Since the mid-90s, since the formation of sovereign states former USSR, issues related to national self-determination are increasingly arising. In this regard, media reports are filled with the concepts of “nation”, “titular nation”, “nationality”, “nationality”, “ indigenous people", "ethnic group", "ethnos". How can an ordinary person, without special sociological and ethnic knowledge, understand all this? And main question, is it the titular nation or citizenship?
“Nation” and “titular nation” - what are they?
Sociology interprets it as any ethnic group that has developed historically, develops and reproduces itself in a specific territory. A nation is a social and economic totality, including a common language, cultural traditions, economic relations, psychological characteristics and ethnic characteristics of the population.
It should not be confused with the concept of “nationality,” which includes representatives of an ethnic group throughout the planet.
The concept of “titular nation” appeared in sociology relatively recently - in late XIX century. French political figure Morris Barrens introduced the term "titular nation" in relation to the dominant ethnic group in a state, where it is the language of this nation that determines the education system and cultural traditions become the basis of statehood.
Indigenous nation - titular?
The term "indigenous nation" refers to the united indigenous peoples living in a specific territory. It is necessary to understand that an ethnos or ethnic group is an association of people closely related by long common residence and phylogenetic origin. Nation is a natural and social concept.
Only that nation, that ethnic group, which, as an ethnonym, is included in the name of a state formation and becomes the basis for civil statehood is called titular. It is worth noting that the titular nation is not a norm enshrined in law, but is often a social concept.
In the modern generalized understanding, the titular nation is an unfinished result of scientific and theoretical construction.
Ethnosociology
Sociologists and ethnographers often come to contradictions when discussing these concepts. A branch of sociology has been formed, called “ethnic sociology,” whose task is to study complex and often contradictory national-ethnic relationships. To understand the content of such relationships, in historical paths development, in the formation of ethnic self-awareness, the emergence of the national question and ways to solve it - this is a modest list of tasks of the young science.
Is the titular nation an indigenous people?
Various schools of enosociology, Western and post-Soviet, often use and apply these concepts not always in the same way. Most often, the concepts “indigenous nation” and “indigenous peoples” are used as synonyms.
A nation living historically is considered indigenous long time in a given territory, for example, Armenians in Armenia, Ukrainians in Ukraine, Tatars in Tatarstan.
But the titular indigenous nation will become the primacy of its language in the general educational structure of public education. Be it an autonomous republic, a state or a district.
World examples
There are mono-ethnic and multi-ethnic states. Although this division is arbitrary and neither the UN nor UNESCO have issued any official regulatory documents. There are few mono-ethnic states in the world - those where 95% is the share of one ethnic group and the political borders are the same as the ethnic ones. Examples of such countries are Japan, Norway, Madagascar, Bangladesh, Egypt, South Korea, Somalia, Armenia, Albania, Greece, Italy, Denmark, North Korea, Malta, Poland and Portugal. The list does not claim to be completely reliable, since different sources different indicators are taken as the percentage of monoethnicity.
Definition problems
In the modern situation, with the multi-ethnic composition of the overwhelming majority of countries, the division of the country's citizens into titular and non-titled ones, with the provision of preferences and privileges to some over others, the problems of titular nations have become an issue in many states. Namely in the countries of the post-Soviet space, as well as Great Britain, Yugoslavia, Spain, Czechoslovakia. Example conflict situations When national differences are resolved, armed conflicts arise, generated by chauvinism and nationalism.
Titular nation of Russia
Russia is a multinational state. Today, its territory is home to 180 ethnic groups speaking 170 different languages. has 81% of the total population. The definition of the titular nation, it would seem, does not raise any questions - these are Russians. But the category of titular nation is not legally enshrined in any document; political scientists and legislators have not yet finished the debates and negotiations.
In one of his speeches, Russian President V. Putin named a list of titular nations: Russians, Tatars, Chechens, Bashkirs, Dagestanis, Jews, and so on.
In Russia, only in autonomous Dagestan, Kabardino-Balkaria and Tuva, the percentage of representatives of the titular nation is more than half of the total population. But in Chechnya there are only 2% Russians, and 98% are the indigenous population.
Ignoring national and religious characteristics, disrespect for the traditions of indigenous peoples as the titular nation of certain territories, chauvinistic conclusions of the “most Russians” in last years in Russia led to a certain tension regarding the issue of the titular nation being Russians. Human rights activists and legislators offer various regulations to consolidate the titular nation of the Russian Federation.
The multi-ethnic composition of most modern states represents a multifaceted national-ethnic system. Stockholm international institute published a study of global problems, which indicated that 78% of conflicts involving weapons since the mid-1990s are based on inter-ethnic differences. Issues of national self-determination and self-awareness are coming to the fore today. Tolerance and respect for people who are different from us in any way are the key to peace and prosperity of humanity on our planet.
“Titular people, titular nation: in international law, the people in whose honor the state they inhabit is named. For example, in Uzbekistan the Uzbeks are considered the titular nation, in Russia - Russians.”
Putin called Jews the titular nation in Russia
Having distorted the question about the place of Russians on their land, Putin answered: -
The guarantor of the Constitution of the Russian Federation cooperative written by the Americans is Putin, for catchphrase- “Russians visiting the lands of the Jews” awarded Solovyov the “Order of Honor”
Putin has not ignored the main “titular” citizen of Russia, Berl Lazar. His broad chest as a “defender of the Russian people” was decorated with the Order “For Services to the Fatherland”, IV degree.” And Putin doesn’t care that the fatherland of his personal rabbi is in distant Italy.
Receiving the next award from the hands of the guarantor, Berl Lazar assured his spiritual son is that his half-child arrived in Crimea for permanent residence with his family to establish his titular nation among the Tatars and Germans.
The family of Yehezkel Lazar intends to remain in Simferopol until the coming of the Messiah. Photo from personal archive Yehezkel Lazar.
I really want to acquaint the dishonest, idiots and provocateurs of all ranks with the truth.
State-forming nation
The indigenous people in Russia - the Russian People, and each of its representatives, do not have national, both federal and constitutional rights in the Russian Federation, i.e. discriminated against based on nationality. According to UN criteria, a state is considered mono-ethnic if more than 2/3 of its population belongs to the same ethnic group. That is more than 67%. The share of the indigenous Russian people in the population of Russia is 79.83%. And at the same time, in UN documents Russia is designated as a multinational state. What's the secret? Who benefits from eliminating the concept of “state-forming nation” from our vocabulary? Who are the Russians interfering with? Who is trying to blur our role in the life of Russia?
Russia has always stood apart in world politics. We have always had our own opinion, our own point of view. Even if we entered into any alliances, it was only in leading roles. Just 24 years ago, it never occurred to anyone to declare that such a nation as the Russians did not exist. And now not only foreign, but also our native politicians, artists and even deputies are talking about this. Probably overseas they still remember the Russian threat and are trying in every possible way to block it. But there is no threat. We do not lay claim to other people's lands. We just want to live peacefully on our land and raise our children the way we want. In the 90s of the last century, Russia underwent intervention. Foreign culture, foreign capital, foreign life values. They hit us mainly, the Indigenous Russian people, the majority. We were poisoned, corrupted, soldered, killed, evicted; there is no mention of the Russian people even in the Russian Constitution. But we survived. Even though we lost a lot. Now they are simply trying to technically erase us. How unnecessary file from the computer's memory. And it’s a shame that this is done mainly by the hands of our own compatriots. They even took away our right to emphasize our nationality in identity documents. But we live and continue to be the majority in this beautiful and great country. Despite everything.
Bottom Line
Improving the living conditions of the indigenous Russian People, growth national identity and national self-determination of the indigenous Russian People and small indigenous peoples of Russia.
Solution
Legislative consolidation of the status of “Indigenous Russian people - state-forming people” in all regulatory legal acts.
On the fields;
Art. 3 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation - that's it:
1. The bearer of sovereignty and the only source of power in the Russian Federation is its multinational people.
Art. 3 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation - it should be like this:
1. The bearer of sovereignty and the only source of power in the Russian Federation is its multinational, multi-confessional, fraternal, ROOT people of Russia
2. The people exercise their power directly, as well as through organs state power and local governments.
3. The highest direct expression of the power of the people is a referendum and free elections.
4. No one can appropriate power in the Russian Federation. Seizure of power or misappropriation of power is punishable under federal law.
This is how it has been on Russian soil since ancient times, is and will be!
Olezhek also tried to argue with fate, but fate is inevitable!
Russia is multinational country. Although the ethnic situation in a state with such an area and a population of over 145 million people could not have developed differently.
It is difficult to find exact data about the time when all these peoples and nationalities became part of Russia, given the fact that for a long time the union republics were citizens of one state, the USSR. Even at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the term “Russians” united three nationalities: Great Russians, Little Russians And Belarusians. and later became independent peoples.
It should be borne in mind that the census data is based on the self-determination of Russian citizens, since information about nationality is not included in passports. As a result, about 80% of respondents—approximately 116 million people—consider themselves Russian.
The predominance of the Russian population is typical only for the central and northwestern regions, while the rest are inhabited by various ethnographic groups. The situation can be seen especially clearly using the example of ethnic diversity. Mountain peoples famous for their distinctive culture, reverence family traditions, wedding ceremonies, customs of hospitality and twinning.
Climatic features
Climatic features and geological conditions of the area significantly influence the settlement and general way of life of people. According to a comprehensive assessment of the natural conditions of Russia, a quarter of the Russian territory is not very favorable for human life.
Most harsh climate in the northern part of Russia, Siberia and Far East. They have adapted to live here Koryaks, Aleuts, Chukchi, Eskimos, Nanais and others. These are indigenous, but small in number - less than 50 thousand people in each ethnic group. Having settled in the territory of their ancestors, they adhere to their traditions - they are nomads, engage in reindeer herding, hunting, fishing, handicraft work. Since ancient times, northern peoples have mastered the art Mezen painting and bone carving.
The industrial development of the deposits and resources of the North has significantly threatened some ethnic groups with extinction. In the territory of the North they also live Komi, total number of which there are over 400 thousand people.
Titular peoples of Russia
Russians
Including Cossacks and Pomors - over 80%, which is approximately 111 million people (in Russia). Dominant culture in the state. The religion of the people is Orthodoxy (professed by approximately 2/3 of the population), the second largest religion is Protestantism. Classics of Russian literature, artists and composers are known throughout the world. Traditionally, nesting dolls, samovar, Gzhel and Rostov enamel, and painted Pavlogorad shawls are considered symbols of Russian culture. Along with Orthodox and secular holidays, it is customary to celebrate pagan holiday Maslenitsa. Russians live in all constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the most populous being Moscow and the Moscow region (9% and 5.6%, respectively). There is a large percentage of Russians in cities with a population of over a million - St. Petersburg (3.5%), Rostov (3.4%), Yekaterinburg and Sverdlovsk region (3,3%).
Tatars
– indigenous people, whose number is 3.8% of the total national composition, is over 5.5 million people. The main religion is Islam; a small part, calling themselves Kryashens, profess Orthodoxy. There are Tatar mosques in all major cities Russia. Family values among the people are sacred, and marriage is equated to a sacred duty. It is customary to celebrate Islamic, native Tatar and national holidays. It is still customary for people to celebrate the arrival of spring (kargatuy) and the end of agricultural work (sabantuy). Most live in Tatarstan (about 40%), Bashkortostan (about 20%), Tyumen (4.5%) and Chelyabinsk region (3,5%).
Ukrainians
– a large ethnographic group numbering almost 3 million, which is 2.03% of the total population of the country. The main religion is Orthodoxy. One of the famous Ukrainian symbols is the embroidered shirt, which is a men's or women's shirt embroidered with complex patterns. Traditions, holidays and family customs practically no different from Russians. In Russia, the most Ukrainians are concentrated in the Tyumen region (more than 8%), Moscow (8%), Moscow region (more than 6%) and Krasnodar region (4,3%).
Bashkirs
– make up 1.15% of the total population, which is more than one and a half million people. A significant portion lives in Bashkortostan (74%), about 10% live in the Chelyabinsk region, followed by the Orenburg and Tyumen regions (2.9% each).
Chuvash
– a nationality numbering more than one and a half million people (1.13%). The majority live in Chuvashia (56.7%), Tatarstan (more than 8%), Bashkortostan (7.5%), Ulyanovsk and Samara regions.
Chechens
– constitute approximately 1% of the total population, over 1.4 million people. The main part lives in Chechnya (84.3%), Dagestan (6.5%), Ingushetia (1.3%) and Moscow (1%).
List
- Tatars - 5,554,601 (3.83%)
- Ukrainians - 2,942,961 (2.03%)
- Bashkirs - 1,673,389 (1.15%)
- Chuvash - 1,637,094 (1.13%)
- Chechens - 1,360,253 (0.94%)
- Armenians - 1,130,491 (0.78%)
- Mordovians - 843,350 (0.58%)
- Avars - 814,473 (0.56%)
- Belarusians - 807,970 (0.56%)
- Kazakhs - 653,962 (0.45%)
- Udmurts - 636,906 (0.44%)
- Azerbaijanis - 621,840 (0.43%)
- Mari - 604,298 (0.42%)
- Germans - 597,212 (0.41%)
- Kabardians - 519,958 (0.36%)
- Ossetians - 514,875 (0.35%)
- Dargins - 510,156 (0.35%)
- Buryats - 445,175 (0.31%)
- Yakuts - 443,852 (0.31%)
- Kumyks - 422,409 (0.29%)
- Ingush - 413,016 (0.28%)
- Lezgins - 411,535 (0.28%)
- Komi - 293,406 (0.2%)
- Tuvans - 243,442 (0.17%)
- Jews - 229,938 (0.16%)
- Georgians - 197,934 (0.14%)
- Karachais - 192,182 (0.13%)
- gypsies - 182,766 (0.13%)
- Kalmyks - 173,996 (0.12%)
- Moldovans - 172,330 (0.12%)
- Laks - 156,545 (0.11%)
- Koreans - 148,556 (0.1%)
Titular people
Dictionary of sociolinguistic terms. - M.: Russian Academy Sci. Institute of Linguistics. Russian Academy of Linguistic Sciences. Responsible editor: Doctor of Philology V.Yu. Mikhalchenko. 2006 .
See what “Titular people” is in other dictionaries:
titular people- See: titular nation...
Titular people- Cm.: Titular nation …
titular language- 1) Language of the titular nation. A term used since the early 90s. 2) A language whose name coincides or correlates with the name of the ethnic group after which the national state or national territorial entity is named. For example:… … Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
- (Titular people) Nation (nationality), on whose ethnonym the name of the administrative-territorial entity is based. Usually it is socially dominant in this formation (Tatars in Tatarstan, Yakuts in Yakutia). See also Title... ... Dictionary of sociolinguistic terms
titular nation Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
Titular nation - (titular people) A nation or nationality on whose ethnonyms the name of the administrative-territorial entity in which the titular nation is dominant is based... General linguistics. Sociolinguistics: Dictionary-reference book
Population of Ukraine- ... Wikipedia
Autonomous Region (PRC)- This term has other meanings, see Autonomous Okrug. Administrative division People's Republic of China Supraprovincial level (6*) ... Wikipedia
Titular people- a people, an ethnic group represented in the name of a certain territory: state, republic, region, district or other national administrative unit.
In the USSR, the titular peoples of the country determined the name of the fifteen union republics: Byelorussian SSR (Belarusians), Kazakh SSR (Kazakhs), RSFSR (Russians), Tajik SSR (Tajiks), Estonian SSR (Estonians), etc. Representatives of the titular people formed a local nomenklatura, representatives of titular peoples received benefits upon admission to educational establishments, the language and culture of the titular peoples were supported at the state level. After the collapse of the USSR, many once titular peoples Soviet Union(Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Georgians, etc.) received their own national and independent states outside the territory of Russia.
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), as its name suggests, had a federal structure. The Russian Federation inherited from the RSFSR the specified principle of building a state, in which components countries are relatively independent state entities(subjects of the federation), many of which are named based on their names of some of the peoples living there: the Republic of Bashkiria (Bashkirs), the Republic of Tatarstan (Tatars), Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous region(Khanty, Mansi), etc. However, in Russia, many titular peoples constitute a minority in their republics and autonomies, while a significant proportion of them live outside these subjects of the Federation.
Unlike the existence of the USSR, the constituent entities of Russia received even greater powers: the presence of a president, their own constitution, parliament and other attributes of the separation of federal and republican powers.
A. N. Sevastyanov in the book “Time to be Russian!” writes: “In total, the number of persons of titular nationalities permanently residing, according to the latest all-Russian population census, in the corresponding republics - constituent entities of the federation (excluding Chechnya) - is equal to 8.89 million people, which is approximately 6% of the population of Russia (148.8 million Human). In other words, 6% of the population have their own statehood, their own republics within Russia, their own constitutions, their own presidents, etc., while the remaining 94% of the population is deprived of all this. Isn’t this situation absurd, isn’t it unnatural?! Isn't this a gross, demonstrative violation of the rights of the absolute majority? Doesn’t this state of affairs require immediate correction?”
