Brief description of Griboyedov's biography. The creative and life path of Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov

Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov

Russian diplomat, poet, playwright, pianist and composer, nobleman, state councilor

Alexander Griboyedov

short biography

- a famous Russian writer, poet, playwright, brilliant diplomat, state councilor, author of the legendary play in verse "Woe from Wit", was a descendant of the ancient noble family. Born in Moscow on January 15 (January 4, O.S.), 1795, with early years proved himself to be an extremely developed, and versatile, child. Wealthy parents tried to give him an excellent home education, and in 1803 Alexander became a pupil of the Moscow University Noble Boarding School. At the age of eleven he was already a student at Moscow University (literature department). Having become a candidate of literary sciences in 1808, Griboyedov graduated from two more departments - moral-political and physical-mathematical. Alexander Sergeevich became one of the most educated people among his contemporaries, knew about a dozen foreign languages, and was very gifted musically.

With the beginning Patriotic War 1812 Griboyedov joined the ranks of volunteers, but he did not have to participate directly in hostilities. In 1815, with the rank of cornet, Griboyedov served in a cavalry regiment that was in reserve. The first literary experiments date back to this time - the comedy “The Young Spouses”, which was a translation of a French play, the article “On Cavalry Reserves”, “Letter from Brest-Litovsk to the Publisher”.

At the beginning of 1816, A. Griboedov retired and came to live in St. Petersburg. While working at the College of Foreign Affairs, he continues his studies in a new field of writing, makes translations, and joins theatrical and literary circles. It was in this city that fate gave him the acquaintance of A. Pushkin. In 1817, A. Griboyedov tried his hand at drama, writing the comedies “My Family” and “Student”.

In 1818, Griboyedov was appointed to the position of secretary of the tsar's attorney, who headed the Russian mission in Tehran, and this radically changed him further biography. The deportation of Alexander Sergeevich to a foreign land was regarded as punishment for the fact that he acted as a second in a scandalous duel with fatal. The stay in Iranian Tabriz (Tavriz) was indeed painful for the aspiring writer.

In the winter of 1822, Tiflis became Griboyedov’s new place of service, and the new boss was General A.P. Ermolov, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary in Tehran, commander of the Russian troops in the Caucasus, under whom Griboedov was secretary for diplomatic affairs. It was in Georgia that he wrote the first and second acts of the comedy “Woe from Wit.” The third and fourth acts were already composed in Russia: in the spring of 1823, Griboyedov left the Caucasus on vacation to his homeland. In 1824, in St. Petersburg, the last point was put in the work, the path to fame of which turned out to be thorny. The comedy could not be published due to censorship and was sold in handwritten copies. Only small fragments “slipped” into print: in 1825 they were included in the issue of the almanac “Russian Waist”. Griboedov's brainchild was highly appreciated by A. S. Pushkin.

Griboyedov planned to take a trip to Europe, but in May 1825 he had to urgently return to service in Tiflis. In January 1826, in connection with the Decembrist case, he was arrested, kept in a fortress, and then taken to St. Petersburg: the writer’s name came up several times during interrogations, and handwritten copies of his comedy were found during searches. Nevertheless, due to lack of evidence, the investigation had to release Griboedov, and in September 1826 he returned to his official duties.

In 1828, the Turkmanchay Peace Treaty was signed, which corresponded to the interests of Russia. He played a certain role in the biography of the writer: Griboyedov took part in its conclusion and delivered the text of the agreement to St. Petersburg. For his services, the talented diplomat was awarded a new position - the plenipotentiary minister (ambassador) of Russia in Persia. Alexander Sergeevich saw his appointment as a “political exile”; plans for the implementation of numerous creative ideas collapsed. With a heavy heart in June 1828, Griboedov left St. Petersburg.

Getting to his place of duty, he lived for several months in Tiflis, where in August his wedding took place with 16-year-old Nina Chavchavadze. He left for Persia with his young wife. There were forces in the country and beyond its borders that were not satisfied with the growing influence of Russia, which cultivated hostility towards its representatives in the minds of the local population. On January 30, 1829, the Russian embassy located in Tehran was subjected to brutal attack brutal crowd, and one of his victims was A.S. Griboedov, who was disfigured to such an extent that he was later identified only by a characteristic scar on his hand. The body was taken to Tiflis, where its last resting place was the grotto at the Church of St. David.

Biography from Wikipedia

Origin and early years

Griboyedov born in Moscow, into a wealthy, noble family. His ancestor, Jan Grzybowski (Polish: Jan Grzybowski), moved from Poland to Russia at the beginning of the 17th century. The surname Griboedov is nothing more than a peculiar translation of the surname Grzhibovsky. Under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, Fyodor Akimovich Griboyedov was a clerk and one of the five compilers of the Council Code of 1649.

Father - Sergei Ivanovich Griboedov (1761-1814), retired second major;
Mother - Anastasia Fedorovna (1768-1839), also maiden name Griboyedova - from the Smolensk branch of this family, and her family was richer and was considered more noble;
Sister - Maria Sergeevna Griboyedova (Durnovo);
Brother - Pavel (died in infancy);
Wife - Nina Aleksandrovna Chavchavadze (Georgian: ნინო ჭავჭავაძე)(November 4, 1812 – June 28, 1857).

According to relatives, as a child Alexander was very focused and unusually developed. There is information that he was the great-nephew of Alexander Radishchev (the playwright himself carefully hid this). At the age of 6 he was fluent in three foreign languages, in his youth already six, in particular fluent in English, French, German and Italian. He understood Latin and ancient Greek very well.

In 1803 he was sent to the Moscow University Noble Boarding School; Three years later, Griboedov entered the literature department of Moscow University. In 1808 (at the age of 13) he graduated from the literary department of the university with the degree of candidate of literary sciences, but did not leave his studies, but entered the ethical-political (legal) department of the Faculty of Philosophy. In 1810 he received his PhD and remained at the university to study mathematics and natural sciences.

War

On September 8, 1812, cornet Griboyedov fell ill and remained in Vladimir, and, presumably, until November 1, 1812, due to illness, did not appear at the regiment's location. In the summer, during the Patriotic War of 1812, when the enemy appeared on Russian territory, he joined the Moscow Hussar Regiment (a volunteer irregular unit) of Count Pyotr Ivanovich Saltykov, who received permission to form it. Arriving at his duty station, he found himself in the company "young cornets from the best noble families» - Prince Golitsyn, Count Efimovsky, Count Tolstoy, Alyabyev, Sheremetev, Lansky, the Shatilov brothers. Griboyedov was related to some of them. Subsequently, he wrote in a letter to S. N. Begichev: “I was in this squad for only 4 months, and now I haven’t been able to get on the right path for 4 years.”. Begichev responded to this like this:

But they had barely begun to form when the enemy entered Moscow. This regiment received orders to go to Kazan, and after the expulsion of the enemies, at the end of the same year, it was ordered to follow to Brest-Litovsk, join the defeated Irkutsk Dragoon Regiment and take the name of the Irkutsk Hussars. S. N. Begichev

Until 1815, Griboedov served in the rank of cornet under the command of cavalry general A. S. Kologrivov. Griboyedov's first literary experiments - “Letter from Brest-Litovsk to the publisher”, feature article "About cavalry reserves" and comedy "Young Spouses"(translation French comedy"Le secret") - date back to 1814. In the article "About cavalry reserves" Griboyedov acted as a historical publicist.

The enthusiastically lyrical “Letter from Brest-Litovsk to the Publisher,” published in the “Bulletin of Europe,” was written by him after Kologrivov was awarded the “Order of St. Vladimir Equal to the Apostles, 1st degree” in 1814 and the holiday of June 22 (July 4) in Brest-Litovsk , in the cavalry reserves, on this occasion.

In the capital

In 1815, Griboyedov came to St. Petersburg, where he met the publisher of the magazine “Son of the Fatherland” N.I. Grech and the famous playwright N.I. Khmelnitsky.

In the spring of 1816, the aspiring writer left military service, and already in the summer he published an article “On the analysis of the free translation of the Burger ballad “Lenora”” - a response to N. I. Gnedich’s critical remarks about P. A. Katenin’s ballad “Olga”.

At the same time, Griboyedov’s name appears on the list of active members of the Masonic lodge “United Friends”. At the beginning of 1817, Griboedov became one of the founders of the Masonic lodge “Du Bien”.

In the summer he entered the diplomatic service, taking the position of provincial secretary (from the winter - translator) of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs. This period of the writer’s life also includes his acquaintances with A. S. Pushkin and V. K. Kuchelbecker, work on the poem “Lubochny Theater” (a response to M. N. Zagoskin’s criticism of “Young Spouses”), and the comedies “Student” (together with P. A. Katenin), “Feigned Infidelity” (together with A. A. Gendre), “Own Family, or the Married Bride” (co-authored with A. A. Shakhovsky and N. I. Khmelnitsky).

Duel

In 1817, the famous “quadruple duel” between Zavadovsky-Sheremetev and Griboedov-Yakubovich took place in St. Petersburg.

Griboyedov lived with Zavadovsky and, being a friend of the famous dancer of the St. Petersburg Ballet Avdotya Istomina, after the performance he brought her to his place (naturally, to Zavadovsky’s house), where she lived for two days. Cavalry guard Sheremetev, Istomina’s lover, was in a quarrel with her and was away, but when he returned, incited by the cornet of the Life Ulan regiment A.I. Yakubovich, he challenged Zavadovsky to a duel. Griboyedov became Zavadovsky’s second, and Yakubovich became Sheremetev’s; both also promised to fight.

Zavadovsky and Sheremetev were the first to reach the barrier. Zavadovsky, an excellent shooter, mortally wounded Sheremetev in the stomach. Since Sheremetev had to be immediately taken to the city, Yakubovich and Griboedov postponed their fight. It took place the following year, 1818, in Georgia. Yakubovich was transferred to Tiflis for service, and Griboedov also happened to be passing through there, heading on a diplomatic mission to Persia.

Griboyedov was wounded in the left hand. It was from this wound that it was subsequently possible to identify the disfigured corpse of Griboyedov, killed by religious fanatics during the destruction of the Russian embassy in Tehran.

In the east

In 1818, Griboyedov, having refused the position of an official of the Russian mission in the United States, was appointed to the post of secretary under the Tsar's charge d'affaires in Persia, Simon Mazarovich. Before leaving for Tehran, he completed work on “Sideshow Trials.” He left for his duty station at the end of August, two months later (with short stops in Novgorod, Moscow, Tula and Voronezh) he arrived in Mozdok, and on the way to Tiflis he compiled a detailed diary describing his travels.

At the beginning of 1819, Griboedov completed work on the ironic “Letter to the Publisher from Tiflis on January 21” and, probably, the poem “Forgive me, Fatherland!”, and then went on his first business trip to the Shah’s court. On the way to the appointed place through Tabriz (January - March), I continued to write travel notes that I started last year. In August he returned back, where he began to advocate for the fate of Russian soldiers who were in Iranian captivity. In September, at the head of a detachment of prisoners and fugitives, he set out from Tabriz to Tiflis, where he arrived the following month. Some events of this journey are described on the pages of Griboyedov’s diaries (for July and August/September), as well as in the narrative fragments “Vagin’s Story” and “Ananur Quarantine”.

In January 1820, Griboedov again went to Persia, adding new entries to his travel diary. Here, burdened with official chores, he spent more than a year and a half. His stay in Persia was incredibly burdensome for the writer-diplomat, and in the fall of the following year, 1821, due to health reasons (due to a broken arm), he finally managed to transfer closer to his homeland - to Georgia. There he became close to Kuchelbecker, who had arrived here for service, and began work on the draft manuscripts of the first edition of “Woe from Wit.”

Since February 1822, Griboyedov was the diplomatic secretary under General A.P. Ermolov, who commanded the Russian troops in Tiflis. The author’s work on the drama “1812” is often dated to the same year (apparently timed to coincide with the tenth anniversary of Russia’s victory in the war with Napoleonic France).

At the beginning of 1823, Griboyedov left the service for a while and returned to his homeland, for more than two years he lived in Moscow, in the village. Dmitrovsky (Lakotsy) Tula province, in St. Petersburg. Here the author continued the work begun in the Caucasus with the text “Woe from Wit”, by the end of the year he wrote the poem “David”, a dramatic scene in verse “Youth of the Prophetic”, vaudeville “Who is the brother, who is the sister, or Deception after deception” (in cooperation with P. A. Vyazemsky) and the first edition of the famous waltz “e-moll”. It is customary to attribute the appearance of the first entries of his “Desiderata” - a journal of notes on controversial issues of Russian history, geography and literature - to the same period of Griboyedov’s life.

The following year, 1824, dates back to the writer’s epigrams on M.A. Dmitriev and A.I. Pisarev (“And they compose - they lie! And they translate - they lie!..”, “How magazine brawls spread!..”), the narrative fragment “Character my uncle,” the essay “Special Cases of the St. Petersburg Flood” and the poem “Teleshova.” At the end of the same year (December 15), Griboyedov became a full member of the Free Society of Lovers of Russian Literature.

On South

At the end of May 1825, due to the urgent need to return to his place of duty, the writer abandoned his intention to visit Europe and left for the Caucasus. Subsequently, he will learn Arabic, Turkish, Georgian and Persian. The first teacher who taught Griboedov the Persian language was Mirza Jafar Topchibashev. On the eve of this trip, he completed work on a free translation of the “Prologue in the Theater” from the tragedy “Faust”, at the request of F.V. Bulgarin, he compiled notes to “Extraordinary Adventures and Travels...” of D.I. Tsikulin, published in the April issues of the magazine “Northern” archive" for 1825. On the way to Georgia, he visited Kiev, where he met prominent figures of the revolutionary underground (M. P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, A. Z. Muravyov, S. I. Muravyov-Apostol and S. P. Trubetskoy), lived for some time in Crimea, visiting the estate of his old friend A.P. Zavadovsky. Griboedov traveled through the mountains of the peninsula, developed a plan for the majestic tragedy of the Baptism of the ancient Russians and kept a detailed diary of travel notes, published only three decades after the author’s death. According to the opinion established in science, it was under the influence of the southern trip that he wrote the scene “Dialogue of Polovtsian Husbands.”

Arrest

Upon returning to the Caucasus, Griboyedov, inspired by the participation in the expedition of General A. A. Velyaminov, wrote famous poem"Predators on Chegem". In January 1826, he was arrested in the Grozny fortress on suspicion of belonging to the Decembrists; Griboyedov was brought to St. Petersburg, but the investigation could not find evidence of Griboedov’s belonging to secret society. With the exception of A.F. Brigen, E.P. Obolensky, N.N. Orzhitsky and S.P. Trubetskoy, none of the suspects testified to the detriment of Griboyedov. He was under investigation until June 2, 1826, but since it was not possible to prove his participation in the conspiracy, and he himself categorically denied his involvement in the conspiracy, he was released from arrest with a “cleansing certificate.” Despite this, Griboyedov was under secret surveillance for some time.

Return to duty

In September 1826 he returned to service in Tiflis and continued his diplomatic activities; took part in the conclusion of the Turkmanchay Peace Treaty (1828), beneficial for Russia, and delivered its text to St. Petersburg. Appointed as Resident Minister (Ambassador) to Iran; On the way to his destination, he again spent several months in Tiflis and married there on August 22 (September 3), 1828, Princess Nina Chavchavadze, with whom he only lived for a few weeks.

Death in Persia

Foreign embassies were not located in the capital, but in Tabriz, at the court of Prince Abbas Mirza, but soon after arriving in Persia, the mission went to present itself to Feth Ali Shah in Tehran. During this visit, Griboyedov died: on January 30, 1829 (6 Sha'ban 1244 AH), a crowd of thousands of religious fanatics killed everyone in the embassy, except for the secretary Ivan Sergeevich Maltsov.

The circumstances of the defeat of the Russian mission are described in different ways, but Maltsov was an eyewitness to the events, and he does not mention the death of Griboyedov, only writes that 15 people defended themselves at the door of the envoy’s room. Returning to Russia, he wrote that 37 people in the embassy were killed (all except him alone) and 19 Tehran residents. He himself hid in another room and, in fact, could only describe what he heard. All the defenders died, and there were no direct witnesses left.

Riza-Kuli writes that Griboyedov was killed with 37 comrades, and 80 people from the crowd were killed. His body was so mutilated that he was identified only by a mark on his left hand, received in the famous duel with Yakubovich.

Griboedov's body was taken to Tiflis and buried on Mount Mtatsminda in a grotto at the Church of St. David. In the summer of 1829, Alexander Pushkin visited the grave. Pushkin also wrote in “Travel to Arzrum” that he met a cart with the body of Griboyedov at a mountain pass in Armenia, later called Pushkinsky.

The Persian Shah sent his grandson to St. Petersburg to resolve the diplomatic scandal. To compensate for the blood shed, he brought rich gifts to Nicholas I, including the Shah diamond. This magnificent diamond, framed with many rubies and emeralds, once adorned the throne of the Great Mughals. Now it shines in the collection of the Diamond Fund of the Moscow Kremlin.

At the grave of Alexander Griboyedov, his widow, Nina Chavchavadze, erected a monument with the inscription: “Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory, but why did my love survive you!”.

Creation

In terms of literary position, Griboedov belongs (according to the classification of Yu. N. Tynyanov) to the so-called “younger archaists”: his closest literary allies are P. A. Katenin and V. K. Kuchelbecker; however, the “Arzamas people” also appreciated him, for example, Pushkin and Vyazemsky, and among his friends there were such different people, like P. Ya. Chaadaev and F. V. Bulgarin.

Even during his years of study at Moscow University (1805), Griboyedov wrote poems (only mentions have reached us), created a parody of V. A. Ozerov’s work “Dmitry Donskoy” - “Dmitry Dryanskoy”. In 1814, two of his correspondences were published in the “Bulletin of Europe”: “On cavalry reserves” and “Letter to the editor.” In 1815, he published the comedy “Young Spouses” - a parody of the French comedies that made up the Russian comedy repertoire at that time. The author uses very popular genre“secular comedy” - works with a small number of characters and an emphasis on wit. In line with his polemics with Zhukovsky and Gnedich about the Russian ballad, Griboedov wrote an article “On the analysis of the free translation of “Lenora”” (1816).

In 1817, Griboyedov’s comedy “Student” was published. According to contemporaries, Katenin took a small part in it, but rather his role in creating the comedy was limited to editing. The work is polemical in nature, directed against the “younger Karamzinists,” parodying their works, a type of artist of sentimentalism. The main point of criticism is the lack of realism.

Techniques of parody: introducing texts into everyday context, exaggerated use of periphrasticism (all concepts in comedy are given descriptively, nothing is directly named). At the center of the work is a bearer of classicist consciousness (Benevolsky). All knowledge about life is gleaned from books, all events are perceived through the experience of reading. Saying “I saw it, I know it” means “I read it.” The hero seeks to play book stories, life seems uninteresting to him. Griboyedov will later repeat the lack of a real sense of reality in “Woe from Wit” - this is a trait of Chatsky.

In 1817, Griboyedov took part in writing “Feigned Infidelity” together with A. A. Gendre. The comedy is an adaptation of the French comedy by Nicolas Barthes. The character Roslavlev, Chatsky's predecessor, appears in it. This is a strange young man, in conflict with society, uttering critical monologues. The same year the comedy “One’s Own Family, or a Married Bride” was released. Co-authors: A. A. Shakhovskoy, Griboyedov, N. I. Khmelnitsky.

What was written before “Woe from Wit” was still very immature or was created in collaboration with more experienced writers at that time (Katenin, Shakhovskoy, Zhandre, Vyazemsky); conceived after “Woe from Wit” - either was not written at all (the tragedy about Prince Vladimir the Great), or was not completed beyond rough drafts (the tragedy about Princes Vladimir Monomakh and Fyodor Ryazansky), or was written, but due to a number of circumstances is not known modern science. Of Griboyedov’s later experiments, the most notable are the dramatic scenes “1812”, “Georgian Night”, “Rodamist and Zenobia”. Special attention The author’s artistic and documentary works (essays, diaries, epistolary) also deserve recognition.

Although world fame came to Griboyedov thanks to only one book, he should not be considered a “literary one-liner” who exhausted his creative powers while working on “Woe from Wit.” Reconstructive analysis artistic ideas playwright allows you to see in him the talent of the creator truly high tragedy, worthy of William Shakespeare, and the writer’s prose testifies to the productive development of Griboyedov as an original author of literary “travels”.

"Woe from Wit"

The comedy in verse "Woe from Wit" was conceived in St. Petersburg around 1816 and completed in Tiflis in 1824 (the final edition - an authorized list left in St. Petersburg with Bulgarin - 1828). In Russia it is included in school curriculum 9th grade (in Soviet times - in 8th grade).

The comedy “Woe from Wit” is the pinnacle of Russian drama and poetry. The bright aphoristic style contributed to the fact that she was all “dispersed into quotes.”

“Never has any people been so scourged, never has any country been dragged so much in the mud, never has so much rude abuse been thrown into the public’s face, and yet never has more complete success been achieved” (P. Chaadaev. “Apology for a Madman” ).

“His “Woe from Wit” was published without distortions or abbreviations in 1862. When Griboyedov himself, who died at the hands of fanatics in Iran, had not been in this world for more than 30 years. Written more than ever at the right time - on the eve of the Decembrist uprising - the play became a vivid poetic pamphlet denouncing the reigning regime. For the first time, poetry burst into politics so boldly and openly. And politics gave in,” she wrote in the essay “Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov. Woe from Wit" (in the author's column "100 books that shocked the world" in the magazine "Youth") Elena Sazanovich. - The play in handwritten form was circulated throughout the country. Griboyedov once again sarcastically called “Woe from Wit” a comedy. Is it a joke?! About 40 thousand copies, copied by hand. A stunning success. It was a blatant slap at high society. And high society did not laugh at comedy. It was wiped off. And Griboyedov was not forgiven..."

Musical works

The few musical works written by Griboyedov had excellent harmony, harmony and brevity. He is the author of several piano pieces, among which the most famous are two waltzes for piano. Some works, including the piano sonata, are the most serious musical composition Griboyedov, they didn’t reach us. Waltz in E minor of his composition is considered the first Russian waltz that has survived to this day. According to the memoirs of contemporaries, Griboyedov was a wonderful pianist, his playing was distinguished by genuine artistry.

Other

In 1828, Griboedov completed work on the “Project for the Establishment of the Russian Transcaucasian Company.” In order to develop trade and industry in the Transcaucasus, the project envisaged the creation of an autonomous management company with extensive administrative, economic and diplomatic powers to manage the Transcaucasus. The project, as contrary to his personal power in Transcaucasia, was rejected by I. F. Paskevich.

An extensive section of Griboyedov’s creative heritage consists of his letters.

Memory

Monuments

In St. Petersburg, the monument to A. S. Griboyedov (sculptor V. V. Lishev, 1959) is located on Zagorodny Prospekt on Pionerskaya Square (opposite the Theater of Young Spectators)
In the center of Yerevan there is a monument to A. S. Griboyedov (author - Hovhannes Bejanyan, 1974), and in 1995 it was published Postage Stamp Armenia, dedicated to A. S. Griboedov.
In Alushta, a monument to A. S. Griboyedov was erected in 2002, on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the city.
In Moscow, the monument to A. S. Griboyedov is located on Chistoprudny Boulevard.
In Veliky Novgorod, A. S. Griboedov is immortalized in the monument “Millennium of Russia”, in the group of sculptures “Writers and Artists”.
In Volgograd, at the expense of the Armenian community of the city, a bust of A. S. Griboedov was erected (on Sovetskaya Street, opposite clinic No. 3).
In Tbilisi, the monument to A. S. Griboyedov is located on the Kura embankment (sculptor M. Merabishvili, architect G. Melkadze, 1961).
In Tehran, near the Russian embassy there is a monument to A. S. Griboedov (sculptor V. A. Beklemishev, 1912).

Museums and galleries

State Historical, Cultural and Natural Museum-Reserve of A. S. Griboedov “Khmelita”.
In Crimea, in the Red Cave (Kizil-Koba), a gallery was named in honor of the stay of A. S. Griboedov.

Streets

Streets named after Griboyedov is in many cities of Russia and neighboring countries:

Almetyevsk,
Petrozavodsk,
Perm,
Chelyabinsk,
Krasnoyarsk,
Kaliningrad,
Surgut,
Simferopol,
Sevastopol,
Bryansk,
Yekaterinburg,
Novokuznetsk,
Novorossiysk,
Novosibirsk,
Ryazan,
Dzerzhinsk (Nizhny Novgorod region),
Irkutsk,
Makhachkala,
Gelendzhik,
Kovrov,
Tver,
Tyumen,
Kirov,
Essentuki;

in Belarus- Brest, Vitebsk, Minsk;

in Ukraine -

Khmelnitsky,
Vinnitsa,
Kharkov,
Kherson,
Irpen,
Bila Tserkva,
Chernivtsi;

in Armenia- Yerevan, Vanadzor, Gyumri, Sevan;

as well as in the cities of Balti (Moldova), Almaty (Kazakhstan), Batumi and Tbilisi (Georgia), Ashgabat (Turkmenistan),

Theaters

Smolensky Theatre of Drama them. A. S. Griboedova.
In Tbilisi there is a theater named after A. S. Griboedov, a monument (author - M. K. Merabishvili).
Bust of A. S. Griboyedov installed on the facade Odessa Theater opera and ballet.

Libraries

Library national literatures named after A. S. Griboyedov.
Central Library named after A. S. Griboyedov of the Centralized Library System #2 of the Central Administrative District of Moscow. On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the library, it opened memorial museum. The A. S. Griboyedov Prize is awarded.

Cinema

1969 - The Death of Vazir-Mukhtar, a Soviet television play staged in Leningrad in 1969, but banned from showing. In the role of A. S. Griboyedov - Vladimir Recepter.
1995 - Griboyedov's Waltz, a feature historical and biographical film by Tamara Pavlyuchenko. Filmed for the 200th anniversary of the birth of A. S. Griboedov and talks about recent months life. In the role of A. S. Griboyedov - Alexander Feklistov.
2010 - Death of Vazir-Mukhtar. The Love and Life of Griboedov is a 2010 Russian television series based on the novel of the same name by Yuri Tynyanov about last year life. In the role of A. S. Griboyedov - Mikhail Eliseev.
2014 - “Duel. Pushkin - Lermontov » - Russian film in the style of an alternative world. In the role of the surviving old Griboyedov - Vyacheslav Nevinny Jr.

Other

Yuri Tynyanov dedicated the novel “The Death of Vazir-Mukhtar” (1928) to the last years of A. S. Griboedov’s life.
On April 22, 2014, in St. Petersburg, the Grand Lodge of Russia created the lodge “A. S. Griboyedov" (No. 45 in the VLR register).
Secondary school named after A. S. Griboyedov (Stepanakert).
Secondary school No. 203 named after A. S. Griboedov in St. Petersburg.
"Griboedov Readings"
GBOU Moscow gymnasium No. 1529 named after A. S. Griboedov.
There is higher education in Moscow educational institution- Institute international law and economics named after. A. S. Griboyedova (Moscow).
Griboyedov Canal (until 1923 Ekaterininsky Canal) is a canal in St. Petersburg.

In 1995 Central Bank Russian Federation A coin was issued (2 rubles, 500 silver) from the series “Outstanding Personalities of Russia” with a portrait of A. S. Griboedov on the reverse - for the 200th anniversary of his birth.
Medal "A. S. Griboedov 1795-1829.” was established by the Moscow city organization of the Union of Writers of the Russian Federation and is awarded to writers and writers, prominent philanthropists and well-known publishers for their selfless activities for the benefit of Russian culture and literature.

Addresses in St. Petersburg

11.1816 - 08.1818 - apartment building of I. Valkh - embankment of the Catherine Canal, 104;
01.06. - 07.1824 - hotel "Demut" - embankment of the Moika River, 40;
08. - 11.1824 - apartment of A.I. Odoevsky in the Pogodin apartment building - Market Street, 5;
11.1824 - 01.1825 - P. N. Chebyshev’s apartment in the Usov apartment building - Nikolaevskaya embankment, 13;
01. - 09.1825 - apartment of A.I. Odoevsky in the Bulatov apartment building - St. Isaac's Square, 7;

Based on “To Kill a Mockingbird”, and Patrick Suskind - based on the novel “Perfume”. The listed authors and works are foreign, so everything can be attributed to the lack of translations. But what then to do with domestic authors - with Alexander Griboyedov, for example?

Childhood and youth

The future writer and diplomat was born in Moscow. In literature textbooks they write that this happened in January 1785, but experts doubt this - then some facts from his biography become too surprising. There is an assumption that Alexander was born five years earlier, and the date in the document was written differently, since at the time of his birth his parents were not married, which was perceived negatively in those years.

By the way, in 1795, Alexander Griboedov had a brother, Pavel, who, unfortunately, died in his infancy. Most likely, it was his birth certificate that later served the writer. Sasha was born into a noble family, which descended from the Pole Jan Grzybowski, who moved to Russia. The Griboyedov surname is a literal translation of the Pole's surname.

The boy grew up curious, but at the same time sedate. He received his first education at home, reading books - some researchers suspect that this is due to hiding his date of birth. Sasha’s teacher was the encyclopedist Ivan Petrosalius, popular in those years.

Despite his sedate manner, Griboedov was also prone to hooligan antics: once, during a visit to catholic church, the boy performed the folk dance song “Kamarinskaya” on the organ, which shocked the clergy and church visitors. Later, already as a student at Moscow state university, Sasha will write a caustic parody called “Dmitry Dryanskoy”, which will also put him in an unfavorable light.

Even before studying at Moscow State University, Griboyedov entered the Moscow University Noble Boarding School in 1803. In 1806 he entered the literature department of Moscow State University, which he graduated in 2 years.

Afterwards, Griboedov decides to study in two more departments - physics and mathematics and moral and political. Alexander receives his PhD degree. He plans to continue his studies further, but his plans are ruined by the Napoleonic invasion.

During the Patriotic War of 1812, the future writer joined the ranks of the volunteer Moscow Hussar Regiment, led by Count Pyotr Ivanovich Saltykov. He was enrolled in cornets along with other people from noble families– Tolstoy, Golitsyn, Efimovsky and others.

Literature

In 1814, Griboyedov began to write his first serious works, which were the essay “On Cavalry Reserves” and the comedy “The Young Spouses,” which was a parody of French family dramas.

IN next year Alexander moves to St. Petersburg, where he ends his service. In St. Petersburg, the aspiring writer meets the publicist and publisher Nikolai Ivanovich Grech, in whose literary magazine “Son of the Fatherland” he would later publish some of his works.

In 1816 he became a member of the Masonic lodge “United Friends”, and a year later he organized his own lodge - “Blago”, which will differ from classical Masonic organizations by focusing on Russian culture. At the same time, the writer begins work on “Woe from Wit” - the first ideas and sketches appear.

In the summer of 1817, Griboyedov entered the public service to the Collegium of Foreign Affairs, first as a provincial secretary, and later as a translator. In the same year, Griboedov met Wilhelm Kuchelbecker.

He will become friends with both and will cross paths more than once for his short life. While still working as a provincial secretary, the writer wrote and published the poem “Lubochny Theater,” as well as the comedies “Student,” “Feigned Infidelity” and “The Married Bride.” The year 1817 was marked in Griboyedov’s life by another event - the legendary quadruple duel, the reason for which was the ballerina Avdotya Istomina (as always, cherchez la femme).

However, to be precise, in 1817 only Zavadovsky and Sheremetev fought, and the duel between Griboedov and Yakubovich took place a year later, when the writer, having refused the position of an official of the Russian mission in America, became the secretary of the Tsar's attorney Simon Mazarovich in Persia. On the way to his place of duty, the writer kept a diary in which he recorded his journey.

In 1819, Griboyedov completed work on “Letter to a Publisher from Tiflis” and the poem “Forgive me, Fatherland.” Autobiographical moments related to the period of service in Persia will also appear in “Vagina's Tale” and “Ananur Quarantine”. In the same year he received the Order of the Lion and the Sun, first degree.

The writer did not like working in Persia, so he was even glad that his arm was broken in 1821, because thanks to the injury, the writer was able to achieve a transfer to Georgia, closer to his homeland. In 1822 he became diplomatic secretary under General Alexei Petrovich Ermolaev. At the same time he wrote and published the drama “1812”, dedicated to the Patriotic War.

In 1823, he left the service for three years to return to his homeland and relax. Over the years he has lived in St. Petersburg, Moscow and on the estate of an old friend in the village of Dmitrovskoye. He is finishing work on the first edition of the comedy in verse “Woe from Wit,” which he gives to an elderly fabulist for review. Ivan Andreevich appreciated the work, but warned that the censors would not let it through.

In 1824, Griboedov wrote the poem “David”, the vaudeville “Deception after Deception”, the essay “Special Cases of the St. Petersburg Flood” and the critical article “And they compose - they lie, and they translate - they lie.” The following year he began work on a translation of Faust, but managed to finish only the Prologue in the Theater. At the end of 1825, due to the need to return to service, he was forced to abandon his trip to Europe, instead leaving for the Caucasus.

After participating in the expedition of General Alexei Alexandrovich Velyaminov, he wrote the poem “Predators over Chegel.” In 1826, he was arrested and sent to the capital on suspicion of Decembrist activities, but six months later he was released and reinstated in service due to the lack of direct evidence. Nevertheless, the writer was under surveillance.

In 1828, Griboyedov took part in the signing of the Turkmanchay Peace Treaty. In the same year he received the Order of St. Anne, second degree, and got married. More writer he had no success writing and publishing anything, although his plans included many works, among which creativity researchers especially highlight the tragedies of and. According to them, Griboedov had potential no less than that of.

Personal life

There is a theory that the quadruple duel of 1817 took place due to a short intrigue between Griboedov and the ballerina Istomina, but there are no facts to prove this hypothesis. On August 22, 1828, the writer married the Georgian aristocrat Nina Chavchavadze, whom Alexander Sergeevich himself called Madonna Bartalome Murillo. The couple was married in the Zion Cathedral, located in Tiflis (now Tbilisi).

By the end of 1828, Alexander and Nina realized that they were expecting a child. That is why the writer insisted that his wife stay at home during his next ambassadorial mission the following year, from which he never returned. The news of her husband's death left the young girl in shock. Premature birth occurred and the baby was stillborn.

Death

At the beginning of 1829, Griboyedov was forced by work to go as part of an embassy mission to Feth Ali Shah in Tehran. On January 30, the building in which the embassy was temporarily located was attacked by a large group of Muslim fanatics (more than a thousand people).

Only one person managed to escape; by pure chance, he ended up in another building. Alexander Griboyedov was found among the dead. His disfigured body was recognized by the injury to his left hand received during a duel with cornet Alexander Yakubovich in 1818.

Posthumously, Griboedov was awarded the Order of the Lion and the Sun, second degree. The writer was buried, as he had bequeathed, in Tiflis, on Mount Mtatsminda, located next to the Church of St. David.

Griboyedov’s parents were distant relatives: Anastasia Fedorovna was Sergei Ivanovich’s second cousin.
Sergei Ivanovich, Griboyedov’s father, was a renowned gambler. It is believed that it was from him that the writer inherited a good memory, thanks to which he was able to become a polyglot. His arsenal included French, English, Italian, German, Arabic, Turkish, Georgian, Persian and ancient Greek, as well as Latin.

Griboedov's sister, Maria Sergeevna, was at one time a popular harpist and pianist. The writer himself, by the way, also played music well and even managed to write several piano pieces.
Artists depicted Griboyedov and some of his relatives on canvas. The writer's wife is the only one who was captured in the photo.

Bibliography

1814 – “The Young Spouses”
1814 – “On cavalry reserves”
1817 – “Lubochny Theater”
1817 – “Feigned Infidelity”
1819 – “Letter to the publisher from Tiflis”
1819 – “Forgive me, Fatherland”
1822 – “1812”
1823 – “David”
1823 – “Who is brother, who is sister”
1824 – “Teleshova”
1824 – “And they compose - they lie, and they translate - they lie”
1824 – “Woe from Wit”
1825 – “Predators on Chegem”

Russian playwright, diplomat and composer Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov was born on January 15 (4 according to the old style) 1795 (according to other sources - 1790) in Moscow. He belonged to a noble family, received a serious home education.

In 1803, Alexander Griboyedov entered the Moscow University Noble Boarding School, and in 1806 - Moscow University. In 1808, having graduated from the verbal department with the title of candidate, he continued to study in the ethical and political department.

Spoken French, English, German, Italian, Greek, Latin languages, later mastered Arabic, Persian, and Turkish.

With the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, Griboedov left his academic studies and joined the Moscow Hussar Regiment as a cornet.

At the beginning of 1816, having retired, he settled in St. Petersburg and entered the service of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs.

Leading a secular lifestyle, he moved in the theatrical and literary circles of St. Petersburg. He wrote the comedies “Young Spouses” (1815), “One’s Own Family, or The Married Bride” (1817) in collaboration with playwrights Alexander Shakhovsky and Nikolai Khmelnitsky, “Student” (1817) together with the poet and playwright Pavel Katenin.

In 1818, Griboyedov was appointed secretary of the Russian mission to Persia (now Iran). Not the least role in this kind of exile was played by his participation as a second in the duel of the chamber cadet Alexander Zavadsky with officer Vasily Sheremetev, which ended in the death of the latter.

Since 1822, Griboyedov in Tiflis (now Tbilisi, Georgia) held the position of secretary for diplomatic affairs under the commander of Russian troops in the Caucasus, General Alexei Ermolov.

The first and second acts of Griboedov's famous comedy "Woe from Wit" were written in Tiflis. The third and fourth acts were written in the spring and summer of 1823 while on vacation in Moscow and at the estate of his close friend retired colonel Stepan Begichev near Tula. By the autumn of 1824, the comedy was completed, and Griboyedov went to St. Petersburg, intending to use his connections in the capital to obtain permission to publish it and theatrical production. Only excerpts published in 1825 by Thaddeus Bulgarin in the almanac “Russian Waist” were censored. Griboedov's creation spread among the reading public in handwritten copies and became an event in Russian culture.

Griboedov also composed musical pieces, including two popular waltzes for piano. He played the piano, organ, and flute.

In the fall of 1825, Griboyedov returned to the Caucasus. At the beginning of 1826, he was arrested and taken to St. Petersburg to investigate alleged connections with the Decembrists, the instigators of the uprising in the capital on December 14, 1825. Many of the conspirators were close friends of Griboyedov, but in the end he was acquitted and released.

Upon returning to the Caucasus in the fall of 1826, he took part in several battles of the outbreak of the Russian-Persian War (1826-1828). Having brought the documents of the Turkmanchay Peace Treaty with Persia to St. Petersburg in March 1828, Griboedov was awarded and appointed minister plenipotentiary (ambassador) to Persia.

On his way to Persia, he stopped for some time in Tiflis, where in August 1828 he married 16-year-old Nina Chavchavadze, the daughter of Georgian poet, Prince Alexander Chavchavadze.

In Persia, among other matters, the Russian minister was involved in sending captive Russian citizens to their homeland. The appeal to him for help by two Armenian women who ended up in the harem of a noble Persian was the reason for reprisals against the diplomat.

Reactionary Tehran circles, dissatisfied with the peace with Russia, set a fanatical crowd against the Russian mission.

On February 11 (January 30, old style), 1829, during the defeat of the Russian mission in Tehran, Alexander Griboedov was killed.

Together with the Russian ambassador, all the embassy employees, except for secretary Ivan Maltsev, and the Cossacks of the embassy convoy died - a total of 37 people.

Griboyedov's ashes were in Tiflis and interred on Mount Mtatsminda in a grotto at the Church of St. David. The tombstone is crowned by a monument in the form of a weeping widow with the inscription: “Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory, but why did my love survive you?”

Griboyedov's son, baptized Alexander, died without living even a day. Nina Griboedova never remarried and never took off her mourning clothes, for which she was called the Black Rose of Tiflis. In 1857, she died of cholera, refusing to leave her sick relatives. She was buried next to her only husband.

For death Russian ambassador Persia paid with rich gifts, including the famous Shah diamond, which is kept in the collection of the Russian Diamond Fund.

The comedy in verse by Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" was staged in Moscow in 1831 and published in 1833. Her images became household names, and individual poems became sayings and catchphrases.

A canal and a garden in St. Petersburg were named after Griboyedov. In 1959, a monument to the writer was erected on Pionerskaya Square.

In 1959, a monument to Alexander Griboyedov was erected in Moscow at the beginning of Chistoprudny Boulevard.

In 1995, the State Historical, Cultural and Natural Museum-Reserve A.S. was opened in the Smolensk region. Griboyedov "Khmelita" is the family estate of the Griboyedovs, with which the playwright's childhood and early youth are associated.

The material was prepared based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources

Griboedov Alexander Sergeevich is one of the most educated, talented and noble men of the 19th century. An experienced politician, a descendant of an ancient noble family. Scope of it creative activity extensive. He was not only an excellent playwright and poet, the author of the famous “Woe from Wit,” but also talented composer, a polyglot who spoke ten languages.

Alexander Sergeevich was born on January 15, 1795 in Moscow. His parents gave him an excellent education at home. Since 1803, a student at a boarding school at Moscow University. At the age of 11, a student at the same university. The most educated man of his era, while still a student, mastered nine languages, six European and three Eastern. How true patriot his homeland, volunteered for the war with Napoleon. From 1815, he served in the reserve cavalry regiment with the rank of cornet. This is the time when he begins to write articles, his first play “The Young Spouses”. After retiring in the winter of 1816, he lived in St. Petersburg, where he worked in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Here a circle of theatergoers and writers enters, gets acquainted with Pushkin and other poets.

Creation

By 1817 his first attempts to write in literary creativity. These are co-authored plays “Student” (co-author P.A. Katenin) and “Own Family” (wrote the beginning of the second act), collaboration with A.A.Shakhovsky and N.I.Khmelnitsky. The comedy “Feigned Infidelity,” created in collaboration with A.A. Gendre, was staged on the theater stage in Moscow and St. Petersburg throughout 1818. At the same time, he was appointed secretary of the Tsar’s attorney for the Russian mission in Tehran. This event changed a lot in his life. Friends considered the appointment a punishment for participating as a second in a duel between officer V.N. Sheremetev and Count A.P. Zavadovsky because of the ballerina A.I. Istomina. The winter of 1822 was marked by an appointment to a new duty station and the position of secretary for the diplomatic department under the command of General A.P. Ermolov. Here, in Georgia, the first two acts of “Woe from Wit” were born.

In the spring of 1823, Alexander Sergeevich received leave and went to Russia, where he stayed until the end of 1825. The time spent in Russia for Griboyedov was a time of active participation in literary life. Thanks to collaboration with P.A. Vyazemsky, the vaudeville “Who is brother, who is sister, or deception after deception” was created. In 1824, in St. Petersburg, work on the comedy “Woe from Wit” was completed. However, her path turned out to be difficult. The censors did not let the play pass and it was sold in manuscript. Some parts of the comedy were published. But the work of A.S. has already been highly appreciated. Pushkin. A trip to Europe planned in 1825 was postponed due to a call to Tiflis. And at the beginning of the winter of 1826, he was detained in connection with the uprising on Senate Square. The reason was friendship with K.F. Ryleev and A.A. Bestuzhev, publishers of the almanac " polar Star" However, his guilt was not proven; he was released and began service in the fall of 1826.

Last appointment and love

In 1828, he took part in the signing of the beneficial Turkmanchay Peace Treaty. The merits of the talented diplomat were noted by his appointment as Russian Ambassador to Persia. However, he himself was inclined to view this appointment as an exile. Moreover, with this assignment, many creative plans simply collapsed. However, in June 1828 he had to leave St. Petersburg. On the way to Persia, he lived for several months in Tiflis, where he married the 16-year-old Georgian princess Nina Chavchavadze. Their relationship, full of romanticism and love, was imprinted for centuries in her words, engraved on the tombstone of Alexander Sergeevich: “Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory, but why did she outlive you, my love?” They lived only a few months in marriage, but this woman carried loyalty to her husband throughout the rest of her life.

Death

In Persia, British diplomacy, which was against strengthening Russia's position in the East, in every possible way provoked hostility towards Russia. On January 30, 1829, the Russian embassy in Tehran was attacked by a brutal crowd of religious fanatics. A dozen Cossacks, led by Griboedov, who defended the embassy, were brutally killed. But this death once again showed the nobility and courage of this man. The formal reason for the crowd attack on the embassy was the following event. The day before, two captive Armenian Christian girls escaped from the Sultan's harem; they sought salvation at the Russian embassy and were accepted. A crowd of Muslims demanded that they be handed over for execution. Griboedov, as the head of the mission, refused to hand them over and with a dozen Cossacks took on an unequal battle, defending the sisters in faith. All defenders of the mission died, including Griboyedov. The coffin with the body was taken to Tiflis, where it was buried in a grotto at the Church of St. David.

A.S. lived only 34 years. Griboyedov. I only managed to create one literary work and two waltzes. But they glorified his name throughout the civilized world.

Alexander Griboyedov was born in a wealthy ancestral family in M. The exact year of Griboyedov’s birth has not yet been revealed. There are two versions - 1790 or 1795. But the date is known - January 4/15.

The boy was inquisitive and received a fairly good education at home. Then he studied at the Moscow Noble Boarding School and entered the university. According to unconfirmed documentary information, Griboedov graduated from three faculties: mathematics, law and literature.

There is only one exact document - in 1806 he entered the Faculty of Literature, and in 1808 he graduated from it. He was a very smart and gifted person. Alexander spoke several languages: English, German, French, Italian, Latin and Greek, Arabic and Persian. He played the piano well.

When it began, Alexander voluntarily joined the army as a cornet. The Moscow provincial regiment, in which he was enrolled, did not participate in the battles. The regiment was in reserve in the Kazan province.

Here he managed to do everything, both court women and play mischief. He loved to make jokes, but did not tolerate any ridicule or insults towards himself. After retiring in 1816, he left for St. Petersburg and entered the service of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs. At the same time, he began to seriously study literature.

His early work associated with drama. He wrote his works in collaboration with Katenin (“Student”), Khmelnitsky and Shakhovsky (“Own Family”). Having remade the plot of the Frenchman Creuset de Lesser, Griboedov wrote the comedy “The Young Spouses”.

He also wrote articles in which he criticized Zhukovsky, Karamzin and Batyushkov. He managed to take part in an unpleasant story that ended in a duel and resulted in the death of Sheremetev. For this disgrace, Yakubovich was sent into exile in the Caucasus, and Griboyedov was offered the choice of a secretary position in the USA or in Persia. Alexander Sergeevich chose Persia. On the way to his place of service, Griboyedov fought a duel with Yakubovich in Tiflis and was wounded in the arm.

After three years in Persia, he transferred to diplomatic service in the Caucasus. It was here that the idea to write “Woe from Wit” was born. He spent his vacation in St. Petersburg, the village of the Begichevs in 1824, where work on the text was completed. Society perceived his comedy differently. Someone liked it, and the students wanted to stage the play in a “narrow circle,” but they were forbidden. And someone recognized themselves in comedy. The work was not even allowed to be published.

In 1826, after Griboyedov was arrested, he was suspected of conspiracy. But, having found no evidence, they released him. He received another rank and salary and was sent to the Caucasus. Two years later, a new appointment - envoy to Persia. On the way to his place of service through Tiflis, Alexander Sergeevich fell in love with Princess Nina Chavchavadze and married her (1828). But the young people did not live together for long, leaving his pregnant wife at the border in Tabriz, he left for Tehran.

A month later, a terrible tragedy unfolded in Persia. On January 30, 1829, a local angry mob attacked and began a pogrom. Only one person survived; the rest all died, including Griboyedov. Nina buried her husband in Tiflis.