1. The writer's family.
2. The beginning of a creative journey.
3. Turgenev’s creative growth.
4. Poems in prose.
I. S. Turgenev was born in Orel on October 28, 1818. Sergei Nikolaevich, his father, participant Patriotic War 1812, a retired cuirassier colonel from an old noble family, married V.P. Lutovinova for convenience. His wife was ugly, not young, but very rich - she owned the Spasskoye estate and five thousand souls. In this marriage, which cannot be called happy, the future writer was born. Later it turned out that Varvara Petrovna is a cruel despot, like her relatives. She tortured not only the servants, but even her beloved son Ivan, who was beaten almost every day for mere trifles. Ivan saw the most disgusting traits - power, cruelty, greed - in his mother. Embittered by fate, after the death of her father, Varvara suffered from the antics of her mother and stepfather, and half-dressed she fled to her uncle, from whom she inherited. Turgenev depicted representatives of the Lugovinov family in his books. He also rated his father low, both in intelligence and moral qualities.
It is impossible to believe that the great Russian writer was brought up in a family where contempt for absolutely everything Russian was instilled. At the behest of the mother, everyone spoke French. Where did Ivan Sergeevich’s love for the Russian come from? The answer is simple - thanks to the serf valet Lunin, whom Turgenev described in the story “Punin and Baburin”. Until the age of nine, Turgenev lived in Spaskoye-Lutovinovo, enjoying Russian nature and acquiring a persistent hatred of serfdom. He took the “Annibal oath”: not to reconcile himself with serfdom. In 1827, the Turgenevs moved to Moscow to give their children an education. Ivan studied in private boarding schools and at home, in 1833 he entered the literature department of Moscow University, in next year moved to the Faculty of History and Philology of St. Petersburg University (his older brother entered the Guards Artillery, and the family moved), graduating in 1936.
S. N. Turgenev died in 1834, and soon Ivan lost his brother Sergei - he died of epilepsy. In Berlin, where he attended lectures on classical philology and philosophy, Turgenev met N. Stankevich and M. Bakunin. Two years into the future famous writer visited Germany, Italy, Holland and France. In 1841 he returned to Moscow and became a regular at literary circles. His desire to become a professor of philosophy did not come true - the departments of philosophy were abolished by the government. Turgenev became an official in the “special office” of the Minister of Internal Affairs. At the same time, he met V. G. Belinsky, and on one of his trips to St. Petersburg, Herzen. Turgenev's views were formed under the influence of the critic. His creative path begins with poetry. He publishes poems, poems, dramas, and stories. Poetic works Turgenev is imbued with romantic moods, tragic reflections about the loneliness of man, the impossibility of meeting a soul mate, and the desire to love. Later in the poems there is a desire not to express a romantic idea, but to depict the beauty of Russian nature. Since 1847, Turgenev stopped writing poetry, subsequently even showing undeserved disdain for them.
In 1843, Turgenev met P. Viardot, fell in love with the singer and went abroad to join her four years later. His mother calls Viardot a “damned gypsy” and deprives her son of money for three years. In Russia, his name becomes famous thanks to the essay “Khor and Kapynich”, published in Sovremennik. For five years in a row, the magazine published essays from folk life, published in 1852 under the same title “Notes of a Hunter.” In the 1850s, this book about the life of the people was known throughout the world. In 1843, the poem “Parasha” was published, which Belinsky highly appreciated, and later the poems “Conversation” (1845), “Andrey” (1846) and “Landowner” (1846). In Turgenev’s work, two heroes can be identified - the romantic and the skeptic. In prose - “Andrei Kolosov” (1844), “Three Portraits” (1846), “Breter” (1847) - Turgenev reflects on the problem of the relationship between the individual and society.
Returning to Russia, in 1850 Turgenev was published in the magazine as an author and critic. By that time, Varvara Petrovna had died, her two sons divided the inheritance, and Ivan Sergeevich did everything possible for his part to ease the lot of his peasants.
The obituary of N.V. Gogol in 1852 led to his arrest and exile to the estate under police supervision. Freedom of movement was limited by the Oryol province. At this time, the stories “Mumu” and “The Inn” were written, as well as plays on a peasant theme - “Freeloader”, “Bachelor”, “A Month in the Country”, “Provincial Woman”. Only a year later the writer was allowed to enter St. Petersburg, and abroad - in 1856. A.K. Tolstoy worked for the release of Turgenev. After the removal of disgrace, Turgenev lived abroad as a guest of Viardot.
Turning to the genre of the story, the writer created several works about the life of the Russian intelligentsia - “The Diary of an Extra Man,” “Yakov Pasynkov,” and “Correspondence.” In 1855, Turgenev wrote a novel about the leading hero of our time, Rudin. Just as in the stories “Hamlet of Shchigrovsky District” (1849), “Diary of an Extra Man” (1850), “Yakov Pasynkov” (1855), “Correspondence” (1856), the theme of the “extra man” is revealed here.
In the novel " Noble Nest"(1859) the writer raises the question of historical destinies Russia. The hero of the novel, Lavretsky, strives to make life easier for the peasants, but during personal affairs he forgets about his duty.
The novelistic period of the writer’s work was continued by “The Noble Nest”, “On the Eve”, “Fathers and Sons”. In them, the reader is presented with a whole gallery of “new people” in Turgenev’s contemporary Russia. “Fathers and Sons” is a novel not only about the conflict of generations, but also about the struggle between the ideas of idealism and materialism, change social relations. In these works, Turgenev expressed the hopes of his generation for a better future.
Turgenev's educational views are expressed in his works “Ghosts” (1864), “Enough” (1865). The hero is no longer the center of Turgenev’s works; the problem of post-reform Russia comes first. This is the novel “Smoke” (1867), in which the author’s irony is anti-Slavophile in nature. The novel about the populist movement “Nov” was written in 1877. It describes the ideological disputes between liberals, conservatives and populists. The writer himself is on the side of the exponents of populist views.
In his declining years, I. S. Turgenev created “Poems in Prose” - philosophical miniatures in their rhythm and lyricism so poetic that this rhythmic prose is perceived as poetry. They were written in 1878-1882 and consist of sections “Senile” and “New Poems in Prose”. The first section of fifty-one poems was published during the writer’s lifetime, in the magazine “Bulletin of Europe” in 1882. "New Poems in Prose" were published only after the author's death. Among them there is an elegy, a message, a dialogue, a monologue, a legend, and an obituary. These are the author's philosophical thoughts about life and death, love, friendship, truth and lies, good and evil, human vices. The author tells us his innermost thoughts in the first person. The simplicity and depth of these works makes them close and understandable to the reader and makes them think. These intimate experiences were a new genre in world literature. Turgenev summed up his life. By the end of his life, Turgenev was so famous in Europe that critics named him among the first writers of the century - I. Taine, J. E. Renan, G. Landes. He came to Russia in 1878-1881, and in 1882 his gout ended with cancer of the spinal cord. A year and a half of illness did not break the writer’s courage. Turgenev died in Bougival near Paris on August 22, 1883. At the request of the writer, he was buried in St. Petersburg at the Volkhov cemetery.
The classic's work is known far beyond the borders of our country. The importance of his works and translations in literature is difficult to overestimate. We understand this now. But among the writer’s contemporaries, his works received conflicting assessments. Let's take a brief look at Turgenev's biography and highlight the most important moments of his life.
The beginning of the way
On October 28, 1818, in the city of Orel, a man was born who was destined to become a great playwright. The father was a military man, the mother belonged to a family of nobles. In 1827, the Turgenevs moved to Moscow. Upon completion of the boarding school, the future writer enters the literature department of Moscow University. A year later the family moved to St. Petersburg. Ivan is forced to change educational institution. The choice falls on the Faculty of Philosophy.
Initially, Turgenev saw himself as a poet. The third-year student shows his first poem “Wall” to literature professor Pletnev. The teacher criticized the work during the lecture. Pyotr Aleksandrovich left the name of the author a secret, noting that the writer has the makings.
This becomes an impetus for the young author to new works in poetry. In 1838, Pletnev recognized Turgenev's talent and published two poems. By this time, Ivan had already completed his studies, defended his Ph.D. thesis, and wrote a hundred poems and several poems. The writer dreams of scientific activity.
Becoming
Considering Turgenev’s short biography, it is worth mentioning his studies in Germany. He attends courses in the history of Greek and Roman literature, independently studies ancient languages, and reads classics in the original. In Berlin, he sees a different life, which shapes the student’s worldview and makes him take a fresh look at events in Russia.
Ivan Sergeevich knew many literary contemporaries: Koltsov, Pushkin, Fet, Nikitenko, Zhukovsky. Acquaintance with Lermontov did not lead to friendship, but the work of Mikhail Yuryevich made a greater impression on Turgenev. He tried to be like Lermontov in his writing style.
Censorship
1847 is a new stage in Turgenev’s biography, which can be briefly described as the first serious publications. Stories and feuilletons appear in the Sovremennik magazine. “Notes of a Hunter” gained particular popularity. In 1852, this work would become a cause of conflict. The Emperor will order the dismissal and leave without a pension of the censor Lvov, who allowed the book to be published.
The decision taken was explained by an inadequate description of the life of a peasant. The stories focus on the lack of desire among the peasants to work for the benefit of the landowner. The author protested against serfdom. In 1853, Lvov received the “Greatest Forgiveness” of Nicholas I, and the book was prohibited from being reprinted.
From short biography Turgenev it is known that he was sent into exile for 1.5 years. By official version the reason was the obituary on the occasion of Gogol's death. But Ivan Sergeevich often traveled abroad and had a close friendship with Belinsky. He increasingly spoke about the fate of the peasants and promoted Western literature. There is an opinion that rave reviews about Nikolai Vasilyevich have become the last straw in the patience of the authorities.
Publication of Turgenev's works was resumed and expanded under Alexander II. The writer directs all his potential to help in transformation.
Dobrolyubov wrote a laudatory article about the playwright’s works. He compared the concept of the novel “On the Eve” with the approaching revolution. Ivan Sergeevich, who was in the center revolutionary events 1947 in France, such a comparison was abhorrent. He spoke about the need for a peaceful solution to issues of serfdom.
In the 60s, Turgenev broke off relations with many friends and in his biography this became one of the most important steps. Formed new circle communication. This is facilitated by acquaintances with Victor Hugo, Gustave Flaubert, Emile Zola, Prospero Merimee, Charles Dickens, Alphonse Daudet and some other people whom today we consider classics of world literature.
Signs of Greatness
What makes great people different? Intelligence, intelligence, the ability to work hard on mistakes, the ability to achieve results? Yes. But greatest minds are not without oddities. From the memoirs of contemporaries we can conclude that Ivan Sergeevich possessed all of the listed qualities.
Friends called him frivolous and often accused him of inattention. A writer could invite a whole company to dinner and forget about it. People came at the appointed hour, but the owner was absent.
According to Fet, Turgenev laughed in a very unusual way: he got down on his knees and began to shake his whole body. The bout of merriment continued for a considerable time.
Interesting facts from Turgenev's biography concern his youth. He studied diligently in Germany, but was a regular at youth parties. All the money sent by parents was spent on gatherings. One day, a student was left broke and bought another package from his mother with his last pennies. There were bricks in the box. This is how the mother punished the spender.
The writer had his own way of dealing with bad mood: He put on a high cap and put himself in a corner. When the depressive state went away, he returned to everyday life.
The biography of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev keeps its secrets. There were persistent rumors about an incident during the writer's first trip abroad. The ship caught fire. Turgenev pushed passengers aside to get on the boat. The degree of credibility of the story remains a mystery. But this incident surprisingly intersects with the plot of the short story “Fire at Sea.”
Turgenev became famous among physicians for his anatomical features. When hit on the head, he often lost consciousness. The reason for this is the thin bone on the crown of the head. As it turned out after death, the classic’s large head contained 2 kilograms of brain. That's more than the brain weight of most famous people.
Turgenev, as evidenced by his brief biography, died of cancer of the spinal bones. The tragedy happened in Paris on August 22, 1883. According to the will, the body was transported to St. Petersburg.
(28. X.1818-22.VIII.1883)
Prose writer, poet, playwright, critic, publicist, memoirist, translator. Born into the family of Sergei Nikolaevich and Varvara Petrovna Turgenev. His father, a retired cavalry officer, came from an old noble family, his mother from the low-born but wealthy landowner family of the Lutovinovs. Turgenev spent his childhood on his parents' estate Spassky-Lutovinovo, near the city of Mtsensk, Oryol province; his first teacher was his mother's serf secretary Fyodor Lobanov. In 1827, Turgenev moved with his family to Moscow, where he continued his education in private boarding schools, then under the guidance of Moscow teachers Pogorelsky, Dubensky and Klyushnikov, and later famous poet. By the age of 14, Turgenev spoke three languages fluently foreign languages x and managed to meet the best works European and Russian literature. In 1833 he entered Moscow University, and in 1834 he transferred to St. Petersburg University, where in 1837 he graduated from the verbal department of the Faculty of Philosophy.
IN student years Turgenev began to write. His first poetic experiments were translations, short poems, lyric poems and the drama “The Wall” (1834), written in the then fashionable romantic spirit. Among Turgenev’s university professors, Pletnev stood out, one of Pushkin’s close friends, “a mentor of the old century... not a scientist, but in his own way, wise.” Having become acquainted with Turgenev’s first works, Pletnev explained to the young student their immaturity, but singled out and published 2 of the most successful poems, encouraging the student to continue his studies in literature.
However, Turgenev's interests were not yet focused on literary creativity. He considered the university education he received insufficient. In the spring of 1838, Turgenev went abroad; he was attracted by the University of Berlin. Having mastered the latest findings of modern philosophical science, Turgenev returned to Russia in 1841.
The first 2 years at home are devoted to searching for a future field. At first, Turgenev dreams of teaching philosophy and passes master's exams, which give him the right to defend a dissertation and receive a department. But the way to teaching activities turns out to be closed at the very beginning; there is no hope for the restoration of the philosophy department at Moscow University, where Turgenev intended to serve. At the end of 1842, Turgenev was trying to join the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which was then studying the question of the possibility of liberating the peasants. In preparation for his future position, he draws up a note “A few notes on the Russian economy and the Russian peasant,” in which he writes about the need for serious changes in the economic and legal situation of the peasant class. In 1843, Turgenev was enrolled in the minister's office, but soon lost faith in his hopes, lost all interest in the service and resigned two years later.
In the same year, Turgenev’s poem “Parasha” was published, and a little later, Belinsky’s sympathetic review of it. These events decided the fate of Turgenev: from now on literature becomes the main business of his life.
Belinsky's influence largely determined the formation of Turgenev's social and creative position; Belinsky helped him take the path of realism. But this path turns out to be difficult at first. Young Turgenev tries himself in the most different genres: lyric poems alternate with critical articles, after “Parasha” there appear the poetic poems “Conversation” (1844), “Andrey” (1845),
“The Landowner” (1845), but after them, with almost the same regularity, prose stories and stories are written - “Andrei Kolosov” (1844), “Three Portraits” (1847). In addition, Turgenev also wrote plays - the dramatic essay “Carelessness” (1843) and the comedy “Lack of Money” (1846). An aspiring writer is looking for his path. In him one can see a student of Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol, but a student close to creative maturity.
In 1843, Turgenev met the famous French singer Pauline Viardot, who was touring in St. Petersburg, and fell in love with her. In 1845, he followed her to France for a while, and at the beginning of 1847 he went abroad for a long time. The departure tore Turgenev out of his usual literary and secular environment; new living conditions prompted him to delve deeper into himself and re-evaluate much of himself. He achieves real professionalism in his writing, his views on art become simpler and stricter.
In separation, love for the Motherland grew stronger. In solitude abroad, long-standing impressions were awakened, preserved from childhood or accumulated during hunting trips to Spasskoye (in the summer and autumn of 1846, Turgenev went with a gun to the Oryol, Kursk and Tula provinces). Pictures of village and estate life, Russian landscapes, conversations, meetings, everyday scenes. This is how “Notes of a Hunter” was born, which brought Turgenev wide fame.
Even before leaving, the writer submitted the essay “Khor and Kalinich” to the Sovremennik magazine. Unexpected success essay, published at the beginning of 1847, gave Turgenev the idea to write a number of others of the same kind. Over the course of five years, they appear one after another on the pages of Sovremennik, and in 1852 the author publishes them separate publication.
Turgenev writes a number of stories about people who “broke out” from the social environment to which they belong by origin and upbringing. “The Diary of an Extra Man” (1850), “Two Friends” (1853), “The Calm” (1854), “Correspondence” (1854), “Yakov Pasynkov” (1856) are devoted to this topic. The heroes of these stories fail in their attempts to engage in useful activities or find personal happiness. The reason for the drama An extra person“Turgenev considered the clash of his spiritual interests and aspirations with the backward Russian social structure. Turgenev does not find any reason for hope for a long time.
The turning point is outlined in Turgenev’s first novel “Rudin” (1855), written in the midst of the lost Crimean War. Turgenev is trying to comprehend the ended era, highlighting the most important things in it. He sees the problem of the “Super Man” in a new way. Rudin, the hero of the novel, is endowed with an aura of prophetic exclusivity. Rudin's character appears as a kind of Russian mystery. public life.
In 1857, the government announced its intention to free the peasants from serfdom. Turgenev returned to Russia from Europe in the summer of 1858 and immediately plunged into an atmosphere of social revival. He became an employee of Herzen, the magazine “Kolokol” and “Sovremennik”. In 1858 he wrote the story “Asya”. Circle philosophical problems reflected in his stories “Faust” (1856), “Trip to Polesie” (1853 - 1857). One of the main signs of the times for Turgenev is the process of internal liberation of the individual. Turgenev increasingly turns to thoughts about the uniqueness of human individuality and the search for moral support. In the lyrical and philosophical stories of the 50s, the idea of the salvation of “chains of duty”, of self-denial, matures. This idea receives broad socio-historical justification in the novel “The Noble Nest” (1858).
In 1860, Turgenev wrote the novel “On the Eve”, which caused a stormy, contradictory reaction. Turgenev clearly wanted to unite the social forces of Russia.
In the summer of 1860, Turgenev drew up a draft program “Society for the spread of literacy in primary education, which did not receive a response from the public.” In February 1862, Turgenev published the novel “Fathers and Sons,” in which he tried to show Russian society the tragic nature of the growing conflicts. The stupidity and helplessness of all classes in the face of a social crisis threatens to develop into confusion and chaos. Against this background, a dispute unfolds about ways to save Russia, waged by heroes representing the two main parties of the Russian intelligentsia. The liberal program, which Kirsanov advocates, is based on high and noble ideals. Everything is overshadowed by the idea of progress, because we're talking about about transforming Russia into a truly civilized country. The ideals of these people are hopelessly far from reality; they cannot save the country from disaster.
The liberals are contrasted with “Nihilist Bazarov,” in which the reader easily recognized the exponent of the ideas and mood of revolutionary youth. Bazarov expresses these ideas in the most extreme form, proclaiming the idea of “Complete and merciless denial.” In his opinion, the world should be destroyed to the ground. He categorically denies love, poetry, music, family ties, duty, right, obligation. Bazarov's philosophy is the rigid logic of life - struggle. Bazarov is a man of a truly new formation, daring, strong, organically incapable of illusions and compromises, who has achieved complete inner freedom, ready to go towards his goal regardless of anything. Turgenev admits that the role of the “Advanced Class” is moving from the noble intelligentsia to the commoners. Turgenev in the novel shows a violation of the normal continuity of generations: children abandon the legacy of their fathers, losing touch with the past, with the roots of their existence, fathers lose the love for those who replace them, natural for their role, old age and youth cease to balance each other in the general flow of life. The theme of disunity between generations acquires unprecedented depth in “Fathers and Sons”, giving rise to the idea of a possible severance of the “connection of times”, of the destructive penetration of social contradictions into the foundation of life itself. Ideal national unity remained the main thing for Turgenev while working on the novel. Critics did not accept the novel. Offended and disappointed, Turgenev went abroad and did not write for a long time. In the 60s he published short story ghosts (1864) and the sketch “Enough” (1865), where sad thoughts were heard about the ephemerality of all human values. He lived in Paris and Baden-Baden for almost 20 years, being interested in everything that happened in Russia.
In 1867 he completed work on the novel “Smoke”. The novel is filled with satirical and journalistic motives. The main unifying principle becomes symbolic image“Smoke.” Before the reader is a life that has lost its internal connection and purpose.
In the spring of 1882, the first signs of a serious illness were revealed, which turned out to be fatal for Turgenev. But in moments of temporary relief from suffering, the writer continued to work and a few months before his death he published the first part of “Poems in Prose.” This cycle of lyrical miniatures was a kind of farewell to Turgenev’s life, homeland and art. The last book Turgenev collected the main themes and motives of his work. The book opened with the prose poem “Village,” and ended with “Russian Language,” a lyrical hymn filled with Turgenev’s faith in the great destiny of his country: “In days of doubt, in days of painful thoughts about the fate of my homeland, you alone are my support and support, O great, mighty, truthful and free Russian language! Without you, how can one not fall into despair at the sight of everything that is happening at home? But one cannot believe that such a language was not given to a great people!”
Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev is a famous Russian prose writer, poet, classic of world literature, playwright, critic, memoirist and translator. He has written a lot outstanding works. The fate of this great writer will be discussed in this article.
Early childhood
Turgenev's biography (brief in our review, but very rich in reality) began in 1818. The future writer was born on November 9 in the city of Orel. His dad, Sergei Nikolaevich, was a combat officer in a cuirassier regiment, but retired soon after Ivan’s birth. The boy’s mother, Varvara Petrovna, was a representative of a wealthy noble family. It was on the family estate of this powerful woman - Spasskoye-Lutovinovo - that the first years of Ivan’s life passed. Despite her heavy, unbending disposition, Varvara Petrovna was very enlightened and educated person. She managed to instill in her children (in the family, besides Ivan, his older brother Nikolai was raised) a love of science and Russian literature.
Education
The future writer received his primary education at home. So that it could continue in a dignified manner, the Turgenev family moved to Moscow. Here the biography of Turgenev (short) made new round: The boy's parents went abroad, and he was kept in various boarding houses. First he lived and was brought up in Weidenhammer's establishment, then in Krause's. At the age of fifteen (in 1833), Ivan entered Moscow State University at the Faculty of Literature. After the eldest son Nikolai joined the Guards cavalry, the Turgenev family moved to St. Petersburg. Here the future writer became a student at a local university and began studying philosophy. In 1837, Ivan graduated from this educational institution.
Trying out the pen and further education
Turgenev’s work for many is associated with writing prose works. However, Ivan Sergeevich initially planned to become a poet. In 1934, he wrote several lyrical works, including the poem “The Wall,” which was appreciated by his mentor, P. A. Pletnev. Over the next three years, the young writer has already composed about a hundred poems. In 1838, several of his works (“To the Venus of Medicine,” “Evening”) were published in the famous Sovremennik. Young poet felt an inclination towards scientific activity and in 1838 went to Germany to continue his education at the University of Berlin. Here he studied Roman and Greek literature. Ivan Sergeevich quickly became imbued with the Western European way of life. A year later, the writer returned to Russia briefly, but already in 1840 he left his homeland again and lived in Italy, Austria and Germany. Turgenev returned to Spasskoye-Lutovinovo in 1841, and a year later he turned to Moscow State University with a request to allow him to take the examination for a master's degree in philosophy. This was denied to him.
Pauline Viardot
Ivan Sergeevich managed to obtain a scientific degree at St. Petersburg University, but by that time he had already lost interest in this type of activity. In search of a worthy career in life, in 1843 the writer entered the service of the ministerial office, but his ambitious aspirations quickly faded away. In 1843, the writer published the poem “Parasha,” which impressed V. G. Belinsky. Success inspired Ivan Sergeevich, and he decided to devote his life to creativity. In the same year, the biography of Turgenev (short) was marked by another fateful event: the writer met an outstanding French singer Pauline Viardot. Seeing the beauty in opera house St. Petersburg, Ivan Sergeevich decided to meet her. At first the girl did not pay attention to little-known writer, however, Turgenev was so struck by the singer’s charm that he followed the Viardot family to Paris. For many years he accompanied Polina on her foreign tours, despite the obvious disapproval of his relatives.
Creativity flourishes
In 1946, Ivan Sergeevich actively took part in updating the Sovremennik magazine. He meets Nekrasov, and he becomes his best friend. For two years (1950-1952), the writer was torn between abroad and Russia. During this period, Turgenev's creativity began to gain serious momentum. The series of stories “Notes of a Hunter” was almost entirely written in Germany and made the writer famous throughout the world. In the next decade, the classic author created a number of outstanding prose works: “The Noble Nest”, “Rudin”, “Fathers and Sons”, “On the Eve”. During the same period, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev quarreled with Nekrasov. Their controversy over the novel “On the Eve” ended in a complete break. The writer leaves Sovremennik and goes abroad.
Abroad
Turgenev's life abroad began in Baden-Baden. Here Ivan Sergeevich found himself in the very center of Western European cultural life. He began to maintain relationships with many world literary celebrities: Hugo, Dickens, Maupassant, France, Thackeray and others. The writer actively promoted Russian culture abroad. For example, in 1874 in Paris, Ivan Sergeevich, together with Daudet, Flaubert, Goncourt and Zola, organized the now famous “bachelor dinners at five” in the capital’s restaurants. Turgenev's characterization during this period was very flattering: he turned into the most popular, famous and read Russian writer in Europe. In 1878, Ivan Sergeevich was elected vice-president of the International Literary Congress in Paris. Since 1877, the writer has been an honorary doctor of Oxford University.
Creativity of recent years
Turgenev's biography - short but vivid - indicates that long years spent abroad did not alienate the writer from Russian life and its pressing problems. He still writes a lot about his homeland. So, in 1867, Ivan Sergeevich wrote the novel “Smoke,” which caused a large-scale public outcry in Russia. In 1877, the writer composed the novel “New,” which became the result of his creative reflections in the 1870s.
Demise
For the first time, a serious illness that interrupted the writer’s life made itself felt in 1882. Despite severe physical suffering, Ivan Sergeevich continued to create. A few months before his death, the first part of the book “Poems in Prose” was published. Great writer died in 1883, September 3, in the suburbs of Paris. Relatives carried out the will of Ivan Sergeevich and transported his body to his homeland. The classic was buried in St. Petersburg at the Volkov cemetery. IN last way He was seen off by numerous admirers.
This is the biography of Turgenev (short). This man devoted his entire life to his favorite work and forever remained in the memory of his descendants as outstanding writer and a famous public figure.
Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev is a great Russian poet, writer, translator, playwright, philosopher and publicist. Born in Orel in 1818. in a family of nobles. The boy spent his childhood on the family estate of Spasskoye-Lutovinovo. Little Ivan was educated at home, as was customary in noble families of that time, by French and German teachers. In 1927 the boy was sent to study at a private Moscow boarding school, where he spent 2.5 years.
By the age of fourteen I.S. Turgenev knew three foreign languages well, which helped him without much effort to enter Moscow University from where, a year later, he transferred to the University of St. Petersburg to the Faculty of Philosophy. Two years after graduation, Turgenev goes to study in Germany. In 1841 he returns to Moscow with the goal of finishing his studies and getting a place at the department of philosophy, but due to the tsarist ban on this science, his dreams were not destined to come true.
In 1843 Ivan Sergeevich entered service in one of the offices of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, where he worked for only two years. During the same period of time, his first works began to be published. In 1847 Turgenev, following his beloved, singer Polina Viardot, goes abroad and spends three years there. All this time, longing for his homeland did not leave the writer and in a foreign land he wrote several essays, which would later be included in the book “Notes of a Hunter,” which brought Turgenev popularity.
Upon returning to Russia, Ivan Sergeevich worked as a writer and critic in the Sovremennik magazine. In 1852 he publishes an obituary of N. Gogol, prohibited by censorship, for which he is sent to family estate, located in the Oryol province, without the opportunity to leave it. There he writes several works on “peasant” themes, one of which is “Mumu,” beloved by many since childhood. The writer's exile ends in 1853, he is allowed to visit St. Petersburg, and later (in 1856) leave the country and Turgenev leaves for Europe.
In 1858 he will return to his homeland, but not for long. During his stay in Russia, from the writer’s pen came the following: famous works like: “Asya”, “Noble Nest”, “Fathers and Sons”. In 1863 Turgenev and his beloved Viardot's family moved to Baden-Baden, and in 1871. - to Paris, where he and Victor Hugo were elected co-chairs of the first international congress of writers in Paris.
I.S. Turgenev died in 1883. in Bougival, a suburb of Paris. The cause of his death was sarcoma ( cancer) spine. According to the writer’s last will, he was buried at the Volkovskoye cemetery in St. Petersburg.
Brief information about Turgenev.
