the change in the verb itself in persons and numbers. I run, you run, he (she, it) runs. We sit, you sit, they sit.
- Facts may be mentioned without indicating the duration of the action. This is done with imperfective verbs (“what did you do?”). I attended lectures.
- If you mean an action that has ended by the time of speech, or describes actions that have replaced each other, this is a perfective verb (“what did you do?”). I attended the lectures, dined and went to the meeting.
- If the particle was attached to the verb, this is an indication of an action that did not take place or that was prevented in the past. I wanted to leave, but they begged me to stay.
- suffix -l-
(did is a masculine form with a zero ending);
- for the feminine, add an ending -A
(did); for the middle gender - ending -O
(did); for plural - ending -And
, common to all genera ( did).
- verbs whose stems (in the infinitive and present tense) end in h
And With
(crawl - crawl, carry - carried);
- verbs with the stem ending in g and k (in the present tense), with the infinitive in -whose
(shore - cherish - shore, bake - oven - pitch);
- verbs that have a combination in the infinitive -here-
, but in the present tense it is not ( rub - rub - ter);
- the verb grow, which in the past tense has a special form grew;
- verbs like scrape, row, the stem of which in the past tense coincides with the stem of the present ( scraper - scraper, rowing - rowing);
- state verbs with suffix -Well-
, in the past tense without this suffix ( disappear - disappeared, perish - died).
There are forms with the meaning of suddenness of action, which at first glance do not belong to the past tense. The fact is that such verbs are identical in form to the verbs of the perfect form of the singular in the imperative mood. He take Yes come at the most inopportune time. Compare: took yes come. Through such forms, the desirability of an action that has not been committed can be expressed. come you then earlier, you would have found him at home. Compare: if you had come earlier.
In artistic speech, there may be forms that are used to denote a repetitive action that has taken place for a long time and for some time. This is a category of the past tense. I often sit with them at the table sat. This is not the case in life seen.
Future
This category serves to designate an action that will take place after the moment of speech ( I will read a book, I will write poetry). In the imperfect form (“what will I do?”), the future tense has an analytical, compound form - the verb “to be” plus the infinitive. Synthetic, simple form ("what shall I do?") I will read formed only by inflection.
A verb in the simple future tense can express time without regard to the moment of speech, acquiring the following meanings:
- continuously repetitive action then stop, then rush again);
- a common action in the past no no yes look out the window);
- sudden, rapid action in the past ( he screams like).
