Who are the Finno-Ugrians? Finno-Ugric peoples: history and culture. Finno-Ugric languages

). This time we will talk about the Finno-Ugric peoples, i.e. peoples speaking Finno-Ugric languages. This branch of languages ​​is included in the Uralic language family, another branch of which is the Samoyed languages ​​(currently spoken by the Nenets, Enets, Nganasans and Selkups).
Finno-Ugric languages ​​are divided into 2 groups: Finno-Permian and Ugric. The Finno-Permian group includes the following peoples: Finns (sometimes Ingrian Finns are considered an independent ethnic group), Estonians, Karelians, Vepsians, Izhorians, Livs, Vods, Sami, Mordovians (this people actually represent two different peoples: Erzyans and Mokshans), Mari, Udmurts, Komi-Zyryans, Komi-Permyaks. The Ugric group includes the Hungarians, Khanty and Mansi.
Currently there are 3 independent Finno-Ugric states: Hungary, Finland and Estonia. There are several Finno-Ugric national autonomies in Russia, but in all of them the Finno-Ugric nations are inferior in number to the Russians.
The total number of Finno-Ugric peoples is 25 million people, of which more than half are Hungarians (14.5 million). The second largest population is occupied by Finns (6.5 million), third by Estonians (1 million). The most numerous Finno-Ugric people in Russia are the Mordovians (744 thousand).
The ancestral home of the Finno-Ugric peoples is Western Siberia, from where the ancestors of modern Finno-Ugric peoples settled throughout Eastern Europe and the Scandinavian Peninsula. The Finno-Ugrians influenced the ethnogenesis of the Russian people, this influence was especially great on the northern Russians (the territory of Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions). Russian historian V.O. Klyuchevsky wrote: “Our Great Russian physiognomy does not accurately reproduce the common Slavic features. Other Slavs, recognizing these features in it, however, also notice some foreign admixture: namely, the cheekbones of the Great Russian, the predominance of dark complexion and hair, and especially the typical Great Russian nose, resting on a wide base, with high probability they are betting on Finnish influence".

The most beautiful Finnish- model Emilia Järvelä. Known as the face of Finnish cosmetic company Lumene. Height 180 cm, body measurements 86-60-87.

The most beautiful Ingrian - Russian actress, Honored Artist Russian Federation Elena Kondulainen(born April 9, 1958, Toksovo village, Leningrad region).

The most beautiful Lapp - Berit-Anne Juuso. In 2012, she won the Hymytyttö (Girl's Smile) competition, held annually by the Finnish Internet portal hymy.fi. Born and lives in the Finnish province of Lapland. Her father is Sami, her mother is Finnish.

The most beautiful Hungarian - Catherine Schell / Catherine Schell(born July 17, 1944, Budapest) is a British actress of Hungarian origin. Real name -Katherina Freiin Schell von Bauschlott. Despite German surname(inherited to her from her German great-grandfather), Catherine Schell is almost entirely Hungarian by blood, her parents belonged to the Hungarian nobility: her father bore the title of baron, and her mother a countess.

Most famous films with her participation: the 6th Bond film “On Her Majesty’s Secret Service” (1969, role of Nancy), “Moon 02” (1969, role of Clementine), “Return of the Pink Panther” (1975, role of Lady Claudine Lytton). In the UK, the actress is best known for her role as Maya in the 1970s sci-fi series Space: 1999.

Catherine Schell in the film "Moon 02" (1969):

The most beautiful Estonian- singer (born September 24, 1988, Kohila, Estonia). Represented Estonia at the Eurovision Song Contest 2013.

The most beautiful mokshaka -Svetlana Khorkina(born January 19, 1979, Belgorod) - Russian gymnast, two-time Olympic champion in parallel bars (1996, 2000), three-time absolute world champion and three-time absolute European champion. In an interview he calls himself a Mordovian: “My parents are Mordovians, and since their blood flows in me, I consider myself a purebred Mordovian.”

The most beautiful Erzyanka -Olga Kaniskina(born January 19, 1985, Saransk) - track and field athlete, Olympic champion in 2008, the first three-time world champion in the history of race walking (2007, 2009 and 2011), European champion in 2010, two-time Russian champion.

The most beautiful Komi-Permyachka - Tatyana Totmyanina(born November 2, 1981, Perm) - figure skater, Olympic champion of Turin paired with Maxim Marinin. The same couple won the World Championship twice and the European Championship 5 times.

The most beautiful Udmurtka- singer Svetlana (Sveti) Ruchkina(born September 25, 1988). She is the vocalist of the Udmurt-language rock band Silent Woo Goore.

The most beautiful Karelian - Maria Kalinina. Winner of the contest "Miss Student Finno-Ugria 2015".

The Finno-Ugric ethno-linguistic community of peoples includes over 20 million people. Their ancestors lived in the territories of the Urals and Eastern Europe in ancient times, starting from the Neolithic era. The Finno-Ugrians are the indigenous peoples of their territories. The vast spaces that belonged to the Finno-Ugric and Samoyed (close to them) tribes originate from the Baltic Sea, the forest-steppe of the Russian Plain, and end at Western Siberia and the Arctic Ocean, respectively. The modern European part of Russia was occupied by the Finno-Ugrians, who could not help but contribute to the genetic and cultural heritage of these lands.

Finno-Ugric division by language

There are several subgroups of Finno-Ugric peoples, divided by language. There is the so-called Volga-Finnish group, which included the Mari, Erzyans and Mokshans (Mordovians). The Permian-Finnish group includes Besermyans, Komi and Udmurts. Ingrian Finns, Setos, Finns, Izhorians, Vepsians, descendants of the Meri and other peoples belong to the group of Balto-Finns. Separately, there is the so-called Ugric group, which includes such peoples as the Hungarians, Khanty and Mansi. Some scientists classify the Volga Finns as a separate group, which included peoples who are descendants of the Morums and the medieval Meshchera.

Heterogeneity of the anthropology of the Finno-Ugric peoples

Some researchers believe that, along with the Mongoloid and Caucasoid, there is the so-called Ural race, whose peoples are characterized by characteristics of representatives of both the first and second races. Mansi, Khanty, Mordovians and Mari are more characterized by Mongoloid features. Among other peoples, the characteristics of the Caucasian race dominate, or they are evenly divided. However, the Finno-Ugrians do not have the features of the Indo-European group.

Cultural characteristics

All Finno-Ugric tribes are characterized by identical material and spiritual cultural values. They always strived for harmony with the surrounding world, nature, and the peoples bordering them. Only they were able to preserve their culture and traditions, including Russian ones, to this day. This is easily explained by the fact that the Finno-Ugrians have always revered not only their own traditions and customs, but also those that they borrowed from neighboring peoples.

Most of the ancient Russian legends, fairy tales and epics that make up epic folklore are attributed to the Vepsians and Karelians - the descendants of the Finno-Ugrians who lived in the Arkhangelsk province. Many monuments of ancient Russian wooden architecture also came to us from the lands occupied by these peoples.

Connection between Finno-Ugrians and Russians

Undoubtedly, the Finno-Ugrians had a significant influence on the formation of the Russian people. The entire territory of the Russian Plain, which the Russians now occupy, previously belonged to these tribes. The material and spiritual culture of the latter, and not the Turks or South Slavs, was largely borrowed by the Russians.

Easy to spot common features national character And psychological characteristics Russians and Finno-Ugric peoples. This is especially true for that part of the population that lives in the northeastern, northern and northwestern parts of European Russia, which is considered indigenous to the Russian people.

The famous academician O. B. Tkachenko, who devoted his life to the study of the Meri people, stated that representatives of the Russian people on their father’s side are connected with the Finns, and only on their mother’s side with the Slavic ancestral home. This opinion is confirmed by multiple cultural features characteristic of the Russian nation. Novgorod and Muscovite Rus' arose and began their development precisely in those territories occupied by the Finno-Ugrians.

Various opinions of scientists

According to the historian N.A. Polevoy, who in his works touched upon the problem of the ethnogenesis of the Great Russians, the Russian people are genetically and culturally is purely Slavic. The Finno-Ugric tribes did not have any influence on its formation. The opposite opinion was expressed by F. G. Dukhinsky, who also lived in the 19th century. The Polish historian believed that the Russian people were formed on the basis of the Turks and Finno-Ugrians, and only linguistic features were borrowed from the Slavs.

Lomonosov and Ushinsky, who agreed, defended an intermediate point of view. They believed that the Finno-Ugrians and Slavs exchanged cultural values together. Over time, the Russian people included Muroma, Chud and Merya, making their contribution to the Russian ethnic group that was just emerging at that time. The Slavs, in turn, influenced the Ugro-Hungarian peoples, as evidenced by the presence of Slavic vocabulary in the Hungarian language. Both Slavic and Finno-Ugric blood flows in the veins of Russians, and there is nothing wrong with this, according to Ushinsky.

Many peoples living on the shores of the Baltic coast, as well as the Danes, Swedes and even Russians, trace their origins to the inexplicably silent disappearance of the Finno-Ugric peoples. These tribes, who lived mainly in Europe, were formed so long ago that they cannot be called peoples who migrated from other lands. Perhaps they previously lived throughout the northern part of Asia and Europe, and even occupied the territory of central Europe. Thus, the Finno-Ugric peoples actually laid a solid foundation for the formation of the majority of northern and European powers, which include Russia.

Among those living on the planet today there are many unique, original and even slightly mysterious peoples and nationalities. These, undoubtedly, include the Finno-Ugric peoples, who are considered the largest ethno-linguistic community in Europe. It includes 24 nations. 17 of them live in the Russian Federation.

Composition of the ethnic group

All the numerous Finno-Ugric peoples are divided by researchers into several groups:

• Baltic-Finnish, the backbone of which consists of quite numerous Finns and Estonians, who formed their own states. This also includes the Setos, Ingrians, Kvens, Vyrs, Karelians, Izhorians, Vepsians, Vods and Livs.
• Sami (Lapp), which includes residents of Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula.
• Volga-Finnish, which includes the Mari and Mordovians. The latter, in turn, are divided into Moksha and Erzya.
• Perm, which includes Komi, Komi-Permyaks, Komi-Zyryans, Komi-Izhemtsy, Komi-Yazvintsy, Besermyans and Udmurts.
• Ugorskaya. It includes the Hungarians, Khanty and Mansi, separated from each other by hundreds of kilometers.

Vanished Tribes

Among the modern Finno-Ugric peoples there are numerous peoples, and very small groups - less than 100 people. There are also those whose memory is preserved only in ancient chronicle sources. The disappeared, for example, include Merya, Chud and Muroma.

The Meryans built their settlements between the Volga and Oka several hundred years BC. According to some historians, this people subsequently assimilated with the East Slavic tribes and became the progenitor of the Mari people.

An even more ancient people were the Muroma, who lived in the Oka basin.

As for the Chud, this people lived along the Onega and Northern Dvina. There is an assumption that these were ancient Finnish tribes from which modern Estonians descended.

Regions of settlement

The Finno-Ugric group of peoples today is concentrated in northwestern Europe: from Scandinavia to the Urals, Volga-Kama, West Siberian Plain in the lower and middle reaches of the Tobol.

The only people who formed their own state at a considerable distance from their brethren are the Hungarians living in the Danube basin in the Carpathian Mountains region.

The most numerous Finno-Ugric people in Russia are the Karelians. In addition to the Republic of Karelia, many of them live in the Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, Tver and Leningrad regions of the country.

Most of the Mordovians live in the Republic of Mordva, but many of them also settled in neighboring republics and regions of the country.

In these same regions, as well as in Udmurtia, Nizhny Novgorod, Perm and other regions, you can also meet Finno-Ugric peoples, especially many Mari here. Although their main backbone lives in the Republic of Mari El.

Komi Republic, as well as nearby regions and autonomous okrugs- the place of permanent residence of the Komi people, and in the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug and the Perm region live their closest “relatives” - the Komi-Permyaks.

More than a third of the population Udmurt Republic are ethnic Udmurts. In addition, there are small communities in many nearby regions.

As for the Khanty and Mansi, the bulk of them live in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. In addition, large Khanty communities live in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and the Tomsk region.

Appearance type

Among the ancestors of the Finno-Ugrians there were both ancient European and ancient Asian tribal communities, so in the appearance of modern representatives one can observe features inherent in both the Mongoloid and Caucasian races.

General features to distinctive features representatives of this ethnic group include average height, very blond hair, wide cheekbones with an upturned nose.

Moreover, each nationality has its own “variations”. For example, the Erzya Mordvins are much taller than average, but at the same time they have pronounced blue-eyed blondes. But the Moksha Mordvins, on the contrary, are short, and their hair color is darker.

The Udmurts and Maris have “Mongolian type” eyes, which makes them similar to the Mongoloid race. But at the same time, the vast majority of representatives of the nationality are fair-haired and light-eyed. Similar facial features are also found among many Izhorians, Karelians, Vodians, and Estonians.

But Komi can be either dark-haired with slanted eyes, or fair-haired with pronounced Caucasian features.

Quantitative composition

In total, there are about 25 million Finno-Ugric people living in the world. The most numerous of them are Hungarians, who number more than 15 million. Finns are almost three times less - about 6 million, and the number of Estonians is a little more than a million.

The number of other nationalities does not exceed a million: Mordovians - 843 thousand; Udmurts - 637 thousand; Mari - 614 thousand; Ingrians - just over 30 thousand; Kvens - about 60 thousand; Võru - 74 thousand; setu - about 10 thousand, etc.

The most small peoples are the Livs, whose number does not exceed 400 people, and the Vods, whose community consists of 100 representatives.

An excursion into the history of the Finno-Ugric peoples

About the origin and ancient history There are several versions of Finno-Ugric peoples. The most popular of them is the one that assumes the existence of a group of people who spoke the so-called Finno-Ugric proto-language, and maintained their unity until approximately the 3rd millennium BC. This Finno-Ugric group of peoples lived in the Urals and western Urals region. In those days, the ancestors of the Finno-Ugrians maintained contact with the Indo-Iranians, as evidenced by all kinds of myths and languages.

Later, the single community split into Ugric and Finno-Perm. From the second, the Baltic-Finnish, Volga-Finnish and Permian language subgroups subsequently emerged. Separation and isolation continued until the first centuries of our era.

Scientists consider the homeland of the ancestors of the Finno-Ugrians to be the region located on the border of Europe with Asia in the interfluve of the Volga and Kama, the Urals. At the same time, the settlements were located at a considerable distance from each other, which may have been the reason that they did not create their own unified state.

The main occupations of the tribes were agriculture, hunting and fishing. The earliest mentions of them are found in documents from the times of the Khazar Kaganate.

For many years, Finno-Ugric tribes paid tribute to the Bulgar khans and were part of the Kazan Khanate and Rus'.

In the 16th-18th centuries, the territory of Finno-Ugric tribes began to be settled by thousands of immigrants from various regions of Rus'. The owners often resisted such an invasion and did not want to recognize the power of the Russian rulers. The Mari resisted especially fiercely.

However, despite the resistance, gradually the traditions, customs and language of the “newcomers” began to supplant local speech and beliefs. Assimilation intensified during subsequent migration, when Finno-Ugrians began to move to various regions of Russia.

Finno-Ugric languages

Initially, there was a single Finno-Ugric language. As the group divided and different tribes settled further and further from each other, it changed, breaking up into separate dialects and independent languages.

Until now, Finno-Ugric languages ​​have been preserved as large nations(Finns, Hungarians, Estonians), and small ethnic groups(Khanty, Mansi, Udmurts, etc.). So, in primary school a number of Russian schools where representatives of the Finno-Ugric peoples study the Sami, Khanty and Mansi languages.

Komi, Mari, Udmurts, Mordovians can also study the languages ​​of their ancestors, starting from middle school.

Other peoples speaking Finno-Ugric languages, may also speak dialects similar to the main languages ​​of the group they belong to. For example, Bessermen communicate in one of the dialects Udmurt language, Ingrians - in the eastern dialect of Finnish, Kvens speak Finnish, Norwegian or Sami.

Currently, there are barely about a thousand common words in all the languages ​​of the peoples belonging to the Finno-Ugric peoples. Thus, the “family” connection between different peoples can be traced in the word “home”, which among the Finns sounds like koti, among the Estonians - kodu. “Kudu” (Mor.) and “Kudo” (Mari) have a similar sound.

Living next to other tribes and peoples, the Finno-Ugrians adopted culture and language from them, but also generously shared their own. For example, “rich and powerful” includes Finno-Ugric words such as “tundra”, “sprat”, “herring” and even “dumplings”.

Finno-Ugric culture

Archaeologists find cultural monuments of the Finno-Ugric peoples in the form of settlements, burials, household items and jewelry throughout the entire territory inhabited by the ethnic group. Most of the monuments date back to the beginning of our era and the early Middle Ages. Many peoples have managed to preserve their culture, traditions and customs until today.

Most often they manifest themselves in various rituals (weddings, folk festivals, etc.), dances, clothing and everyday life.

Literature

Finno-Ugric literature is conventionally divided by historians and researchers into three groups:

• Western, which includes works of Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian writers and poets. This literature was influenced by literature European peoples, has the richest history.
• Russian, the formation of which begins in the 18th century. It includes works by authors of the Komi, Mari, Mordovians, and Udmurts.
• Northern. The youngest group, developed only about a century ago. It includes works by Mansi, Nenets, and Khanty authors.

At the same time, all representatives of the ethnic group have a rich heritage of oral folk art. Every nationality has numerous epics and legends about heroes of the past. One of the most famous works folk epic is the Kalevala, which tells about the life, beliefs and customs of our ancestors.

Religious preferences

Most of the peoples belonging to the Finno-Ugrians profess Orthodoxy. Finns, Estonians and Western Sami adhere to the Lutheran faith, while Hungarians adhere to the Catholic faith. At the same time, ancient traditions are preserved in rituals, mostly wedding ones.

But the Udmurts and Mari in some places still retain their ancient religion, just like the Samoyeds and some peoples of Siberia, they worship their gods and practice shamanism.

Features of national cuisine

In ancient times, the main food product of the Finno-Ugric tribes was fish, which was fried, boiled, dried and even eaten raw. Moreover, each type of fish had its own cooking method.

The meat of forest birds and small animals caught in snares was also used as food. The most popular vegetables were turnips and radishes. The food was richly seasoned with spices such as horseradish, onions, hogweed, etc.

The Finno-Ugric peoples prepared porridges and jelly from barley and wheat. They were also used to fill homemade sausages.

Modern Finno-Ugric cuisine, which has been strongly influenced by neighboring peoples, has almost no special traditional features. But almost every nation has at least one traditional or ritual dish, the recipe for which has been handed down to the present day almost unchanged.

A distinctive feature of the cuisine of the Finno-Ugric peoples is that in food preparation preference is given to products grown in the place where the people live. But imported ingredients are used only in the most minimal quantities.

Save and increase

In order to preserve cultural heritage Finno-Ugric peoples and the transmission of traditions and customs of their ancestors to future generations, all kinds of centers and organizations are being created everywhere.

Much attention is paid to this in the Russian Federation. One of such organizations is the non-profit association Volga Center of Finno-Ugric Peoples, created 11 years ago (April 28, 2006).

As part of its work, the center not only helps large and small Finno-Ugric peoples not to lose their history, but also introduces it to other peoples of Russia, helping to strengthen mutual understanding and friendship between them.

Famous representatives

Like every nation, the Finno-Ugric peoples have their own heroes. Famous representative Finno-Ugric people - the nanny of the great Russian poet - Arina Rodionovna, who was from the Ingrian village of Lampovo.

Also Finno-Ugrians are such historical and modern personalities, like Patriarch Nikon and Archpriest Avvakum (both were Mordvins), physiologist V. M. Bekhterev (Udmurt), composer A. Ya. Eshpai (Mari), athlete R. Smetanina (Komi) and many others.

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Books

• Leningrad region. Did you know? , . Leningrad region - region with rich history. Did you know that its territory has long been inhabited by the Slavs and Finno-Ugric peoples, who together created Northern Rus'? The great…
• Monuments of the Fatherland. Almanac, No. 33 (1-2/1995). Complete description of Russia. Udmurtia, . They have lived as good neighbors on our land for centuries. different peoples. Ancient Finno-Ugric tribes left traces of their high culture and art. Their descendants, the Udmurts, preserved the marching...

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Finno-Ugric peoples (Finno-Ugrians listen)) - a linguistic community of peoples speaking Finno-Ugric languages ​​living in Western Siberia, Central, Northern and Eastern Europe.

Classification and numbers

Finno-Ugric peoples are divided into two groups: Finnish and Ugric.

The total number of Finno-Ugric peoples is estimated at 25 million people. Of these, there are about 14 million Hungarians, 5 million Finns, about 1 million Estonians, 843 thousand Mordovians, 637 thousand Udmurts, 614 thousand Mari.

Finno-Permian group

Baltic-Finnish subgroup

• Finns (Suomi) - 6,000,000: 4,800,000 - in Finland, 300,000 - in Sweden, 300,000 people - in the USA, 50 people - in Kazakhstan.
  • Ingrians - 32,231: 20,300 - in Russia, 10,639 - in Estonia.
  • Kvens - 10,000 - 60,000 - in Norway.
• Estonians - 1,050,000: 920,000 - in Estonia (), 39,763 - in Finland (), 28,113 - in Russia (2002), 25,509 - in Sweden (), 25,000 - USA ().
  • Võru - 74,000 in Estonia.
  • Setu - 10,000: 10,000 in Estonia, 214 in Russia (2010).
• Karelians - 120,000: 93,344 - in Russia (2002), 20,000 - in Finland.
• Vepsians - 8,240 people in Russia (2002).
• Izhorians - 700 people: 327 people - in Russia (2002).
• Livs - 250-400 people (in Latvia).
• Vod - 100 people: 73 - in Russia (2002).

Sami subgroup

• Sami - 30,000-70,000: 40,000 in Norway, 20,000 in Sweden, 6,500 in Finland, 1.8 thousand people in Russia (2010).

Volga-Finnish subgroup

• Mordva - 744,237 in Russia (2010)
  • Mokshane - 49,624 in Russia (2002)
  • Erzyans - 84,407 in Russia (2002)
• Mari - 547,605 in Russia (2010)

Perm subgroup

• Udmurts - 636,906 in Russia (2002).
  • Besermyans - 3,122 in Russia (2002).
• Komi-Zyrians - 293,406 in Russia (2002).
  • Komi-Izhemtsy - 15,607 in Russia (2002).
• Komi-Permyaks - 125,235 in Russia (2002).
  • Komi-Yazvintsy - 5,000 in Russia.

Ugric group

Danube subgroup

• Hungarians - 14,500,000: 9,416,015 - in Hungary (), 1,563,081 - in the USA (), 1,433,073 - in Romania (), 520,528 - in Slovakia (), 315,510 - in Canada (), 293 299 - in Serbia (), 156,600 - in Ukraine ().
  • Yases (medieval Alan people assimilated by the Hungarians)

Ob subgroup

• Khanty - 28,678 people in Russia (2002).
• Mansi - 11,432 people in Russia (2002).

Classification of state-territorial entities

Modern independent Finno-Ugric states

Modern Finno-Ugric national autonomies

Archeology

• Cherkaskul culture - Bronze Age culture in the south of the Urals and Western Siberia

• Mezhovskaya culture - Bronze Age culture in the Trans-Urals and Western Siberia

• Ananyinskaya culture - Iron Age culture in the Middle Volga region

• Pianoborskaya culture - Iron Age culture in the Volga region and the Urals

• Bakhmutin culture and the Kama region

• Dyakovo culture - Iron Age culture in Central Russia

• Gorodets culture - Iron Age culture in Southern Russia and Volga region

• Karayakup culture - Iron Age culture in the Southern Urals

• Kushnarenkovskaya culture - Iron Age culture in the Southern Urals

• Mazuninskaya culture - Iron Age culture in the Kama region and on the lower reaches of the Belaya River

• Sargat culture - Iron Age culture in Western Siberia

Story

Linguistic analysis shows the presence of direct contacts between the population of the Indo-Iranian group and the population of the Finno-Ugric language group. V.N. Chernetsov point to the presence of many Iranian features in the language, folklore and rituals of the later Ugric population of Western Siberia (Khanty and Mansi).

Genetics

According to the latest genetic data, the tribes that spread haplogroup N migrated from Southern Siberia.

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Notes

Literature

• Bongard-Levin G. M., Grantovsky E. A. From Scythia to India. M., 2000.
• Bernshtam T. A. Christianization in the ethnocultural processes of the Finno-Ugric peoples of the European North and the Volga region (comparative generalization) // Modern Finno-Ugric Studies. Experience and problems. Collection scientific works State Museum of Ethnography of the Peoples of the USSR. - L., 1990. - P. 133-140.
• Worldview of the Finno-Ugric peoples. M., 1990.
• Napolskikh V.V. Introduction to historical uralistics. Izhevsk: UdmIYAL, 1997.
• Peoples of the Volga and Urals regions. Komi-Zyryans. Komi-Permyaks. Mari. Mordva. Udmurts. M., 2000.
• Ryabinin E. A. Finno-Ugric tribes consisting of Ancient Rus'. St. Petersburg : St. Petersburg State University Publishing House, 1997.
• Khelimsky E. A. Comparative studies, uralistics: Lectures and articles. M.: Languages ​​of Russian culture, 2000.
• Fedyanovich T. L. Family customs and rituals of the Finno-Ugric peoples of the Volga region. M., 1997.

Links

An excerpt characterizing the Finno-Ugric peoples

Before Prince Andrei had time to follow Pfuel with his eyes, Count Bennigsen hurriedly entered the room and, nodding his head to Bolkonsky, without stopping, walked into the office, giving some orders to his adjutant. The Emperor was following him, and Bennigsen hurried forward to prepare something and have time to meet the Emperor. Chernyshev and Prince Andrei went out onto the porch. The Emperor got off his horse with a tired look. Marquis Paulucci said something to the sovereign. The Emperor, bowing his head to the left, listened with a dissatisfied look to Paulucci, who spoke with particular fervor. The Emperor moved forward, apparently wanting to end the conversation, but the flushed, excited Italian, forgetting decency, followed him, continuing to say:
“Quant a celui qui a conseille ce camp, le camp de Drissa, [As for the one who advised the Drissa camp,” said Paulucci, while the sovereign, entering the steps and noticing Prince Andrei, peered into an unfamiliar face .