Participle and gerund are nothing more than special forms of the verb. This article describes in detail grammatical and syntactic features, methods of formation, characteristics participles and gerunds. For better understanding of the material, examples and important points are given.
Communion and gerunds in Russian- these are two special forms of the verb that differ in meaning, grammatical and syntactic features. Participles denote a sign by action and answer questions Which? Which? What is he doing? What did he do? What did he do? Participles denote an additional action and answer questions Doing what? Having done what?
Rules regarding the use and spelling of participles and gerunds with examples are given in the table.
| Participle | Participle | ||||||
| Rules | Examples | Rules | Examples | ||||
| Grammatical features | An unchangeable part of speech, has the grammatical features of an adverb and a verb | Variable part of speech, has the characteristics of an adjective and a verb | |||||
| adverb sign: immutability | verb features: · transitivity; · repayment |
having decided to a meeting, playing with kids, reading book, noticing announcement | signs of an adjective: · availability of full and short forms; |
verb features: · transitivity; · repayment |
decided to a meeting; playing with children, advise readable book, advertisement noticed passers-by | ||
| How is it formed | -and I(NSV); -v/-lice/-shi ( SV) |
drawing, mining, lying,having done, responded, broken | From verbs using suffixes: -ush-/-yush-/-ash-/-box-(actual participles NV); -vsh-/-sh-(actual participles PV); -eat-/-om-/-im-(passive participles NV); -nn-/-enn-/-t-(passive participles PV). |
drawing, mined, lying, made, answered, broken | |||
| Syntactic features | In a sentence refers to a verb. The syntactic role is adverbial. |
Replying, he returned to his place.
The girl was walking down the street smiling. |
In a sentence, it refers to a noun or personal pronoun and agrees with them in gender, number, and case. Syntactic role is a definition or part of a compound nominal predicate. |
Arrived the birds greedily pecked the grains(definition). There was bread baked just yesterday(part of SIS). | |||
Note! Participles in Russian vary according to gender, number and case. Participles do not change and have no endings.
Features of participial and participial phrases
Participial and participial phrases- these are syntactic constructions that differ general meaning and a function in a sentence:
- Participial turnover is a participle with dependent words. In a sentence, like a single gerund, they perform the syntactic role of a separate adverbial adverbial (set off on both sides with commas) and denote an additional action.
Examples: The man was very happy meeting an old friend. Jumping over the barrier, the puppy ran to the owner.
- Participial– participle with dependent words. In a sentence, as a rule, it is a non-isolated (usually if it stands before the word being defined) or a separate (if it stands after the word being defined) definition.
Examples: Came to visit a friend brought delicious cakes. Vita needed to go out to the street, crossing the central square.
Participle - inconjugated form of the verb. Denotes a sign of an object that occurs in time, as an action that the object produces, or as an action to which it is subjected by another object ( summoner - summoned).
Communion combines signs of verb and adjective. Like the shape verb The participle has the grammatical meaning of the verb:
transitivity and intransitivity of action
control
compatibility with adverb.
How adjective, participle:
denotes an attribute of an object
varies by gender, number and case
when declined, it has the same system of case endings as the adjective
acts as a sentence in a sentence definitions and predicate.
Participle- an unconjugated form of a verb that combines grammatical properties verbs and adverbs. Signs verb:
control
ability to be defined by an adverb
The gerunds do not have a passive voice. Like adverbs, the gerunds do not change: they do not agree, they are not controlled, but they adjoin.
Most often, gerunds adjoin to the predicate-verb and are circumstance. In this case, they do not allow replacement by the conjugated form of the verb. They can denote an additional action accompanying the action expressed by the predicate. In this case the gerund is minor predicate and replacement with a conjugated form of the verb is possible. Less commonly, the gerund adjoins nominal predicate, expressed by a short passive participle, short adjective or noun.
May also apply to other members of the sentence:
addition (maintaining silence)
definition-participle (sleeping leaning on his elbow)
adverbial adverbial participle (drinking without wincing)
The use of gerunds is possible only provided that the actions belonging to the gerund and the predicate belong to the same person ( Having finished her homework, the girl went for a walk).
Formation of participles. Active participles can be formed from transitive and intransitive verbs, and passive participles - only from transitive ones. Passive participles of the present tense are not formed from the verbs bake, reap, shave, weed, etc. Participles of the present tense, active and passive, are formed from imperfective verbs and are not formed from perfective verbs that do not have present tense forms. Passive participles of the past tense, as a rule, are formed from verbs only of the perfect form. Thus, only active past participles can be formed from perfective intransitive verbs, for example: jumped, stood and so on.
Present participles, active and passive, are formed from the base of the present tense of the verb through suffixes -ush- (-yush-), -ash- (-box-)- for active participles and suffixes -eat, -im-- for passive participles.
Past participles, active and passive, are formed from the stem of the indefinite form (or past tense) by means of suffixes -vsh- And -sh- for active participles and - nn; -enn-, -t--for passive participles.
Stylistic character of participles.
The participle is the most important means of designating the characteristics of objects in the form of an agreed upon definition. The participle not only figuratively characterizes an object, but represents its characteristic in dynamics. At the same time, it “compresses” information.
In modern Russian, participles are widely used in scientific style. Fine the function of participles is most clearly manifested when they are used as definitions : He saw her inflamed, sometimes perplexed and suffering, sometimes smiling and calming his face (L.T.). But predicates expressed by participles can also give special expressiveness artistic speech: And the wind poured into the round window like a damp stream - it seemed as if the sky was burned by a red-smoky dawn (Ahm.).
Participles that have received a metaphorical meaning usually become linguistic tropes: screaming contradictions, unfading glory.
The scope of wide figurative use of adjectival participles - journalistic style. Here, the expressive function is played by participles, meaning an extremely high degree of manifestation of the intensity of the action: blatant lawlessness, massive blow.
The aesthetic assessment of participles is influenced by the negative attitude of writers towards dissonant suffixes -shi, -lice, -ush-, -yush-. The writer either completely abandons dissonant verb forms, shortening the text, or replaces them with others that do not have “hissing” suffixes.
In common parlance, the postfix -xia is omitted for participles formed from reflexive verbs: "unbreakable dishes", instead of unbreakable.
Replacing a passive participle with an active one, formed from a reflexive verb, can lead to a distortion of the meaning as a result of changes in the shades of voice meanings: Parcels sent to Moscow by plane arrive there on the same day (the passive participle is superimposed on the general return).
The formation of verbal forms in -no, -to from intransitive verbs is perceived as a violation of the literary norm: start - started, arrive - received.
Participles in modern Russian by stylistic coloring fall into two diametrically opposed groups:
book forms with suffixes -а, -я, -в: breathing, knowing, saying
colloquial with the suffixes - lice, -shi: having said, having come.
IN literary language last and early this century, the use of gerunds in - lice, - shi was stylistically unlimited. Nowadays they are used as a stylistic means to express vernacular language. But it would be wrong to say that absolutely all participles in -lice, -shi are stylistically marked. Reflexive verbs form neutral gerunds: blushing, crying, staying, smiling. Those few gerundial participles of irreflexive verbs that cannot be formed without -shi are also stylistically neutral: grown up, lay down, spread out, kindled.
Participles, which stand out sharply for their stylistic coloring, nowadays attract the attention of word artists who highly value common verbs in -a, -i, -v. It is worth putting such participles into action - and the picture will immediately come to life.
Participles that figuratively depict an action often serve as tropes.
In the Russian language there are many unproductive verbs from which gerunds cannot be formed: go, knit, smear, protect, burn and etc.
Dictionary of grammatical difficulties of the Russian language
Tatiana Efremova, Vitaly Kostomarov
In the Russian language, speech structures can be enriched with participial and participial phrases. This article discusses the features and rules for using each type of phrase, and provides examples of their proper use in speech.
Communion and gerunds in Russian- these are special forms of the verb (some authors have independent parts of speech), which, together with dependent words, form special syntactic constructions: participial and participial phrases.
- Participial, like a single participle, denotes a sign of action, answers questions Which? What? What is he doing? What did he do? and in a sentence refers to the word being defined. Syntactic role – a separate or non-separate definition.
Examples of sentences with participial phrases: Sitting by the window the boy put the book aside and looked at his mother (the boy (which one? what was he doing?) sitting by the window). Furniture, brought from the dacha, we placed in the corridor (furniture (what?) brought from the dacha).
- Participial turnover indicates an additional action, answers questions Doing what? Having done what? and in a sentence refers to the predicate verb. Performs the syntactic role of a separate adverbial adverb.
Usage examples dee participial phrase: While doing the exercise, the student noticed a typo in the textbook (noticed (doing what?) while doing the exercise). After preparing dinner, Katya decided to rest a little (decided to rest (having done what?) by preparing dinner).
Note! When forming a participial phrase, the main word of the construction can only be a participle, and a participial phrase can only be a gerund.
Isolation of participial phrases
In a sentence, the isolation (set off with commas) of the participial phrase in the sentence depends on its position in relation to the word being defined:
- Before the word being defined, the participial phrase is not isolated.
Examples: Dima raised fallen from a hanger hat. The student redrawn given in the textbook diagram.
- After the word being defined, the participial phrase is highlighted with commas on both sides.
Examples: Janitor, swept away the leaves all morning, left for lunch. Painting, drawn in Art Nouveau style, hung over the sofa.
Also, the participial phrase is isolated if it refers to a personal pronoun or expresses an adverbial meaning.
Examples: Transferred to another group, they haven’t had time to meet each other yet. Worried about a friend, the man called the hospital every hour (he called (why? what was he doing?) worried about his friend).
Isolation of adverbial phrases
In adverbial phrases, the rule of isolation in sentences is the same - the participial phrase is always separated by commas, regardless of its position in relation to the predicate verb.
TOP 5 articleswho are reading along with this
Examples: Frightened by the roar, the kitten hid under the sofa. Grandma prepared tea for us, asking about what happened.
The participial phrase is not separated by commas:
- If it is part of a phraseological expression L(people listened to the guest ears hanging open) ;
- If a gerund has turned into an adverb and can be replaced with a synonymous adverb (They walked leisurely (slowly)).
- If the adverbial phrase includes a dependent word which or derivatives (We attended a lecture, after listening to which we began to better understand the subject).
Participle - inconjugated form of the verb. Denotes a sign of an object that occurs in time, as an action that the object produces, or as an action to which it is subjected by another object ( summoner - summoned).
Communion combines signs of verb and adjective. Like the shape verb The participle has the grammatical meaning of the verb:
- transitivity and intransitivity of action
- pledge
- time
- control
- compatibility with adverb.
How adjective, participle:
- denotes an attribute of an object
- varies by gender, number and case
- when inflected, it has the same system of case endings as the adjective
- acts as a sentence in a sentence definitions and predicate.
Participle- an unconjugated form of a verb that combines grammatical properties verbs and adverbs. Signs verb:
- control
- ability to be defined by an adverb
The gerunds do not have a passive voice. Like adverbs, the gerunds do not change: they do not agree, they are not controlled, but they adjoin.
Most often, gerunds adjoin to the predicate-verb and are circumstance. In this case, they do not allow replacement by the conjugated form of the verb. They can denote an additional action accompanying the action expressed by the predicate. In this case the gerund is minor predicate and replacement with a conjugated form of the verb is possible. Less commonly, the gerund adjoins nominal predicate, expressed by a short passive participle, short adjective or noun.
May also apply to other members of the sentence:
- addition (maintaining silence)
- definition-participle (sleeping leaning on his elbow)
- adverbial adverbial participle (drinking without wincing)
The use of gerunds is possible only provided that the actions belonging to the gerund and the predicate belong to the same person ( Having finished her homework, the girl went for a walk).
Formation of participles. Active participles can be formed from transitive and intransitive verbs, and passive participles - only from transitive ones. Passive participles of the present tense are not formed from the verbs bake, reap, shave, weed, etc. Participles of the present tense, active and passive, are formed from imperfective verbs and are not formed from perfective verbs that do not have present tense forms. Passive participles of the past tense, as a rule, are formed from verbs only of the perfect form. Thus, only active past participles can be formed from perfective intransitive verbs, for example: jumped, stood and so on.
Present participles, active and passive, are formed from the base of the present tense of the verb through suffixes -ush- (-yush-), -ash- (-box-)- for active participles and suffixes -eat, -im-- for passive participles.
Past participles, active and passive, are formed from the stem of the indefinite form (or past tense) by means of suffixes -vsh- and -sh- for active participles and - nn; -enn-, -t--for passive participles.
Stylistic character of participles.
The participle is the most important means of designating the characteristics of objects in the form of an agreed upon definition. The participle not only figuratively characterizes an object, but represents its characteristic in dynamics. At the same time, it “compresses” information.
In modern Russian, participles are widely used in scientific style . Fine the function of participles is most clearly manifested when they are used as definitions : He saw her inflamed, sometimes perplexed and suffering, sometimes smiling and calming his face (L.T.). But predicates expressed by participles can also add special expressiveness to artistic speech: And the wind poured into the round window like a damp stream - it seemed as if the sky was burned by a red-smoky dawn (Ahm.).
Participles that have received a metaphorical meaning usually become linguistic tropes: screaming contradictions, unfading glory.
The scope of wide figurative use of adjectival participles - journalistic style. Here the expressive function is played by participles, meaning extremely high degree manifestations of the intensity of action: blatant lawlessness, massive blow.
The aesthetic assessment of participles is influenced by the negative attitude of writers towards dissonant suffixes -shi, -lice, -ush-, -yush-. The writer either completely abandons dissonant verb forms, shortening the text, or replaces them with others that do not have “hissing” suffixes.
In common parlance, the postfix -xia is omitted for participles formed from reflexive verbs: "unbreakable dishes", instead of unbreakable.
Replacing a passive participle with an active one, formed from a reflexive verb, can lead to a distortion of the meaning as a result of changes in the shades of voice meanings: Parcels sent to Moscow by plane arrive there on the same day (the passive participle is superimposed on the general return).
The formation of verbal forms in -no, -to from intransitive verbs is perceived as a violation of the literary norm: start - started, arrive - received.
Participles in modern Russian by stylistic coloring fall into two diametrically opposed groups:
- book forms with suffixes -а, -я, -в: breathing, knowing, saying
- colloquial with the suffixes - lice, -shi: having said, having come.
In the literary language of the past and the beginning of this century, the use of gerunds in - lice, - shi was stylistically unlimited. Nowadays they are used as a stylistic means to express vernacular language. But it would be wrong to say that absolutely all participles in -lice, -shi are stylistically marked. Reflexive verbs form neutral gerunds: blushing, crying, staying, smiling. Those few gerundial participles of irreflexive verbs that cannot be formed without -shi are also stylistically neutral: grown up, lay down, spread out, kindled.
Participles, which stand out sharply for their stylistic coloring, nowadays attract the attention of word artists who highly value common verbs in -a, -i, -v. It is worth putting such participles into action - and the picture will immediately come to life.
Participles that figuratively depict an action often serve as tropes.
In the Russian language there are many unproductive verbs from which gerunds cannot be formed: go, knit, smear, protect, burn and etc.
So what is it? How to distinguish it from a participant? What punctuation marks make it stand out in the letter? What questions does it answer? What difficulties may arise when using it in speech? These and other questions will be discussed in this article.
The participial phrase, like the participle, is an independent member of the sentence. He is gerunds and related dependent words. Answers gerund questions: doing what? what did you do? and denotes an additional action of an object/person performing the main action (it is, as a rule, determined by the predicate). In the sentence he is separate member, or rather, a separate circumstance.
The dot-dash (dash-dot) is emphasized. You can also ask him questions about the circumstances:
- how?
- When?
- for what purpose?
- Why?
They can be given both from the predicate and, in some cases, from the participle or participial phrase.
Examples
Commas when using participial phrases in a sentence
The participial phrase, in contrast to the participle, always separated by commas on both sides, regardless of its location in relation to the main word - the verb from which the question is asked. In order to correctly highlight this syntactic construction with punctuation marks, you need to be able to find it in the text and clearly define its boundaries. The participle phrase includes all dependent words related to a given participle.
For example, in the sentence “The opponent, who was ahead of me at the start, soon fell behind,” it is the expression “ahead of me at the start,” and not just “ahead of me.” Since the words “at the start” are also dependent on the gerund, and not on the predicate. This means that they are part of the turnover.
When it comes at the beginning of a sentence, then separated by a comma on one side only- after it, and if located at the end, then, on the contrary, a comma is placed only before it, and at the end - a sign of the end of the sentence.
Exceptions are the participial phrases included in phraseology. When a phrase is part or a whole phraseological unit, commas are not placed with it. An example of such a sentence: the mother listened to her with bated breath. Also, this rule on the placement of commas does not include those cases when several adverbial phrases are homogeneous and connected by the conjunction “and”. Then there are no commas with them. With punctuation marks, everything is extremely clear here, but errors associated with the incorrect use of participial phrases are often encountered.
Constructing a sentence with an adverbial clause. Possible mistakes
The first and most basic rule has already been mentioned above, it states that the additional action must be performed by the same object as the main action. For example, you cannot say “As we approached the house, a strange growling and howling was heard from behind the door.” After all, here the subjects are growls and howls, they were heard, that is, they performed the main action. But they couldn’t approach the house; some other person did it.
Thus, this sentence can be rearranged into a more grammatically correct complex sentence: “When I/he/she approached the house, there was a strange growling and howling coming from behind the door.”
You also need to be careful when using the participial phrase in impersonal and indefinitely personal sentences, that is, sentences that do not contain a subject at all. The predicate in the first case can be expressed by an infinitive, and in the second - by a third-person verb. An example of such an error is the following syntactic construction: “After graduating from school, graduates were assigned to work at a factory.” It is constructed incorrectly, since the gerund implies an action performed by the graduates themselves: they graduated from school, and the verb (predicate) denotes an action performed by someone else who distributed these graduates.
In an impersonal sentence, the participial phrase can be included as follows: “On their beautiful faces You can watch for hours without taking your eyes off.” In this case, all grammatical norms will be observed, since the person performing both the main and secondary actions is absent. You can also use it in definite personal sentences, that is, those that contain a subject expressed by a personal pronoun of the first or second person (I, we, you, you). For example, “I need to do this job as quickly as possible, using all possible materials.”
These are the main mistakes in coordinating the participial phrase with the basis of the sentence. They can appear quite often in our speech, since we sometimes do not give it due importance. But in vain, because inaccurate use of participial phrases leads to a violation of the semantic load of the sentence.
