Literary terms with examples table. Preparation program for the Unified State Exam in literature

Codifier is a list of works, skills, knowledge and definitions necessary to successfully pass the final exam in literature. This guide for teachers and students is published annually by FIPI, so that we can narrow down our searches and focus on the information that will definitely be useful at hour X. This list contains the main elements that make up literary criticism, that is, the necessary terms and information from the history of science. They are needed to conduct a competent and in-depth analysis of books. It is the skill of analysis that is tested in tasks 16 and 17, where the student must give extended answers to questions, reason and give arguments from what he has read.

What do you need to read to pass the exam? The list of works for the Unified State Exam in 2018 is also attached to the codifier. It turns out that not all the books that are taken at school will be needed for the final test. Only a few (and not the most difficult) of them made it onto the list. Therefore, the preparation stage dedicated to “re-reading” will not take long, given the fact that the bulk of the necessary literature has been completed quite recently and has not yet had time to be forgotten. Thus, a graduate needs a codifier to save time and direct his efforts in the right direction. Use it as a fundamental and generally accepted guide to self-study.

It is worth noting that the books chosen for the exam are not the most difficult ones. For example, everyone’s disliked “Doctor Zhivago” is found in variants extremely rarely, since its study in the codifier of works is called “review”, that is, there will not be a full-scale test of knowledge of the content of this novel. In addition, in some cases, you can choose a novel. For example, from Bulgakov’s prose, a student may prefer either “The Master and Margarita” or “The White Guard”. You don't have to read both novels, just choose the simpler one. Thus, the list of books for the Unified State Exam in literature is very helpful information for those who want to minimize the time spent on preparation.

Poems from the codifier

The program does not include many poems, which also facilitates the preparation process. All these poems are connected thematically. Therefore, systematic reading of them guarantees the absence of problems with task 16, where you need to select by analogy similar works and tell what they have in common with those given in the question. Of course, there is no need to learn them by heart, but you can make for yourself thematic selections of poetic works and write down your impressions of each of them.

1. V.A. Zhukovsky: “Sea”, Ballad “Svetlana”
2. A.S. Pushkin. Pushkin's lyrics: “Village”, “Prisoner”, “In the depths of the Siberian ores...”, “Poet”, “To Chaadaev”, “Song of the prophetic Oleg”, “To the sea”, “Nanny”, “K***” (“I remember a wonderful moment...”), “October 19” (“The forest drops its crimson attire...”), “Prophet”, “Winter Road”, “Anchar”, “On the hills of Georgia lies the darkness of the night...”, “I loved you: love still, perhaps...", "Winter Morning", "Demons", "Conversation of a Bookseller with a Poet", "Cloud", "I erected a monument to myself not made by hands...", "The daylight has gone out...", "Desert Sower of Freedom ...”, “Imitations of the Koran” (IX. “And the tired traveler grumbled at God ...”), “Elegy”, (“The fading fun of crazy years ...”), “... I visited again...”. Poem "The Bronze Horseman".
3. M.Yu. Lermontov: “No, I’m not Byron, I’m different...”, “Clouds”, “Beggar”, “From under a mysterious, cold half-mask...”, “Sail”, “Death of a Poet”, “Borodino”, “When the yellowing one worries Niva...", "Duma", "Poet" ("My dagger shines with a golden finish..."), "Three Palms", "Prayer" ("In a difficult moment of life..."), "Both boring and sad", "No, It’s not you that I love so passionately...", "Motherland", "Dream" ("In the midday heat in the valley of Dagestan..."), "Prophet", "How often, surrounded by a motley crowd...", "Valerik", "I go out alone on the road…". Poem "Song about... merchant Kalashnikov." Poem "Mtsyri".
4. ON THE. Nekrasov: “Troika”, “I don’t like your irony...”, “Railroad”, “On the road”, “Yesterday, at about six o’clock...”, “You and I are stupid people...”, “The Poet and the Citizen”, “Elegy” (“Let changing fashion tell us…”), “O Muse! I’m at the door of the coffin...” Poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'.”
5. A.A. Fet: “The dawn says goodbye to the earth...”, “With one push, drive away a living boat...”, “Evening”, “Learn from them - from the oak, from the birch...”, “This morning, this joy...”, “Whisper, timid breathing ...", "The night was shining. The garden was full of moonlight. They were lying...", "It was still a May night."
6. A.A. Block: “Stranger”, “Russia”, “Night, street, lantern, pharmacy...”, “In a restaurant”, “The river spreads out. Flows, lazily sad...” (from the cycle “On the Kulikovo Field”), “On the Railway”, “I Enter Dark Temples...”, “Factory”, “Rus”, “About Valor, About Deeds, About Glory...” , “Oh, I want to live crazy…”. Poem "Twelve"
7. V.V. Mayakovsky: “Could you?”, “Listen!”, “Violin and a little nervously”, “Lilichka!”, “Anniversary”, “Getting to sit up”, “Here!”, “Good attitude towards horses”, “An extraordinary adventure , who was with Vladimir Mayakovsky in the summer at the dacha”, “Giveaway sale”, “Letter to Tatyana Yakovleva”. Poem "Cloud in Pants"
8. S.A. Yesenin: “Go you, Rus', my dear!..”, “Don’t wander, don’t crush in the crimson bushes...”, “Now we are leaving little by little...”, “Letter to the mother,” “The feather grass is sleeping. Dear plain...", "You are my Shagane, Shagane...", "I do not regret, I do not call, I do not cry...", "Soviet Rus'", "The road was thinking about the red evening...", "The hewn horns began to sing...", "Rus" , “Pushkin”, “I am walking through the valley. On the back of the head is a cap...", "A low house with blue shutters..."
9. M.I. Tsvetaeva: “To my poems, written so early...”, “Poems to Blok” (“Your name is a bird in the hand...”), “Who is created from stone, who is created from clay...”, “Longing for the homeland! A long time ago...", "Books in red binding", "To Grandma", "Seven hills - like seven bells!.." (from the series "Poems about Moscow")
10. O.E. Mandelstam: “Notre Dame”, “Insomnia. Homer. Tight sails...", "For the explosive valor of the coming centuries...", "I returned to my city, familiar to tears..."
11. A.A. Akhmatova: “Song of the last meeting”, “Clenched my hands under a dark veil...”, “I don’t need anything
    odic army...", "I had a voice. He called comfortingly...", "Native Land", "Tear-stained autumn, like a widow...", "Seaside Sonnet", "Before spring there are days like this...", "I am not with those who abandoned the earth...", "Poems about St. Petersburg ", "Courage". Poem "Requiem".
12. B.L. Pasternak: “February. Get out the ink and cry!..”, “Definition of poetry”, “I want to achieve everything...”, “Hamlet”, “Winter Night” (“Chalk, chalk all over the earth...”), “No one will be in the house... ”, “It’s snowing”, “About these poems”, “Loving others is a heavy cross...”, “Pines”, “Rime”, “July”.
13. Poems by at least three authors of your choice: B.A. Akhmadulina, I.A. Brodsky, A.A. Voznesensky, V.S. Vysotsky, E.A. Evtushenko, N.A. Zabolotsky, Yu.P. Kuznetsov, L.N. Martynov, B.Sh. Okudzhava, N.M. Rubtsov, D.S. Samoilov, B.A. Slutsky, V.N. Sokolov, V.A. Soloukhin, A.A. Tarkovsky.
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Speech. Analysis of means of expression.

It is necessary to distinguish between tropes (visual and expressive means of literature) based on the figurative meaning of words and figures of speech based on the syntactic structure of the sentence.

Lexical means.

Typically, in a review of assignment B8, an example of a lexical device is given in parentheses, either as a single word or as a phrase in which one of the words is in italics.

Paths.

In the review, examples of tropes are indicated in parentheses, like a phrase.

Types of tropes and examples for them are in the table:

Figures of speech, sentence structure.

In task B8, the figure of speech is indicated by the number of the sentence given in brackets.

Remember!

When completing task B8, you should remember that you are filling in the gaps in the review, i.e. you restore the text, and with it both semantic and grammatical connections. Therefore, an analysis of the review itself can often serve as an additional clue: various adjectives of one kind or another, predicates consistent with the omissions, etc.

It will make it easier to complete the task and divide the list of terms into two groups: the first includes terms based on changes in the meaning of the word, the second - the structure of the sentence.

Analysis of the task.

(1) The Earth is a cosmic body, and we are astronauts making a very long flight around the Sun, together with the Sun across the infinite Universe. (2) The life support system on our beautiful ship is so ingeniously designed that it is constantly self-renewing and thus allows billions of passengers to travel for millions of years.

(3) It is difficult to imagine astronauts flying on a ship through space, deliberately destroying the complex and delicate life support system designed for a long flight. (4) But gradually, consistently, with amazing irresponsibility, we are putting this life support system out of action, poisoning rivers, destroying forests, and spoiling the World Ocean. (5) If on a small spaceship the astronauts will begin to fussily cut wires, unscrew screws, and drill holes in the casing, then this will have to be classified as suicide. (6) But there is no fundamental difference between a small ship and a large one. (7) The only question is size and time.

(8) Humanity, in my opinion, is a kind of disease of the planet. (9) They have started, multiply, and are swarming with microscopic creatures on a planetary, and even more so on a universal scale. (10) They accumulate in one place, and immediately deep ulcers and various growths appear on the body of the earth. (11) One has only to introduce a drop of a harmful (from the point of view of the earth and nature) culture into the green coat of the Forest (a team of lumberjacks, one barracks, two tractors) - and now a characteristic, symptomatic painful spot spreads from this place. (12) They scurry around, multiply, do their job, eating away the subsoil, depleting the fertility of the soil, poisoning the rivers and oceans, the very atmosphere of the Earth with their poisonous waste.

(13) Unfortunately, as vulnerable as the biosphere, just as defenseless against the pressure of the so-called technical progress There are such concepts as silence, the possibility of solitude and intimate communication between a person and nature, with the beauty of our land. (14) On the one hand, a person, delayed by the inhuman rhythm of modern life, overcrowding, and a huge flow of artificial information, is weaned from spiritual communication with the outside world, on the other hand, this very external world brought into such a state that sometimes it no longer invites a person to spiritual communication with him.

(15) It is unknown how this original disease called humanity will end for the planet. (16) Will the Earth have time to develop some kind of antidote?

(According to V. Soloukhin)

“The first two sentences use the trope of ________. This image of the “cosmic body” and “astronauts” is key to understanding the author’s position. Reasoning about how humanity behaves in relation to its home, V. Soloukhin comes to the conclusion that “humanity is a disease of the planet.” ______ (“scurry about, multiply, do their job, eating away the subsoil, depleting the fertility of the soil, poisoning the rivers and oceans, the very atmosphere of the Earth with their poisonous waste”) convey the negative actions of man. The use of _________ in the text (sentences 8, 13, 14) emphasizes that everything said to the author is far from indifferent. Used in the 15th sentence, ________ “original” gives the argument a sad ending that ends with a question.”

List of terms:

1. epithet
2. litotes
3. introductory words and plug-in constructions
4. irony
5. extended metaphor
6. parcellation
7. question-and-answer form of presentation
8. dialectism
9. homogeneous members offers

We divide the list of terms into two groups: the first – epithet, litotes, irony, extended metaphor, dialectism; the second – introductory words and inserted constructions, parcellation, question-answer form of presentation, homogeneous members of the sentence.

It is better to start completing the task with gaps that do not cause difficulties. For example, omission number 2. Since an entire sentence is presented as an example, some kind of syntactic device is most likely implied. In a sentence “they scurry about, multiply, do their job, eating away the subsoil, depleting the fertility of the soil, poisoning the rivers and oceans, the very atmosphere of the Earth with their poisonous waste” series of homogeneous sentence members are used : Verbs scurrying around, multiplying, doing business, participles eating away, exhausting, poisoning and nouns rivers, oceans, atmosphere. At the same time, the verb “transfer” in the review indicates that a plural word should take the place of the omission. In the list in the plural there are introductory words and inserted constructions and homogeneous clauses. A careful reading of the sentence shows that the introductory words, i.e. those constructions that are not thematically related to the text and can be removed from the text without loss of meaning are absent. Thus, in place of gap No. 2, it is necessary to insert option 9) homogeneous members of the sentence.

Blank No. 3 shows sentence numbers, which means the term again refers to the structure of sentences. Parcellation can be immediately “discarded”, since authors must indicate two or three consecutive sentences. The question-answer form is also an incorrect option, since sentences 8, 13, 14 do not contain a question. What remains are introductory words and plug-in constructions. We find them in the sentences: In my opinion, unfortunately, on the one hand, on the other hand.

In place of the last gap, it is necessary to substitute a masculine term, since the adjective “used” must be consistent with it in the review, and it must be from the first group, since only one word is given as an example “ original". Masculine terms – epithet and dialectism. The latter is clearly not suitable, since this word is quite understandable. Turning to the text, we find what the word is combined with: "original disease". Here the adjective is clearly used in a figurative sense, so we have an epithet.

All that remains is to fill in the first gap, which is the most difficult. The review says that this is a trope, and it is used in two sentences where the image of the earth and us, people, is reinterpreted as the image of a cosmic body and astronauts. This is clearly not irony, since there is not a drop of mockery in the text, and not litotes, but rather, on the contrary, the author deliberately exaggerates the scale of the disaster. Thus, the only possible option remains - metaphor, the transfer of properties from one object or phenomenon to another based on our associations. Expanded - because it is impossible to isolate a separate phrase from the text.

Answer: 5, 9, 3, 1.

Practice.

(1) As a child, I hated matinees because my father came to our kindergarten. (2) He sat on a chair near the Christmas tree, played his button accordion for a long time, trying to find the right melody, and our teacher sternly told him: “Valery Petrovich, move up!” (3) All the guys looked at my father and choked with laughter. (4) He was small, plump, began to go bald early, and although he never drank, for some reason his nose was always beet red, like a clown’s. (5) Children, when they wanted to say about someone that he was funny and ugly, said this: “He looks like Ksyushka’s dad!”

(6) And I, first in kindergarten and then at school, bore the heavy cross of my father’s absurdity. (7) Everything would be fine (you never know what kind of fathers anyone has!), but I didn’t understand why he, an ordinary mechanic, came to our matinees with his stupid accordion. (8) I would play at home and not disgrace either myself or my daughter! (9) Often getting confused, he groaned thinly, like a woman, and a guilty smile appeared on his round face. (10) I was ready to fall through the ground from shame and behaved emphatically coldly, showing with my appearance that this ridiculous man with a red nose had nothing to do with me.

(11) I was in third grade when I caught a bad cold. (12) I started getting otitis media. (13) I screamed in pain and hit my head with my palms. (14) Mom called an ambulance, and at night we went to the district hospital. (15) On the way, we got into a terrible snowstorm, the car got stuck, and the driver, shrilly, like a woman, began to shout that now we would all freeze. (16) He screamed shrilly, almost cried, and I thought that his ears also hurt. (17) Father asked how long was left to the regional center. (18) But the driver, covering his face with his hands, kept repeating: “What a fool I am!” (19) Father thought and quietly said to mother: “We will need all the courage!” (20) I remembered these words for the rest of my life, although wild pain swirled around me like a snowflake in a snowstorm. (21) He opened the car door and went out into the roaring night. (22) The door slammed behind him, and it seemed to me as if a huge monster, clanging its jaws, swallowed my father. (23) The car was rocked by gusts of wind, snow fell with a rustling sound on the frost-covered windows. (24) I cried, my mother kissed me with cold lips, the young nurse looked doomedly into the impenetrable darkness, and the driver shook his head in exhaustion.

(25) I don’t know how much time passed, but suddenly the night lit up bright light headlights, and the long shadow of some giant fell on my face. (26) I closed my eyes and saw my father through my eyelashes. (27) He took me in his arms and pressed me to him. (28) In a whisper, he told his mother that he had reached the regional center, raised everyone to their feet and returned with an all-terrain vehicle.

(29) I dozed in his arms and through my sleep I heard him coughing. (30) Then no one attached any importance to this. (31) And for a long time afterwards he suffered from double pneumonia.

(32)…My children are perplexed why, when decorating the Christmas tree, I always cry. (33) From the darkness of the past, my father comes to me, he sits under the tree and puts his head on the button accordion, as if he secretly wants to see his daughter among the dressed-up crowd of children and smile cheerfully at her. (34) I look at his face shining with happiness and also want to smile at him, but instead I start crying.

(According to N. Aksenova)

Read a fragment of a review compiled on the basis of the text that you analyzed while completing tasks A29 - A31, B1 - B7.

This fragment examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the blanks with numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. If you do not know which number from the list should appear in the blank space, write the number 0.

Write down the sequence of numbers in the order in which you wrote them down in the text of the review where there are gaps in answer form No. 1 to the right of task number B8, starting from the first cell.

“The narrator’s use of such a lexical means of expression as _____ to describe the blizzard (“terrible blizzard", "impenetrable darkness"), gives the depicted picture expressive power, and such tropes as _____ (“pain circled me” in sentence 20) and _____ (“the driver began to scream shrilly, like a woman” in sentence 15), convey the drama of the situation described in the text . A device such as _____ (in sentence 34) enhances the emotional impact on the reader.”

Safiulina Nuriya Akhmatovna, teacher of Russian language and literature MBOU"Osinovskaya gymnasium named after S.K. Gimatdinov, Zelenodolsk municipal district of the Republic of Tatarstan"

Literary terms in preparation for the Literature Olympiad.

When preparing students for the Literature Olympiad, it is necessary to have material that contains literary terms. In order not to constantly resort to the Internet or a manual, this material is always at hand. This is very convenient for both the teacher and the student. It is not arranged in alphabetical order, as it was taken spontaneously, from different sources. School audience: grades 5-11.

Epic - (along with and), a narration about events supposed in the past (as if they had happened and are remembered by the narrator). The epic embraces existence in its plastic volume, spatio-temporal extension and event intensity (plot content).Large - , (epic poem); Medium - , Small - , .

Lyrics- LYRICS is a type of literature that recreates the subjective experiences of the author and character, their relationship to what is depicted. The speech form of lyrics is usually an internal monologue, mainly in poetry. Types of lyrics are sonnet, ode, elegy, song, epigram, etc., genres are civil, love, landscape, philosophical, etc.

Drama- 1. A type of art that is synthetic in nature (a combination of lyrical and epic beginnings) and belonging equally to literature and theater (cinema, television, circus, etc.); 2. Drama itself is a type of literary work that depicts acute conflict relations between man and society. – A. Chekhov “Three Sisters”, “Uncle Vanya”, M. Gorky “At the Depth”, “Children of the Sun”, etc.COMEDY - one of the types literary creativity belonging to the dramatic family. Action and characters In comedy, the goal is to ridicule the ugly in life. Comedy originated in ancient literature and is actively developing right up to our time. There is a distinction between sitcoms and character comedies. Hence the genre diversity of comedy: social, psychological, everyday, satirical.TRAGEDY - a type of drama. At the heart of the tragedy is an insoluble conflict that ends in the death of the hero. the main objective tragedy consists, according to Aristotle, in catharsis, in the purification of the soul of the viewer-reader through compassion for the hero, who is a toy in the hands of Fate. – Ancient tragedies of Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides; tragedies by W. Shakespeare, P. Corneille, J.-B. Racine, F. Schiller, etc. In Russian literature, tragedy is a rare genre that existed mainly in the 18th century. in the works of M. Kheraskov, A. Sumarokov and others.Story- - a small literary work of a narrative nature, which usually deals with one but important event in the life of the hero. The story is based on an event, therefore, in the construction of the story, parts related to the development of this event are distinguished: plot, climax, denouement. Stories by A. Chekhov, I. Turgenev, I. Bunin, A. Kuprin, M. Gorky, Nabokov, K. Paustovsky, T. Tolstoy, L. Petrushevskaya,. “What to do?”, “Men’s zone. Cabaret", "Twenty-Five Again", "Date"L. Ulitskaya (“Medea and her children”)

Tale b-a type of epic work in which the narrative element predominates. The story reveals the life of the main character within a few episodes. The author of the story values ​​​​the authenticity of what is described and instills in the reader the idea of ​​its reality. (A. Pushkin “Tales of the late Ivan Petrovich Belkin”,"Captain's daughter";I. Turgenev “Spring Waters”, A. Chekhov “Steppe”The story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” by A.I. Solzhenitsyn; “The Old Man and the Sea” by E. Hemingway.

Novel - (written in one of the Romance languages) - a large epic work that depicts the life of a person in close connection with the life of society. According to the content, the following types of modern novel are distinguished: socio-psychological, family, everyday, historical, philosophical, detective, adventure, satirical, etc..Perfumer” by P. Ziskind); (“David Copperfield”, Charles Dickens or (“The Burden of Human Passions”, William Somerset Maugham); (“Crime and Punishment”, F. Dostoevsky).

Legend (from Latin legenda - what should be read) - one of the ancient types of folklore, fantastic story about events that may have taken place in the past. The most common legends are about the founding of cities.

Legend - an ancient narrative work primarily about events of a historical nature. Unlike a legend, it talks about actual events and real people, although fiction predominates in their coverage

Parable - a short story of an allegorical nature containing a moral or religious teaching. Parables are widely represented in the Bible (for example, the parable of prodigal son). In its structure, the parable resembles a fable: the first part tells about a certain event, and the second sets out a didactic idea.

Fairy tale - a short narrative work about fictional events happening to a person or animal. There are tales about animals, fantastic, social and everyday ones. A special type are literary fairy tales - fairy tales created by writers...

Poem - (from gr. poiema - work) - a poetic work with a clearly defined plot. The epic element - a story about events is often combined with a lyrical expression of the author's feelings. In this regard, epic, lyric-epic and lyrical poems are distinguished.In the 20th century unusual poems appear in Russian literature, unconventional shape– A. Akhmatova “Poem without a hero.”

CLASSICISM - a literary movement of the 17th–18th centuries, arose in France and proclaimed a return to ancient art as a role model. The rationalistic poetics of classicism is set out in N. Boileau’s essay “Poetic Art”. Characteristics classicism is the predominance of reason over feelings; the object of the image is the sublime in human life. The requirements put forward by this direction are: rigor of style; depiction of a hero at fateful moments in life; unity of time, action and place - most clearly manifested in drama. In Russia, classicism emerged in the 30-50s. XVIII century in the works of A. Kantemir, V. Trediakovsky, M. Lomonosov, D. Fonvizin.

Sentimentalism - (French “sentimental” - sensitive) - literary direction of the second half of the XVIII– beginning of the 19th century Manifesto Western European sentimentalism became L. Stern's book “Sentimental Journey” (1768). Sentimentalism proclaimed, in contrast to the rationalism of the Enlightenment, the cult of natural feelings in Everyday life person. In Russian literature, sentimentalism originated at the end of the 18th century. and is associated with the names of N. Karamzin (“Poor Liza”), V. Zhukovsky, Radishchev poets, etc. The genres of this literary movement are epistolary, family and everyday novel; confessional story, elegy, travel notes, etc.

Romanticism -1. An artistic method based on the subjective ideas of the author, relying mainly on his imagination, intuition, fantasies, dreams. Like realism, romanticism appears only in the form of a specific literary movement in several varieties: civil, psychological, philosophical, etc. The hero of a romantic work is an exceptional, outstanding personality, depicted with great expression. The style of the romantic writer is emotional, rich in visual and expressive means.

2. A literary movement that arose at the turn of the 18th–19th centuries, when freedom of society and human freedom were proclaimed as ideals. Romanticism is characterized by an interest in the past and the development of folklore; his favorite genres are elegy, ballad, poem, etc. (“Svetlana” by V. Zhukovsky, “Mtsyri”, “Demon” by M. Lermontov, etc.).

REALISM – artistic method, based on an objective depiction of reality, reproduced and typified in accordance with the author's ideals. Realism depicts the character in his interactions (“links”) with the surrounding world and people. An important feature of realism is the desire for verisimilitude, for authenticity. In progress historical development realism took on concrete forms literary trends: ancient realism, Renaissance realism, classicism, sentimentalism, etc.

BALLAD - a lyric-epic poem with a historical or heroic plot, with the obligatory presence of a fantastic (or mystical) element. In the 19th century the ballad was developed in the works of V. Zhukovsky (“Svetlana”), A. Pushkin (“Song of the Prophetic Oleg”), A. Tolstoy (“Vasily Shibanov”). In the 20th century the ballad was revived in the works of N. Tikhonov, A. Tvardovsky, E. Yevtushenko and others.

DIALOGUE - conversation, conversation, argument between two or more characters in a work.

CLIMAX – plot element: the moment of highest tension in the development of the action of the work.

MONOLOGUE - a lengthy speech of a character in a literary work, addressed, in contrast to an internal monologue, to others. An example of an internal monologue is the first stanza of A. Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin”: “My uncle has the most honest rules...”, etc.

Subject - this is what the work is about, the main problem posed and considered by the author in the work, which unites the content into a single whole; these are typical phenomena and events real life which are reflected in the work.

Problem - this is the side of life that particularly interests the writer. The same problem can serve as the basis for posing different problems(the topic of serfdom is the problem of the internal unfreedom of the serf, the problem of mutual corruption, deformation of both serfs and feudal owners, the problem social injustice...). Issues - a list of problems raised in the work. (They may be additional and subordinate to the main problem.)

REMARK – in a dramatic work, the author’s explanations, with the help of which the setting of the action, the psychological and portrait characteristics of the characters, etc. are clarified.

Pathos - the writer’s emotional and evaluative attitude towards what is being told, characterized by great strength of feelings (perhaps affirming, denying, justifying, elevating...).

SATIRE – 1. A unique way of depicting reality, with the goal of identifying, punishing and ridiculing vices, shortcomings, shortcomings of society and the individual. This goal is achieved, as a rule, through exaggeration, grotesque, caricature, and absurdity. Genres of satire - fable, comedy, satirical novel, epigram, pamphlet, etc.; 2. Lyric genre; a work containing an exposure of a person or vice. – K. Ryleev “To a temporary worker.”

Beginning of the form

Folklore - oral folk art passed down from generation to generation. In written form it is found in the form processed by folklorists or writers. As a rule, they do not have specific authors. Folklore has its own special ideas, style, techniques, figurative system, their laws and their artistic means. The most basic difference between folklore and fiction is the lack of authorship in it: the people compose, the people tell, the people listen. Fiction is art that reflects public consciousness and forms it, stores and transmits moral and social values ​​through generations...

Image - painting human life, which is thought of very broadly: this is both a person and everything that surrounds him. There are the following types of images: image-character, image-landscape, image-interior, image-symbol. The character image is the main and most common image in literature, since a person is the main subject artistic image. It has a number of varieties:

1) Hero (character, character, type) - the main type of image-character.

2) Lyrical hero - the bearer of thoughts and feelings expressed in a lyrical work. this is the image of the poet (his lyrical self), whose experiences, thoughts and feelings are reflected in the lyrical work. The lyrical hero is not identical to the biographical personality. The idea of ​​a lyrical hero is of a summary nature and is formed in the process of familiarization with the inner world that is revealed in lyrical works not through actions, but through experiences, mental states, and manner of verbal self-expression.

3) Author's image -- the personality of the narrator reflected in the work, which is revealed in a certain ideological position (point of view).

6) Landscape image - a picture of nature.

7) Image-interior - a picture of the world of things surrounding the hero.

8) Image-symbol - an image of an object or phenomenon that embodies a certain idea.

Fiction - the process and result of the creative activity of the artist’s imagination. It arises on the basis of the artist’s generalization of the facts of reality, as well as his personal and social experience and embodiment in a work of art. The image is created using creative imagination writer.

Prototype - a prototype, a specific historical or contemporary personality of the author, who served as the starting point for creating the image. Autobiographicalism is a reflection in a literary work of events from the life of the author, closeness in some way. relation to the author of the hero of the work.

Idea - what the author wanted to say; the writer's solution to the main problem or an indication of the way in which it can be solved. ( Ideological meaning- a solution to all problems - main and additional - or an indication of a possible solution.

Character character - it is revealed in actions, in relation to other people, manifested in a portrait, in descriptions of the hero’s feelings, in his speech. Depiction of the conditions in which the character lives and acts;

Portrait - (from the French portrait - portrait, image) - in a literary work, an image of the hero’s appearance: his face, figure, clothes, demeanor. In literature, psychological P. is more common, in which the author, through the appearance of the hero, seeks to reveal him inner world, his character

Plot - what happens in the work; a system of main events and conflicts, a system of events in a work of art that reveals the characters’ characters and contributes to the fullest expression ideological content.. There are different interpretations of the concepts “plot” and “plot”:

1) plot - the main conflict of the work; plot - a series of events in which it is expressed;

2) plot - artistic order of events; fabula - the natural order of events

Composition - construction of a literary work; combines parts of a work into one whole, combining all elements of a work of art, components of plot and non-plot connections, grouping and arrangement of images.Basic means of composition:

Conflict - a clash of characters and circumstances, views and principles of life, which forms the basis of action. The conflict can occur between the individual and society, between characters. In the hero's mind it can be obvious and hidden. Plot elements reflect the stages of conflict development;

Prologue - a kind of introduction to the work, which narrates the events of the past, it emotionally prepares the reader for perception (rare);

Exposition- introduction to action, depiction of the conditions and circumstances preceding the immediate start of actions (can be expanded or not, integral and “broken”; can be located not only at the beginning, but also in the middle, end of the work); introduces the characters of the work, the setting, time and circumstances of the action;

The beginning - the beginning of the plot; the event from which the conflict begins, subsequent events develop. Contrast-

Development of action - a system of events that follow from the beginning; as the action progresses, as a rule, the conflict intensifies, and the contradictions appear more and more clearly and sharply;

Climax - the moment of the highest tension of the action, the peak of the conflict, the climax represents the main problem of the work and the characters of the characters very clearly, after which the action weakens.

Interchange -- resolution of the depicted conflict or indication of possible ways his decisions. The final moment in the development of the action of a work of art. As a rule, it either resolves the conflict or demonstrates its fundamental unsolvability.

Epilogue - the final part of the work, which indicates the direction further development events and destinies of the heroes (sometimes an assessment is given of what is depicted); this is a short story about what happened to the characters in the work after the end of the main plot action.

Epiraph- – a proverb, a quotation, someone’s statement placed by the author before a work or part of it, in parts, designed to indicate his intention: “...So who are you finally? I am part of that force that always wants evil and always does good.” Goethe. “Faust” is an epigraph to M. Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita.”

Artistic detail- this is a detail that emphasizes the semantic authenticity of the work with material, eventual authenticity - concretizing this or that image.

Psychologism - this (from the Greek psyche - soul and logos - concept, word) is a way of depicting a person’s mental life in a work of art: recreating the inner life of a character, its dynamics, changes states of mind, analysis of the hero’s personality traits. Psychologism can be explicit - open (direct reproduction of the hero’s inner speech or images arising in his imagination, consciousness, memory, for example, “dialectics of the soul” in the works of L. N. Tolstoy, V. V. Nabokov) and implicit - hidden, withdrawn into “subtext” (for example, “secret psychology” in the novels of I.S. Turgenev, where the internal state of the characters is revealed thanks to expressive gestures, peculiarities of speech, facial expressions, that is, various external manifestations of the psyche).

GROTESQUE - an artistic device of an exaggerated violation of the proportions of the depicted, a bizarre combination of the fantastic and the real, the tragic and the comic, the beautiful and the ugly, etc. The grotesque can be used at the level of style, genre and image: “And I see: // Half of the people are sitting. // Oh, devilry! //Where is the other half?”(V. Mayakovsky).

Author's digressions - an extra-plot fragment in a literary text that serves to directly express the thoughts and feelings of the author-narrator. In the author's digression, the author-narrator unexpectedly invades the text, interrupting the movement of the plot with a commentary on the actions of the heroes and their assessment, characteristics of the society, the era in which the events depicted take place. In form, the author's digression can be an appeal to the heroes of the work or to the readers; its inclusion in the text is often explained art game a writer demonstrating his freedom from the rules of sequential and continuous presentation of events. Sonnet ( sonetto , terzetto (at 2 or 3 ), most often in the “French” sequence -abba abba ccd eed (orccd ede ) or in "Italian" -abab abab cdc dcd (orcde cde ). It is customary to refer to sonnets as a “Shakespearean sonnet”, or a sonnet with an “English” rhyme -abab cdcd efef gg (three quatrains and a final couplet, called the “sonnet key”) - which gained particular popularity thanks to .

Structural features of a classic sonnet[

Number of lines - fourteen;

number of stanzas - four (two quatrains, two tercets);

repetition of rhymes;

rhyme system:

Sonnet in Italy[ An unsurpassed master of the sonnet form is Francesco . It was thanks to him that the sonnet became a means of depicting human experiences. His “Book of Songs” (1373) - three hundred works with one storyline - a story about the poet’s love for Laura, for a long time determined the path of development of all European lyrics

Artistic and expressive means.

Anaphora- means of expression language: repetition at the beginning of poetic lines, stanzas, paragraphs of the same words, sounds, syntactic structures.

Antithesis – opposition of characters, events, actions, words. Can be used at the level of details, particulars (“Black evening, White snow" - A. Blok), but can serve as a method for creating the entire work as a whole. This is the contrast between the two parts of A. Pushkin’s poem “The Village” (1819), where the first depicts pictures of beautiful nature, peaceful and happy, and the second, by contrast, depicts episodes from the life of a powerless and brutally oppressed Russian peasant.

HYPERBOLA – excessive exaggeration of the properties of an object, phenomenon, quality in order to enhance the impression.

Metaphor- – a word or expression used in a figurative meaning. A figurative means of language based on implicit comparison. The main types of metaphors are allegory, symbol, personification: “Hamlet, who thought with timid steps...”(O. Mandelstam).

Personification – a method of metaphorically transferring the features of living things to non-living things: “The river is playing”, “It’s raining”, “The poplar is burdened by loneliness”, etc. The polysemantic nature of personification is revealed in the system of others artistic means language.COMPARISON is a figurative means of language; creating an image by comparing the already known with the unknown (old with new). Comparisons are created using special words (“as”, “as if”, “exactly”, “as if”), instrumental case forms or comparative forms of adjectives: http://ref.by/refs/44/38010/1.html

>>A brief dictionary of literary terms

Allegory- an allegorical description of an object or phenomenon for the purpose of its specific, visual representation.

Amphibrachium- a three-syllable meter of a verse, in a line of which groups of three syllables are repeated - unstressed, stressed, unstressed (-).

Anapaest- three-syllable verse size, in the lines of which groups of three syllables are repeated - two unstressed and stressed (-).

Ballad - poetic story on a legendary, historical or everyday theme; The real in a ballad is often combined with the fantastic.

Fable- a short allegorical story of an instructive nature. The characters in fables are often animals, objects, and which exhibit human qualities. Most often, fables are written in verse.

Hero (literary)- a character, character, artistic image of a person in a literary work.

Hyperbola- excessive exaggeration of the properties of the depicted object.

Dactyl- a three-syllable verse, in the lines of which groups of three syllables are repeated - stressed and two unstressed.

Detail (artistic)- expressive detail with the help of which an artistic image is created. A detail can clarify and clarify the writer’s intention.

Dialogue- a conversation between two or more people.

Dramatic work or drama- a work intended to be staged.

Genre literary- manifestation in a more or less extensive group of works common features images of reality.

Idea- the main idea of ​​a work of art.

Intonation- the main expressive means of spoken speech, which allows you to convey the speaker’s attitude to the subject of speech and to the interlocutor.

Irony- subtle, hidden mockery. The negative meaning of irony is hidden behind the external positive form of the statement.

Comedy- a dramatic work based on humor, funny.

Comic- funny things in life and literature. The main types of comics: humor, irony, satire.

Composition- construction, arrangement and interrelation of all parts of a work of art.

Legend- a work created by folk fantasy, which combines the real (events, personalities) and the fantastic.

Lyrical work- a work that expresses the author’s thoughts and feelings caused by various life phenomena.

Metaphor- transferring the properties and actions of some objects to others, similar to them but based on the principle of similarity.

Monologue- the speech of one person in a work.

Novella- a narrative genre close in scope to a story. The short story differs from the short story in the sharpness and dynamics of the plot.

Personification- transferring the characteristics and properties of living beings to non-living ones.

Description- a verbal image of something (landscape, portrait of a hero, interior view of a home, etc.).

Parody- a funny, distorted likeness of something; comic or satirical imitation of someone (something).

Pathos- in fiction: sublime feeling, passionate inspiration, elevated, solemn tone of the narrative.

Scenery- depiction of nature in a work of art.

Tale- one of the types of epic works. In terms of the scope of events and characters, the story is more than a short story, but less than a novel.

Portrait- an image of the hero’s appearance (his face, figure, clothes) in the work.

Poetry- poetic works (lyrical, epic and dramatic).

Poem- one of the types of lyric-epic works: the poem has a plot, events (as in an epic work) and an open expression by the author of his feelings (as in lyrics).

Parable- a short story containing a religious or moral message in an allegorical form.

Prose- non-poetic works of art (stories, novellas, novels).

Prototype- a real person who served the writer as the basis for creating a literary image.

Story- a small epic work telling about one or more events from the life of a person or animal.

Narrator- the image of a person in a work of art, on whose behalf the story is told.

Rhythm- repetition of homogeneous elements (speech units) at regular intervals.

Rhyme- consonance of the endings of poetic lines.

Satire- ridiculing, exposing the negative aspects of life by depicting them in an absurd, caricatured form.

Comparison- comparison of one phenomenon or object with another.

Poem- a poetic line, the smallest unit of rhythmically organized speech. The word "verse" is also often used to mean "poem".

Poem- a short poetic work in verse.

Poetic speech- unlike prose, speech is rhythmically ordered, consisting of similar sounding segments - lines, stanzas. Poems often have rhyme.

Stanza- in a poetic work, a group of lines (verses) that constitute a unity, with a certain rhythm, as well as a repeating arrangement of rhymes.

Plot- development of action, course of events and ideational and dramatic works, sometimes lyrical.

Subject- the range of life phenomena depicted in the work; what is said in the works.

Fantastic- works of art in which a world of incredible, wonderful ideas and images is created, born of the writer’s imagination.

Literary character- an image of a person in a literary work, created with a certain completeness and endowed with individual characteristics.

Trochee- two-syllable verse with stress on the first syllable.

Fiction- one of the types of art is the art of words. The word in fiction is a means of creating an image, depicting a phenomenon, expressing feelings and thoughts.

Artistic image- a person, object, phenomenon, picture of life, creatively recreated in a work of art.

Aesopian language- forced allegory, artistic speech, full of omissions and ironic hints. The expression goes back to the legendary image of the ancient Greek poet Aesop, the creator of the fable genre.

Epigram- a short satirical poem.

Epigraph- a short saying (proverb, quote) that the author places before the work or part of it to help the reader understand the main idea.

Episode- an excerpt of a work of art that is relatively complete.

Epithet- an artistic definition of an object or phenomenon, helping to vividly imagine the object and feel the author’s attitude towards it.

Epic work- a work of art in which the author tells about people, the world around us, and various events. Types of epic works: novel, story, short story, fable, fairy tale, parable, etc.

Humor- in a work of art: depiction of heroes in a funny, comic form; cheerful, good-natured laughter that helps a person get rid of shortcomings.

Iambic- two-syllable verse with stress on the second syllable

Simakova L. A. Literature: Handbook for 7th grade. behind-the-scenes initial deposits from my Russian beginning. - K.: Vezha, 2007. 288 pp.: ill. - Russian language.

Submitted by readers from the website

Basic theoretical and literary concepts

1. Fiction as the art of words

Literature- this is the art of words, one of the main types of art. Literature refers to works of art enshrined in the written word. Unlike painting, sculpture, music, dance, which have an objective-sensual form from some matter (paint, stone, etc.) or from action (the sound of a string, the movement of a body), literature creates its form from words, from language, which, embodied in sounds and letters, is comprehended not in sensory perception, but in intellectual understanding. It is in the art of words that a person, as a bearer of spirituality, becomes an object of reproduction and comprehension from various points of view, the main point of application of artistic forces even when it is not about him directly, but about the world around him. Literature in its diverse and multifaceted manifestations is studied various industries literary studies.

2. Artistic image - this is fundamental in artistic creativity way perception and reflection of reality, a form of knowledge of life and expression of this knowledge specific to art.

3. Folklore- this (from English - folk wisdom) is oral folk art. Features: variation, contact between the creator or performer and the listener, collectivity of creation and distribution. Folklore is the most important part of the national culture of every nation, however, despite the expressive national coloring of folklore works, many of their themes, motifs, images and plots turn out to be very close to different nations. Among the many genres folklore, epics, fairy tales, riddles, proverbs, sayings, ballads, songs, ditties, ritual poetry, parables, legends, spiritual poems.

4. Literary types and genres

Genus- this is one of the main sections in the taxonomy of literary works, defining three different forms: epic, lyric, drama.

Lyrics- an expressive type of literature. The subject is the inner world of a person, his thoughts and feelings. Lyric genres: ode, poem (landscape, civil, intimate, philosophical lyrics), elegy, song, thought, message, epigram.

Epic- a visual type of literature. The subject is real reality in its objective, material reality: characters, events, everyday and natural environment in which the characters exist and interact. Genres: small odds ( story, essay, novella), medium forms ( story), large forms ( novel, epic novel).

Story- a story about an event in a person’s life; a single example shows a clash of characters and views; characterized by the capacity of details and depth of subtext.

Feature article- a short narrative depicting the customs of any environment, one or another human type; artistic and journalistic genre.

Novella- an extraordinary incident with a dynamic plot development and its sharp twists.

Tale- a story about the vicissitudes of human life; This example shows some patterns of life itself.

Novel- a story about many characters whose destinies are intertwined; the subject of the image is life in its complexity and inconsistency.

Drama- a visual type of literature. The subject is objective material existence, presented not in its entirety, but through the characters of people, manifested in their purposeful actions. Genres: tragedy, drama, comedy.

Tragedy recreates acute, insoluble conflicts and contradictions in which exceptional individuals are involved; irreconcilable clash of warring forces; one of the fighting parties dies.

Drama- depiction of the individual in his dramatic relationships with society and difficult experiences; however, there is a possibility of a successful resolution of the conflict of clashing forces.

Comedy reproduces mainly the private lives of people with the aim of ridiculing the backward, outdated.

5. Main literary trends

Classicism(XVII - early XIX century) Imitation of images of ancient literature; faith in the reason of rationalism; strict hierarchy of genres: high - tragedy, ode, epic; low - satire, comedy, fable. Representatives: Moliere, A.D. Kantemir, M.V. Lomonosov, A.P. Sumarokov, D.I. Fonvizin, G.R. Derzhavin.

• The requirement to subordinate a person's personal interests to public duty.
• Presence of civic motives.
• Antagonistic contradictions at the heart of the conflict.
• The tragic intensity of the conflict.
• The desire to emphasize what is common in a person; satirical typification.

Sentimentalism(2nd half of the 18th century) Priority of feelings; the significance of the concept of a “natural” person; genres: elegy, message, epistolary novel, travel notes, diaries. Representatives: S. Richardson, L. Stern, J.J. Russo, G.E. Lessing, N.M. Karamzin.

• Cult of feelings.
• Cult of nature.
• Emphasized attention to the spiritual world of heroes (including those belonging to the lower class).
• The priority of natural feeling over reason.
• Sympathy for the common man.
• Frankness in depicting a person.

Romanticism (late XVIII- 1st floor XIX century) The embodiment of the discord between personality and reality; reflection of pessimism; historicism, desire for exoticism; the flowering of lyricism; genres: historical novel, idyll, ballad; romantic poem . Representatives: THIS. Goffman, J. Byron, V. Hugo, V.A. Zhukovsky, A.S. Pushkin, E.A. Baratynsky, M.Yu. Lermontov, F.I. Tyutchev.

• Character system with one main character.
• The immutability of the characters of the characters.
• The irresistibility and demonism of the hero is the “charm of Evil.”
• Exotic plot and location.
• The theme of fate (fate) in the fate of the hero.

Realism(2nd half of the 19th century - 20th century) Study of human character in its connection with the environment; focus on an objective, truthful reflection of life; reflection of the depth and breadth of reality; embodiment of the social-critical principle; life-likeness: creating a living image of reality; genre representation: novel, story, epic, lyric-epic drama, lyrics. Representatives: O. Balzac, C. Dickens, J.S. Turgenev, I.A. Goncharov, L.N. Tolstoy, F.M. Dostoevsky, A.P. Chekhov.

• A true and authentic portrayal of life.
• A depiction of a historically specific society.
• The image of a hero typical of a given era and environment.
• The motivation of plot collisions and character actions.
• Depiction of life and characters in development.
• Rethinking the romantic conflict “hero - society”.
• Unresolved and unsolvable conflict (open ending).

6. Shape and content literary works are inseparable from each other.

Content: theme, problem, idea, conflict, pathos.

Subject- the circle of events and phenomena underlying a work of art, the subject of artistic depiction (the area of ​​reflection of reality).

Issues- list of problems.

Problem- an acute contradiction in life, a point of tension between the existing and the should, the desired and the real. The same topic can serve as the basis for posing different problems (the topic of serfdom - the problem of the internal unfreedom of the serf, the problem of mutual corruption, deformation of both serfs and serf-owners, the problem of social injustice).

Idea- the essence of the writer’s attitude to life; the main general idea underlying the work of art and expressed in figurative form; author's attitude to what is depicted; solution to the main problem. Expressed throughout artistic structure works.

Conflict- a clash of characters and circumstances, views and principles of life, which forms the basis of action.

Art form: plot, composition, central and minor characters, characters, techniques for creating images of characters, landscape, interior, artistic details, artistic speech.

Plot- a set of events in a work of art, presented in a certain connection, revealing the characters of the characters and the writer’s attitude to the depicted life phenomena; sequence, course of events that makes up the content of a work of art.

Composition- sequential construction, arrangement and interrelation of parts, images, episodes of a work of art.

Stages of action development

Exposition- the conditions that gave rise to the conflict, the general background of the action, can be direct (at the beginning of the work) or delayed (in the middle or end of the work).

The beginning is an event that is the beginning of an action.

Climax - the highest point of tension in the development of action, the highest point of conflict, when the contradiction reaches its limit and is expressed in a particularly acute form.

Denouement- outcome of events. This is the final moment in creating an artistic conflict.

Epilogue- always concludes the work. The epilogue tells about the further fate of the heroes.

Lyrical digression(extra-plot, inserted element) - the author’s deviation from the plot, the author’s lyrical insertions on topics that have little or nothing to do with main theme works. On the one hand, they inhibit the plot development of the work, and on the other, they allow the writer to openly express his subjective opinion on various issues that are directly or indirectly related to the central theme.

Imaging Tools

1. Epigraph to a literary work may indicate the main character trait of the hero.

3. Hero's Speech. Internal monologues and dialogues with other characters in the work characterize the character and reveal his inclinations and preferences.

4. Actions, the actions of the hero.

5. Psychological analysis character: detailed, detailed recreation of feelings, thoughts, motives - the inner world of the character; here the depiction of the “dialectics of the soul” (the movement of the hero’s inner life) is of particular importance.

6. The character's relationships with other characters in the work.

7. Portrait of a hero. Image of the hero’s external appearance: his face, figure, clothing, behavior.

Portrait types:

• naturalistic (portrait copied from real life) existing person);
• psychological (through the hero’s appearance, the hero’s inner world and character are revealed);
• idealizing or grotesque (spectacular and bright, replete with metaphors, comparisons, epithets).

8. Social environment, society.

9. Scenery helps to better understand the thoughts and feelings of the character.

10. Artistic detail: description of objects and phenomena of the reality surrounding the character (details that reflect a broad generalization can act as symbolic details).

11. The background of the hero's life.

Author's image- a character, a protagonist of a work of art, considered among other characters, a conditional carrier of the author’s speech in prose work. It cannot be identified with the writer, since it is the fruit of the latter’s creative imagination.

Literary hero - the image of a person in a work of art. Often used in the meaning of “character”, “actor”. An additional semantic connotation is the positive dominant of the personality, its originality, exclusivity.

Lyrical hero - the image of the poet (his lyrical “I”), whose experiences, thoughts, feelings are reflected in the lyrical work. The lyrical hero is not identical to the biographical personality.

7. Language of the work of art:

• artistic vocabulary : tropes (words and expressions used in a figurative meaning), groups of words of a certain origin and sphere of use;
• syntactic figures : repetition, parallelism, antithesis, inversion, rhetorical questions, appeals, exclamations;
• euphony (features of sound): euphony, rhythm, rhyme, anaphora, epiphora, alliteration, assonance, dissonance, sound repetitions.

Trails(visual and expressive means)

Epithet- a figurative definition characterizing a property, quality, concept, phenomenon.

Metaphor- a figurative meaning of a word based on similarity.

Comparison- comparison of two objects, concepts or states that have a common feature.

Hyperbola- artistic exaggeration.

Allegory- transferring the meanings of one circle of phenomena to another, for example, from the human world to the animal world, allegory.

8. Prose and poetry: similarities and differences

Basics of versification

Poetic size - consistently expressed form of poetic rhythm. Determined by the number of syllables, stresses or feet.

Trochee- two-syllable meter with stress on the first syllable. | ` _ |

Iambic- two-syllable meter with stress on the second syllable. | _ ` |

Dactyl- three-syllable meter with stress on the first syllable. | ` _ _ |.

Amphibrachium(“surrounded”) - three-syllable meter with stress on the second syllable. | _ ` _ |

Anapaest(“inverted, reflected”) - three-syllable meter with stress on the third syllable. | _ _ ` |

Rhythm - repetition of homogeneous sound, intonation, syntactic features in poetic speech; periodic repetition of any elements of poetic speech at certain intervals; the orderliness of its sound structure.

Rhyme - repetition of sounds connecting the endings of two or more lines.

Stanza - a group of verses repeated in poetic speech, related in meaning, as well as in the arrangement of rhymes; a combination of verses that forms a rhythmic and syntactic whole, united by a certain rhyme system; additional rhythmic element of verse.

Sources and literature:

1. Culture writing [Electronic resource]: St. Petersburg: 2001-2016 - http://gramma.ru/
2. Meshcheryakova M.I. Literature in tables and diagrams: Theory. Story. Dictionary. - 8th edition. - Moscow: Iris-press, 2008. - 224. - (Home tutor).