Literary heroes and their prototypes. Analysis of historical and modern prototypes, analogues of creative sources Prototype of the work

An artistic image is a specificity of art, which is created through typification and individualization.

Typification is the knowledge of reality and its analysis, as a result of which the selection and generalization of life material is carried out, its systematization, the identification of what is significant, the discovery of essential tendencies of the universe and folk-national forms of life.

Individualization is the embodiment of human characters and their unique identity, the artist’s personal vision of public and private existence, contradictions and conflicts of time, concrete sensory exploration of the non-human world and the objective world through artistic means. words.

A character is all the figures in a work, but excluding the lyrics.

Type (imprint, form, sample) is the highest manifestation of character, and character (imprint, distinctive feature) is the universal presence of a person in complex works. Character can grow from type, but type cannot grow from character.

The hero is a complex, multifaceted person. He is an exponent of plot action that reveals the content of works of literature, cinema, and theater. The author, who is directly present as a hero, is called a lyrical hero (epic, lyric). The literary hero opposes the literary character, who acts as a contrast to the hero, and is a participant in the plot

A prototype is a specific historical or contemporary personality of the author, who served as the starting point for creating the image. The prototype replaced the problem of the relationship between art and a real analysis of the writer’s personal likes and dislikes. The value of researching a prototype depends on the nature of the prototype itself.

Question 4. Unity of the artistic whole. The structure of a work of art.

Fiction is a set of literary works, each of which represents an independent whole. A literary work that exists as a completed text is the result of the writer’s creativity. Usually a work has a title; often in lyrical works its function is performed by the first line. The centuries-old tradition of the external design of the text emphasizes the special significance of the title of the work. After the title, the diverse connections of this work with others are revealed. These are typological properties on the basis of which a work belongs to a certain literary genus, genre, aesthetic category, rhetorical organization of speech, style. The work is understood as a certain unity. Creative will, the author's intention, and thoughtful composition organize a certain whole. The unity of a work of art lies in the fact that

the work exists as a text that has certain boundaries, frames, i.e. end and beginning.

Same with thin. the work has another frame, because it functions as an aesthetic object, as a “unit” of fiction. Reading a text generates images in the reader’s mind, representations of objects in their integrity, which is the most important condition for aesthetic perception and what the writer strives for when working on a work.

So, the work is, as it were, enclosed in a double frame: as a conditional world created by the author, separated from primary reality, and as a text, delimited from other texts.

Another approach to the unity of a work is axiological: to what extent it was possible to achieve the desired result.

A deep justification for the unity of a literary work as a criterion of its aesthetic perfection is given in Hegel’s Aesthetics. He believes that in art there are no random details unrelated to the whole; the essence of artistic creativity lies in creating a form that matches the content.

Artistic unity, consistency of the whole and parts in a work belong to the age-old rules of aesthetics; this is one of the constants in the movement of aesthetic thought, which retains its significance for modern literature. In modern literary criticism, a view of the history of literature as a change in types of art is affirmed. consciousness: mytho-epic, traditionalistic, individual-author. In accordance with the above-mentioned typology of artistic consciousness, fiction itself can be traditionalist, where the poetics of style and genre dominates, or individual-authored, where there is the poetics of the author. The formation of a new – individual-author’s – type of artistic consciousness was subjectively perceived as liberation from various kinds of rules and prohibitions. The understanding of the unity of a work also changes. Following the genre-stylistic tradition, adherence to the genre canon ceases to be a measure of the value of the work. Responsibility for the artistic principle is shifted only to the author. For writers with an individual author's type of artistic consciousness, the unity of the work is ensured primarily by the author's intention of the creative concept of the work; here are the origins of the original style, i.e. unity, harmonious correspondence to each other of all sides and depiction techniques.

The creative concept of a work, understood on the basis of the artistic text and non-fictional statements of the author, materials of creative history, the context of his work and worldview as a whole, helps to identify centripetal tendencies in the artistic world of the work, the diversity of the form of the author’s “presence” in the text.

Speaking about the unity of the artistic whole, i.e. about the unity of a work of art, you need to pay attention to the structural model of the work of art.

In the center is the artistic content, where the method, theme, idea, pathos, genre, image are determined. Artistic content is put into form - composition, art. speech, style, form, genre.

It is during the period of dominance of the individual authorial type of artistic consciousness that such a property of literature as its dialogical nature is most fully realized. And each new interpretation of a work is at the same time a new understanding of its artistic unity. Thus, in a variety of readings and interpretations - adequate or polemical in relation to the author's concept, deep or superficial, filled with educational pathos or frankly journalistic, the rich potential of perception of classical works is realized.

The prototype is a real person who served the author as a prototype (model) for creating a literary character. “Reworking” of the prototype, its creative transformation is an inevitable consequence of the artistic development of the original life material. The degree of focus on the prototype and the nature of its use depend on the direction, genre and creative individuality of the writer. The presence of a prototype, sometimes vitally significant for the author and giving impetus to work on the work, is an essential feature of literary creativity, especially realistic, with its life-likeness, everyday color, psychologism - in contrast to literatures and styles marked by a high degree of normativity and demonstrative convention (classicism, baroque, symbolism). Appeal to the prototype is most important in autobiographical works (the early trilogy of L.N. Tolstoy, 1852-57) and in autopsychological lyrics (the poet himself acts as the prototype of the lyrical hero). In relation to documentary literature, where real persons and events are named directly and recreated accurately, there is no reason to talk about a prototype (although elements of a creative reinterpretation of facts are present here too).

A literary character can have several prototypes, combining individual features of various persons known to the author. This is how the images of Grushnitsky were created in “A Hero of Our Time” (1839-40) by M.Yu. Lermontov, Ariadne in the story of the same name by A.P. Chekhov. But often the author, when creating an image, relies on one real person, perceived and recognized by him as a type close to artistic completeness. “Without the district doctor Dmitriev, there would have been no Bazarov... I was struck by Bazarov’s manner in him, and I began to look closely at this emerging type everywhere” (Turgenev I.S. Russian writers on literary work). The existence of a prototype does not exclude the similarity of the image created on its basis to any literary character. Tolstoy's Natasha Rostova, having her prototype - Tanya Bers, at the same time possesses the features of the heroine of the novel "Aurora Flott" by M.E. Braddon (1863).

The use of a prototype is often associated with deeply personal aspects of the life of a writer who is not interested in their public discussion. Therefore, especially when it comes to literature contemporary with the author, there are ethical boundaries for studying a prototype, which can easily turn into tactless “peeping” at the writer and his environment. Significant is T. Mann's protest against making public (which threatened serious offense and even scandal) the fact that the prototype for Peppercorn from The Magic Mountain was the playwright G. Hauptmann (T. Mann, Letters). In the reader’s perception of a work, “knowledge of the sources that inspired the artist’s inspiration” can sometimes confuse people and even “destroy the impact of a beautiful work” (Mann T. Collected Works: In 10 volumes. Volume 7). The prototype usually becomes the subject of a biographical description and literary research only much later than the time the work was written (the autobiographical basis of A.A. Blok’s poetry emerges much more fully than before in the publication: A. Blok. Letters to his wife). It is especially important to study the prototype when the literary text itself indicates that the author connects his hero with a real person (a number of works by N.S. Leskov).

The word prototype comes from Greek prototypon, which means prototype.

Methods: interactive method, teacher explanation, conversation, collective survey, testing, cooperative group work. For interactive learning, the location of the desk and students, I choose position No. 3, creating a cluster.

Lesson type : a lesson in “discovering” new knowledge

During the classes

Motivation for learning activities.

Greeting the teacher, checking students who are absent and present in class.

Guys, December is significant for many events.. What do you associate it with? (Children's answers: Happy New Year, happy birthday, happy President's Day of the Republic of Kazakhstan, happy Independence Day, happy religious holidays, happy Nativity Fast, happy beginning of winter, happy snow, happy winter holidays)

By the way, N.A. Nekrasov was born on December 10, 1821. (according to the new style), bore the name of the Wonderworker (Nikola the Winter - 12/19), wrote a poem about the events of 12/14/1825, died 12/27/1877. (old style).

(Against the background of the song “Road”)

“...Endless again road, that terrible one, which the people called the path of chains, and along it, under the cold moon, in a frozen wagon, she hurries to her exiled husbandRussian woman , from luxury and bliss to cold and curse”, - this is what the early 20th century poet K.D. Balmont wrote about the poem by N.A. Nekrasov, which we will consider today, in his article “Mountain Peaks” (1904).

What keyword did you hear? (Road)

What is the road for you? (The path to school, to life.)

Indeed, the road accompanies every person throughout his life.

II. Updating knowledge and fixing difficulties in activities.

Teacher's word . In Russian literature of the 19th century.road motif is basic. For Nekrasov, the road became the beginning of understanding the restless people's Russia. His road is “gay”, “cast iron”, “iron”, “terrible”, “trodden with chains”. And he’s driving along this road?.. (Russian woman).

Who, serving the great goals of the age,

He gives his life completely

To fight for a human brother, -

Only he will survive himself...

Poetry N.A. Nekrasova served “the great goals of the century.” This is the source of her immortality, her unfading strength. That is why she is close to us, people of another century, for her faith in the Motherland and man, her bright love of life and courage, her love for Russian nature. That is why at every meeting we rediscover Nekrasov, and his poems awaken in us high and good thoughts, help us understand the world and ourselves, make us more generous and responsive to everything beautiful. “Go into the fire for the honor of your fatherland, for your conviction, for your love...” All the love and all the thoughts of the poet belong to Russia, the Russian people, the peasantry, downtrodden, trampled into the dirt, but spiritually not broken.

Conversation with students:

What is the main theme of N’s creativity?. A. Nekrasova? (The hard life of the Russian people)

What works of the poet are you familiar with?(“Uncompressed Strip”, “Peasant Children”, “Railroad”)

Why does an ordinary peasant woman evoke the poet’s admiration?(Hard work, patience, the ability to love, the ability not to get confused and act in a difficult situation.)

Who was the Russian woman for Nekrasov?(Nekrasov’s heroine is a person who was not broken by trials, who managed to survive. It is not without reason that even Nekrasov’s Muse is the “sister” of the peasant woman).

III . Identifying the causes of difficulties and setting goals for activities (setting learning goals)

The topic of our lesson“ Poem by N.A. Nekrasov “Russian Women” Artistic images and their real historical prototypes. The plots of two poems. Heroic and lyrical principles in poems.

What problems do you think we should solve in class to learn a new topic?

1. Find out what historical events formed the basis for writing the poem .

2. How Nekrasov portrayed the heroes; to whom he expressed his likes and dislikes;

3. What place does the poem occupy in modern literature?

ІІІ . Implementation of the constructed project.

The first task we have to figure out. What historical events formed the basis for writing the poem? .

For this lesson, your classmates have studied historical events and prepared material. Please come to the board. 4 pre-prepared students perform during the slide show.

Historical background .

Let's remember our lesson rules: (can be written on the board)

Let's not interrupt!

Let's answer briefly!

We value time!

Let's not get distracted from the given topic.

The ability to listen to others.

Guys, what are you doing?learnedabout the Decembrist uprising on December 14, 1825? (All presentations are accompanied by slide shows on topics)

1) Nikolaev Russia .

In November 1825 During a trip to the south of Russia, in Taganrog, Emperor Alexander 1 unexpectedly died. He had no children. His brother Constantine was supposed to inherit the throne, but during Alexander’s lifetime he secretly abdicated in favor of his younger brother Nicholas. After Alexander's death, Constantine's abdication was not announced. The troops and population were immediately sworn in to the new emperor. But he confirmed his renunciation of the throne. On December 14, 1825 re-oath was appointed. This day turned out to be one of the most terrible in the life of Emperor Nicholasfirst.

2 ) Decembrist revolt.

Several military units came to Senate Square, refusing to submit to the new king. They were all noblesthat issupport of the autocracy and supporters of serfdom. The Decembrists (as they would later be called) wanted, before the senators and members of the State Council took the oath, to force them to sign a “Manifesto” with demands: to eliminate the existing government, to abolish serfdom, to proclaim freedom of speech, religion, freedom of occupation, movement, equality before the law, and a reduction in prison terms. soldier service. But the plan could not be implemented. The uprising in St. Petersburg was suppressed within a few hours. 579 people were involved in the investigation. Five Decembrists: poet K.F. Ryleev, P.I. Pestel, S.I. Muravyov - Apostol, M.P. Bestuzhev - Ryumin, P.G. Kakhovsky were hanged in the Peter and Paul Fortress. More than a hundred sentenced to hard labor and settlement in Siberia. Prince Sergei Trubetskoy was elected leader of the uprising, but he did not appear on the square. During the investigation, he behaved courageously, thereby earning respect among his comrades.

3) Wives of the Decembrists . Eastern Siberia.

In July 1926, convicts began to be sent in small groups to Siberia towards the unknown, towards a hard labor fate. There, behind the mountains and rivers, they will lie in the damp earth, there, behind the fog of distance and time, their faces will melt, the memory of them will dissipate. This was the king's intention. In those days, the tsar forbade any mention of the Decembrists, and Russia cried for them, because almost every noble noble house lost either a son, or a husband, or a nephew. And how unpleasantly surprised the tsar was when he received petitions from women - the wives of the Decembrists - for permission to follow their husbands to Siberia. Under the guise of a liberal king was hiding a vengeful and cruel man: everything possible and impossible was done to stop women who wanted to divide, to alleviate the fate of their husbands sent to hard labor: prohibitions, threats, laws to deprive them of all rights of the state. But women, amazing Russian women, could not be stopped by any obstacles. N.A. Nekrasov created his work about the feat of these amazingly fragile and amazingly strong-hearted and faithful women. Eleven women who voluntarily followed to Siberia destroyed the king’s intentions. Prisoners were prohibited from correspondence. The wives of the Decembrists took on this responsibility. Through the letters they wrote to their relatives, as well as to the relatives of other convicts, they remembered the prisoners, sympathized with them, and tried to alleviate their lot.

The return of the Decembrists from exile in 1856 caused a wide response in advanced Russian society. The Decembrists spent thirty years in hard labor and exile. By the time of the amnesty in 1856, only nineteen of the exiled Decembrists remained alive. Before the return of the Decembrists and for the first time after their return, even mentioning them in the press was prohibited. Nekrasov was forced to talk with great caution about the Decembrists themselves and the events of December 14, 1825.

- Thank you guys for studying historical events and doing a good job. Please sit down.

2. The history of the poem . “Russian Women” is a poem about the courageous and noble feat of the wives of the first Russian revolutionaries - the Decembrists, who, despite all the difficulties and hardships, followed their husbands into exile in distant Siberia. They renounced the wealth and comforts of their usual life, all civil rights, and doomed themselves to the difficult position of exiles.

This dedication of the wives of the Decembrists, their spiritual strength, attracted the attention of the writer, especially since it was impossible to directly say or think about writing about the heroic courage of the Decembrists themselves due to censorship prohibitions.

In 1869, he wrote the first of the poems in the cycle - “Grandfather” - about the Decembrist who returned as an old man from Siberian exile. The real prototype of the “grandfather” was Prince Sergei Nikolaevich Volkonsky, the husband of Maria Volkonskaya, the heroine of the poem “Russian Women”. This poem, written in 1871-1872, is one of the poet’s most significant works. It combines two poems that are closely related to each other by a common theme - “Princess Trubetskoy” and “Princess Volkonskaya”.

Fine. What is a poem? (A work of lyric-epic kind: a large lyric poem in which the plot (content) can be highlighted.

- Well done.WITHMake the necessary notes in your notebooks. N.A. Nekrasov is the first of the 19th century poets. turned to a topic that had been forbidden for many years - he spoke about the feat of the wives of the Decembrists. “Russian women” -duology poem (consists of 2 parts united by a common theme) .

Speaking about the heroines of his poems, Nekrasov exclaimed:

Captivating images! Hardly

In the history of any country

Have you come across something wonderful?

Their names should not be forgotten.

The choice of topic is also connected with events deeply experienced by Nekrasov himself. Nekrasov’s friend N.G. Chernyshevsky and hundreds of other people were exiled to hard labor in Siberia.

1 hour “Princess Trubetskoy” (Ekaterina Ivanovna was the first to go to her husband in Siberia) was written based on “Notes of the Decembrist” by Rosen (1870), Trubetskoy, husband and son, published in 1872, with censorship distortions. Nekrasov himself welcomes her precisely because:

She paved the way for others

She inspired others to achieve this feat! (This year, as you can see, the poem is being fulfilled 143 years )

2 hours “Princess M.N. Volkonskaya” written in 1872,published 1873 (Maria Nikolaevna went to Siberia following Prince Trubetskoy) was written based on materials from “The Notes of M.N. Volkonskaya.” Nekrasov knew that Volkonskaya’s son kept notes from his mother, and he really wanted to read them. Having conceived the poem, Nekrasov persistently asked Volkonskaya’s son to give him “Notes”, citing the fact that he had much less information about Maria Nikolaevna than about Trubetskoy, and her image could turn out distorted. Mikhail Sergeevich Volkonsky, after a long refusal, finally agreed to read his mother’s notes to Nekrasov himself. For several evenings, Volkonsky read “Notes,” and the poet, while listening, made notes and notes. “Several times a evening,” recalls Volkonsky, “Nekrasov jumped up and with the words: “Enough, I can’t,” ran to the fireplace, sat down next to it and, clutching his head with his hands, cried like a child.”

According to the author, it was supposed to last 3 hours. - “Princess A.G. Muravyova” (Alexandra Grigorievna was the third female Decembrist).Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin sent through her his famous"MessageVSiberia", in which he expressed his ardent faith in future freedom. Who will tell an excerpt from the message?

Deep in Siberian ores

Keep proud patience

Your sorrowful work will not be wasted

And I think about high aspiration.

2. Second project: How Nekrasov portrayed the heroes; to whom did you express your likes and dislikes? .

Let's start to find out works at with text poems. Homework was to read a poem .

Who is the main character of the first part?(the heroine of the first part is Princess Trubetskoy)

- Who is Princess Trubetskoy saying goodbye to?(she says goodbye to her family)

- How does her father see her off?( The old count, Ekaterina Ivanovna's father, with tears puts the bear's cavity into the cart, which should take his daughter away from home forever)

- What does the heroine of the poem say to him goodbye?Read the 3rd stanza (O, God knows!.. But duty another,

And higher and more difficult,

He's calling me, forgive me dear!

Don't shed unnecessary tears!

My path is long, my path is hard,

My fate is terrible,

But I covered my chest with steel...

Be proud - I am your daughter !)

Underline the two main words on which the poem rests. Pride and duty are the two concepts on which the poem rests.

The poet compares each part of the text, what is compared, how does he achieve this? (dreams and reality, balls, trips abroad and reality, home and prison)

Why is “the princess-daughter going somewhere that night”? What makes her leave home and family?(duty and pride)

- But in order to fulfill their duty, women have to fight with those who prevent them from doing so.

And who is trying to stop them?(The king and the governor who carries out his will).

What's unusual about the poem? How does it resemble a dramatic work? How was it built?(This is a dialogue, but not just a conversation between two characters. This is a dispute, this is a confrontation, this is a struggle).

What is the central episode of this part of the poem?(Meeting of Princess Trubetskoy with the Irkutsk governor)

Why did the governor so not want the princess to travel further?(He received the strictest order from the king to restrain her by any means and not allow her to follow her husband).

Teacher: Nicholas the first, fearing that the noble deed of the Decembrist wives would arouse sympathy for them in society, gave instructions to prevent them in every possible way from carrying out their intentions. The wives of the Decembrists in Irkutsk had to sign a special document and renounce all civil rights. The text of this document is given in her notes by M.N. Volkonskaya (the text is projected on the screen)

« Here is the contents of the paper I signed:

§1. The wife, following her husband, continuing the marital relationship with him, will naturally become involved in his fate and will lose her previous title, i.e. will no longer be recognized as anything other than the wife of an exiled convict, and at the same time takes upon herself to endure everything that such a condition may have as a burden, for even the authorities will not be able to protect her from the hourly possible insults from people of the most depraved, contemptuous class who will find in it some right to consider the wife of a state criminal, who bears an equal fate with him, as their own kind: these insults can even be violent. Inveterate villains are not afraid of punishment.

§2. Children who take root in Siberia will become state-owned factory peasants.

§3. You are not allowed to take any money or valuable things with you...».

Teacher: Nekrasov did not strive for photographic accuracy or for sketching a historical portrait"DecembristOTo".For him"Decembrists"-first of all, progressive Russian women.

Questions can be distributed in the form of cards or conducted a frontal survey.

- Who is the heroine of the second part of the poem? (the heroine of the second part of the poem is Princess Volkonskaya)

- How does he show Volkonskaya at the beginning of the poem? (he shows Volkonskaya as a young and beautiful girl« queen of the ball » ) .

- What did Maria Nikolaevna have to give up to go to Siberia? (renounced her position in the world, her rich fortune, all rights and privileges, even her son)

- Who in Moscow inspires cheerfulness and faith in Maria Volkonskaya that her feat is not in vain? Read the passage of the poem expressively.

(The great Russian poet Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin admonishes her with beautiful words)

Go, go! You are strong at heart

You are rich in courageous patience,

May your fateful journey be completed peacefully,

Don't let losses bother you!

Believe me, such spiritual purity

This hateful world is not worth it!

Blessed is he who changes his vanities

To the feat of selfless love!...

Princess Volkonskaya

Princess Trubetskoy

N.A. Nekrasov

duology poem

Teacher: According to the latest third project. What place does the poem occupy in modern literature? we can say that the poem "Russian women"- one of the most striking works of Russian classical poetry.

The Decembrist uprising was suppressed, but the cause to which they devoted themselves did not pass without a trace. Nowadays on Senate Square in St. Petersburg there is a monument to the Decembrists, because their trace remained not only in history but also in the memory of the people. Since history is the memory of the people. (I show a modern photo of Senate Square on the slide)

І V . Summing up the lesson.

Test.

1. What is main subject poems N.A. Nekrasova "Russian women"?

a) the fate of the Decembrists,

b) the greatness and fortitude of a Russian noblewoman

V) a story about the difficulties on the princess's way to Nerchinsk

d) the governor’s attempt to prevent the princess from supporting her husband

2. Highlight idea (main idea) of the poem

a) the tragic fate of a Russian woman,

b) denunciation of secular society,

V) spiritual greatness of the Russian woman,

d) feat of the Decembrists)

- Which problem sounds in the text?

A)The problem of choice, moral beauty, duty and honor, feat

b) debt problem .

c) love

d) patriotic feelings

- So, we have fully covered the topic of the lesson. “The spiritual and moral greatness of a woman in N.A. Nekrasov’s poem “Russian Women.”

Well done, you have mastered the topic and objectives of today's lesson. Thank you for participating.

I give ratings.

V . Homework. Instructing its implementation. Prepare to analyze the poem, complete creative tasks from pp. 124-125.

PROTOTYPE

- (Greek prototypon - prototype) - a real person or literary character who served the author as a model for creating a character. P. can appear in a work under a real name (Pugachev in “The Captain’s Daughter” by A.S. Pushkin) or a fictitious name (the prototype of Rakhmetov in N.G. Chernyshevsky’s novel “What is to be done?” was P.A. Bakhmetyev). Often the author “focuses” the features of different people or groups of people in a literary hero (for example, Vasily Terkin in the poem of the same name by A.T. Tvardovsky is a collective image of a Russian soldier). However, not all characters in works of fiction have P..

Dictionary of literary terms. 2012

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what PROTOTYPE is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

PROTOTYPE in the Literary Encyclopedia:
a prototype, a specific historical or contemporary personality of the author, who served as the starting point for creating the image. The process of processing and typing the prototype Gorky defines...
PROTOTYPE in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(Greek prototypon - prototype) a real person who served as the author’s prototype when creating an artistic work...
PROTOTYPE in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
(from the Greek prototypon - prototype), a real person, the idea of which served as the fundamental basis for the writer in creating a literary type, an image of a person - ...
PROTOTYPE
(Greek] prototype; a real person who served the author as a prototype of a literary type, as well as a literary type, an image that served as a model for another...
PROTOTYPE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
a, m. 1. Initial sample, prototype, advantage. a real person as a source for creating a literary image, a hero. P. Bazarova. 2. Prototype, ...
PROTOTYPE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
, -a, m. A real person as a source for creating an artistic image, a hero. P. Anna...
PROTOTYPE in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
PROTOTYPE (Greek prototypon - prototype), a real person who served as the author’s source when creating art. ...
PROTOTYPE in the Complete Accented Paradigm according to Zaliznyak.
PROTOTYPE in the Popular Explanatory Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian Language:
-a, m. A real person who served the author as a prototype, a model for creating a literary or artistic work. ...For Raphael, Fornarina was enough, that is...
PROTOTYPE in the Thesaurus of Russian Business Vocabulary:
PROTOTYPE in the New Dictionary of Foreign Words:
(gr. prototypon) 1) a real person or literary character who served as the author’s prototype for the creation of a literary type; 2) someone or something...
PROTOTYPE in the Dictionary of Foreign Expressions:
[gr. prototypon] 1. a real person or literary character who served as the author’s prototype for creating a literary type; 2. someone or something that is...
PROTOTYPE in the Russian Language Thesaurus:
1. Syn: prototype, prototype (book) 2. Syn: experienced ...
PROTOTYPE in Abramov's Dictionary of Synonyms:
see sample,...
PROTOTYPE in the Russian Synonyms dictionary:
archetype, face, layout, model, sample, original, prototype, example, ...
PROTOTYPE in the New Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
m. 1) A person who served the writer as a source for creating a literary character. 2) The original appearance, form of something. organ or organism from which they developed...
PROTOTYPE in Lopatin’s Dictionary of the Russian Language:
prototype, ...
PROTOTYPE in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language:
prototype...
PROTOTYPE in the Spelling Dictionary:
prototype, ...
PROTOTYPE in Ozhegov’s Dictionary of the Russian Language:
a real person as a source for creating an artistic image, the hero of P. Anna...
PROTOTYPE in Dahl's Dictionary:
husband. , Greek prototype, initial, basic sample, truth. Prototypical, -typical, primitive, ...
PROTOTYPE in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB:
(Greek prototypon - prototype), a real person who served as the author’s prototype when creating artistic...
PROTOTYPE in Ushakov’s Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
prototype, m. (lit.). Prototype, original, initial sample; a real person who served the author to create a literary type, as well as a literary type, image, ...

Gorky believed that a writer is obliged to speculate and typify a real person, turning him into the hero of a novel, and the search for prototypes of Dostoevsky’s characters will even lead to philosophical volumes, touching on real people only in passing.

Nevertheless, as it turned out, very specific types of characters are most often and most strongly associated with their prototypes - adventurers of all kinds and stripes, or fairy-tale heroes. It’s not a fact that everything was exactly like this in reality due to the passage of years or the absence of the main persons, but at least these assumptions are very interesting

Let's remember a few:

Sherlock Holmes

Joseph Bell (Sherlock Holmes)

The author himself admitted that the image of Sherlock Holmes was related to the doctor Joseph Bell, Conan Doyle’s teacher. In his autobiography, he wrote: “I thought of my old teacher Joe Bell, his eagle profile, his inquisitive mind and his incredible ability to guess at all the details.

If he were a detective, he would definitely turn this amazing but disorganized case into something more like an exact science." “Use the power of deduction,” Bell often repeated, and confirmed his words in practice, being able to understand the patient’s biography, inclinations, and often diagnosis from the patient’s appearance.

Later, after the release of the novels about Sherlock Holmes, Conan Doyle wrote to his teacher that the unique skills of his hero are not fiction, but just how Bell’s skills would logically develop if the circumstances were right. Bell answered him: “You yourself are Sherlock Holmes, and you know it very well!”

Ostap Bender

By the age of 80, Ostap Bender's prototype had become a quiet conductor of the Moscow-Tashkent train. In life, his name was Osip (Ostap) Shor, he was born in Odessa and, as expected, discovered a penchant for adventure during his student years.

Returning from Petrograd, where he studied for a year at the Technological Institute, Shor, having neither money nor profession, presented himself either as a chess grandmaster, or as a modern artist, or as a hiding member of the anti-Soviet party. Thanks to these skills, he reached his native Odessa, where he served in the criminal investigation department and fought against local banditry, hence Ostap Bender’s respectful attitude towards the Criminal Code

Professor Preobrazhensky

With the prototype of Professor Preobrazhensky from Bulgakov’s “Heart of a Dog,” things are much more dramatic. He was a French surgeon of Russian origin, Samuil Abramovich Voronov, who in the first quarter of the twentieth century created a real sensation in European medicine.

He completely legally transplanted monkey glands into humans to rejuvenate the body. Moreover, the hype was justified - the first operations had the desired effect. As the newspapers wrote, children with mental disabilities acquired mental alertness, and even in one song of those times called Monkey-Doodle-Doo there were the words “If you are too old for dancing, get yourself a monkey iron.”

Voronov himself cited improvement in memory and vision, good spirits, ease of movement and resumption of sexual activity as the results of treatment. Thousands of people underwent treatment according to Voronov’s system, and the doctor himself, to simplify the practice, opened his own monkey nursery on the French Riviera.

However, after some time, patients began to feel a deterioration in the body’s condition, rumors appeared that the result of the treatment was nothing more than self-hypnosis, Voronov was branded a charlatan and disappeared from European science until the 90s, when his work began to be discussed again

But the main character of “The Picture of Dorian Gray” seriously spoiled the reputation of his real-life original. John Gray, a friend and protégé of Oscar Wilde in his youth, was famous for his penchant for the beautiful and the vicious, as well as for the appearance of a fifteen-year-old boy.

Wilde did not hide the similarity of his character with John, and the latter sometimes even called himself Dorian. The happy union ended the moment the newspapers began to write about it: John appeared there as the lover of Oscar Wilde, even more languid and apathetic than everyone who came before him.

An angry Gray filed a lawsuit and obtained an apology from the editor, but his friendship with the famous author slowly faded away. Soon Gray met his life partner - the poet and native of Russia Andre Raffalovich, together they converted to Catholicism, then Gray became a priest at St. Patrick's Church in Edinburgh.

Michael Davis (Peter Pan)

Acquaintance with the family of Sylvia and Arthur Davis gave James Matthew Barry, at that time already a famous playwright, his main character - Peter Pan, whose prototype was Michael, one of the Davis sons.

Peter Pan became the same age as Michael and acquired from him both some character traits and nightmares. It was from Michael that the portrait of Peter Pan was sculpted for the sculpture in Kensington Gardens.

The fairy tale itself was dedicated to Barry’s older brother, David, who died the day before his fourteenth birthday while skating and remained forever young in the memory of his loved ones.

The story of Alice in Wonderland began on the day Lewis Carroll walked with the daughters of the rector of Oxford University, Henry Lidell, among whom was Alice Lidell. Carroll came up with the story on the fly at the request of the children, but the next time he did not forget about it, he began to compose a sequel.

Two years later, the author presented Alice with a manuscript consisting of four chapters, to which was attached a photograph of Alice herself at the age of seven. It was entitled “A Christmas gift to a dear girl in memory of a summer day.”

While working on Lolita, Vladimir Nabokov, according to his biographer Brian Boyd, often scanned the crime sections of newspapers for stories of accidents, murders and violence. The story of Sally Horner and Frank LaSalle in 1948 clearly caught his attention.

It was reported that a middle-aged man had abducted 12-year-old Sally Horner from New Jersey and kept her in his possession for nearly two years until she was found in a Southern California motel.

Lasalle, just like Nabokov’s hero, throughout the entire time passed Sally off as his daughter. Nabokov even briefly mentions this incident in the book in the words of Humbert: “Did I do to Dolly the same thing that Frank LaSalle, a fifty-year-old mechanic, did to eleven-year-old Sally Horner in ’48?”

Karabas-Barabas

Alexei Tolstoy, as is known, although he only sought to rewrite Carlo Collodio’s “Pinocchio” in Russian, published a completely independent story in which analogies with contemporary cultural figures are clearly read.

Tolstoy was not a fan of Meyerhold's theater and its biomechanics, so he got the role of the antagonist - Karabas-Barabas. The parody can be read even in the name: Karabas is the Marquis of Karabas from Perrault’s fairy tale, and Barabas is from the Italian word for swindler - baraba. Meyerhold's assistant, who worked under the pseudonym Voldemar Luscinius, got the no less eloquent role of Duremar

By the way, we once had a controversial story about this or that. But in reality

Perhaps the most incredible and mythologized story of the image is the story of Carlson’s creation. His possible prototype is Hermann Goering. Relatives of Astrid Lindgren, of course, refute this version, but it still exists and is actively discussed.

Astrid Lindgren and Goering met in the 1920s, when the latter organized an air show in Sweden. At that time, Goering was fully “in the prime of his life,” as Carlson liked to say about himself. After World War I, he became a famous ace pilot with a certain charisma and, according to legend, a good appetite.

The little engine behind Carlson’s back is often interpreted as an allusion to Goering’s flying practice. A possible confirmation of this analogy can be considered the fact that for a certain time Astrid Lindgren supported the ideas of the National Socialist Party of Sweden.

The book about Carlson was published already in the post-war period in 1955, so it would be madness to advocate a direct analogy of these heroes, however, it is quite possible that the vivid image of the young Goering remained in her memory and in one way or another influenced the appearance of the charming Carlson

And a little more about our Soviet cartoon:

In total, two episodes about Carlson were released: “Kid and Carlson” (1968) and “Carlson is back” (1970). Soyuzmultfilm was going to make a third one, but this idea was never realized. The studio archives still contain film that was planned to be used for filming a cartoon based on the third part of the trilogy about the Kid and Carlson - “Carlson Plays Pranks Again.”

Carlson, Malysh, Freken Bok and all the other characters were created by artist Anatoly Savchenko. He also suggested inviting Faina Ranevskaya to voice the “housekeeper.” Before her, a huge number of actresses auditioned for this role, and no one was suitable, but Ranevskaya was perfect. She had another “minus” - a difficult character. She called the director “baby” and categorically rejected all his comments. And when I first saw my heroine, I was scared, and then I was very offended by Savchenko. “Am I really that scary?” — the actress constantly asked. The explanation that this was not her portrait, but just an image, did not console Ranevskaya. She remained unconvinced.

Carlson also did not have a “voice” for a long time; Livanov found himself, by accident. The actor visited the creators of the cartoon every day for a game of chess, and one day while playing, director Boris Stepantsev complained to him that he couldn’t find a person to play Carlson. Vasily Livanov immediately went to the studio, tried out, and was approved. Later, the actor admitted that while working in the image of Carlson, he diligently parodied the famous director Grigory Roshal

One version explains that the teddy bear with sawdust in its head got its name from the nickname of Milne’s son Christopher Robin’s favorite toy. Just like the rest of the characters in the book.

However, in fact, Winnie the Pooh was named after a real-life bear who lived in the London Zoo. Her name was Winnipeg, and she entertained the residents of the British capital from 1915 to 1934. The bear had many admirers. Among them was Christopher Robin

One-legged John Silver

In Treasure Island, Robert Louis Stevenson portrayed his friend, poet and critic Williams Hansley, as a good villain. As a child, William suffered from tuberculosis and doctors, for some unknown reason, decided to amputate one of his legs at the knee.

After the book was announced, the writer wrote to a friend: “I have a confession to make. Evil on the outside, but kind at heart, John Silver was based on you. You're not offended, are you?

An elegant man with a princely title, married to a Dutch princess and prone to dubious adventures - this is what the prototype of James Bond, Prince Bernard Van Lippe-Biesterfeld, actually looked like.

The adventures of James Bond began with a series of books written by English intelligence officer Ian Fleming. The first of them, Casino Royale, was published in 1953, a few years after Fleming was assigned as part of his duty to monitor Prince Bernard, who had defected from German service to British intelligence.

For those who don’t know, I’ll tell you what the sequel is