A short biography of Chekhov is the most important thing. Illness and death

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov is a great Russian writer and playwright, whose works are included in world classics. For more than a century his plays have been staged in different theaters peace.

Despite his short life (he lived only 44 years), he managed to write many stories and novellas, quotes from which we still use today.

It must be said that Chekhov, along with him, is one of the three most filmed playwrights in the world. That is why he is known and loved in all countries.

Brief biography of Chekhov

Anton Chekhov was born in Taganrog on January 17, 1860. The head of the family worked as a grocer, and his mother was a simple housewife taking care of her family and household.

Over time, my father developed serious financial difficulties, as a result of which he was forced to flee from creditors in .

Studies

At this time, young Anton was studying at the Taganrog gymnasium, so he had to stay at home to finish his studies.

At this time, he had to do a lot of tutoring in order to somehow ensure his existence.

During his years of study, Chekhov formed his own vision of the world around him. He devoted a lot of time to reading and attending performances.

In 1879, he graduated from the gymnasium in Taganrog and moved to Moscow, where he entered the medical faculty of Moscow University.

The beginning of creativity

In the period from 1883 to 1886, from his pen came the following famous works, like “Thick and Thin”, “Chameleon”, “Over-Salted” and others. An interesting fact is that at first he used the pseudonym “Antosha Chekhonte”.

In 1886, the St. Petersburg newspaper “New Time” offered Chekhov a job. He agreed to collaborate with this publication and managed to publish his collections “Motley Stories” and “Innocent Speeches”. From that time on, the writer published under his own name.

The first premiere took place in Moscow in 1887 Chekhov's play"Ivanov." This was a big event in Chekhov's biography, although the performance was assessed differently by the public.

However, the production still turned out to be successful and then it was staged in. In 1888, Anton Chekhov was awarded half the Pushkin Prize for his collection of stories “At Twilight.”

Significant biography events

When fame and recognition came to the young writer, the Chekhov family lived in the Kharkov province. Unexpectedly for everyone, one of Chekhov's brothers died, as a result of which he decided to leave this place.

He even wanted to go to Europe, but these plans were not destined to come true. As a result, he ended up in Odessa, where the Maly Theater was touring at that time.

It was then that the writer falls in love with a charming young actress. However, the ardent feelings passed rather quickly. Disappointed, he decides to leave for Yalta.

At the end of the 80s, Chekhov wrote the stories “The Steppe”, “A Boring Story” and “Lights”. These works were distinguished by their seriousness, tragedy and realism.

They were written precisely during the period of his biography when he terminated his cooperation with satirical magazines.

Trip to Sakhalin

Chekhov was a tireless traveler, and in 1890 he went to Sakhalin Island. It must be said that this trip was the most important in his biography.

Nevertheless, it was an extremely difficult undertaking that took a heavy toll on his health. The 10,000 kilometer journey lasted 81 days, with 4,000 kilometers being done on horseback rather than by train.

As a result, Anton Chekhov managed to collect a huge amount of material, which later formed the basis for many stories and novellas. They were published in the collection of essays “Across Siberia” and the book “Sakhalin Island”.

Ward №6

Two years later, in 1892, one of the most famous stories, “Ward No. 6,” came from the pen of Chekhov.

This work instantly received recognition from the masses and gained enormous popularity.

The name “Ward No. 6” has acquired a common noun and is still used today when we're talking about about something crazy and abnormal.

Many from this story quickly became popular among the people.

Buying a manor and settling down

In 1892, Chekhov purchased an estate in Melikhovo, where he lived for more than 7 years. Since then, his parents and sister Maria, who in the future became the devoted custodian of his legacy, lived there.

This estate played significant role in the biography and work of Chekhov. Today, one of the main museums named after him operates there.

After purchasing the estate, his life was transformed into better side. Now he could study, because besides literary activity, he was seriously interested in surgery.

The profession of a doctor was not forced on him, since he found great pleasure in treating needy peasants.

During his stay in Melikhovo, Anton Chekhov distinguished himself with unprecedented generosity and humanity.

He built several schools, a bell tower, a fire station, made sure that a road was built to Lopasnya, and a post office appeared at the railway station.

In addition, the writer planted many different trees, and also opened a public library in the city of Taganrog with his own savings.

In Melikhovo, Chekhov wrote the following famous plays, like "Uncle Vanya" and "The Seagull". Unfortunately, increasingly frequent exacerbations of tuberculosis forced him to increasingly leave the estate and go south for treatment.

In 1989, he lived in Nice all winter, and upon his return he decided to purchase a plot of land for himself in Yalta. Already in next year Chekhov sold his estate and finally settled in Crimea.

At this time, he met his future wife Olga Knipper, and soon wrote two famous plays: “Three Sisters” and “ The Cherry Orchard" His wife played the leading roles in them brilliantly.

Chekhov's personal life

In Chekhov's biography, like his, there were many women, and some of them knew about the writer's other passions, but still were in no hurry to part with him.

Lika Mizinova

In 1888, he became interested in his sister's friend Lika Mizinova, who was 19 years old at that time. The girl wanted to become the legal wife of the playwright, but he, on the contrary, wanted to remain independent and free.

For 10 years, they managed to maintain a relationship while avoiding conversations about marriage.

Ironically, Chekhov personally introduced Mizinova, who was in love with him, to a certain Ignatius Potapenko. As a result, she became pregnant by Potapenko and gave birth to his daughter, who soon died.

Anton Pavlovich used Lika as a prototype for the heroine Nina Zarechnaya from the play “The Seagull”. Very soon Mizinova broke off relations with both men and married Alexander Sanin.

Elena Shavrova

Another hobby of the writer was young Elena Shavrova. She brought him the manuscript of her own story, and immediately fell in love. However, she understood perfectly well that she would not be able to become the wife of an outstanding playwright, so 5 years later she married another man.

An interesting fact from the biography: Chekhov wrote about 70 love letters to Elena, more than to any of his fans. He even captured the image of his beloved in famous story"Lady with a dog".

Nina Korsh

In 1989, Anton Pavlovich met his old friend Nina Korsh, who was crazy about him in her youth. Spun between them whirlwind romance, as a result of which Nina became pregnant and gave birth to a girl.

Chekhov never found out about the birth of this child, because after meeting his future wife Knipper, he immediately broke off all relations with Nina. Soon Korsh left with her parents for France, as a result of which this love story ended.

Chekhov's wife - Olga Knipper

With Olga Knipper, main woman in his biography, she met Chekhov in 1989. She quickly managed to conquer the famous and beloved writer, which no one had previously managed to do.

Knipper was talented actress with an attractive appearance. She and Chekhov never had children, although Olga had one failed pregnancy.

Whether this marriage was happy is quite difficult to say. After the wedding, Knipper continued to play in the Moscow Art Theater, and Anton Chekhov lived permanently in Crimea, struggling with his illness.

Years later, his friends argued that Chekhov's life could have been much longer and better if not for his marriage to Olga.

Although in fairness it is worth noting that in last years biography of Chekhov, his wife refused all tours and remained close to her ill husband until his death.

Illness and death

Even at the age of 24, Chekhov showed signs of tuberculosis. He had a high fever, accompanied by a bloody cough, but the patient himself thought that he had a completely different disease.

Throughout his biography, the writer carefully hid his illness from relatives and friends because he did not want to bother them. In 1897, the disease worsened greatly, and periodic bleeding began from the right lung.

These circumstances forced Chekhov to be seriously examined by the famous professor Ostroumov. He was admitted to the hospital, but as soon as he felt a little better, he began to beg the doctors to let him go home.

He wanted, no matter what, to continue his writing activity. Less than a year later, the attacks of bloody cough increased significantly, but he, as before, hid it from his loved ones.

The writer captured the corresponding painful experiences in the characters of his stories. This is most noticeable in “The Tale of an Unknown Man.”

Doctors prescribed Chekhov to visit various resorts, but his health did not allow him to do this. Living in Crimea extended his life until he remained single.

According to Olga Knipper, she seriously undermined the health of her husband with continuous departures. In addition, she had a strained relationship with her husband’s only sister, which made Chekhov even more worried.

On July 2, 1904, Anton Pavlovich Chekhov died. This happened in the city of Badenweiler. Official reason death was tuberculosis. The biography of the great Russian writer ended at the age of 44.

Biographical plays and films

In 1991, Robert Long and Dmitry Frenkel staged musical performance in Holland based on the biography of Chekhov.

In 2007, by order of the Moscow government, the biographical film “Farewell, Doctor Chekhov!” was shot, telling about the life of the writer and the main moments of his biography.

In 2012, the film “Fan” was released, which showed the playwright’s relationship with Lydia Avilova. This film starred O. Tabakov and K. Pirogov.

In 2015, French film director René Feret shot the film “Anton Chekhov 1890.” It shows the biography of the playwright in the period 1885-1890.

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Name: Anton Chekhov

Age: 44 years old

Place of Birth: Taganrog, Russia

A place of death: Badenweiler, German Empire

Activity: Russian writer, doctor by profession

Marital status: Was married to

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov - biography

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov is known all over the world, as his wonderful works have been translated into all languages. The famous playwright and prose writer wrote works, most of which were intended for production on stage. From his biography it is known that over 25 years of writing he created more than 300 works.

Anton Chekhov's childhood

The future great writer spent his childhood in the same city where he was born. And the great playwright was born on January 17, 1860 in the wonderful city of Taganrog, which was comfortably located on the shore Sea of ​​Azov. Now this city is part of the Rostov region, and before it was the Ekaterinoslav province. A small house with small but cozy rooms, where the future great writer was born, still stands in the city. Previously, the street was called Police, but now it is named after the writer - Chekhov.

Anton Chekhov's father was a merchant and even belonged to the third merchant guild. He had his own grocery store, which has now been turned into a Chekhov museum. The future writer became Pavel Yegorovich's third son. In total, there were 6 children in the Chekhov family: 5 sons and a daughter. Therefore, the writer’s mother was involved in raising children.

Anton Chekhov - Education

Chekhov studied at a Greek school, which was located in Taganrog. He began his studies with preparatory class men's gymnasium. The lessons shaped his worldview and love for literature. It was to the gymnasium that he owed his first pseudonym - Chekhonte. This name was given to him by the teacher of God's law.

At the age of 13, high school student Chekhov visited the theater, where at that time the operetta “Beautiful Elena” was being performed. The theater captured him so much that he became a real theater fan. At that time, Anton Pavlovich also loved to visit the family of his friend from the gymnasium, Andrei Drossi, where he took an active part in home performances. At the same time, he actively participated in the publication of humorous magazines for high school students, where he published his first literary experiments and signed funny drawings.

Some teachers from the gymnasium later became prototypes of Chekhov's heroes. For example, E. Dzerzhinsky, who taught mathematics to boys. Finally, in 1879, the future dramatic writer graduated from the Taganrog gymnasium, and this gave him the opportunity to move to Moscow to enter the Sechenov Moscow Medical Institute. He successfully passes the exams and becomes a student at this institution, where he had the good fortune to meet famous professors - Sklifosovsky and Zakharyin.

Anton Chekhov's career

My writer's biography he began, while still studying at the gymnasium, he wrote small humorous stories. At the age of 18, his first dramatic work was written - “Fatherlessness”. While studying in Moscow, he and his entire family went for the summer to Voskresensk, where one of the writer’s brothers lived. There he meets the doctor Arkhangelsky, who at that time was the head of the hospital, and in the summer Chekhov practiced with him, helping with the reception of sick patients. When Antosha finished his studies at the medical institute, he came to Voskresensk and began working there as a simple district doctor. After that, he himself worked as the head of a hospital in Zvenigorod.

When student Antosha Chekhov was in his first year at the institute, he began publishing his stories in various magazines. He often changed his pseudonyms: Antosha Chekhonte, The Man Without a Spleen, My Brother's Brother, and sometimes he published his works even without a signature. He collaborated with many magazines and newspapers. And in 1882, his first collection “Prank” was prepared for publication, but the censorship did not let it through. But two years later, his other collection “Tales of Melpomene” was published.

After this, the biography of Chekhov’s work began to flourish, when the young writer was able to write one story a day. But if many readers liked the works, then literary critics they demanded that the writer not dwell on trifles and reveal the full power of his literary talent. He listens to advice, writes less and even goes traveling. Later, all his impressions and memories will be reflected in his works.

For his works he was awarded Pushkin Prize, but the writer did not intend to stop there. A trip to Sakhalin in 1890 gave him new strength and material for his work. After his return, he wrote many books, purchased real estate in Yalta, but tuberculosis did not give him peace. Trying to improve his health, he went to a German resort, where on July 1, 1904, barely reaching the age of 44, he died. He was buried in Moscow, next to the grave of his father.

Anton Chekhov - biography of personal life

Russian writer, author of short stories, novels and plays, is recognized as one of greatest writers in world literature. Chekhov created four works that became classics of world drama, and his best stories are highly regarded by writers and critics. Almost all adult life, together with literature, Chekhov was a practicing doctor. “Medicine is my lawful wife, and literature is my mistress,” he said.

At first, Chekhov wrote stories only to earn money, but as his creative ambitions grew, he created new moves in literature, greatly influencing the development of modern short story. Its originality creative method is to use a technique called "stream of consciousness", later adopted by James Joyce and other modernists, and the absence of a final morality, so necessary structure classic story that time. Chekhov did not seek to provide answers to the reading public, but believed that the role of the author was to ask questions, not to answer them.

Biography

Ancestors

From my father's side

In 1879 he graduated from high school in Taganrog. In the same year, he moved to his parents in Moscow and entered the medical faculty of Moscow University, where he studied with famous professors: N. Sklifosofsky, G. Zakharyin and others. In 1884, he completed a university course and began working as a district doctor in Voskresensk (now the city of Istra), at the Chikinsky hospital, the head of which was the famous doctor P. A. Arkhangelsky. He then worked in Zvenigorod, where for some time he was in charge of a hospital.

Becoming

Later years

Features of Chekhov's dramaturgy

The significance of Chekhov's work

Chekhov and Gorky

1. The book “Sakhalin Island” - Became thin. document of the era.
2. Chekhov stands at the origins of tragicomedy.
3. His work provides the best examples in Russian literature of probably all genre varieties of “short prose”.
4. Chekhov's dramaturgy became " business card"Russian literature in the world.
5. Chekhov’s call to “Take care of the person within you” is eternal.
6. Chekhov's artistic discoveries had a huge impact on the literature and theater of the 20th century. His dramatic works, translated into many languages, have become an integral part of the world theatrical repertoire.

Chekhov legitimized the story “Sakhalin Island” as one of the most influential areas of the epic.

Ernesto Che Guevara - full name Ernesto Guevara de la Serna was born on June 14, 1928 in Rosario (Argentina). At the age of two, Ernesto suffered a severe form of bronchial asthma (and this disease haunted him all his life), and to restore his health, the family moved to Cordoba.

In 1950, Guevara was hired as a sailor on an oil cargo ship from Argentina, visiting the island of Trinidad and British Guiana.

In 1952, Ernesto went on a motorcycle trip to South America with his brother Granado. They visited Chile, Peru, Colombia and Venezuela.

In 1953 he graduated from the Faculty of Medicine of the National University of Buenos Aires and received a medical degree.

From 1953 to 1954, Guevara made his second long trip around the countries Latin America. He visited Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Panama, and El Salvador. In Guatemala, he took part in the defense of the government of President Arbenz, after whose defeat he settled in Mexico, where he worked as a doctor. During this period of his life, Ernesto Guevara received his nickname “Che” for the characteristic Argentine Spanish interjection Che, which he abused in oral speech.

In November 1966 he arrived in Bolivia to organize the partisan movement.
The partisan detachment he created on October 8, 1967 was surrounded and defeated by government forces. Ernesto Che Guevara was.

On October 11, 1967, his body and the bodies of six more of his associates were secretly buried near the airport in Vallegrande. In July 1995, the location of Guevara's grave was discovered. And in July 1997, the remains of the Comandante were returned to Cuba; in October 1997, the remains of Che Guevara were reburied in the mausoleum in the city of Santa Clara in Cuba.

In 2000, Time magazine included Che Guevara in its lists of "20 Heroes and Icons" and "The 100 Most Important Persons of the 20th Century."

The Comandante's image appears on all three Cuban peso bills.
The world-famous two-color full-face portrait of Che Guevara has become a symbol of the romantic revolutionary movement. The portrait was created by Irish artist Jim Fitzpatrick from a 1960 photograph taken by Cuban photographer Alberto Korda. The Jose Marti star is visible on Che's beret, hallmark Comandante, received from Fidel Castro in July 1957 along with this title.

On October 8, Cuba celebrates the Day of the Heroic Guerrilla in memory of Ernest Che Guevara.

Che Guevara was married twice and has five children. In 1955, he married Peruvian revolutionary Ilda Gadea, who gave birth to Guevara's daughter. In 1959, his marriage to Ilda broke up, and the revolutionary married Aleida March, whom he met in a partisan detachment. They had four children with Aleida.

The material was prepared based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources