Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy is a famous Russian writer, the greatest novelist of the 19th century, the golden age of Russian literature. Is the author of worldwide famous works, such as the novels "" and "Anna Karenina". Currently considered one of the best by the author peace. His works are filmed, staged in the theater, and many people refer to them modern authors.
Leo Tolstoy was a representative of the class of nobility, whose roots date back to the times of Peter the Great. The writer had many influential relatives among representatives of the highest aristocracy. On the side of the mother, who bore the surname Volkonskaya as a maiden, there were also many noble people.
Lev Nikolaevich passionately loved his relatives, especially his grandfather, Ilya Andreevich, who later served as the prototype for one of the heroes of the novel “War and Peace.”
The writer's childhood and youth
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy was born on September 9, 1828 in family estate Yasnaya Polyana, not far from Tula, in a family of hereditary nobles. Future great writer was the middle son in a large family with four children. In 1830 little lion lost his mother, who died of childbed fever, and seven years later the boy lost his father. Thus, Tolstoy’s cousin and aunt took custody of Tolstoy, after whose death the boy left for Kazan.
Elementary education Count Leo Tolstoy received houses, he was taught by French and German tutors. In 1843, the count entered the university in Kazan at the faculty of studying oriental culture. However, the future luminary of Russian literature was unable to cope with the difficulties of the curriculum, which forced him to transfer to an easier law faculty. However, difficulties did not leave him at this faculty. As a result, Tolstoy was not even able to graduate from university with a degree.
The young count returned to his native estate, where he began to organize agriculture. True, this endeavor was not crowned with success due to constant departures to Moscow and Tula. However, all this time Tolstoy kept a diary, which inspired him to write many future works. The writer carried with him throughout his life the habit of recording the events that happened to him.
One day, Lev’s elder brother, Nikolai, returning home to spend his vacation, which was due to him as an army officer, convinced his brother to join the troops. Thus, Leo Tolstoy, with the rank of cadet, went to serve in the south, in the Caucasus Mountains, from where he was later transferred to Sevastopol, where the future writer took part in the Crimean War. The main event of the war, which is reflected in the author’s works, is the heroic defense of Sevastopol. The work “Sevastopol Stories” is dedicated to her.
The author's literary path
During military service Tolstoy had a lot of free time, and he began to engage in literary creativity. During periods of calm it was written autobiographical work"Childhood", which became the first book in a trilogy autobiographical books Tolstoy. "Childhood" was published in Sovremennik, a popular literary magazine, in 1852. The work received flattering reviews, critics began to put Lev Nikolaevich on a par with such writers as Turgenev, Ostrovsky and Goncharov.
During the Crimean campaign, Tolstoy wrote several more works:
- "Cossacks". Work about Everyday life at an army outpost. Started during Crimean War, but completed only in 1862, after the writer left the active troops.
- "Adolescence". Second book from autobiographical trilogy. Surprisingly, the work was written during active hostilities.
- "Sevastopol Stories". In them, the author expresses his attitude towards the war and shows its inconsistency. In this cycle, the writer experiments with style, in particular, changing the narration from the first person, moving to the third. So, in the second story we see the view of an ordinary soldier on the events taking place.
After the end of the war, Tolstoy left armed forces and returned to his homeland.
Having gone to the front as an unknown cadet, he returned to St. Petersburg as a recognized literary talent. In 1857, Lev Nikolaevich left for Paris, at which time he published the final part of the trilogy, “Youth.” Returning to his homeland in 1862, he married the daughter of a doctor, Sofia Andreevna Bers.
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Large works
With his marriage, a bright period began in the writer’s life. Tolstoy feels truly happy with Sofia Andreevna, who helps him in every possible way literary creativity, in the absence of the secretary, rewriting his drafts. So in the sixties years XIX century Leo Tolstoy writes his most famous work- "War and Peace".
A small part of the work was published in the magazine “Russian Messenger” in the mid-sixties. It was originally called "1805". Three years later, three more chapters were released. In 1869, work on the novel was completed. The product was a huge success.
At the same time, the writer was translating Aesop's fables into Russian. Many people also wonder if Leo Tolstoy wrote stories for children. Just in the period from 1872 to 1875, the author created children's works “ABC”, “Arithmetic”, “Fool” (fairy tale-verse) and several books for children's reading.
Late prose
At a certain period of his life, Leo Tolstoy was deeply immersed in religious teachings and wrote many treatises on the essence of faith. However, in the 1880s and 1890s the author continued to work on fiction. At this time, the writer moves away from the novel genre. The main story becomes a story with a deep moral. Realism in the works also comes to the fore.
So, The late works of Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy include:
Death and legacy
The numerous pilgrimages that Leo Tolstoy made in his old age greatly undermined his health. So, the great writer in November 1910 stopped for the night at the remote Astapovo railway station. However, the lung disease, which had been bothering Tolstoy for some time, made itself felt with a sudden exacerbation, and on November 20, the greatest Russian writer died. Buried in the family cemetery in Yasnaya Polyana.
He left behind a wife and ten children, who, however, were provided for for the rest of their lives due to Tolstoy's literary fees.
Leo Tolstoy was, is and will be considered one of the greatest Russian and world writers. He truly created magnificent works , on which more than one generation of young people has grown up. “War and Peace” is a novel that is familiar to almost every person not only in our country, but throughout the world. The scientific community highly appreciates Tolstoy as a man with an amazing gift for describing human nature and reconstructing historical era in all its detail and diversity.
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy, stories, fairy tales and fables in prose for children. The collection includes not only everyone famous stories Leo Tolstoy’s “Bone”, “Kitten”, “Bulka”, but also such rare works as “Treat everyone kindly”, “Do not torture animals”, “Don’t be lazy”, “Boy and Father” and many others.
Jackdaw and jug
Galka wanted to drink. There was a jug of water in the yard, and the jug only had water at the bottom.
Jackdaw was out of reach.
She began throwing pebbles into the jug and added so many that the water became higher and could be drunk.
Rats and egg
Two rats found an egg. They wanted to share it and eat it; but they see a crow flying and wants to take an egg.
The rats began to think about how to steal an egg from a crow. Carry? - do not grab; roll? - it can be broken.
And the rats decided this: one lay on its back, grabbed the egg with its paws, and the other carried it by the tail, and, like on a sleigh, pulled the egg under the floor.
Bug
Bug carried a bone across the bridge. Look, her shadow is in the water.
It occurred to the Bug that there was not a shadow in the water, but a Bug and a bone.
She let her bone go and take it. She didn’t take that one, but hers sank to the bottom.
Wolf and goat
The wolf sees that a goat is grazing on a stone mountain and he cannot get close to it; He says to her: “You should go down: here the place is more level, and the grass is much sweeter for you to feed.”
And the Goat says: “That’s not why you, wolf, are calling me down: you’re not worrying about mine, but about your own food.”
Mouse, cat and rooster
The mouse went out for a walk. She walked around the yard and came back to her mother.
“Well, mother, I saw two animals. One is scary and the other is kind.”
The mother said: “Tell me, what kind of animals are these?”
The mouse said: “There’s a scary one, he walks around the yard like this: his legs are black, his crest is red, his eyes are bulging, and his nose is hooked. When I walked past, he opened his mouth, raised his leg and began screaming so loudly that I didn’t know where to go from fear!”
“It’s a rooster,” said the old mouse. - He does no harm to anyone, don’t be afraid of him. Well, what about the other animal?
- The other was lying in the sun and warming himself. His neck is white, his legs are gray, smooth, he licks his white chest and moves his tail slightly, looking at me.
The old mouse said: “You are a fool, you are a fool. After all, it’s the cat itself.”
Kitty
There were brother and sister - Vasya and Katya; and they had a cat. In the spring the cat disappeared. The children looked for her everywhere, but could not find her.
One day they were playing near the barn and heard someone meowing in thin voices overhead. Vasya climbed the ladder under the roof of the barn. And Katya stood and kept asking:
- Found? Found?
But Vasya did not answer her. Finally Vasya shouted to her:
- Found! Our cat... and she has kittens; so wonderful; come here quickly.
Katya ran home, took out milk and brought it to the cat.
There were five kittens. When they grew a little and began to crawl out from under the corner where they had hatched, the children chose one kitten, gray with white paws, and brought it into the house. The mother gave away all the other kittens, but left this one to the children. The children fed him, played with him and took him to bed.
One day the children went to play on the road and took a kitten with them.
The wind moved the straw along the road, and the kitten played with the straw, and the children rejoiced at him. Then they found sorrel near the road, went to collect it and forgot about the kitten.
Suddenly they heard someone shouting loudly:
“Back, back!” - and they saw that the hunter was galloping, and in front of him two dogs saw a kitten and wanted to grab it. And the kitten, stupid, instead of running, sat down to the ground, hunched its back and looked at the dogs.
Katya was scared of the dogs, screamed and ran away from them. And Vasya, as best he could, ran towards the kitten and at the same time as the dogs ran up to it.
The dogs wanted to grab the kitten, but Vasya fell with his stomach on the kitten and blocked it from the dogs.
The hunter jumped up and drove the dogs away, and Vasya brought the kitten home and never took it with him into the field again.
Old man and apple trees
The old man was planting apple trees. They told him: “Why do you need apple trees? It will take a long time to wait for fruit from these apple trees, and you will not eat any apples from them.” The old man said: “I won’t eat, others will eat, they will thank me.”
Boy and father (The truth is most precious)
The boy was playing and accidentally broke an expensive cup.
Nobody saw it.
The father came and asked:
- Who broke it?
The boy shook with fear and said:
- I.
Father said:
- Thank you for telling the truth.
Do not torture animals (Varya and Chizh)
Varya had a siskin. The siskin lived in a cage and never sang.
Varya came to the siskin. - “It’s time for you, little siskin, to sing.”
- “Let me go free, in freedom I will sing all day long.”
Don't be lazy
There were two men - Peter and Ivan, they mowed the meadows together. The next morning Peter came with his family and began to clean up his meadow. The day was hot and the grass was dry; By evening there was hay.
But Ivan didn’t go to clean, but stayed at home. On the third day, Peter took the hay home, and Ivan was just getting ready to row.
By evening it started to rain. Peter had hay, but Ivan had all his grass rotted away.
Don't take it by force
Petya and Misha had a horse. They began to argue: whose horse?
They began to tear each other's horses.
- “Give it to me, my horse!” - “No, give it to me, the horse is not yours, but mine!”
The mother came, took the horse, and the horse became no one's.
Don't overeat
The mouse was gnawing on the floor, and there was a gap. The mouse went into the gap and found a lot of food. The mouse was greedy and ate so much that its belly became full. When it became day, the mouse went home, but its belly was so full that it did not fit through the crack.
Treat everyone kindly
The squirrel jumped from branch to branch and fell straight onto the sleepy wolf. The wolf jumped up and wanted to eat her. The squirrel began to ask: “Let me go.” The wolf said: “Okay, I’ll let you in, just tell me why you squirrels are so cheerful? I’m always bored, but I look at you, you’re up there, playing and jumping.” The squirrel said: “Let me go to the tree first, and from there I’ll tell you, otherwise I’m afraid of you.” The wolf let go, and the squirrel went up a tree and from there said: “You’re bored because you’re angry. Anger burns your heart. And we are cheerful because we are kind and do no harm to anyone.”
Respect old people
The grandmother had a granddaughter; Before, the granddaughter was sweet and still slept, and the grandmother herself baked bread, swept the hut, washed, sewed, spun and weaved for her granddaughter; and then the grandmother became old and lay down on the stove and kept sleeping. And the granddaughter baked, washed, sewed, weaved and spun for her grandmother.
How my aunt talked about how she learned to sew
When I was six years old, I asked my mother to let me sew. She said: “You are still small, you will only prick your fingers”; and I kept pestering. Mother took a red piece of paper from the chest and gave it to me; then she threaded a red thread into the needle and showed me how to hold it. I began to sew, but could not make even stitches; one stitch came out large, and the other hit the very edge and broke through. Then I pricked my finger and tried not to cry, but my mother asked me: “What are you doing?” - I couldn’t resist and cried. Then my mother told me to go play.
When I went to bed, I kept imagining stitches: I kept thinking about how I could quickly learn to sew, and it seemed so difficult to me that I would never learn. And now I’ve grown up and don’t remember how I learned to sew; and when I teach my girl to sew, I’m surprised how she can’t hold a needle.
Bulka (Officer's Story)
I had a little face. Her name was Bulka. She was all black, only the tips of her front paws were white.
In all faces, the lower jaw is longer than the upper and the upper teeth extend beyond the lower ones; but Bulka’s lower jaw protruded forward so much that a finger could be placed between the lower and upper teeth. Bulka’s face was wide; the eyes are large, black and shiny; and white teeth and fangs always stuck out. He looked like a blackamoor. Bulka was quiet and did not bite, but he was very strong and tenacious. When he would cling to something, he would clench his teeth and hang like a rag, and, like a tick, he could not be torn off.
Once they let him attack a bear, and he grabbed the bear’s ear and hung like a leech. The bear beat him with his paws, pressed him to himself, threw him from side to side, but could not tear him away and fell on his head to crush Bulka; but Bulka held on to it until they poured cold water on him.
I took him as a puppy and raised him myself. When I went to serve in the Caucasus, I didn’t want to take him and left him quietly, and ordered him to be locked up. At the first station, I was about to board another transfer station, when suddenly I saw something black and shiny rolling along the road. It was Bulka in his copper collar. He flew at full speed towards the station. He rushed towards me, licked my hand and stretched out in the shadows under the cart. His tongue stuck out the entire palm of his hand. He then pulled it back, swallowing drool, then again stuck it out to the whole palm. He was in a hurry, did not have time to breathe, his sides were jumping. He turned from side to side and tapped his tail on the ground.
I found out later that after me he broke through the frame and jumped out of the window and, right in my wake, galloped along the road and rode like that for twenty miles in the heat.
Milton and Bulka (Story)
I got myself a pointing dog for pheasants. This dog's name was Milton: she was tall, thin, speckled gray, with long wings and ears, and very strong and smart. They didn’t fight with Bulka. Not a single dog ever snapped at Bulka. Sometimes he would just show his teeth, and the dogs would tuck their tails and move away. One day I went with Milton to buy pheasants. Suddenly Bulka ran after me into the forest. I wanted to drive him away, but I couldn’t. And it was a long way to go home to take him. I thought that he would not disturb me, and went on; but as soon as Milton smelled a pheasant in the grass and began to look, Bulka rushed forward and began poking around in all directions. He tried before Milton to raise a pheasant. He heard something in the grass, jumped, spun: but his instincts were bad, and he could not find the trail alone, but looked at Milton and ran to where Milton was going. As soon as Milton sets off on the trail, Bulka runs ahead. I recalled Bulka, beat him, but could not do anything with him. As soon as Milton began to search, he rushed forward and interfered with him. I wanted to go home, because I thought that my hunt was ruined, but Milton figured out better than me how to deceive Bulka. This is what he did: as soon as Bulka runs ahead of him, Milton will leave the trail, turn in the other direction and pretend that he is looking. Bulka will rush to where Milton pointed, and Milton will look back at me, wave his tail and follow the real trail again. Bulka again runs to Milton, runs ahead, and again Milton will deliberately take ten steps to the side, deceive Bulka and again lead me straight. So throughout the hunt he deceived Bulka and did not let him ruin the matter.
Shark (Story)
Our ship was anchored off the coast of Africa. It was a beautiful day, a fresh wind was blowing from the sea; but in the evening the weather changed: it became stuffy and, as if from a heated stove, hot air from the Sahara desert was blowing towards us.
Before sunset, the captain came out onto the deck, shouted: “Swim!” - and in one minute the sailors jumped into the water, lowered the sail into the water, tied it and set up a bath in the sail.
There were two boys with us on the ship. The boys were the first to jump into the water, but they were cramped in the sail; they decided to race against each other in the open sea.
Both, like lizards, stretched out in the water and swam with all their strength to the place where the barrel was above the anchor.
One boy at first overtook his friend, but then began to fall behind. The boy's father, an old artilleryman, stood on the deck and admired his son. When the son began to lag behind, the father shouted to him: “Don’t give him away! push yourself!”
Suddenly someone shouted from the deck: “Shark!” - and we all saw the back of a sea monster in the water.
The shark swam straight towards the boys.
Back! back! come back! shark! - the artilleryman shouted. But the guys didn’t hear him, they swam on, laughing and shouting even more fun and louder than before.
The artilleryman, pale as a sheet, looked at the children without moving.
The sailors lowered the boat, rushed into it and, bending their oars, rushed as hard as they could towards the boys; but they were still far from them when the shark was no more than 20 steps away.
At first the boys did not hear what they were shouting and did not see the shark; but then one of them looked back, and we all heard a high-pitched squeal, and the boys swam in different directions.
This screech seemed to awaken the artilleryman. He jumped up and ran towards the guns. He turned his trunk, lay down next to the cannon, took aim and took the fuse.
All of us, no matter how many of us were on the ship, froze in fear and waited for what would happen.
A shot rang out, and we saw that the artilleryman fell near the cannon and covered his face with his hands. We didn’t see what happened to the shark and the boys, because for a minute the smoke obscured our eyes.
But when the smoke dispersed over the water, first a quiet murmur was heard from all sides, then this murmur became stronger, and finally, a loud, joyful cry was heard from all sides.
The old artilleryman opened his face, stood up and looked at the sea.
The yellow belly of a dead shark swayed across the waves. In a few minutes the boat sailed to the boys and brought them to the ship.
Lion and dog (True)
Illustration by Nastya Aksenova
In London they showed wild animals and for viewing they took money or dogs and cats to feed the wild animals.
One man wanted to see the animals: he grabbed a little dog on the street and brought it to the menagerie. They let him in to watch, but they took the little dog and threw him into a cage with a lion to be eaten.
The dog tucked its tail and pressed itself into the corner of the cage. The lion approached her and smelled her.
The dog lay down on its back, raised its paws and began wagging its tail.
The lion touched it with his paw and turned it over.
The dog jumped up and stood on its hind legs in front of the lion.
The lion looked at the dog, turned his head from side to side and did not touch it.
When the owner threw meat to the lion, the lion tore off a piece and left it for the dog.
In the evening, when the lion went to bed, the dog lay down next to him and put her head on his paw.
Since then, the dog lived in the same cage with the lion, the lion did not touch her, ate food, slept with her, and sometimes played with her.
One day the master came to the menagerie and recognized his dog; he said that the dog was his own, and asked the owner of the menagerie to give it to him. The owner wanted to give it back, but as soon as they began to call the dog to take it from the cage, the lion bristled and growled.
This is how the lion and the dog lived whole year in one cell.
A year later the dog got sick and died. The lion stopped eating, but kept sniffing, licking the dog and touching it with his paw.
When he realized that she was dead, he suddenly jumped up, bristled, began to whip his tail on the sides, rushed to the wall of the cage and began to gnaw at the bolts and the floor.
All day long he struggled, thrashed about in the cage and roared, then he lay down next to the dead dog and fell silent. The owner wanted to take away the dead dog, but the lion would not let anyone near it.
The owner thought that the lion would forget his grief if he was given another dog, and let a live dog into his cage; but the lion immediately tore her to pieces. Then he hugged the dead dog with his paws and lay there for five days.
On the sixth day the lion died.
Jump (Byl)
One ship circumnavigated the world and was returning home. The weather was calm, all the people were on deck. A large monkey was spinning around in the middle of the people and amusing everyone. This monkey writhed, jumped, made funny faces, imitated people, and it was clear that she knew that they were amusing her, and that is why she became even more dissatisfied.
She jumped up to a 12-year-old boy, the son of a ship's captain, tore his hat off his head, put it on and quickly climbed up the mast. Everyone laughed, but the boy was left without a hat and did not know whether to laugh or cry.
The monkey sat down on the first crossbar of the mast, took off his hat and began to tear it with his teeth and paws. She seemed to be teasing the boy, pointing at him and making faces at him. The boy threatened her and shouted at her, but she tore her hat even angrier. The sailors began to laugh louder, and the boy blushed, took off his jacket and rushed after the monkey to the mast. In one minute he climbed the rope to the first crossbar; but the monkey was even more dexterous and faster than him, and at the very moment he was thinking of grabbing his hat, he climbed even higher.
So you won’t leave me! - the boy shouted and climbed higher. The monkey beckoned him again and climbed even higher, but the boy was already overcome with enthusiasm and did not lag behind. So the monkey and the boy reached the very top in one minute. At the very top, the monkey stretched out to its full length and, hooking its back hand1 onto the rope, hung its hat on the edge of the last crossbar, and itself climbed to the top of the mast and from there writhed, showed its teeth and rejoiced. From the mast to the end of the crossbar, where the hat hung, there were two arshins, so it was impossible to get it except by letting go of the rope and the mast.
But the boy became very excited. He dropped the mast and stepped onto the crossbar. Everyone on deck looked and laughed at what the monkey and the captain's son were doing; but when they saw that he let go of the rope and stepped onto the crossbar, shaking his arms, everyone froze with fear.
All he had to do was stumble, and he would have smashed to pieces on the deck. And even if he hadn’t stumbled, but had reached the edge of the crossbar and taken his hat, it would have been difficult for him to turn around and walk back to the mast. Everyone looked at him silently and waited to see what would happen.
Suddenly, someone among the people gasped in fear. The boy came to his senses from this scream, looked down and staggered.
At this time, the ship's captain, the boy's father, left the cabin. He carried a gun to shoot seagulls2. He saw his son on the mast, and immediately took aim at his son and shouted: “Into the water! jump into the water now! I’ll shoot you!” The boy was staggering, but did not understand. “Jump or I’ll shoot you!.. One, two...” and as soon as the father shouted: “three,” the boy swung his head down and jumped.
Like a cannonball, the boy’s body splashed into the sea, and before the waves had time to cover him, 20 young sailors had already jumped from the ship into the sea. About 40 seconds later - it seemed like a long time to everyone - the boy's body emerged. He was grabbed and dragged onto the ship. After a few minutes, water started pouring out of his mouth and nose and he began to breathe.
When the captain saw this, he suddenly screamed, as if something was strangling him, and ran to his cabin so that no one would see him cry.
Fire dogs (Byl)
It often happens that in cities during fires, children are left in houses and they cannot be pulled out, because they hide from fear and are silent, and from the smoke it is impossible to see them. Dogs in London are trained for this purpose. These dogs live with firefighters, and when a house catches fire, the firefighters send the dogs to pull the children out. One such dog in London saved twelve children; her name was Bob.
One time the house caught fire. And when the firefighters arrived at the house, a woman ran out to them. She cried and said that there was a two-year-old girl left in the house. The firefighters sent Bob. Bob ran up the stairs and disappeared into the smoke. Five minutes later he ran out of the house and carried the girl by the shirt in his teeth. The mother rushed to her daughter and cried with joy that her daughter was alive. The firefighters petted the dog and examined it to see if it was burned; but Bob was eager to go back into the house. The firefighters thought there was something else alive in the house and let him in. The dog ran into the house and soon ran out with something in its teeth. When the people looked at what she was carrying, they all burst out laughing: she was carrying a large doll.
Kostochka (Byl)
The mother bought plums and wanted to give them to the children after lunch. They were on the plate. Vanya never ate plums and kept sniffing them. And he really liked them. I really wanted to eat it. He kept walking past the plums. When there was no one in the upper room, he could not resist, grabbed one plum and ate it. Before dinner, the mother counted the plums and saw that one was missing. She told her father.
At dinner, the father says: “What, children, didn’t anyone eat one plum?” Everyone said: "No." Vanya turned red as a lobster and also said: “No, I didn’t eat.”
Then the father said: “Whatever one of you has eaten is not good; but that’s not the problem. The trouble is that plums have pits, and if someone doesn’t know how to eat them and swallows a pit, he will die within a day. I'm afraid of this."
Vanya turned pale and said: “No, I threw the bone out the window.”
And everyone laughed, and Vanya began to cry.
The Monkey and the Pea (Fable)
The monkey was carrying two full handfuls of peas. One pea popped out; The monkey wanted to pick it up and spilled twenty peas.
She rushed to pick it up and spilled everything. Then she got angry, scattered all the peas and ran away.
The Lion and the Mouse (Fable)
The lion was sleeping. The mouse ran over his body. He woke up and caught her. The mouse began to ask him to let her in; she said: “If you let me in, I’ll do you good.” The lion laughed that the mouse promised to do good to him, and let it go.
Then the hunters caught the lion and tied it to a tree with a rope. The mouse heard the lion's roar, came running, gnawed the rope and said: “Remember, you laughed, you didn’t think that I could do you any good, but now you see, good comes from a mouse.”
Old grandfather and granddaughter (Fable)
Grandfather became very old. His legs did not walk, his eyes did not see, his ears did not hear, he had no teeth. And when he ate, it flowed backwards from his mouth. His son and daughter-in-law stopped sitting him at the table and let him dine at the stove. They brought him lunch in a cup. He wanted to move it, but he dropped it and broke it. The daughter-in-law began to scold the old man for ruining everything in the house and breaking cups, and said that now she would give him dinner in a basin. The old man just sighed and said nothing. One day a husband and wife are sitting at home and watching - their little son is playing on the floor with planks - he is working on something. The father asked: “What are you doing this, Misha?” And Misha said: “It’s me, father, who’s making the tub. When you and your mother are too old to feed you from this tub.”
The husband and wife looked at each other and began to cry. They felt ashamed that they had offended the old man so much; and from then on they began to sit him at the table and look after him.
Liar (Fable, another name - Don't lie)
The boy was guarding the sheep and, as if seeing a wolf, began to call: “Help, wolf! wolf!" The men came running and saw: it’s not true. As he did this two and three times, it happened that a wolf actually came running. The boy began to shout: “Here, here quickly, wolf!” The men thought that he was deceiving again as always - they did not listen to him. The wolf sees that there is nothing to be afraid of: he has slaughtered the entire herd in the open.
Father and Sons (Fable)
The father ordered his sons to live in harmony; they didn't listen. So he ordered a broom to be brought and said:
"Break it!"
No matter how much they fought, they could not break it. Then the father untied the broom and ordered them to break one rod at a time.
They easily broke the bars one by one.
The Ant and the Dove (Fable)
The ant went down to the stream: he wanted to drink. The wave washed over him and almost drowned him. The dove carried a branch; She saw the ant drowning, and threw it a branch into the stream. The ant sat on a branch and escaped. Then the hunter laid a net on the dove and wanted to slam it. The ant crawled up to the hunter and bit him on the leg; the hunter gasped and dropped his net. The dove fluttered and flew away.
Hen and Swallow (Fable)
The chicken found the snake eggs and began to hatch them. The swallow saw it and said:
“That's it, stupid! You bring them out, and when they grow up, they will be the first to offend you.”
The Fox and the Grapes (Fable)
The fox saw ripe bunches of grapes hanging, and began to figure out how to eat them.
She struggled for a long time, but could not reach it. To drown out her annoyance, she says: “They’re still green.”
Two Comrades (Fable)
Two comrades were walking through the forest, and a bear jumped out at them. One ran, climbed a tree and hid, while the other stayed on the road. He had nothing to do - he fell to the ground and pretended to be dead.
The bear came up to him and began to sniff: he stopped breathing.
The bear sniffed his face, thought he was dead, and walked away.
When the bear left, he climbed down from the tree and laughed: “Well,” he said, “did the bear speak in your ear?”
"And he told me that - bad people those who run away from their comrades in danger.”
The Tsar and the Shirt (Fairy Tale)
One king was sick and said: “I will give half of the kingdom to the one who cures me.” Then all the wise men gathered and began to judge how to cure the king. No one knew. Only one sage said that the king could be cured. He said: if you find a happy person, take off his shirt and put it on the king, the king will recover. The king sent to look for a happy person throughout his kingdom; but the king's ambassadors traveled for a long time throughout the kingdom and could not find a happy person. There was not a single one that everyone was happy with. He who is rich is sick; whoever is healthy is poor; who is healthy and rich, but whose wife is not good, and whose children are not good; Everyone is complaining about something. One day, late in the evening, the king’s son was walking past a hut, and he heard someone say: “Thank God, I’ve worked hard, I’ve eaten enough, and I’ll go to bed; what more do I need? The king's son was delighted and ordered the man's shirt to be taken off, and for it to be given him as much money as he wanted, and the shirt to be taken to the king. Those sent came to happy man and they wanted to take off his shirt; but the happy one was so poor that he didn’t even have a shirt on.
Two Brothers (Fairy Tale)
Two brothers went traveling together. At noon they lay down to rest in the forest. When they woke up, they saw a stone lying next to them and something was written on the stone. They began to take it apart and read:
“Whoever finds this stone, let him go straight into the forest at sunrise. A river will come in the forest: let him swim through this river to the other side. You will see a bear with cubs: take the cubs from the bear and run without looking back straight up the mountain. On the mountain you will see home, and in that home you will find happiness."
The brothers read what was written, and the youngest said:
Let's go together. Maybe we will swim across this river, bring the cubs home and find happiness together.
Then the elder said:
I won’t go into the forest for cubs and I don’t advise you to either. First thing: no one knows whether the truth is written on this stone; maybe all this was written for fun. Yes, maybe we got it wrong. Second: if the truth is written, we will go into the forest, night will come, we will not get to the river and will get lost. And even if we find a river, how will we cross it? Maybe it's fast and wide? Third: even if we swim across the river, is it really an easy matter to take the cubs away from the mother bear? She will bully us, and instead of happiness we will disappear for nothing. Fourth thing: even if we manage to carry away the cubs, we will not make it up the mountain without rest. The main thing is not said: what kind of happiness will we find in this house? Maybe there awaits us the kind of happiness we don’t need at all.
And the younger one said:
I don't think so. There would be no point in writing this on stone. And everything is written clearly. First thing: we won't get into trouble if we try. The second thing: if we don’t go, someone else will read the inscription on the stone and find happiness, and we will be left with nothing. The third thing: if you don’t bother and don’t work, nothing in the world makes you happy. Fourth: I don’t want them to think that I was afraid of anything.
Then the elder said:
And the proverb says: “To seek great happiness is to lose little”; and also: “Don’t promise a pie in the sky, but give a bird in your hands.”
And the smaller one said:
And I heard: “Fear wolves, don’t go into the forest”; and also: “Water will not flow under a lying stone.” For me, I need to go.
The younger brother went, but the older brother stayed.
As soon as the younger brother entered the forest, he attacked the river, swam across it and immediately saw a bear on the shore. She slept. He grabbed the cubs and ran without looking back up the mountain. As soon as he reached the top, people came out to meet him, they brought him a carriage, took him to the city and made him king.
He reigned for five years. In the sixth year, another king, stronger than him, came against him with war; conquered the city and drove it away. Then the younger brother went wandering again and came to the older brother.
The elder brother lived in the village neither rich nor poor. The brothers were happy with each other and began to talk about their lives.
The elder brother says:
So my truth came out: I lived quietly and well all the time, and even though you were a king, you saw a lot of grief.
And the smaller one said:
I don’t grieve that I went into the forest up the mountain then; Even though I feel bad now, I have something to remember my life with, but you have nothing to remember it with.
Lipunyushka (Fairy Tale)
An old man lived with an old woman. They had no children. The old man went to the field to plow, and the old woman stayed at home to bake pancakes. The old woman baked pancakes and said:
“If we had a son, he would take pancakes to his father; and now who will I send with?”
Suddenly a little son crawled out of the cotton and said: “Hello, mother!..”
And the old woman says: “Where did you come from, son, and what is your name?”
And the son says: “You, mother, pulled back the cotton and put it in a column, and I hatched there. And call me Lipunyushka. Give me, mother, I’ll take the pancakes to the priest.”
The old woman says: “Will you tell, Lipunyushka?”
I'll tell you, mother...
The old woman tied the pancakes in a knot and gave them to her son. Lipunyushka took the bundle and ran into the field.
In the field he came across a bump on the road; he shouts: “Father, father, move me over the hummock! I brought you pancakes."
The old man heard someone calling him from the field, went to meet his son, transplanted him over a hummock and said: “Where are you from, son?” And the boy says: “Father, I was born in cotton,” and served his father pancakes. The old man sat down to have breakfast, and the boy said: “Give me, father, I’ll plow.”
And the old man says: “You don’t have enough strength to plow.”
And Lipunyushka took up the plow and began to plow. He plows himself and sings his own songs.
A gentleman was driving past this field and saw that the old man was sitting having breakfast, and the horse was plowing alone. The master got out of the carriage and said to the old man: “How is it, old man, that your horse plows alone?”
And the old man says: “I have a boy plowing there, and he sings songs.” The master came closer, heard the songs and saw Lipunyushka.
The master says: “Old man! sell me the boy." And the old man says: “No, you can’t sell it to me, I only have one.”
And Lipunyushka says to the old man: “Sell it, father, I’ll run away from him.”
The man sold the boy for a hundred rubles. The master gave the money, took the boy, wrapped him in a handkerchief and put him in his pocket. The master arrived home and said to his wife: “I brought you joy.” And the wife says: “Show me what it is?” The master took a handkerchief out of his pocket, unfolded it, and there was nothing in the handkerchief. Lipunyushka ran away to his father a long time ago.
Three Bears (Fairy Tale)
One girl left home for the forest. She got lost in the forest and began to look for the way home, but didn’t find it, but came to a house in the forest.
The door was open; She looked at the door, saw: there was no one in the house, and entered. Three bears lived in this house. One bear had a father, his name was Mikhailo Ivanovich. He was big and shaggy. The other was a bear. She was smaller, and her name was Nastasya Petrovna. The third was a little bear cub, and his name was Mishutka. The bears were not at home, they went for a walk in the forest.
There were two rooms in the house: one was a dining room, the other was a bedroom. The girl entered the dining room and saw three cups of stew on the table. The first cup, a very large one, was Mikhaily Ivanychev’s. The second cup, smaller, was Nastasya Petrovnina’s; the third, blue cup, was Mishutkina. Next to each cup lay a spoon: large, medium and small.
The girl took the largest spoon and sipped from the largest cup; then she took the middle spoon and sipped from the middle cup; then she took a small spoon and sipped from the blue cup; and Mishutka’s stew seemed to her the best.
The girl wanted to sit down and saw three chairs at the table: one large - Mikhail Ivanovich's; the other smaller one is Nastasya Petrovnin, and the third, small, with a blue pillow is Mishutkin. She climbed onto a large chair and fell; then she sat down on the middle chair, it was awkward; then she sat down on a small chair and laughed - it was so good. She took the blue cup onto her lap and began to eat. She ate all the stew and began to rock on her chair.
The chair broke and she fell to the floor. She stood up, picked up the chair and went to another room. There were three beds: one large - Mikhail Ivanychev's; the other middle one is Nastasya Petrovnina; the third little one is Mishenkina. The girl lay down in the big one; it was too spacious for her; I lay down in the middle - it was too high; She lay down in the small bed - the bed was just right for her, and she fell asleep.
And the bears came home hungry and wanted to have dinner.
The big bear took the cup, looked and roared in a terrible voice:
WHO WAS THE BREAD IN MY CUP?
Nastasya Petrovna looked at her cup and growled not so loudly:
WHO WAS THE BREAD IN MY CUP?
And Mishutka saw his empty cup and squeaked in a thin voice:
WHO WAS BREAD IN MY CUP AND SLAUGHED IT ALL OUT?
Mikhail Ivanovich looked at his chair and growled in a terrible voice:
Nastasya Petrovna looked at her chair and growled less loudly:
WHO WAS SITTING ON MY CHAIR AND MOVE IT OUT OF PLACE?
Mishutka looked at his broken chair and squeaked:
WHO SAT ON MY CHAIR AND BROKE IT?
The bears came to another room.
WHO WENT INTO MY BED AND CRUSHED IT? - Mikhail Ivanovich roared in a terrible voice.
WHO WENT INTO MY BED AND CRUSHED IT? - Nastasya Petrovna growled not so loudly.
And Mishenka set up a little bench, climbed into his crib and squeaked in a thin voice:
WHO WENT IN MY BED?
And suddenly he saw the girl and screamed as if he was being cut:
Here she is! Hold it, hold it! Here she is! Ay-yay! Hold it!
He wanted to bite her.
The girl opened her eyes, saw the bears and rushed to the window. It was open, she jumped out the window and ran away. And the bears did not catch up with her.
What kind of dew happens on the grass (Description)
When you go into the forest on a sunny morning in summer, you can see diamonds in the fields and grass. All these diamonds sparkle and shimmer in the sun in different colors - yellow, red, and blue. When you come closer and see what it is, you will see that these are drops of dew collected in triangular leaves of grass and glistening in the sun.
The inside of the leaf of this grass is shaggy and fluffy, like velvet. And the drops roll on the leaf and do not wet it.
When you carelessly pick a leaf with a dewdrop, the droplet will roll off like a light ball, and you will not see how it slips past the stem. It used to be that you would tear off such a cup, slowly bring it to your mouth and drink the dewdrop, and this dewdrop seemed tastier than any drink.
Touch and Vision (Reasoning)
Braid forefinger With your middle and braided fingers, touch the small ball so that it rolls between both fingers, and close your eyes. It will seem like two balls to you. Open your eyes, you will see that there is one ball. The fingers deceived, but the eyes corrected.
Look (preferably from the side) at a good, clean mirror: it will seem to you that this is a window or a door and that there is something behind it. Feel it with your finger and you will see that it is a mirror. The eyes deceived, but the fingers corrected.
Where does the water go from the sea? (Reasoning)
From springs, springs and swamps, water flows into streams, from streams into rivers, from small rivers into large rivers, and from large rivers it flows from the sea. From other sides other rivers flow into the seas, and all rivers have flowed into the seas since the world was created. Where does the water go from the sea? Why doesn't it flow over the edge?
Water from the sea rises in fog; the fog rises higher, and clouds become from the fog. The clouds are driven by the wind and spread across the ground. Water falls from the clouds to the ground. It flows from the ground into swamps and streams. From streams flows into rivers; from rivers to sea. From the sea again the water rises into the clouds, and the clouds spread across the earth...
Years of life: from 09.09.1828 to 20.11.1910
Great Russian writer. Graph. Educator, publicist, religious thinker, authoritative opinion which was provoked by the emergence of a new religious and moral movement - Tolstoyism.
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy was born on September 9 (August 28), 1828 in the Krapivensky district of the Tula province, on his mother’s hereditary estate - Yasnaya Polyana. Leo was the fourth child in a large noble family. His mother, nee Princess Volkonskaya, died when Tolstoy was not yet two years old. A distant relative, T. A. Ergolskaya, took up the task of raising orphaned children. In 1837, the family moved to Moscow, settling on Plyushchikha, because the eldest son had to prepare to enter university, but soon his father suddenly died, leaving affairs (including some litigation related to the family’s property) in an unfinished state, and the three younger ones The children again settled in Yasnaya Polyana under the supervision of Ergolskaya and their paternal aunt, Countess A. M. Osten-Sacken, who was appointed guardian of the children. Here Lev Nikolaevich remained until 1840, when Countess Osten-Sacken died and the children moved to Kazan, to a new guardian - their father's sister P. I. Yushkova.
Tolstoy's education first proceeded under the guidance of a rude French tutor, Saint-Thomas. From the age of 15, Tolstoy became a student at Kazan University, one of the leading universities of that time.
Having dropped out of the university, Tolstoy lived in Yasnaya Polyana from the spring of 1847. In 1851, realizing the purposelessness of his existence and, deeply despising himself, he went to the Caucasus to join the active army. In Crimea, Tolstoy was captured by new impressions and literary plans. There he began working on his first novel, “Childhood. Adolescence. Youth". Tolstoy's literary debut immediately brought real recognition.
In 1854, Tolstoy was assigned to the Danube Army in Bucharest. Boring life at the headquarters soon forced him to transfer to the Crimean Army, to besieged Sevastopol, where he commanded a battery on the 4th bastion, showing rare personal courage (awarded the Order of St. Anne and medals). In Crimea, Tolstoy was captured by new impressions and literary plans, here he began to write the cycle " Sevastopol stories", which was soon published and became a huge success.
In November 1855, Tolstoy arrived in St. Petersburg and immediately entered the Sovremennik circle (N. A. Nekrasov, I. S. Turgenev, A. N. Ostrovsky, I. A. Goncharov, etc.), where he was greeted as a “great hope of Russian literature."
In the fall of 1856, Tolstoy, having retired, went to Yasnaya Polyana, and at the beginning of 1857 he went abroad. He visited France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, returned to Moscow in the fall, then to Yasnaya Polyana. In 1859, Tolstoy opened a school for peasant children in the village, helped to establish more than 20 schools in the vicinity of Yasnaya Polyana, and this activity fascinated Tolstoy so much that in 1860 he traveled abroad for the second time to get acquainted with the schools of Europe.
In 1862, Tolstoy married Sofya Andreevna Bers. During the first 10-12 years after his marriage, he created War and Peace and Anna Karenina. Although a widely known, recognized and beloved writer for these works, Leo Tolstoy himself did not attach fundamental importance to them. More important to him was his philosophical system.
Leo Tolstoy was the founder of the Tolstoyanism movement, one of the fundamental theses of which is the Gospel “non-resistance to evil by force.” In 1925, around this topic among the Russian émigré community, a still ongoing debate flared up, in which many Russian philosophers of that time took part.
In the late autumn of 1910, at night, secretly from his family, 82-year-old Tolstoy, accompanied only by his personal doctor D.P. Makovitsky, left Yasnaya Polyana. The road turned out to be too much for him: on the way, Tolstoy fell ill and was forced to get off the train at the small railway station of Astapovo (now Leo Tolstoy, Lipetsk region). Here, in the station master's house, he spent the last seven days of his life. November 7 (20) Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy died.
Information about the works:
The former Yasnaya Polyana estate now houses a museum dedicated to the life and work of L.N. Tolstoy. In addition to this museum, the main exhibition about his life and work can be seen in State Museum L. N. Tolstoy, in former house Lopukhinykh-Stanitskaya (Moscow, Prechistenka 11). Its branches are also: at the Lev Tolstoy station (former Astapovo station), the memorial museum-estate of L. N. Tolstoy “Khamovniki” (Lva Tolstoy Street, 21), showroom on Pyatnitskaya.
Many writers and critics were surprised that the first Nobel Prize in Literature was not awarded to Leo Tolstoy, because at that time he was already famous not only in Russia, but also abroad. Numerous publications were published throughout Europe. But Tolstoy responded with the following address: “Dear and respected brothers! I was very pleased that the Nobel Prize was not awarded to me. Firstly, it saved me from a great difficulty - managing this money, which, like any money, in my conviction, can only bring evil; and secondly, it gave me the honor and great pleasure to receive expressions of sympathy from so many people, although unfamiliar to me, but still deeply respected by me. Please accept, dear brothers, my sincere gratitude and best feelings. Lev Tolstoy".
But that's the story Nobel Prize the writer's life did not end. In 1905, Tolstoy's new work, The Great Sin, was published. This, now almost forgotten, acutely journalistic book talked about the difficult lot of the Russian peasantry. The Russian Academy of Sciences came up with the idea of nominating Leo Tolstoy for the Nobel Prize. Having learned about this, Leo Tolstoy sent a letter to the Finnish writer and translator Arvid Järnefelt. In it, Tolstoy asked his acquaintance through his Swedish colleagues to “try to make sure that I am not awarded this prize,” because “if this happened, it would be very unpleasant for me to refuse.” Järnefelt carried out this delicate assignment, and the prize was awarded to the Italian poet Giosué Carducci.
Lev Nikolaevich was, among other things, musically gifted. He loved music, felt it subtly, and played music himself. So, in his youth, he picked up a waltz on the piano, which Alexander Goldenweiser later recorded by ear one evening in Yasnaya Polyana. Now this waltz in F major is often performed at events associated with Tolstoy, both in a piano version and orchestrated for a small string ensemble.
Bibliography
Stories:
List of stories -
Educational literature and teaching aids:
ABC (1872)
New ABC (1875)
Arithmetic (1875)
The first Russian book for reading (1875)
Second Russian book for reading (1875)
The third Russian book for reading (1875)
The fourth Russian book for reading (1875)
Plays:
The Infected Family (1864)
Nihilist (1866)
Power of Darkness (1886)
Dramatic adaptation of the legend of Haggai (1886)
The first distiller, or How the little devil earned the edge (1886)
(1890)
Peter Khlebnik (1894)
Living Corpse (1900)
And the light shines in the darkness (1900)
All the qualities come from her (1910)
Religious and philosophical works:
, 1880-1881
, 1882
The Kingdom of God is within you - a treatise, 1890-1893.
Film adaptations of works, theatrical performances
“Resurrection” (English: Resurrection, 1909, UK). A 12-minute silent film based on the novel of the same name (filmed during the writer’s lifetime).
“The Power of Darkness” (1909, Russia). Silent film.
"Anna Karenina" (1910, Germany). Silent film.
"Anna Karenina" (1911, Russia). Silent film. Dir. - Maurice Maitre
“Living Corpse” (1911, Russia). Silent film.
“War and Peace” (1913, Russia). Silent film.
"Anna Karenina" (1914, Russia). Silent film. Dir. - V. Gardin
"Anna Karenina" (1915, USA). Silent film.
“The Power of Darkness” (1915, Russia). Silent film.
“War and Peace” (1915, Russia). Silent film. Dir. - Y. Protazanov, V. Gardin
“Natasha Rostova” (1915, Russia). Silent film. Producer - A. Khanzhonkov. Starring: V. Polonsky, I. Mozzhukhin
"Living Corpse" (1916). Silent film.
"Anna Karenina" (1918, Hungary). Silent film.
“The Power of Darkness” (1918, Russia). Silent film.
"Living Corpse" (1918). Silent film.
“Father Sergius” (1918, RSFSR). Silent film film by Yakov Protazanov, in leading role Ivan Mozzhukhin
"Anna Karenina" (1919, Germany). Silent film.
“Polikushka” (1919, USSR). Silent film.
“Love” (1927, USA. Based on the novel “Anna Karenina”). Silent film. As Anna - Greta Garbo
“Living Corpse” (1929, USSR). Starring: V. Pudovkin
“Anna Karenina” (Anna Karenina, 1935, USA). Sound film. As Anna - Greta Garbo
"Anna Karenina" (Anna Karenina, 1948, UK). As Anna - Vivien Leigh
“War and Peace” (War & Peace, 1956, USA, Italy). As Natasha Rostova - Audrey Hepburn
“Agi Murad il diavolo bianco” (1959, Italy, Yugoslavia). As Hadji Murat - Steve Reeves
“People Too” (1959, USSR, based on a fragment from “War and Peace”). Dir. G. Danelia, starring V. Sanaev, L. Durov
“Resurrection” (1960, USSR). Dir. - M. Schweitzer
"Anna Karenina" (Anna Karenina, 1961, USA). As Vronsky - Sean Connery
“Cossacks” (1961, USSR). Dir. - V. Pronin
"Anna Karenina" (1967, USSR). In the role of Anna - Tatiana Samoilova
“War and Peace” (1968, USSR). Dir. - S. Bondarchuk
“Living Corpse” (1968, USSR). In ch. roles - A. Batalov
"War and Peace" (War & Peace, 1972, UK). Series. As Pierre - Anthony Hopkins
“Father Sergius” (1978, USSR). Feature Film Igor Talankin, starring Sergei Bondarchuk
« Caucasian story"(1978, USSR, based on the story "Cossacks"). In ch. roles - V. Konkin
“Money” (1983, France-Switzerland, based on the story “False Coupon”). Dir. - Robert Bresson
“Two Hussars” (1984, USSR). Dir. - Vyacheslav Krishtofovich
"Anna Karenina" (Anna Karenina, 1985, USA). As Anna - Jacqueline Bisset
« Simple death"(1985, USSR, based on the story "The Death of Ivan Ilyich"). Dir. - A. Kaidanovsky
“The Kreutzer Sonata” (1987, USSR). Starring: Oleg Yankovsky
"For what?" (Za co?, 1996, Poland / Russia). Dir. - Jerzy Kawalerowicz
"Anna Karenina" (Anna Karenina, 1997, USA). In the role of Anna - Sophie Marceau, Vronsky - Sean Bean
"Anna Karenina" (2007, Russia). In the role of Anna - Tatiana Drubich
For more details, see also: List of film adaptations of “Anna Karenina” 1910-2007.
“War and Peace” (2007, Germany, Russia, Poland, France, Italy). Series. In the role of Andrei Bolkonsky - Alessio Boni.
Our ship was anchored off the coast of Africa. It was a beautiful day, a fresh wind was blowing from the sea; but in the evening the weather changed: it became stuffy and, as if from a heated stove, hot air from the Sahara desert was blowing towards us. Read...
When I was six years old, I asked my mother to let me sew. She said: “You are still small, you will only prick your fingers”; and I kept pestering. Mother took a red piece of paper from the chest and gave it to me; then she threaded a red thread into the needle and showed me how to hold it. Read...
The priest was getting ready to go to the city, and I told him: “Father, take me with you.” And he says: “You will freeze there; "Where are you going?" I turned around, cried and went into the closet. I cried and cried and fell asleep. Read...
My grandfather lived in a bee yard in the summer. When I visited him, he gave me honey. Read...
I love my brother anyway, but more because he became a soldier for me. Here's how it happened: they began to cast lots. The lot fell on me, I had to become a soldier, and then I got married a week ago. I didn’t want to leave my young wife. Read...
I had an uncle, Ivan Andreich. He taught me to shoot when I was still 13 years old. He took out a small gun and let me shoot with it when we went for a walk. And I killed a jackdaw once and a magpie another time. Read...
I was walking along the road and heard a scream behind me. The shepherd boy shouted. He ran across the field and pointed at someone. Read...
In our house, behind the window shutter, a sparrow built a nest and laid five eggs. My sisters and I watched as a sparrow carried a straw and a feather behind the shutter and built a nest there. And then, when he put the eggs there, we were very happy. Read...
We had an old man, Pimen Timofeich. He was 90 years old. He lived with his grandson without anything to do. His back was bent, he walked with a stick and quietly moved his legs. He had no teeth at all, his face was wrinkled. His lower lip trembled; when he walked and when he spoke, he slapped his lips, and it was impossible to understand what he was saying. Read...
Once I stood in the yard and looked at a nest of swallows under the roof. Both swallows flew away in front of me, and the nest was left empty. Read...
I planted two hundred young apple trees and for three years, in the spring and autumn, I dug them in, and wrapped them in straw to prevent hares for the winter. In the fourth year, when the snow melted, I went to look at my apple trees. Read...
When we lived in the city, we studied every day, only on Sundays and holidays we went for walks and played with our brothers. Once the priest said: “The older children need to learn to ride horses. Send them to the playpen." Read...
We lived poorly on the edge of the village. I had a mother, a nanny (elder sister) and a grandmother. Grandmother walked around in an old chuprun and a thin paneva, and tied her head with some kind of rag, and a bag hung under her throat. Read...
I got myself a pointing dog for pheasants. This dog's name was Milton: she was tall, thin, speckled gray, with long wings and ears, and very strong and smart. Read...
When I left the Caucasus, there was still war there, and it was dangerous to travel at night without an escort. Read...
From the village I did not go directly to Russia, but first to Pyatigorsk, and stayed there for two months. I gave Milton to the Cossack hunter, and took Bulka with me to Pyatigorsk. Read...
Bulka and Milton ended at the same time. The old Cossack did not know how to handle Milton. Instead of taking him with him only to hunt birds, he began to take him after wild boars. And that same autumn a boar cleaver killed him. No one knew how to sew it up, and Milton died. Read...
I had a little face. Her name was Bulka. She was all black, only the tips of her front paws were white. Read...
Once in the Caucasus we went boar hunting, and Bulka came running with me. As soon as the hounds started driving, Bulka rushed towards their voice and disappeared into the forest. It was in the month of November; Boars and pigs are then very fat. Read...
One day I went hunting with Milton. Near the forest he began to search, stretched out his tail, raised his ears and began to sniff. I prepared my gun and went after him. I thought he was looking for partridge, pheasant or hare. Read...
Despite the fact that Tolstoy was of the noble class, he always found time to communicate with peasant children, and even opened a school for them on his estate.
The great Russian writer, a man of progressive views, Leo Tolstoy died on a train at Astapovo station. According to his will, he was buried in Yasnaya Polyana, on the hill where, as a child, little Lev was looking for a “green stick” that would help make all people happy.
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy; Russian empire, Tula province; 08/28/1828 – 11/07/1910
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy needs no introduction. This is a world-famous luminary of Russian and world realism. Tolstoy's works have been republished many times in most languages of the world, they have been filmed in almost all countries, and Tolstoy's plays are still very popular. All this makes Leo Tolstoy’s inclusion in our rating simply mandatory. After all, his works are still relevant today, thanks to this, those who want to read Tolstoy do not decrease over the years.
Biography of Tolstoy L. N.
Lev Nikolaevich was born into a famous noble family. The roots of the Tolstoy family date back to the 14th century. Leo was orphaned at a fairly young age; first his mother passed away, and then his father. Distant relatives and aunts took turns raising children. In 1844, Tolstoy entered the Imperial Kazan University, but the young man studied very poorly, which is why the threat of repeating the course hangs over him. In the future, Leo Tolstoy’s occupation varies quite a bit: he is an avid gambler and reveler, and then he tries himself in literature. This mainly depends on his financial situation. This lasts until 1951 until he becomes a cadet in an artillery brigade. Already on next year Sovremennik publishes Tolstoy's debut, partly autobiographical work, Childhood. This debut work is quite successful, which allows the author to write subsequent works more confidently, which only strengthen his authority.
But Tolstoy, like many writers of that time such as, and many others, had the opportunity to take part in numerous wars. First it was two years in the Caucasus, where a young cadet gave up the St. George Cross to his colleague. Then it was the defense of Sevastopol, which prompted Tolstoy to write the series “Sevastopol Stories”. These works of L. N. Tolstoy further cemented his fame as a great writer. 
Begins in 1857 new stage in Tolstoy's life. He goes on a trip to Europe. After returning from Europe in 1961, Tolstoy became a peace mediator in the Tula province. It is during this period of the writer’s life that the most readable novels Tolstoy's "War and Peace" and "Anna Karenina". These works have become iconic both for the author and for world literature in general. In subsequent years, right up to his death, the author devotes a lot of time to writing new works, as well as educational and social work. He opened schools for peasants, published an educational magazine and was involved in charity work. At the same time, he was very sensitive to family values and children.
Works by LN Tolstoy on the Top books website
In our ratings, the works of Leo Tolstoy are presented in all specialized categories. Of course, most of them are in the rating, which is a natural phenomenon for a prose writer. In addition, Tolstoy’s works are so popular to read that even after many years, some of them are included in our rating. It is also worth noting that Tolstoy’s books for children and works in the genre of plays are very popular. In general, with full list You can find Tolstoy's works below.
All works of LN Tolstoy
- Decembrists
- A novel about the time of Peter I
- A hundred years
- Two hussars
- Morning of the landowner
- Polikushka
- Cossacks
- Death of Ivan Ilyich
- Kreutzer Sonata
- Devil
- Owner and worker
- Father Sergei
- Hadji Murat
- Fake coupon
Childhood-adolescence-youth:
Stories:
- History of yesterday
- Raid
- Marker Notes
- Wood cutting
- Blizzard
- Demoted
- Lucerne
- Albert
- Three deaths
- Two horses
- Bounce
- Aeronaut's Story
- How people live
- Where there is love, there is God
- Two old men
- If you let the fire go, you won't be able to put it out
- The enemy's is sculpted, but God's is strong
- Two brothers and gold
- Ilyas
- Cross
- How much land does a person need?
- Candle
- Three elders
- Canvas meter
- Three sons
- Who is right?
- Francoise
- Surat coffee shop
- Karma
- Three parables
- Expensive
- Assyrian king Esarhadon
- Destroying Hell and Rebuilding It
- A fairy tale about Ivan the Fool and his two brothers: Semyon the Warrior and Taras the Belly, and the dumb sister Malanya, and about the old devil and the three little devils.
- Divine and human
- For what?
- Korney Vasiliev
- Berries Wolf
- Grateful soil
- Songs in the village
- Conversation with a passerby
- Three days in the village
- Alyosha Pot
- Accidentally
- Father Vasily
- What I saw in my dream
- Idyll
- Diary of a Madman
- Posthumous notes of Elder Fyodor Kuzmich...
- Two different versions of the history of the beehive with a popular cover
- The power of childhood
- The Young King's Dream
- Khodynka
- Traveler and peasant
- History of yesterday
- How Russian soldiers die
- Yule night
- Uncle Zhdanov and gentleman Chernov
- Excerpts from stories from village life
Fairy tales and fables:
- Shark
- Astronomers
- Baba and the chicken
- Squirrel and wolf
- God sees the truth, but will not tell you soon
- Big stove
- Bulka
- Vizier Abdul
- Merman and pearl
- Volga and Vazuza
- Wolf and crane
- Wolf and mare
- Wolf and goat
- Wolf and goat (2)
- Wolf and bow
- Wolf and hunters
- Wolf and dog
- Wolf and old woman
- The Wolf and the Lamb
- Wolf and pig
- Sparrow and swallow
- Raven and crows
- Raven and fox
- Harmful air
- Jackdaw and pigeons
- Jackdaw and jug
- Galchonok
- Stupid guy (Stupid guy)
- Head and tail of a snake
- Geese and peacock
- Two brothers
- Two merchants
- Two comrades
- Two horses
- Girl and mushrooms
- The girl and the robbers
- Division of inheritance
- Wild and tame donkey
- What is the wind for?
- Clever Ram
- Milch cow
- Oak and hazel
- A fool and a knife (Like a fool cut jelly)
- Hedgehog and hare
- Vest
- Hares
- Hares and frogs
- Hare and hound dog
- Hut and Palace (Tsar and Hut)
- Indian and Englishman
- Prisoner of the Caucasus
- How a house was repaired in the city of Paris
- How wolves teach their children
- How a thief gave himself away
- How geese saved Rome (ancient Roman legend)
- How a boy talked about how he found queen bees for his grandfather
- How a boy talked about how he stopped being afraid of blind beggars
- How a boy talked about how a thunderstorm caught him in the forest
- How the boy talked about how he was not taken to the city
- How a man divided the geese
- How a man removed a stone
- How Bukharians learned to breed silkworms
- How my aunt talked about how she learned to sew
- How I learned to ride a horse
- Stone
- Reed and olive
- Chinese Queen Xilingchi
- Mosquito and lion
- Cow
- Cow and goat
- Bone
- Cat and mice
- Cat with a bell
- Kitty
- Cat and fox
- Crystals
- Who is right?
- Where does the water go from the sea?
- Chicken and golden eggs
- Hen and swallow
- Lion and fox
- Lion and mouse
- Lion and dog
- Lion, wolf and fox
- Lion, bear and fox
- Lion, donkey and fox
- Lazy daughter
- Bat
- Lipunyushka
- Fox and Crane
- Fox
- Fox and grapes
- Fox and goat
- Fox and monkey
- Horse and groom
- Horse and owners
- Frog and lion
- Frog, mouse and hawk
- Magnet
- Bear on a cart
- Wise old man
- Man and merman
- Man and horse
- Man and cucumbers
- Ant and dove
- Mouse under the barn
- Mouse, rooster and cat
- Mother hen and chicks
- Monkey
- Monkey and Pea
- Monkey and fox
- Deer
- Deer and vineyard
- Deer and lunch
- Donkey in lion skin
- Donkey and horse
- Touch and vision
- Force from speed
- Father and sons
- Where did fire come from when people did not know fire?
- Why is there wind?
- Why do trees crack in cold weather?
- Why can you see in the dark?
- Hunting is worse than bondage
- Hunter and Quail
- Peacock
- Peacock and crane
- First flight
- Quail
- Peter I and the man
- Foundling
- Fire
- Fire dogs
- The truth is more expensive than anything else
- Righteous Judge
- Bounce
- Birds and nets
- Birdie
- Bees and drones
- Worker Emelyan and an empty drum
- Workers and cock
- Equal inheritance
- Hare
- Fisherman and fish
- The best pears
- San Gotthard dog
- Svyatogor the hero
- How many people?
- Blind man and milk
- Death of Oleg
- Dog and wolf
- The dog and the thief
- The dog and its shadow
- Jacob's dog
- Dog, rooster and fox
- Dogs and cook
- Owl and hare
- Falcon and rooster
- Soldier
- Sun and wind
- Disputants
- old horse
- The old man and death
- Old grandfather and grandson
- Terrible beast (Who is more terrible)
- Dragonfly and ants
- Severe punishment
- Dampness
- Calf on ice
- Thin threads
- Ax and saw
- Three thieves
- Three rolls and one bagel
- Luck
- Specific gravity
- Already and a hedgehog
- Stubborn horse (How a man over-stubborned a horse)
- Duck and month
- The Teachings of Christ Explained to Children
- Learned son
- Fedotka
- Filipok
- Master and rooster
- Owner and dog
- Heron, fish and crayfish
- Royal brothers
- Tsar and shirt
- The king and the elephants
- Tsar and falcon
- Turtle and eagle
- Flair
- Jackals and elephant
- Shat and Don
