How to enlarge a drawing on paper. Drawings, measurements and markings

Let's imagine what it has become for you topical issue how resize picture without photoshop? At the same time, you are on the Internet, and you need to crop a photo or picture for the questionnaire. You will do the right thing if you sit at your computer, or with a tablet, or with a smartphone in your hands, and go to the site.

After all, on this resource you can use an application for cropping photos online. Please note that the application supports gif, bmp, jpg, png formats. It is located in the “Working with Images” block called “Cropping Images”.

And, performing simple operations here, we resizing the image. After all, like everything else within the service, this application very easy to use. It provides an opportunity to get quality result very fast.

With his help we resize photo. We trim it. And to do this, you just need to upload the desired image, select the fragment you need to trim and press the “Cut” button, having previously received information about the size of the future image. That is, the process involves a percentage increase or decrease in the image. There is always the opportunity to see how you cropped the photo and then save it.

What other features does the application provide?

When we resize a photo online, this does not mean that the whole process, which takes a matter of seconds, boils down to simply cropping the image online.

Anyone working with the image can still spend additional (but literally just a matter of) seconds to rotate the photo or flip it if necessary. But this is not all there is to it. You can also add beautiful effects or a frame. And all it takes is a few clicks.

It is not surprising that the site’s users are people from the most different professions, age and even hobbies. This is because some people prefer not to search for the application they need on various Internet resources. And the specified online service is good for many because it concentrates a wide variety of but frequently used applications.

And many of those who spend a lot of time on the World Wide Web (including in order to change photo), end up on the site quite naturally. Whether he is a designer or a webmaster, a journalist or a motorist. After all, many links on the Internet lead here, and the service is available to everyone without registration.

The service is also free. It can be used when preparing photos and music for blogs and websites. In addition, there is no need to download files, install and subsequently update programs.

This is appreciated both by those who are engaged in professional photography and by those for whom spending time with a camera is simply a great hobby. After all, the site has a suitable application for them. For example, for someone who is tormented by the question, how to resize an image?

Why is such a function needed?

The reason why one or another Internet user is forced to look for an online photo editor to use may be different. But, as experience shows, this is usually caused precisely by the need to quickly resize photo.

And this is usually the case. Let's say someone needs to upload an editable image to a website. For example, as a VKontakte avatar. As a rule, on most resources in global network For images uploaded to the service, there is a restriction on its dimensions. And this in this particular case means that you need to resize the photo online.

There is no way to do without this. However, the limitation is not only for dimensions. The limitation also applies to the weight of the image. That is, the problem requires such a solution when you need to reduce the photo. And this is very easy to do using an online photo editor.

But the “enlarge photo” function is used when it is necessary to increase the size of the image. Just like photo reduction, this function is used when someone processes an image very often.

For a more detailed description of the popular service, we should also mention such a “trick” as photographs in Instagram style. That is, in this case, the service provides the opportunity not only resize, but also to give the desired look to the photographs. Moreover, we are talking about those cases when you do not have mobile device and Instagram account.

We assure you that processing photos on a personal computer is much more convenient and enjoyable. The “Instagram style photo” feature works exactly the same as online photo cropping. This means the following: you need to upload a photo, apply effects and then save it to your computer. So, in particular, you can make the effect old photograph from a regular photo.

The stencil painter has to work not only from ready-made stencils, but also to draw up stencil designs himself, selecting them from albums, books and handicraft samples that are available in every local history museum. Often selected drawings have to be enlarged or reduced. Every painter should know how to do this.

The drawing is transferred from the original to stencil paper or cardboard using carbon paper or, better yet, using tracing paper. This method preserves the book and makes it possible to clean up the translated drawing, which is difficult to do when using carbon paper.

It is good to copy ornaments using a lamp and glass placed on two supports. The lamp is placed below, under the glass, the design is placed on the glass, and paper is placed on top of it, onto which the lines of the ornament are drawn with a pencil.

Most small drawing can be increased to any size by cells. They do it as follows. The drawing is easily lined with a pencil into identical cells so that it forms a kind of grid. Then, on a sheet of paper the same size as the enlarged drawing, cells are also marked and lined, in the same number as in the drawing, but on a larger scale. For convenience, the cells are numbered. A copy of the drawing lines is transferred to large cells.

We must remember that the smaller the cells in the figure were marked, the more correct the magnification will be.

Enlargement and reduction of drawings can be done using a camera and a special device - a pantograph.

An installation for magnification is made from the Photocor apparatus or its lens, as shown in the figure. The pattern of the ornament is placed on the floor and covered with glass on top. A magnifying unit made of tin is placed on the glass, with the lens facing up.

Electric lamps L-1 and L-2 located in the installation are turned on, and the light projection of the ornament pattern is directed onto a large mirror glass located above the lens. Having received a sharp image, an ornament is drawn on tracing paper, i.e. the resulting image is transferred to paper placed on glass. The magnification depends on the distance at which the mirror glass is located from the lens of the device.

Taking advantage magic lantern, or an epidiascope, you can also enlarge the picture. The image of the drawing is transferred to the plane of paper or to the wall. With this method of enlargement, the frame painter must have drawing skills.

With a pantograph, enlarging and reducing patterns is done easily, quickly, purely mechanically and quite accurately. This device is of ancient origin, but for some reason it is very little widespread and is not commercially available. You can make a pantograph yourself.

To do this, you need to have four wooden rulers of the same length, width and thickness and evenly planed, preferably narrow and thin. At the same distance from the ends of each ruler, holes are drilled or punched with a hot nail to fasten the rulers together. On three rulers, holes are made at certain distances.

Let's say that we need to enlarge the picture by 2 times. We will assemble the pantograph as shown in the figure, i.e. we will strengthen the sockets G and O in the holes marked 2. Having secured the pattern under socket A with buttons, we will place a sheet of clean paper under socket K.

If right hand hold needle A and trace the contours of the design with it one by one, then pencil K, installed in the socket, will draw on paper exactly the same design, but twice as large. If the original is very large and does not fit into the device, then it is drawn out in parts, which are then glued together.

If it is necessary to reduce the drawing, then the pencil is moved into slot A, and the needle into slot K, and the original of the drawing to be reduced is placed under it.

"Designing rooms during renovation"
N.P. Krasnov

We have already said that to perform some types of painting work you need to be able to draw. And the ability to draw, in turn, presupposes knowledge of the rules of construction geometric shapes. Sketches on paper are drawn using triangles, crossbars, transporters and compasses, and on the plane of walls and ceilings constructions are made using a weight, ruler, wooden compass and cord. At the same time it is necessary...

A right angle, i.e. equal to 90°, is formed by two mutual perpendicular lines. The perpendicular is constructed as follows. Lower the perpendicular. From a given point C (lying outside the line), as from a center, we describe an arc with an arbitrary radius so that it intersects the given line at two points D and E from these points, as from centers, we describe arcs with equal radii so that they...

Constructing an angle equal to a given Angle equal to a given one is constructed as follows. From vertex A of a given angle, with an arbitrary radius, draw an arc of the same radius from point D on a given straight line and describe an arc EF; we plot the magnitude of the arc BC along the arc EF to point F and draw DE. Angle EDF is the desired one. Constructing an angle equal to a given one Parallel lines Lines,…

The division of straight lines and angles can be done in two ways: by eye and using geometric construction. When dividing a line into two equal parts, proceed as follows. Half of this straight line is taken by eye with a compass and this half is set aside from both ends of the straight line. If the ends of the halves converge, then this means that this straight line is divided correctly, if not, then...

The painter often has to deal with regular polygons, as well as triangles and quadrilaterals, that is, such figures in which all sides and, accordingly, angles are equal to each other. There may be a need to construct a regular polygon along a given side, or to inscribe a regular polygon in a circle of a given radius, or to describe it around a circle. The first question comes down to finding the inner...

Quite often it is necessary to enlarge (or reduce) some drawing, drawing or diagram several times. For example, you liked the burning patterns in the magazine. But in the magazine they are usually given in a reduced form, so you have to increase them to required sizes independently either manually using the “cell method” or using instruments: an epidiascope or a pantograph (copier).

Pantograph (the name comes from two Greek words (pantos) - everything and qrapho - I write) - a device in the form of a sliding articulated parallelogram for redrawing pictures, drawings, diagrams in a different (increased or reduced scale). The main advantages of this device are the simplicity of the design and the fairly high “accuracy” of the copied image. Unfortunately, the pantograph has not yet found due recognition among amateur artists and other handy admirers of decorative and applied arts.

It is now very difficult to find commercially produced pantographs (copiers) on sale. In addition, the range of such pantographs is relatively small, and they are made of metal, which does not make the device convenient enough. So God himself ordered to make for himself a pantograph (copier) with long wooden rulers.
Pantograph is enough High Quality Anyone can make it with their own hands, provided the exact dimensions of all parts are observed.
.

Design homemade pantograph(copier), which we want to bring to your attention, consists of four lever-rulers (three long and one short), in which holes are drilled in a certain order to secure the axes. Brass bushings are inserted into the holes of the rulers.
The axes of the pantograph mechanism are of different designs; the two central axes are a pin with a cap. The axes for attaching the lead (copier) and the tracking rod are made like a device for clamping the lead in the leg of the compass. It is advisable to use a plastic tip as a tracking rod. This tip does not spoil the original and provides good glide. One axis (extreme) with a heel on which the pantograph mechanism rests, and, finally, an axis that secures the entire mechanism to the base boss.
All axes have an annular groove in the upper part, which serves to secure a wire pin-clamp.
The boss is metal. Three stings (gramophone needles) are embedded into the boss from below, making it easy to fix the base on the drawing board.
Rulers are best made of plastic, for example, plexiglass (plexiglass), 5 mm thick. The most important operation is marking and drilling holes in the rulers, so it must be treated with care. special attention. To ensure high accuracy and alignment of the holes, it is enough to make markings on one ruler, put all the rulers in a bag and drill holes in all the rulers along the marked ruler in one step. Try to make the diameter of the holes such that the bushings fit into them tightly, with a slight interference fit.
The bushings are machined from brass according to the dimensions given in Fig. 2. Axles - steel. The length of the axles is directly dependent on the length of the bushing. Bend wire pins-clamps from steel wire with a diameter of 1.2-1.5 mm.
The base boss can be made from an aluminum block 39 mm thick. In the lower part of the boss, punch three needles into the blind holes (you can use a gramophone), so that their points protrude 2-3 mm.

Specification of parts for a homemade pantograph

When all the parts are ready, assemble the pantograph mechanism. When assembling and adjusting parts, try to ensure ease of movement of all links of the mechanism, for which their rubbing surfaces can be slightly lubricated.
The final step in making a homemade pantograph with your own hands is to mark the holes on a ruler, according to which it will be easy to select the scale of enlargement (reduction) of the copy.
Be sure to check the correspondence of the markings with the resulting dimensions experimentally.

How do they work with a pantograph (copier)?

First of all, the pole (needle) of the pantograph is attached to a certain point on the table. The drawing from which a copy needs to be made is placed where the spire is located, and Blank sheet paper - under the pencil. Next, we draw the pin along all the lines of the drawing, while the pencil automatically draws an enlarged drawing on the paper. And if you need to depict the drawing in a reduced form, you will have to use a pin and a pencil in places, which is not at all difficult if you have sleeves.
Typically, when working with a pantograph, the hand of the artist guides the pin along the lines of the pattern. In this case, you will have to attach a weight (nut, lead plate) to the ruler next to the pencil so that the pencil is pressed against the paper. But you can copy in another way. Namely, move your hand not with a pin, but with a pencil, while ensuring that the marker moves correctly along the lines of the pattern. In this case, the weight on the ruler, of course, is not needed.

And a few more practical tips.
If the original from which the copy is being made is too large and it is not possible to go through all its lines with a pin at one time, simply move the needle to a new place and continue working.
When you enlarge (or reduce) a drawing or drawing, straight lines and circles usually turn out to be of poor quality. Therefore, you will have to correct such a defect using a ruler and compass.
It is known that fairly good accuracy of a copy is ensured by enlarging the original no more than 2...3 times. Therefore, if you need to enlarge the drawing 4 times, it is better to first enlarge the original by 2 times, and then enlarge the resulting copy again by 2 times.
It is not forbidden to change the dimensions of the pantograph rulers, making them smaller, for example. In this case, the method for calculating the locations of holes on the rulers remains the same, that is, the length of the working part of the ruler will have to be divided by the magnification factor.

During the learning process, the problem of accurate transferring a drawing from a sketch to a large sheet. In this article we will analyze the most practical and convenient method.

If the sketch is for great job is too complex and full of small details, and it is necessary to accurately, quickly and cleanly transfer it to a large format, then there is only one normal and easy affordable way do it. This method is called Grid or cells.

For greater visibility Let's illustrate this method with our assignment. In this preliminary task great importance has a balanced composition and effective intersection of objects, so much attention is paid to the sketch, and it must be accurately transferred to a large sheet.

What is the grid method?

The original image (sketch, outline) is divided into a certain number of equal parts using vertical and horizontal lines, thus forming a grid. The number and size of cells (cells) may be different, the more small parts in the sketch, the smaller the size of the cells should become.

After the grid is marked on the sketch, it must be transferred to a large format. In our case, the sketch was made on A4 format and should be transferred to an A2 sheet. The most reliable way to transfer the grid while maintaining scale is to mark from the center.
When marking a sketch, you need to start by finding the center and draw a vertical and horizontal line through it. Next, the resulting half of the horizontal line is divided into an equal number of parts, or divided again in half, and then again, if necessary. The final cell size is formed; it must be transferred to vertical line, and then easily draw the entire mesh.

After that on large sheet there is a middle point, a vertical and horizontal line are drawn through it. The horizontal line is divided in a similar way as in the sketch, the resulting size is used to construct the entire mesh.

The resulting intersections of lines are the most important guideline for transferring the drawing; starting from them, you can begin to transfer the drawing. There may be some slight discrepancies in the process, but in general, the drawing will be transferred accurately, since the grid provides an error-free reference.

By practicing, getting your hand on, you will be more free to approach the transfer of the drawing. Marking will remain necessary in certain cases, such as: a large scale of the final work (for example, a drawing on the wall) or an overly complex composition with moving lines and proportions. The transfer technique itself can be reduced to finding the center and dividing into just a few parts, in any case, this is a very useful method that should be in the arsenal of every professional artist.

The stencil painter has to work not only from ready-made stencils, but also to draw up stencil designs himself, selecting them from albums, books and handicraft samples, which are available in every local history museum. Often selected drawings have to be enlarged or reduced. Every painter should know how to do this.

The drawing is transferred from the original to stencil paper or cardboard using carbon paper or, better yet, using tracing paper. This method preserves the book and makes it possible to clean up the translated drawing, which is difficult to do when using carbon paper.

It is good to copy ornaments using a lamp and glass placed on two supports. The lamp is placed below, under the glass, the design is placed on the glass, and paper is placed on top of it, onto which the lines of the ornament are drawn with a pencil.

The smallest drawing can be enlarged to any size by using checkers. They do it as follows. The drawing is easily lined with a pencil into identical cells so that it forms a kind of grid. Then, on a sheet of paper the same size as the enlarged drawing, cells are also marked and lined, in the same number as in the drawing, but on a larger scale. For convenience, the cells are numbered. A copy of the drawing lines is transferred to large cells.

We must remember that the smaller the cells in the figure were marked, the more correct the magnification will be.

Enlargement and reduction of drawings can be done using a camera and a special device - a pantograph.

An installation for magnification is made from the Photocor apparatus or its lens, as shown in the figure. The pattern of the ornament is placed on the floor and covered with glass on top. A magnifying unit made of tin is placed on the glass, with the lens facing up.

Electric lamps L-1 and L-2 located in the installation are turned on, and the light projection of the ornament pattern is directed onto a large mirror glass located above the lens. Having received a sharp image, an ornament is drawn on tracing paper, i.e. the resulting image is transferred to paper placed on glass. The magnification depends on the distance at which the mirror glass is located from the lens of the device.

Using a magic lantern or epidiascope, you can also enlarge the drawing. The image of the drawing is transferred to the plane of paper or to the wall. With this method of enlargement, the frame painter must have drawing skills.

With a pantograph, enlarging and reducing patterns is done easily, quickly, purely mechanically and quite accurately. This device is of ancient origin, but for some reason it is very little widespread and is not commercially available. You can make a pantograph yourself.

To do this, you need to have four wooden rulers of the same length, width and thickness and evenly planed, preferably narrow and thin. At the same distance from the ends of each ruler, holes are drilled or punched with a hot nail to fasten the rulers together. On three rulers, holes are made at certain distances.

Let's say that we need to enlarge the picture by 2 times. We will assemble the pantograph as shown in the figure, i.e. we will strengthen the sockets G and O in the holes marked 2. Having secured the pattern under socket A with buttons, we will place a sheet of clean paper under socket K.

If you hold needle A with your right hand and trace the contours of the design with it one by one, then pencil K, installed in the socket, will draw on paper exactly the same design, but twice as large. If the original is very large and does not fit into the device, then it is drawn out in parts, which are then glued together.

If it is necessary to reduce the drawing, then the pencil is moved into slot A, and the needle into slot K, and the original of the drawing to be reduced is placed under it.